FCAT Review
Life Science
What does “Being Alive” mean?
n Made of cells n Respond to stimuli n Respire (use energy) n Adapt n Reproduce n Excrete wastes n Secrete n Have a life span
Life Needs:
n Energy (solar or chemical)
n Water n Tolerable Temperatures n Light n Agreeable Atmosphere
Structure of the Cell
Single Cell vs. Multicellular
Cell Organization
n Atom n Molecule n Organelle n Cell n Tissue n Organ n System n Organism
Major Systems
Excretory Respiratory Digestive
Reproductive Male Female
Major Systems
Circulatory
Nervous
Muscular
Skeletal
Chemistry of the Cell
n Cells are made of atoms and molecules Ø Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Iron, Sodium, Potassium, etc.
Organic Inorganic
n Organic compounds contain carbon Ø Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, nucleic acids, etc.
n Inorganic compounds are also necessary for life Ø Water, salt, vitamins, etc.
Cell Transport…note error on class notes Passive Transport Active Transport
Exocytosis Endocytosis
Cellular Respiration
organisms use oxygen to break down glucose and release water and carbon dioxide as waste
C6H12O6 + 6O2 à Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O
Photosynthesis
plants use solar energy to make glucose from water and carbon dioxide and release oxygen as waste Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O à C6H12O6 + 6O2
Mitosis
n Cell division for body cells - diploid
Meiosis
n Cell division to produce sex cells - haploid
DNA
Nitrogen bases n Adenine n Thymine n Guanine n Cytosine
Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction
Heredity – passing of traits from parents of offspring
Alleles – different forms a gene has for a trait Ø A – dominant allele for a trait (upper case) Ø a – recessive allele for a trait (lower case)
n Heterozygous – different alleles n Homozygous – identical alleles
Punnett Squares
n Tools for predicting genetic crosses
n Genotype – genetic makeup Ø What alleles are present
n Phenotype – physical makeup Ø What is shown
Fill in the Punnett Square T t
t
t
How many offspring plants will be tall?
How many offspring plants will be short?
What percentage of offspring will be tall plants?
T – tall plants t – short plants
Fill in the Punnett Square T t
t Tt tt
t Tt tt
How many offspring plants will be tall?
How many offspring plants will be short?
What percentage of offspring will be tall plants?
T – tall plants t – short plants
Evolution – changes in kinds of animals and plants over time n Evidence
Ø Fossil record Ø Continental drift
n Why do kangaroos live in Australia?
From Eohippus to Equus
Survival of the Fittest
n Ability to reproduce successfully
Charles Darwin
The fittest?
Ecology n Biotic Factors
Ø Living things
n Abiotic Factors
Ø Non-living things
Food Chain vs. Food Web
Energy Pyramid
Adaptation for Survival
n Changes in n structure n behavior
Cycles of Nature
Carbon Nitrogen
Phosphorus Water
Environmental Issues n Decrease in resources
leads to decrease in natural populations
n Human activities Ø Pollution Ø Global warming Ø Destruction of habitat
Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources
n Renewable n Wind n Solar n Water n Trees n Biomass
n Non-renewable n Coal n Oil n Gas
Scientific Classification
Scientific Classification
Dichotomous Key
Plant Kindom
Plant Reproduction Spores vs. Seeds
Fern
Angiosperm
Gymnosperm
Virus
n Viruses are not alive until they invade a cell