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Fats, Oil and Grease (FOG) Control
James Baginski, P.E.
James Baginski Enterprises
731 Kokomo Place
Honolulu, Hawaii 96825 (808) 358-9453email: [email protected]
AlohaAloha
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•Maintain a Pristine EnvironmentMaintain a Pristine Environment
•Comply with Federal Clean Water ActComply with Federal Clean Water Act
MISSION:
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One of the Major Problems - Sanitary Sewer Overflows
(SSOs)
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One of the Major Causes - Grease Blockages in Sewer Pipes
Inside view of sewer pipes
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Grease Blockage SourcesRestaurants & Food Processing Facilities
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Regulatory ControlPretreatment Program
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Method of Control Typical Grease Interceptor Design
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Honolulu Wastewater System
Number of Treatment Plants
Number of Pump Stations
Total Design Flow (mgd)
8 72 120
Collection System - approximately 2,000 miles of sewer lines
Honolulu population is about 800,000.
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Compliance Background
• 1982 Honolulu’s Pretreatment Program Approved by EPA
• 1990 EPA issues Findings of Violations to Honolulu (related to SSO’s)
• 1995 Honolulu enters into Consent Agreement with EPA
• 1999 GI retrofit program begins; 90 grease related SSO’s = 36% of total annual SSO’s.
• 2002 20% of facilities retrofitted; 46 grease related SSO’s = 23% of total annual SSO’s.
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Collection System Maintenance & Historical Data
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Collection System Maintenance
• Repair collection system conditions which promote grease blockages (e.g. line sag, surcharge conditions, pipe cracks/breaks, root intrusion).
• Modify collection system standards to accommodate grease (e.g. seamless pipe, increased slope, larger pipe).
• Conduct effective preventive maintenance program (i.e. identify and target “hot spots”).
• Report chronic FOG problem areas or dischargers to the Pretreatment Program for enforcement.
• Maintain detailed and accurate records of system condition.
Infrastructure Efforts to control FOG
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Collection System Historical Data
LOCATION
1999 2000 2001 2002% of GIs upgraded
% of records indicating heavy grease in line
KALAKAUA0% 12% 12% 12%67% 100% 100% 67%
KAPIOLANI4% 4% 4% 9%
92% 82% 100% 100%
AUAHI0% 0% 5% 11%
100% 100% 100% 100%
ALA MOANA0% 6% 6% 6%
100% 100% 100% 100%
Areas with Low Percentage of Retrofitted GIs
Approximately 20% of businesses requiring a GI have been retrofitted.
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Collection System Historical Data
LOCATION
1999 2000 2001 2002
% of GIs upgraded% of records indicating heavy grease in line
BERETANIA0% 0% 12% 21%
96% 100% 23% 22%
KAM HWY0% 10% 15% 20%
75% 50% 50% 0%
KALAKAUA0% 5% 10% 25%
100% 100% 75% 0%
KALAKAUA0% 8% 33% 33%
84% 80% 35% 14%
Areas with Higher Percentage of Retrofitted GIs
Approximately 20% of businesses requiring a GI have been retrofitted.
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Collection System Historical Data
Year Miles of Pipes
Cleaned
Number of Wastewater
Spills
Number of Grease Related
Spills *
Grease Spills as a Percentage of
Total Spills
1995 343 268 73 27%
1996 406 332 95 29%
1997 401 310 88 28%
1998 558 231 63 27 %
1999 ** 891 252 90 36 %
2000 658 263 86 33 %
2001 675 240 73 30%
2002 707 199 46 23%
* Grease was primary cause of spill
** Began GI retrofits in June 1999 (20% Complete)
Pipe Cleaning and Spill Records:
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Collection System Historical Data
Year Flow (mgd)
Influent O&G (mg/l)
Grease Spills
1995 75.935 44.2 73
1996 75.623 37.2 95
1997 77.047 27.7 88
1998 73.462 28.5 * 63
1999 73.917 22.5 90
2000 72.654 25.3 86
2001 70.664 24.5 73
2002 69.559 24.2 46
Reduction % 10% 45% 48%
Sand Island WWTP Data:
* O&G analytical method changed
from 413.1 to 1664A (freon to
hexane) in November 1998, as well as, new NPDES permit
required increased monitoring
frequency from 1/week to 3/week.
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Pretreatment Program
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Pretreatment Program
Many Fats, Oil and Grease (FOG) Sources are Not Connected to a GI (Pre-rinse garbage disposals).
Existing Grease Interceptors (GI) are “Inadequate”.
How do you determine what is adequate?
Research Findings:
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Pretreatment Program
Consider…Stokes’ Law:
Vr = g/18ν [S.G.w – S.G.o] x D²
Where:Vr – rising velocity of the oil particle (cm/sec)
g – gravity constant (980 cm/sec²)
ν – viscosity of water in poises (0.01)
S.G.w – specific gravity or density of water (gm/cm³)
S.G.o – specific gravity or density of oil (gm/cm³)
D - diameter of the oil droplet (cm)
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Pretreatment Program
Factors Affecting FOG Separation:
1. Temperature – the less viscous the fluid (higher temp.), the faster the particle rise rate. However, too high temp. promotes emulsification.
2. Specific Gravity - The greater the differential specific gravity or density between the fluid and the particle, the faster the rise rate.
3. Diameter – The larger the particle diameter the faster the particle rise rate.
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Pretreatment ProgramOil Globule Rise Times for 3 inches @ 68 F:
Diameter
[microns]
Rise Time (S.G.=0.9) [hr:min:sec]
300 0:00:15
125 0:01:27
60 0:06:36
40 0:14:24
20 0:58:08
10 (colloidal) 3:52:33
1 387:35:49
Table info from American Petroleum Institute Publication 421. FOG S.G. range = 0.92-0.95
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Pretreatment Program
YEAH BABY, YEAH!!
Grease Interceptors must be sized to promote the adequate separation of FOG from wastewater. An important factor to consider is………..
Retention Time
Does Size Matter??
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Pretreatment ProgramGI Sizing Criteria
Minimum Grease Interceptor Volume (Vmin) isdetermined using Retention Time (R), StorageFactor (S) and Flow Rate (F).
or, V(min) = R x S x F
R = 30 Minutes
S = 1.25 (25% Allowance)
F = Maximum Flow Rate Entering the GI (gpm)
where,
©
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Pretreatment Program
GI Sizing Criteria
V (min) = 30 x 1.25 x F
F - Flow rate is determined based on Drainage Fixture Units (DFU)
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Pretreatment ProgramGI Sizing Criteria
DFU’s based on the Uniform Plumbing Code, 1997 edition, Table 7-3: Drainage Fixture Unit Values, Section 702.0 Maximum Trap Loading, or Table 7-4: Discharge Capacity (gpm) for Intermittent Flow Only.
* “Piping Handbook, 7th Edition”, Muhinder L. Nayyar, McGraw-Hill; Tables C13.3 & C13.4 on pages C.690 & C.691.
Flow Rate
No. of Drainage Fixture Units 40
* F = (0.7 x DFU)
No. of Drainage Fixture Units 40
* F = (0.2 x DFU) + 20
©
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Pretreatment ProgramPretreatment ProgramComparison of Grease Interceptor Sizing Criteria
UPC Appendix H
1999 Honolulu Criteria
(Denver Based) 2001 Honolulu Criteria
Type of FacilityCalculated
SizeTank
RequirementCalculated
SizeTank
RequirementCalculated
SizeTank
Requirement
Chinese Restaurant 6,000 2 x 3,000 1,125 1,500 885 1,000
Seafood Restaurant 6,000 2 x 3,000 2,088 3,000 1,080 1,500
Fine Dining 16,500 3 x 5,000 + 3,275 4,000 1,390 1,500
Hotel with Kitchen and Restaurant 3,500 4,000 1,688 2,000 1,050 1,500
Dinner Theatre (Luau) 7,500 2 x 4,000 2,500 3,000 919 1,000
Large Restaurant 10,320 2 x 5,000 + 3,225 4,000 2,520 3,000
Medium Restaurant 2,100 3,000 1,531 2,000 1,208 1,500
Small Restaurant 375 500 750 1,000 456 500
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Pretreatment ProgramHONOLULU SIZED GREASE INTERCEPTOR
SAMPLING RESULTS
Number of GIs sampled - 45
Number of samples taken - 90
Average Oil & Grease
Effluent Concentration (Avg) - 79 mg/l
pH - (min) 5 (avg) 5.8 (max) 7
Temp. (degrees F) - (min) 69º (avg) 86.6º (max) 105º
(Melting Point of Tallow (i.e. animal fat) - 108 degees F)
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Pretreatment ProgramGI Maintenance Requirements
• 25% RULE Storage factor used to
determine GI maintenance frequency consisting of surface FOG material and settled solids.
• PUMP-IN-FULL – Insure all solids are
removed.– Inspect the GI for corrosion
damage or cracks.– Enables “cradle-to-grave”
tracking of FOG waste.
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FOG Control Success Factors
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FOG Control Success Factors
Consistent Facility Compliance Evaluations Persistent/Consistent Enforcement Actions Plan Reviews to verify Compliance with GI Program Database Tracking and Follow-upProgram Implementation Strategy Economic ConsiderationsPublic Outreach and Education
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FOG Control Success Factors
Program Implementation Strategy!
1. Understand the Political Environment – Votes.
2. Understand the Media – Stay 2 steps ahead. Create a “No Story” situation.
3. Involve the Industry – Raise awareness by meeting with Stakeholders (Property Owners, Restaurant Owners, Area Organizations/ Committees, Trade and Business Associations, City and Elected Officials).
4. Think “Money” - Businesses focus is on $. Find a way to merge environment and regulations. Build partnerships with the “Big Dogs”.
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FOG Control Success Factors
• Project coordination & funding by property owners:– Property owners and tenants equally liable under most
Ordinances.– Owners finance improvements and renegotiate tenant leases.– Tenants pay only their fair share while they are there.
• Shared Grease Interceptors
• Mixed Waste (kitchen/domestic) Grease Interceptors. [Currently 2 operating in Hawaii with more proposed]
• Grant easements where space is limited.
• ADDITIVES - Biologicals Only…No Enzymes or Surfactants.
Economic Considerations:
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FOG Control Success FactorsPublic Outreach and Education
• Public Info Meetings, Community/Industry Events
• Brochures, Bus Posters
• Educational Videos/Public Service Anouncements (Show Video)
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Contact Information
James Baginski, P.E.
President
James Baginski Enterprises
731 Kokomo Place
Honolulu, Hawaii 96825
Tel: (808) 358-9453
Email: [email protected]
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Questions?
Aloha Aloha and and
MahalMahaloo