Fatal Injuries at Road Construction Sites among ......Fatal injuries at road construction sites, by...

DATA REPORT

QuarterlyS E C O N D Q U A R T E R 2 0 1 8

W W W . C P W R . C O M

Fatal Injuries at Road Construction Sites among Construction Workers

CPWR Data Center: Xuanwen Wang, PhD, Rebecca Katz, MPH, Xiuwen Sue Dong, DrPH*

KEY FINDINGS

• From 2003 to 2016, 1,269construction workers died atroad construction sites,accounting for approximately9% of all constructionfatalities each year.

Working at road construction sites can be dangerous. Between 2011

and 2015, 609 workers lost their lives at road work zones#, an average of 122 workers annually (BLS, 2017). This Quarterly Data Report

examines the trends and patterns of fatal occupational injuries among

construction workers at road construction sites over time, with special

emphasis on the period after the recent economic recovery. Fatality

numbers were obtained from the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries

(CFOI), and the employment data were from the Current Population

Survey (CPS). Since neither the CPS nor other data sources provide employment data specifically for road construction work, employment data from the entire construction industry were used as the denominators

in rate calculations. Therefore, the estimated rates may not fully represent

the risk in road construction sites. Stratified and time series analyses were conducted to identify differences among subgroups in construction over time. This report also provides related information

on injury prevention at road construction sites selected from a variety of

sources, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration

(OSHA), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

(NIOSH), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and CPWR.

• Between 2011 and 2016, 532construction workers werekilled at road constructionsites, more than double thetotal for all other industriescombined.

• More than 70% of roadconstruction site fatalitiesoccurred in the Highway,Street, and Bridgesubsector.

• The number of roadconstruction site fatalitiesclimbed to 103 in 2016 froma low level of 72 deaths in2013, a more than 40%increase over three years.

• About half of roadconstruction site fatalitieswere due to being struck bya vehicle or mobileequipment.

* Correspondence to: Xiuwen Sue Dong, [email protected].

• Construction workers whoworked as crossing guardsand paving/surfacingoperators at roadconstruction sites had thehighest risk of fatal injuries.

# These work zones include construction, maintenance, or utility work on a road, street, or highway.

DATA REPORT 2

Second Quarter 2018

SECTION 1: Trends of Fatal Injuries at Road Construction Sites

Construction employment continues to grow. In 2016, 10.3 million U.S. workers were employed in construction,

4% more than in 2015 and a 16% increase after construction employment bottomed out in 2012 (chart 1).

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2003-2016 Current Population Survey. Calculations by the authors.

1. Construction employment in the United States, 2003-2016

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10.110.7

11.211.7 11.8

10.9

9.79.1 9.1 8.9

9.39.8 9.9

10.3

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Nu

mb

er o

f em

plo

yee

s (i

n m

illi

on

s)

Year

Fatal Injuries at Road Construction Sites

DATA REPORT 3

Section 1: Trends of Fatal Injuries at Road Construction Sites Second Quarter 2018

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1,171

1,2781,243

1,2971,239

1,016

879802 781

849 856908

985 1,03411.7

10.0

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Rate

per 1

00

,00

0 F

TE

s

Nu

mb

er

of

death

s

Year

All fatalities Rate

2. Number and rate of fatalities in construction, 2003-2016

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2003-2016 Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. Numbers were from

the online CFOI database. Employment data were from the Current Population Survey. Calculations by the

authors.

Coinciding with the employment trend, the number of fatalities among all construction workers climbed to 1,034

in 2016, 49 more deaths (or 5% higher) than in 2015, and a 32% increase since 2011, outpacing employment

growth during the same period (chart 2). The rate of fatalities in construction also increased 11%, from 9.0 deaths

in 2011 to 10.0 deaths per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers (FTEs) in 2016.

DATA REPORT 4


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23

9

9

10

13

15

22

42

77

532

Other

Retail

Public administration

Utilities

Manufacturing

Wholesale

Professional services

Admin. supp. & waste manage

Transportation

Construction

Number of deaths

3. Fatal injuries at road construction sites, by major industry, 2011-2016 total

1Analysis of data from the 2012 Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) annual input-output table and related data

from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) suggests that 68% of the jobs created by investing in infrastructure

are in the construction sector, 10% in the manufacturing sector, and 6% in retail trade. See National Economic

Council, 2014, page 8 (cited in the reference section) for more information.

Source: Fatal injury data were generated by the CPWR Data Center with restricted access to BLS CFOI micro

data. The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS. Employment data were from the Current Population Survey. Calculations by the authors.

The construction industry experiences a larger burden of deaths at road construction sites than any other major

industry. From 2011 to 2016, 532 construction workers were killed at road construction sites, more than twice as

many fatalities as all other industries combined (chart 3). The number of fatalities among construction workers at

road construction sites fluctuated year to year. The death number reached 105 in 2012, the highest since 2006, which could partially correspond to government investments in transportation infrastructure around that period1 (The

Hamilton Project, 2011; Brookings Institution, 2015; National Economic Council, 2014). After a low of 72 deaths

in 2013, it climbed to 103 deaths in 2016, a more than 40% increase over three years (chart 4). Between 2003 and

2016, 1,269 construction workers died at road construction sites, accounting for approximately 9% of all construction

fatalities each year. The rate of fatal injuries at road construction sites also fell and rose during the economic

recession and recovery. However, the real risk at road construction sites may be underestimated because the exact

number of construction workers working on such sites is unknown.

9992

123

106

8075

89

73

83

105

72

8287

103

1.0

1.2

1.0

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Rate p

er 10

0,0

00

FT

Es

Nu

mb

er o

f d

eath

s

Year

Road construction sites Rate

Revised

OIICS

4. Number and rate of fatalities at road construction sites, 2003-2016

DATA REPORT 5


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* This group includes pedestrians and other non-occupants of vehicles who were struck by vehicles or other

mobile equipment in normal operation regardless of location.

# This group includes injuries to vehicle occupants which occurred on roadways.


data. The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS.

In terms of event or exposure, the most common cause of road construction deaths between 2011 and 2016 was

pedestrian vehicular incidents where a worker (non-occupant of vehicle) was struck by a vehicle or mobile

equipment (50.2%; chart 5). The next most common cause (13.2%) was roadway incidents that occurred while

a worker was operating a vehicle. Of the 267 pedestrian vehicular incidents, 61.4% were due to a worker (non-

occupant of vehicle) being struck by a forward-moving vehicle in the work zone, followed by being struck by a

vehicle backing up in the work zone (24.7%; chart 6).

50.2%

13.2%

10.0%

7.9%

3.9%

1.9%

13.0%

Pedestrian vehicular incident *

Roadway incidents involving

motorized vehicle #

Struck by object/equip.

Fall to lower level

Electrocution

Caught in/compressed by

object/equip.

Other

% of deaths (n = 532)

5. Fatal injuries at road construction sites, by event or exposure, sum of 2011-2016

61.4%

24.7%

9.4%

4.5%

Struck by forward-

moving vehicle in work

zone

Struck by vehicle

backing up in work zone

Struck by vehicle

propelled by another

vehicle in work zone

Other

6. Fatal pedestrian vehicular incidents at road construction sites, by subcategory,

sum of 2011-2016

DATA REPORT 6


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When stratified by the primary source of fatalities, trucks were the top source of deaths at road construction sites, involved in nearly one-quarter (22%) of such incidents (chart 7). Multi-purpose highway vehicles (such as pick-

up trucks and SUVs) were the second most common source, causing 17.3% of construction fatalities at those

sites, followed by passenger vehicles (including automobiles, buses, and passenger vans). Among 117 truck-

related road construction site fatalities, nearly half (47.0%) were caused by dump trucks, followed by semi-

tractor-trailers and tank trucks (22.2%; chart 8).

22.0%

17.3%

16.9%

13.9%

3.9%

3.0%

3.0%

2.6%

2.3%

2.3%

1.7%

1.7%

9.4%

Trucks

Multi-purpose highway vehicles

Passenger vehicles

Constr. logging, mining mach.

Confined spaces

Bridges, dams, locks

Other persons, plants, animals, and minerals

Elevators, hoists, aerial lifts

Building materials—solid elements

Cranes

Electric parts

Other vehicle

Other

% of deaths (n = 532)

7. Fatal injuries at road construction sites, by primary source, 2011-2016 total

47.0%

22.2%

13.7%

8.5%

4.3%4.3%

Total = 117 deathsDump truck

Semi, tractor-trailer,

tanker truck

Truck—motorized

freight hauling and

utility

Boom truck, bucket or

basket hoist truck

Delivery truck or van

Other

8. Fatalities at road construction sites caused by trucks, by primary source,

sum of 2011-2016

DATA REPORT 7


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Note: Self-employed workers were excluded.



Compared to all construction fatalities, fatal injuries at road construction sites were more likely to occur in larger

establishments, suggesting large construction companies are more likely to be involved in road construction

projects. Nearly one in three (31.3%) road construction site fatalities occurred in establishments with 100 or

more employees, more than double the percentage of all construction fatalities at such establishments (13.6%,

chart 9).

20.3%

9.7%

17.4%

10.8%

31.3%

10.4%

Road construction sites

(n=517)

1-10 employees 11-19 employees 20-49 employees

50-99 employees 100+ employees Not reported

39.5%

10.0%12.2%

7.4%

13.6%

17.3%

All fatalities

(n=4,351)

9. Fatal injuries in construction by establishment size, road construction sites versus

all fatalities, sum of 2011-2016

(Wage-and-salary workers)

DATA REPORT 8


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Fatalities at road construction sites were more likely to occur between June and October than other months. Fatal

injuries at road construction sites during these five months accounted for more than half (55%) of all such fatalities (chart 10). In terms of time of incident, road construction site fatalities tend to happen during the

morning and early afternoon. About one in five (19.9%) fatal injuries at road construction sites occurred between 10:00 and 11:59 am, the most common of all time frames, and another 19.1% happened between 12:00 and 13:59

pm (chart 11).

5.8%

3.8%

7.5% 7.5%8.1%

12.2%

10.5%

9.6%10.0%

12.8%

7.5%

4.7%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Per

cen

t o

f d

eath

s

Month of incident

10. Percentage of fatal injuries at road construction sites, by month of incident,

sum of 2011-2016

3.1%4.1%

2.7%

5.4%

14.9%

19.9%19.1%

14.5%

7.5%

2.5% 2.5%3.9%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

0:00-

1:59

am

2:00-

3:59

am

4:00-

5:59

am

6:00-

7:59

am

8:00-

9:59

am

10:00-

11:59

am

12:00-

1:59

pm

2:00-

3:59

pm

4:00-

5:59

pm

6:00-

7:59

pm

8:00-

9:59

pm

10:00-

11:59

pm

Per

cen

t o

f d

eath

s

Time of incident

11. Percentage of fatal injuries at road construction sites, by time of incident,

sum of 2011-2016

DATA REPORT 9

Second Quarter 2018

SECTION 2: Fatal Injuries at Road Construction Sites among Construction Subgroups

The risk of fatal injuries at road construction sites varied significantly among construction subgroups. By industry subsector, 371 workers in the Highway, Street, and Bridge subsector (NAICS 2373) were killed at road

construction sites between 2011 and 2016, accounting for 72% of all road construction fatalities during these

years (chart 12). Although the number of fatalities at road construction sites in this subsector fluctuated between 2003 and 2016, the overall trend is downward (see the trend line; chart 13).

Source: Fatal injury data were generated by the CPWR Data Center with restricted access to BLS CFOI

micro data. The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS. www.cpwr.com


6

6

11

15

33

59

371

Poured Concrete Foundation

Plumbing, Heating and A/C

Painting and Wall Covering

Electrical Contractors

Site Preparation

Utility System

Highway, Street, and Bridge

Number of deaths

12. Fatal injuries at road construction sites, selected construction subsectors,

sum of 2011-2016

73 75

96

89

6459

66

57 55

84

51 53

6662

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Nu

mb

er o

f fa

tali

ties

Year

Deaths Linear (Deaths)

13. Number of fatal injuries at road construction sites in Highway, Street,

Bridge subsector, 2003-2016

DATA REPORT 10

Section 2: Fatal Injuries at Road Construction Sites among

Construction Subgroups

Second Quarter 2018

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By occupation, a total of 179 construction laborers died at road construction sites from 2011 to 2016, the largest

number among all construction trades (chart 9). However, crossing guards2 had the highest risk of such fatalities,

with 40.9 deaths per 100,000 FTEs, more than 40 times the rate at road construction sites for all construction

occupations combined (0.9 deaths per 100,000 FTEs, see chart 19). Paving/surfacing equipment operators and

highway maintenance workers had the second and third highest risk of such fatalities, respectively.

0.1

0.3

0.4

0.5

1.6

1.8

1.8

1.9

2.1

3.9

5.5

11.6

13.6

21.8

40.9

Carpenter

Electrician

Painter

Plumber

Cement mason

Truck Driver

Op. Engineer

Foreman

Laborer

Dredge/Excavating operator

Crane tower operator

Power-line installer

Highway maint

Paving*

Crossing guard

Rate per 100,000 FTEs

22

22

71

31

15

68

179

7

9

12

14

5

18

7

8

Number of fatalities

14. Number and rate of fatal injuries at road construction sites, selected occupations,

sum of 2011-2016

2 Crossing guards (Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) 33-9091) in this report work in the construction industry. According to the Occupational Information Network (O*NET), the tasks for crossing

guards include: direct or escort pedestrians across streets, stopping traffic as necessary; guide or control vehicular or pedestrian traffic at such places as street and railroad crossings and construction sites; monitor traffic flow to locate safe gaps through which pedestrians can cross streets; communicate traffic and crossing rules and other information to students and adults; direct traffic movement or warn of hazards, using signs, flags, lanterns, and hand signals. Note: Paving=Paving/surfacing equip. operator


micro data. Numbers of FTEs were estimated using the Current Population Survey. Calculations by the

authors. The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS.

DATA REPORT 11



Second Quarter 2018

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Both the number and rate of road construction site fatalities among construction laborers increased tremendously

during the economic recovery. The number of construction laborers that were fatally injured at road construction

sites nearly doubled from 22 in 2013 to 43 in 2016. The rate increased 63% from 1.6 to 2.6 deaths per 100,000

FTEs during the same time period (chart 15).

3338

3125

36

2825

32

22

29 28

43

2.4 2.5

1.91.7

3.2

2.6

2.3

2.6

1.6

1.9 1.8

2.6

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Death

s per 1

00,0

00 F

TE

s

Num

ber

of

dea

ths

Year

Number

Rate

15. Number and rate of fatal injuries at road construction sites among construction

laborers, 2005-2016




DATA REPORT 12



Second Quarter 2018

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Similar to the trend found among construction laborers, both the number and rate of deaths at road construction

sites among crossing guards rose during the economic recovery. The number of deaths among construction

workers working as crossing guards at road construction sites increased from 8 between 2008 and 20103 to 13

between 2014 and 2016. The rate more than doubled, jumping from 27.0 to 59.1 deaths per 100,000 FTEs during

the same time period (chart 16).

11

89

13

33.4

27.0 28.4

59.1

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

2005-2007 2008-2010 2011-2013 2014-2016

Death

s per 1

00,0

00 F

TE

s

Num

ber

of

death

s

Year

Number Rate

16. Number and rate of fatal injuries at road construction sites among crossing guards,

2005-2016

3Death numbers in individual years were too small to meet BLS publication criteria. Four time periods were

generated in these charts to account for the economic cycle.




DATA REPORT 13



Second Quarter 2018

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Although the number of paving/surfacing equipment operators that died at road construction sites decreased

from 13 between 2008 and 2010 to 10 between 2014 and 2016, the rate stayed stable from 22.9 to 23.0 deaths

per 100,000 FTEs during the same time period (chart 17).

25

13 1210

33.3

22.920.8

23.0

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2005-2007 2008-2010 2011-2013 2014-2016

Death

s per 1

00

,00

0 F

TE

s

Num

ber

of

dea

ths

Year

Number Rate

17. Number and rate of fatal injuries at road construction sites among paving/sur-

facing equipment operators, 2005-2016




DATA REPORT 14



Second Quarter 2018

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Both the number and rate of road construction deaths among highway maintenance workers experienced a

notable increase during the economic recovery. The number of highway maintenance workers that were killed at

road construction sites increased from 18 between 2008 and 2010 to 31 between 2014 and 2016, a 72% increase,

and the rate increased at a similar pace from 6.6 to 11.7 deaths per 100,000 FTEs during the same time period

(chart 18).

2118

40

31

7.6

6.6

15.6

11.7

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

2005-2007 2008-2010 2011-2013 2014-2016

Death

s per 1

00

,00

0 F

TE

sN

um

ber

of

death

s

Number Rate

18. Number and rate of fatal injuries at road construction sites among highway

maintenance workers, 2005-2016




DATA REPORT 15



Second Quarter 2018

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African-American workers had an elevated risk of road construction site fatalities. This might be because these

workers are more likely to be employed in the public sector4 and involved in road construction projects (chart

19). Similarly, wage-and-salary workers had a higher risk of fatalities than self-employed workers on road

construction sites. By age, 28.8% of construction workers who died at road construction sites were between the

ages of 45 and 54 years, the largest proportion among all age groups (chart 20). Conversely, while less than 6%

of fatalities at road construction sites were among workers 65 years or older, the rate of such deaths for this age

group was higher than for any other age group, with 1.64 deaths per 100,000 FTEs.

4More than 8% of African American construction workers were employed in the public sector, which was

double the proportion in the overall construction workforce (Source: CPS 2011-2016. Calculations by the

CPWR Data Center).




0.920.80

2.40

0.75

1.00

0.11

1.20

0.94

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

White,

non-

Hispanic

Hispanic African

American

Foreign-

born

Native Self-

employed

Wage-

and-salary

workers

All

Dea

ths

per

10

0,0

00

FT

Es

19. Rate of fatal injuries at road construction sites, selected worker characteristics,

average of 2011-2016

1.3%

6.2%

18.3%

21.5%

28.8%

18.3%

5.6%

0.930.84

0.730.81

1.10 1.13

1.64

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

16-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+

Death

s per 1

00

,00

0 F

TE

s

Per

cen

tag

e o

f d

eath

s

Age group

Percentage

Rate

20. Percentage and rate of fatal injuries at road construction sites, by age group,

average of 2011-2016

DATA REPORT 16

Second Quarter 2018

SECTION 3: Prevention in Construction

Injuries and fatalities at road construction sites are preventable. Many solutions can be implemented to prevent

such injuries and fatalities among construction workers (Table 1).

Table 1: Solutions to Prevent Injuries at Road Construction Sites

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Solution Specific solutions

Increased visibility • Require workers to wear high-visibility safety apparel, including fluorescent, brightly colored, and

reflective apparel, vests with strobes, and illumination rings for hard hats1a,1b,3

• Employ work zone lighting, glare-free if possible1c,2

• Increase taper length3

• Install low-level transition lighting at the beginning and end of road work area to allow motorists to

adjust to changing lighting conditions3

• Increase visibility of barriers with bright colored paint, reflectors, and lights3

• Ensure work signage is lighted and visible3

Positive barriers between workers

and traffic• Use temporary longitudinal barriers, including concrete or movable

1d,1e,3

• Use other temporary traffic control devices such as traffic cones and barrels1f,3

• Use truck-mounted attenuators1g

Warning systems for drivers • Set up intrusion alarm systems3

• Lay temporary rumble strips1h

• Use warning lights2

• Portable changeable message signs, used in conjunction with traffic queue detection equipment, to

provide drivers with real-time information2,3

• Use dynamic speed display sign2

Warning systems for workers • Use sensors, handheld radios, and intrusion alarm systems3

• Have an object detection and camera system for heavy equipment1i

• Use self-adjusting and directional backup alarms1j

Speed reduction systems • Enforce speed reduction with police presence and radar guns,3

• Ticket and fine violators3

• Apply speed reductions incrementally to maintain uniform traffic flow3

Impact attenuators • Use crash cushions1k

• Use truck-mounted attenuators1g

Engineering controls • Use automated flagging assistant devices1l

• Close the road, close the side of the road with work, or reroute traffic whenever possible3

Separate workers on foot from

equipment

• Use flexible colored poles or temporary pavement markings to delineate pedestrian-free areas within

the work zone3

• Train workers and equipment operators to communicate with hand signals3

Raise awareness • Participation in National Work Zone Awareness Week and Turning Point2

• Distribute site-specific safety materials to all visitors and employees in the activity area3

• Ensure truck drivers and equipment operators are aware of internal traffic control plans3

• Train all workers on the internal traffic control plan3

• Hold daily toolbox meetings to discuss and report hazards, close-calls, and safety considerations for

the day’s tasks3

Equipment safety and rollover

prevention• Use equipment with rollover protective structures and seat belts

3

• Only allow trained and authorized workers to handle equipment3

• Require the use of parking brakes and chocks when equipment is unattended3

• Install light strips on trucks for visibility, and use low-level lighting so that operators can see workers3

• Regularly inspect and maintain equipment3

• Use edge guards on trailers3


Fatal Injuries at Road Construction Sites DATA REPORT 17

Conclusion

The construction industry experiences a large burden of deaths at road construction sites. From 2011 to 2016,

532 construction workers were killed at road construction sites, more than double the total for all other industries

combined. Deaths due to being struck by a vehicle or mobile equipment were the most common type of occupational

fatality at road construction sites, while trucks were the top source of such incidents. Construction workers who

worked as crossing guards and paving/surfacing operators at road construction sites had the highest risk of fatal

injuries. Wage-and-salary workers, older workers, and African-American workers also experienced an elevated risk

of such fatalities.

The increase in fatalities at road construction sites reported here emphasizes the importance of road construction

safety (Eseonu et al, 2018). A high quality transportation network is vital to a top performing economy, and

construction workers are necessary for road building, maintenance, and preservation (National Economic

Council, 2014). As the highway infrastructure in this country ages, rebuilding and improving existing roadways

will be more frequent than before (American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017). To prevent injuries and fatalities

at road construction sites, OSHA and NIOSH offer safety training materials and intervention information for

workers and employers (OSHA, 2017; NIOSH, 2017). Intervention methods and solutions are also available at

the CPWR Construction Solution Database, NIOSH Motor Vehicle Safety at Work, FHWA, and the National

Work Zone Safety Information Clearinghouse.

References

• American Society of Civil Engineers. 2017. https://www.asce.org/

• The Brookings Institution. 2015. Racing ahead or falling behind? 6 economic facts about transportation infrastructure in the United States, https://www.brookings.edu/research/racing-ahead-or-falling-behind-6- economic-facts-about-transportation-infrastructure-in-the-united-states/ (Accessed June 2018).

• Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 2017. The Economics Daily, Fatal injuries at road work zones. http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2017/fatal-injuries-at-road-work-zones.htm (Accessed June 2018).

• Eseonu C, Gambatese J, Nnaji C. 2018. CPWR Small Study, Reducing highway construction fatalities through improved adoption of safety technologies, https://www.cpwr.com/publications/reducing-highway- construction-fatalities-through-improved-adoption-safety-technologies (Accessed June 2018).

• The Hamilton Project. 2011. Policy Proposal, Public-private partnerships to revamp U.S. infrastructure, http://www.hamiltonproject.org/papers/public-private_partnerships_to_revamp_u.s._infrastructure (Accessed June 2018).

• The National Economic Council and the President’s Council of Economic Advisers. 2014. An economic analysis of transportation infrastructure investment, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/ files/docs/economic_analysis_of_transportation_investments.pdf (Accessed June 2018).

• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2017. Highway work zone safety, https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/highwayworkzones/ (Accessed June 2018).

• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2017. Highway work zones and signs, signals, and barricades, https://www.osha.gov/doc/highway_workzones (Accessed June 2018).

www.cpwr.com

Second Quarter 2018


Data Sources

• Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2003-2016 Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.

• Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2003-2016 Current Population Survey.

Supplement: Sources of Table 1 (accessed June 2018)

1. Construction Solutions Database. Solution Summary.

a. High-visibility safety apparel. http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/solution/822/high- visibility-safety-apparel.html?sess_id=2d0623f3ebb67810c49db5cb375f834d

b. Illumination ring for hard hats. http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/solution/933/illu mination-ring-for-hard-hats.html?sess_id=2d0623f3ebb67810c49db5cb375f834d c. Work zone lighting. http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/solution/875/work-zone-lighting. html?sess_id=2d0623f3ebb67810c49db5cb375f834d d. Temporary longitudinal barriers. http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/solution/975/ temporary-longitudinal-barriers.html?sess_id=2d0623f3ebb67810c49db5cb375f834d e. Movable longitudinal barriers. http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/solution/967/mov able-longitudinal-barriers.html?sess_id=2d0623f3ebb67810c49db5cb375f834d f. Temporary traffic control devices. http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/solution/974/ temporary-traffic-control-devices.html?sess_id=2d0623f3ebb67810c49db5cb375f834d g. Truck-mounted attenuator. http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/solution/977/truck- mounted-attenuator.html?sess_id=2d0623f3ebb67810c49db5cb375f834d

h. Rumble strips. http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/solution/976/rumble-strips. html?sess_id=2d0623f3ebb67810c49db5cb375f834d

i. Object detection and camera system for heavy equipment. http://www.cpwrconstructionsolu tions.org/solution/932/object-detection-and-camera-system-for-heavy-equipment.html?sess_ id=2d0623f3ebb67810c49db5cb375f834d

j. Self-adjusting and directional backup alarms. http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/solu tion/792/self-adjusting-and-directional-backup-alarms.html?sess_id=2d0623f3ebb67810c49d b5cb375f834d

k. Crash cushion. http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/solution/983/crash-cushion. html?sess_id=2d0623f3ebb67810c49db5cb375f834d

www.cpwr.com

Second Quarter 2018


Supplement: Sources of Table 1 (accessed June 2018) continued

l. Automated flagging assistant devices (AFAD). http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/ solution/934/automated-flagging-assistant-devices-afad.html?sess_id=2d0623f3ebb67810c49 db5cb375f834d

m. Building information modeling (BIM) for safety planning. http://www.cpwrconstructionsolu tions.org/structural_steel/solution/931/building-information-modeling-bim-for-safety-planing.

html

2. Eseonu C, Gambatese J, Nnaji C. 2018. CPWR Small Study, Reducing highway construction fatalities

through improved adoption of safety technologies, https://www.cpwr.com/publications/reducing-high

way-construction-fatalities-through-improved-adoption-safety-technologies

3. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001. Building safer highway work zones: Measures to

prevent worker injuries from vehicles and equipment, https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2001-128/

pdfs/2001-128.pdf

www.cpwr.com

Second Quarter 2018


©2018, CPWR-The Center for Construction Research and Training. All rights reserved.

CPWR is the research and training arm of NABTU. Production of this Quarterly Data Report was

supported by cooperative agreement OH 009762 from the National Institute for Occupational Safety

and Health (NIOSH). The contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily

represent the official views of NIOSH.

8484 Georgia AvenueSuite 1000

Silver Spring, MD 20910

www.cpwr.com

Please visit CPWR’s other resources to help reduce construction safety and health hazards:

Construction Solutions http://www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org/

Construction Solutions ROI Calculator http://www.safecalc.org/

The Electronic Library of Construction OSH http://www.elcosh.org/index.php

Falls Campaign http://stopconstructionfalls.com/

Hand Safety http://choosehandsafety.org/

Work Safely with Silica http://www.silica-safe.org/

About the CPWR Data Center

The CPWR Data Center is part of CPWR – The Center for Construction Research and Training.

CPWR is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit research and training institution created by NABTU, and serves as its research arm. CPWR has focused on construction safety and health research since 1990. The Quarterly Data Reports, a

series of publications analyzing construction-related data, is part of our ongoing surveillance project funded by

the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

Second Quarter 2018

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