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Science Science ReviewReview

FCAT FCAT

Science Science ReviewReview

West Broward High SchoolWest Broward High School

• True False Questions– Read carefully– A single word can make the sentence false

• Multiple Choice Questions– If you come to an question you don’t know, skip it. Go

back later if you have time.– When you’re not sure, rule out answers you know are

not correct. When you are down to

2 choices, make an educated guess.

Essay QuestionsLook for key words that tell you what kind of essay to write• compare - what characteristics are similar, and which are different (focus on similarities)• describe - what happens or what is something like• contrast - discuss differences between things• discuss - write as completely as you can; give

favoring and differing viewselaborate

CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY

MatterMatterConservation of MatterConservation of Matter

Matter cannot be created nor destroyed

Organization of MatterOrganization of Matter

Pure Substances Mixtures

Elements Compounds Heterogeneous Homogeneous

ATOMATOM• Smallest particle that has properties of Smallest particle that has properties of

an elementan element

ELEMENTSELEMENTS

MOLECULESMOLECULES

COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS

•Can’t be broken into simpler substances

•Smallest unit of a substance that has its characteristic properties

•Made of atoms of 2 or more elements

SUBATOMIC PARTICLESSUBATOMIC PARTICLES

• proton

•neutron

•electron

Positive charge, inside nucleus

neutral charge, inside nucleus

negative charge, orbitals outside nucleus

Isotopes

Atomic MassAtomic Mass

Atomic NumberAtomic Number = number of protons

(= number of electrons, when electronically neutral)

= mass of protons + neutrons

(mass of electrons is negligible)

**fly on a semi

= atoms of the same element with different

Masses due to differing number of neutrons

OCTET RULEOCTET RULE• Stability determined by atoms’

ability to have outermost energy level filled

…like the Noble Gases

Arrangement of electrons determines an element’s

physical properties

PERIODIC TRENDSPERIODIC TRENDSAtomic size

Ion formation

Electron attraction

Elements with unstable nuclei decay

Groups (Families) based on electron structure

Matter behaves as a wave, particle or something different

BONDINGBONDINGCovalent Bonding

Ionic BondingBonding

Formed by sharing electrons

Formed transfer of electrons

Cation - gives electrons --> positive ion

Anion - takes electrons --> negative ion

Only the outermost electrons are involved in bonding

Changes in Phase

Rates of ReactionsWhat effects rates?

CatalystsSurface areaTemperaturePressureNumber of molecules :

Concentration

PHYSICS

ENERGYConservation of Energy

Energy can neither be created or destroyed ; it

only changes forms

Forms of Energychemical

light

heatelectrical

mechanical

sound

nuclear

Bonds of chemicals

Electromagnetic radiation travels in waves

Differences in temperatures

Movement of electrons

Moving machines/objects doing work

Mechanical due to motion of air molecules

Stored in atomic nucleus; released during nuclear decay

Potential Energy

Kinetic Energy

Stored energy/ energy of position

PE= mgh

Energy of motion

KE= 1/2 mv2

Sources of Energy

Nuclear Reactions

Fossil fuel

Geothermal

Hydroelectric

Solar

Work & Energy

Work

Energy

Fuel

Force moves an object

Capacity to do work

Both are measure in joules (J)

Substance from which energy can be obtained

MOTION

Reference point

Frame of reference

Relative motion

Speed

Velocity

Acceleration

Distance traveled per unit of time

Speed & direction

Change in velocity over time

v= d/t

a= v f - v i /t f - t i

Velocity

UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION

A FORCE OF ATTRACTION BETWEEN ANY TWO OBJECTS IN THE UNIVERSE

4 FUNDAMENTAL FORCES

•STRONG NUCLEAR

•ELECTROMAGNETIC

•WEAK NUCLEAR

•GRAVITATIONAL

In order of decreasing strength

EARTH SCIENCE

FOSSILS

•Evidence of evolutionary changes in organisms

•Form in sedimentary rock

TIDES•Caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun

•Neap tides high high tides

and low low tides

•Spring tides weak tides

ECLIPSES

Solar

the moon is between the Earth & the Sun, casting a shadow on

the Earth

Lunar

the Earth is between the Moon & the Sun, casting a shadow on

the moon

EARTH’S ROTATION

•Earth rotates counterclockwise on its axis, from West to East

-causing night & day

•Sun appears in the East and sets in the West

EARTH’S REVOLUTION

Movement around the Sun - causes seasons

PLATE TECTONICS

•Convergent - Divergent boundaries

•Faults

•Mountain formation

•Earthquakes/Volcanoes

CLIMATE PATTERNS

Temperature variations –

land vs. water

Air masses

GLACIAL FORMATIONS

MORAINE - ridges deposited by melting glaciers

KETTLES - sharp, steep ridges

GLACIAL FORMATIONS

CIRQUE - scooped out semicircular basin

HORN - pyramid-shaped peaks

ARETE - sharp, steep ridges

GLACIAL FORMATIONS

DRUMLIN - long,canoe-shaped hills;

made of TILL (unsorted rock deposits)

ESKERS - deposits from streams under melting glaciers

LIFE &

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

CELLS

Basic unit of structure &

Function of living things

CELL MEMBRANES

•Semipermeable or selectively permeable

•Made up of phospholipid molecules

(hydrophyllic heads, hydrophobic tails)

•Materials move with concentration gradients

- diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

•Materials move against concentration gradients

-active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis

ORGANIC MOLECULES

•PROTIENS made up of amino acids

-structural - marker - channel - enzymes

•LIPIDS glycerol & fatty acids

•CARBOHYDRATES simple sugars

•NUCLEIC ACIDS nucleotides (phosphate sugar nitrogen base)

•DNA

•RNA

HEREDITY

DNA - Double helixHeredity molecule

MUTATIONS - changes in DNA

ECOLOGY

•Organisms are adapted to specific environmen

•Mutations result in adaptations which make organisms better fit to their environmnet

•Types of organisms-decomposers (bacteria)-Producers (plants, algae)-Consumers (predators, prey)

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE

MAY CHANGE DUE TO NATURAL EVENTS-FIRES,

-VOLCANIC ACIVITY-WEATHER

MAN MADE CAUSES-POLLUTION

Scientific Method

Observation - state the problem

Hypothesis

Experiment

Analysis

Conclusion

Steps to Solving Problems

List the given and unknown values1. ANALYZE

Write the equationDetermine the relationship between values

2. CALCULATEInsert the known values, and solve

3. EVALUATE

2. CALCULATE

USING GRAPHS 3 TYPES OF GRAPHS

1. LINE

2. BAR

3. CIRCLE

show trends or how the data change over time

Compares information collected by counting

show how some quantity is broken down into parts

INTERPRETING GRAPHS

Dependent variable

Independent variable

Controls

Depends on change of the independent variable

Unaffected by changes in the dependent variable

Graphed on the y-axis

Graphed on the x-axis

A constant used for a comparison