FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Submitted ByNEHA PANT

Roll No-31501107

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS Essential organic substances needed in small amounts in the

diet for normal function, growth, and maintenance of body tissues.

Lipid-soluble vitamins are apolar hydrophobic compounds that can only be absorbed efficiently when there is normal fat absorption.

Water soluble vitamins and fat soluble vitamins are nutrients the body needs in diet for a person to stay healthy.

Water soluble vitamins are highly soluble, require daily replenishment in the body. Fat soluble vitamins are also essential for health and stored in the liver, do not need to be replaced every day.

Fat soluble vitamins include: VITAMIN A ,VITAMIN D, VITAMIN E, VITAMIN K

Have a multitude of functions from keeping your bones strong to helping your muscles move.

VITAMIN D(ANTI- RACHITIC VITAMIN)

Vitamin D is a sterol The body can make it from cholesterol Requires sunlight exposure for the synthesis of

vitamin D It was discovered in 1920 by American researcher

Elmer McCollum due to effort to find the dietary substance lacking in rickets

Vitamin D refers to a group of fat-soluble secosteroids ( i.e., steroids in which one of the bonds in the steroid rings is broken)responsible for enhancing intestinal absorption of calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate, and zinc

Present in two forms D2 and D3 Ergosterol (plant sterol) is pro vit D2 7- dehydrocholesterol (animal sterol) is pro vit D3. Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vit D3

(cholecalciferol) are of equal potency. Vitamin D from the diet or dermal synthesis from

sunlight is biologically inactive; activation requires enzymatic conversion (hydroxylation) in the liver and kidney.

Vitamin D has a significant role in calcium homeostasis and metabolism.

VITAMIN D2 Vitamin D2 is also known as Ergocalciferol . Vitamin D2 is a fungus/yeast-derived product, and it

was first produced in the early 1920s by exposing foods to ultraviolet light

Vitamin D2 was chemically characterized in 1931.

BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION Absorption of calcium from the stomach and the

functioning of calcium in the body: The active vitamin D metabolite (calcitriol) binds to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is principally located in the nuclei of target cells. The binding of calcitriol to the VDR allows its activation in the intestine, bone, kidney, and parathyroid gland cells and leads to the maintenance of calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood.

Vitamin D is also critical for bone remodeling through its role as a potent stimulator of bone resorption.

The VDR are involved in cell proliferation and differentiation Vitamin D also affects the immune system, as VDRs are

expressed in several white blood cells, including monocytes and activated T and B cells.

Improves muscle strength and immune function.

DEFICIENCY DISEASES: Osteomalacia: Characteristics: Softening of the bones, leading to

bending of the spine, bowing of the legs, proximal muscle weakness, bone fragility, and increased risk for fractures. Osteomalacia reduces calcium absorption and increases calcium loss from bone, which increases the risk for bone fractures. Osteomalacia is usually present when 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are less than about 10 ng/mL.

Cardiovascular disease: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased

prevalence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and stroke. The anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D may be the reason for this.

Depression Multiple sclerosis: Also known as disseminated sclerosis, it

is a demyelinating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to communicate, resulting in physical, mental, and sometimes psychiatric problems. The lack of sunlight exposure appears to be a significant predictor.

Type 1Diabetes Mellitus

Dietary reference intakes:

Age group RDA (IU/day)

Infants 0–6 months 400*

Infants 6–12 months 400*

1–70 years 600 (15 μg/day)

71+ years 800 (20 μg/day)

Pregnant/Lactating 600 (15 μg/day)

VITAMIN E(ANTIOXIDANT VITAMIN) "Vitamin E" is the collective name for a group of fat-soluble

compounds with distinctive antioxidant activities. It was discovered in 1922 by

Herbert McLean Evans and Katharine Scott Bishop

1935: First isolated in a pure form by Gladys Anderson Emerson at the University of California, Berkeley.

1938: Erhard Fernholz elucidated its structure 1938:Paul Karrer and his team first synthesized it 1938:The first use for vitamin E as a therapeutic

agent was conducted by Widenbauer

Naturally occurring vitamin E exists in eight chemical forms (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienol) that have varying levels of biological activity.

α tocopherol is the only form that is recognized to meet human requirements.

Vitamin E is stored in liver and adipose tissue.

STRUCTURE

ΑLPHA- TOCOPHEROL α-tocopherol, the most biologically active form of vitamin E.

It is a fat-soluble antioxidant.

It performs its functions as antioxidant in the glutathione peroxidase pathway, and it protects cell membranes from oxidation by reacting with lipid radicals produced in the lipid peroxidation chain reaction .

This removes the free radical intermediates and prevents the oxidation reaction from continuing.

The oxidized α-tocopheroxyl radicals produced in this process may be recycled back to the active reduced form through reduction by other antioxidants, such as ascorbate, retinol or ubiquinol.

BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS • Protects your skin from ultraviolet light which promotes

healthy skin and slows down the aging of skin

• Acts like an antioxidant and prevents cell damage from free radicals o  Free radicals are atoms or groups of atoms that can

damage cellular components such as DNA or parts of cells.

• Allows your cells to communicate effectively through a process called "cell signaling" This supports communication among nerve cells by keeping acetylcholine levels high.

• Helps protect against prostate cancer and Alzheimer's disease .

• Aids in the formation of red blood cells and maintains the immune system

• It protects Vitamin A from the damage of free radicals that are known to damage body cells and cause cancer.

• It protects our cell membranes and also keeps our blood circulations and nerves healthy.

Food Sources of Vitamin E

• Asparagus• Avocado• Eggs• Milk• Nuts, such as almonds and hazelnuts• Seeds• Spinach and other green leafy vegetables• Unheated vegetable oils• Wheat germ• Wholegrain foods

DEFICIENCY DISEASES: Vitamin E deficiency can cause: SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIA It is a progressive, degenerative, genetic disease with multiple

types. Results in akinesia (loss of normal motor function, resulting in impaired muscle movement), Mental retardation.

MYOPATHIES It is a muscular disease in which the muscle fibers do not function

for any one of many reasons, resulting in muscular weakness. Muscle cramps, stiffness, and spasm can also be associated with myopathy.

PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY It is damage to or disease affecting nerves, which may impair

sensation, movement, gland or organ function. Common causes include systemic diseases (such as diabetes or leprosy), vitamin deficiency, excessive alcohol consumption, immune system disease, or viral infection.

Impairment of the immune response Red blood destruction

RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES (RDAS) FOR VITAMIN E:

• Infants, 0-6 months: 4 mg• Infants, 7-12 months: 5 mg• Males and females, 1-3 years: 6 mg• Males and females, 4-8 years: 7 mg• Males and females, 9-13 years: 11 mg• Males and females, 14 years and older: 15 mg• Pregnant females, 18 years and older: 15 mg• Lactating females, 18 years and older : 19 mg

VITAMIN K(COAGULATION VITAMIN ) Fat soluble compound Discovered in 1929 by Henrik Dam and Edward

Adelbert Doisy of Saint Louis University Necessary for the synthesis of several proteins

required for blood clotting Only fat soluble vitamin with coenzyme function Vitamin K was awarded the letter K due to its

role in coagulation processes (the German word for coagulation starts with K)

Vitamin K is also known as the Antihemorrhagic Vitamin

It is stored mainly in liver

Vit K1(Phylloquinone): - natural form - found in plants - provides the primary source of Vit K to humans

through dietary consumption Vit K2 (Menaquinones): - made by bacteria in human gut - provide a smaller amount of human Vit K

requirement Three synthetic types of vitamin K are known:

vitamins K3 (menadione), K4 (menadiol) and K5 (menadiol diacetate).

BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS Need for synthesis of blood clotting proteins Plays a role in regulation of calcium levels a)Vitamin K serves as a coenzyme of gamma

carboxylase that catalyzes carboxylation of glutamic acid residues on vitamin K- dependent proteins. These proteins are involved in:

1) Coagulation 2) Bone mineralization 3) Cell growth b) Electron transfer system in biological

oxidation

Calcium can only bind after gamma carboxylation of specific glutamic acid residues in proteins.Gamma carboxyglutamate residues chelate Ca ions &permit protein binding and thus leads to coagulation.

DEFICIENCY DISEASES: Results in delayed blood clotting time , elevated

prothrombin time and bleeding. Haemorrhage in new born Anemia Osteoporosis Coronary heart Disease

DIETARY REQUIREMENTS:Group Adequate Intake

Children 0-6 months 2 micrograms/dayChildren 7-12 months 2.5 micrograms/day

Children 1-3 30 micrograms/dayChildren 4-8 55 micrograms/dayChildren 9-13 60 micrograms/dayGirls 14-18 75 micrograms/day

Women 19 and up 90 micrograms/dayWomen, pregnant or

breastfeeding(19-50)

Women, pregnant or breastfeeding(less than 19)

90 micrograms/day75 micrograms/day

Boys 14-18 75 micrograms/dayMen 19 and up 120 micrograms/day