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Michel Baguette
Universit
catholique
de Louvain
UCL
Faunistique
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Dfinitions
Population
cologie
gntiqueCommunaut
Ecosystme: biocnose + biotope
Et lespce?
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Heliconius melpomene Heliconius erato
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Et lespce?
Species are groups of natural
interbreeding populations,
reproductively isolated from other such
groups (Mayr, 1969)
Total amount of living species
described so far: 1.400.000 (Wilson,
1992)
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Les individus sont variables: diversit gntique
variation inherited within / between populations
changes in the genetic code on the DNA
molecule
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Structure of the DNA molecule
double helix
model of Watson and Crick (1953)
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A-T
G-C
Human: 108 bp
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Gene
ATGGACCAT
UACCUGGUA
INFORMATIONDNA
TRANSLATION
PROTEINEMet Asp His
TRANSCRIPTION
RNA
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INFORMATION
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Genetic diversity
variations inherited within / between populations
changes in the genetic code on the DNA molecule
?1. MUTATION
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ERRORS
DNA transcription (autocopy)
4/108bp/generation
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Gene
ATGGACCAT
UACAUGGUA
INFORMATIONDNA
TRANSLATION
PROTEINEMet Asp His
TRANSCRIPTION
RNAATGTACCAT
Met TyrHis
UACCUGGUA
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Genetic diversity
variations inherited within / between populations
changes in the genetic code on the DNA molecule
?2. SEXUAL RECOMBINATION
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Genetic diversity
Drosophila (fruit fly): 15.000 genes, Colza: 25.000 genes, Human 40.000genes
In any species 1 gene out of 4 is polymorphic (between 10 and 50 ) One given individual has 3-20 of heterozygotic genes
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Genetic diversity
Natural selection acts on this variability:individual survivalreproductive success
Temporal change in allelic frequencies within the population
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Life cycle: annual plant
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Life cycle
birth development reproduction senescence
Generation 1
Generation 2 birth development reproduction senescence
ENVIRONMENT
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Natural selection
birth development reproduction senescence
Death
Death
DeathDeath
Generation 1
Generation 2
Survival
Reproductive
success birth development reproduction senescence
ENVIRONMENTSELECTIVEPRESSURE
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Fitness
Mesure de ladquation adaptative dun individu
capacit dun individu maximixer la frquence
de ses gnessurvie
succs reproducteur
E l it ti d d
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Exploitation dune ressource dans une
population
Ressource
Nomb
redindividu
s
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Slection
Ressource
Nomb
redindividu
s
Generation 1 Generation 2
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Slection
Stabilisante
Directionnelle
Disruptive
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Darwin finches
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Principe dallocation dnergie
Energie, temps limits
Budget:
croissancemaintenance
dveloppement
Compromis: trade-off
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Structure spatiale des populations
Rpartition des individus dans lespace
sessiles: homogne, alatoire, agglomr
mobiles:mouvements dexploration - home range
mouvements de dispersion - paysage
mouvements de migration - rgion, continent
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Structure sociale
Dpend des systmes de reproduction
couple
socit (harde, clan)leks
territoires
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Relation structure sociale-structure spatiale
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Structure dge
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Relation ge-dmographie
Nombre de gnrations
semelparit
itroparitAge la premire gnration
relation ge-succs reproducteur
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Effectif dune population: mesure
Abondance vs densit
Comptage exhaustif
Mthodes dchantillonnagetransects
points d coute/dobservation
Capture-Marquage-RecaptureNtot=(N2/NR)*N1
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Dynamique de la population
Changement temporel de leffectif
rythme saisonnier (reproduction)
tendance gnralestochasticit environnementale
stochasticit dmographique
rgulation
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