;fd'bflos kfgLsf] ;+/If0f - Hesperian Health...

64

;fd'bflos kfgLsf] ;+/If0f

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kfgL / ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ^^ syfM pBf]un] ;fd'bflos kfgLsf] vkt ub{5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ^& ;fd'bflos hgr]tgfdf clej[l4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ^*sfo{ cEof;M ;kmf kfgL ;'/lIft g} x'G5 eGg ;lsGg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ^(vfg]kfgL ljt/0fdf ;'wf/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &)of]hgf agfpgdf dlxnf dxTjk"0f{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &@sfo{ cEof; -@_M j[tx¿ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &@ syfM ufpFn]x¿n] ljsf; sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ l;sfPsf] kf7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . &$kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &%;+/lIft Ogf/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &^;'/lIft Ogf/ jf kfgL s'jf agfpg] r/0fx¿ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . && kl/jfl/s Ogf/sf] ;'/Iff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *(O{gf/af6 kfgL tfGg] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *#d'xfgsf] jl/kl/sf] If]q ;'/lIft ug]{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*$cfsfz] kfgL ;+sng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *^ syfM d?e"lddf cfsfz] kfgLsf] ;+sng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *&;'/lIft kfgLsf] 9'jfgL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .**syfM dlxnf / k'?ifaLr kfgL;DaGwL rrf{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *(kfgLsf] ;'/lIft e08f/0f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . () sfo{ cEof;M vfg]kfgL s;/L ;+qmldt x'g k'Ub5 < . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ()kfgLnfO{ vfgof]Uo ;'/lIft agfpg] t/Lsf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (@kfgLsf] l:y/Ls/0f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (#kfgL 5fGg] k|lqmof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ($kfgLnfO{ lg;+qmldt ug]{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (&kmf]x/ kfgLM Ps ;d:of jf ;|f]t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !))

k[i7o; cWofoleq

65

;fd'bflos kfgLsf] ;+/If0f

kfgL dfgj hLjgsf] nflu clt cfjZos 5 . dflg;, hgfj/, / ?v, la?jf ;a}nfO{ afFFRg / a[l4 ljsf; ug{ kfgL rflxG5 . t/ w]/} 7fpFdf :j:y /xgsf] nflu kof{Kt kfgL x'Fb}g . w]/} dflg;nfO{ kfgL ;+sng ug{ lgs} 6f9f;Dd hfg'kb{5 . kfPsf] kfgL klg k|foM lkpg of]Uo x'Fb}g .

ha Pp6f ;d'bfodf ;'/lIft Pj+ ;kmf vfg]kfgL k|fKt x'G5, ;a} dflg;x¿sf] :jf:Yo l:ylt /fd|f] x'g] ub{5 . ha dlxnf Pj+ s]6Lx¿nfO{ 6f9f;Dd uP/ kfgL Nofpg'kg]{ af]emaf6 d'Qm x'G5g\ ta pgLx¿;Fu :s"n hfg] / ;d'bfodf 3'nldn ug{ kof{Kt ;do x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ ;a}sf] :jf:Yo / /xg;xgdf ;'wf/ cfpFb5 . kof{Kt ;'/lIft kfgL kfOPsf] v08df aRrfx¿ :jf:Yo t/Lsfn] x'ls{G5g\ / b"lift kfgLsf] sf/0f emf8fkvfnfsf] k|sf]k klg Go"g x'G5 .

;fd'bflos kfgLsf] ;+/If0f66

kfgL / ;fd'bflos :jf:YokfgL k|s[ltsf] b]g xf] / kfgL ;'/Iff -;w}+e/L kof{Kt :jR5 kfgLdf kx'Fr_ ;fd'bflos :jf:Yosf] Pp6f clt cfjZos efu xf] . ha dflg;x¿ ldn]/ kfgL ;+sng, e08f/0f / kfgLsf] ;femf ;|f]tsf] pkof]uaf/] lg0f{o u5{g\ ta ;d'bfodf kfgLsf] ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

kof{Kt ;'/lIft kfgL k|fKt ug{ k|foM ;a} dflg;x¿n] rflxg] cfjZos sfd ug{ OR5's x'G5 jf rflxg] k};f ltg{ OR5's x'G5g\ . t/ w]/}h;f] 7fpFdf dflg;nfO{ rflxg] vfg]kfgL hLjf0f', sL6f0f'x¿ jf ljiffQm /;fogx¿af6 b"lift eO{;s]sf] x'G5 jf pBf]un] cfˆgf] k|of]hgsf] nflu lnO;s]sf] x'G5 jf cf}Bf]lus s[lif jf dflg;n] ltg}{ g;Sg] dxËf] d"Nodf laqmL ul/Psf] x'G5 . kfgLsf] pkof]lutfsf]af/]df lg0f{o ubf{ dflg;nfO{ afFRgsf] nflu / :jf:Yo /xgsf] nflu rflxg] cfjZos kfgLnfO{ kfgLsf] d"No slt k5{, s;/L ;+/lIft ul/Psf] 5, s;/L ljt/0f ul/Psf] 5 / pkef]u ul/Psf] 5 eGbf klg a9L dxTj lbg'kb{5 .

;a}nfO{ kfgLsf] cfjZostf k5{

kfgL / ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo 67

pBf]un] ;fd'bflos kfgLsf] vkt ub{5

ef/tsf] blIf0fL efudf cjl:yt knflrdfbf ufpFdf ls;fgx¿n] wfg / gl/jnsf] v]tL ub{5g\ . w]/} jiff{ x'g] / dlnnf] df6f]sf] sf/0f ls;fgx¿ /fd|f] pAhgL u/L /fd|f] hLljsf]kfh{g ul//x]sf lyP . t/ s]xL jif{ otf ufpFs} 5]pdf cfP/ Pp6f sf]sfsf]nf pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]u :yfkgf ePkl5 o; 7fpFdf kl/jt{g cfof] .

sf]sfsf]nf sDkgLn] lgs} ulx/f] O{gf/ vg]/ ld7f] sf]sfsf]nf k]o agfpg cfjZos e"ldut kfgL lgsfNg z'? u¥of] . k|To]s lbg pBf]un] s/La %,)),))) ln6/ kfgL vkt ug{ yfNof] . pBf]usf] :yfkgf ePsf] b'O{ jif{ k5fl8 ufpFn]x¿n] nufPsf] afnLgfnL dg{ yfn] . 3/df ePsf] O{gf/x¿ klg ;'Sg yfn] . dflg;n] eft ksfpFbf rfdn v}/f] eP/ hfg] / g/fd|f] uGw cfpg yfNof] . ToxfFsf] kfgL vfgfn] / g'xfpgfn] 5fnf lrnfpg], skfn emg]{, xf8 hf]8\gL b'Vg], x8\8L sdhf]/ x'g] / g;f ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ b]lvg yfn] . pgLx¿n] e"ldut kfgL pBf]uaf6 k|b"lift ePsf] yfxf kfP . cfkm\gf] :jf:Yo arfpgsf] nflu ufpFn]x¿n] 3/sf] nflu 6f9faf6 kfgL ;+sng ug{ yfn] .

Ps jif{ kfgL lans'n} k/]g t/ sf]sfsf]nf sDkgLn] ;'Vvf ;dodf kfgL lgsfnL /x\of] . ufpFn]x¿n] sf]sfsf]nf sDkgLaf6 lbgfg'lbg pgLx¿sf] lhjgsf] nflu rflxg] kfgL / la?jfnfO{ rflxg] cfjZos kfgL 6«sdf xfn]/ aflx/ nlu/x]sf] x]l//x] . ufpFsf] 6f9f;Ddsf kfgLsf] ;|f]tx¿ klg ;'s]/ uP . ha w]/}eGbf w]/} dflg;x¿ la/fdL x'g yfn] dflg;x¿ hDdf eP/ sf]sfsf]nf sDkgLnfO{ s;/L ePklg kfgL lemSgaf6 /f]Sg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fdf 5nkmn ug{ yfn] .

5nkmnkl5 @))) eGbf a9L dflg;x¿ sDkgL;Dd zflGtk"0f{ ¥ofnL u/L sDkgLnfO{ ToxfFaf6 5f8]/ hfg / kfgLsf] x|f;sf] sf/0f ePsf] Ifltk"lt{sf] dfu /fv] . sDkgLn] o;sf] hjfkmdf x/]slbg Ps Ps 6«s kfgL ufpFdf k7fOlbg yfn] . t/ pQm Ps 6«s kfgL ufpFn]x¿sf] kfgLsf] dfu k"lt{ ug{ kof{Kt lyPg . %) lbgsf] nuftf/ cfGbf]ngsf] bf}/fg s/La !#) hgf dlxnf / k'?ifx¿nfO{ k|x/Ln] lx/f;tdf lnP . Ps dlxgfkl5 !))) hgfsf] km]l/ ¥ofnL km]/L sDkgL;Dd uof] / km]l/ k|x/Ln] w]/}nfO{ lx/f;tdf lnP .

;+3if{n] knflrdfbfsf dflg;nfO{ lgs} sl7gfO{sf] ;fdgf ug'{k¥of] . t/ o;n] ;a} dflg;x¿nfO{ Psh'6 eP/ cfkm\gf] ;kmf kfgL kfpg] xsaf/] dfu ug{ d2t k'¥ofof] . w]/} jif{kl5 :yfgLo ;/sf/n] klg dflg;x¿nfO{ ;3fpg yfn] / sDkgLnfO{ e"ldut kfgL ;'Vvfofdsf] a]nf pkof]u ug{af6 aGb]h nufof] . t/ /fHo ;/sf/n] sDkgLnfO{ nuftf/ e"ldut kfgL pkef]u ug{ kfpg'k5{ eg]/ lgb]{zg u¥of] . o:tf] kfgLsf] pkef]u;DaGwL åGå cbfnt;Dd k'Uof] / cGtdf knflrdfbfsf dflg;x¿n] cbfntdf d'2f lht] / sf]sfsf]nf sDkgL aGb eof] .

knflrdfbfsf dlg;x¿n] cfkm\gf] kfgLdflysf] clwsf/sf] nflu ;+3if{ ul//fv]sf] s'/fn] ef/t e/L / ;+;f/e/Lsf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fof] . pgLx¿sf] ;+3if{n] cGo w]/}nfO{ k|]/0ff k|bfg ug{ ;kmn eof] . vfg]kfgL kof{Kt gePsf] 7fpFdf sf]sfsf]nf h:t}M ld7f] k]o kbfy{ agfpgsf] nflu s'g} cf}lrTo /xFb}g . vf;u/L sDkgLn] k|of]u ug]{ kfgLsf] sf/0f dflg; la/fdL eP/ hfG5 eg] .

g]kfndf klg vf; u/]/ zx/L If]qx¿df klg sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf o:tf e"ldut kfgLsf] cToflws bf]xg u/L ljleGg k]o kbfy{ pTkfbg tyf laqmL ljt/0f ug]{ w]/} pBf]ux¿ v'n]sf 5g\ . t;tkm{ ;DalGwt lgsfosf] Wofg hfg h?/L 5 .


;fd'bflos hgh]tgf clej[l4Pshgf dlxnfn] ;w}+ 6f9faf6 vfg]kfgL ;+sng ubf{sf] sfd slt ufx|f] xf] eGg] s'/f elg/fVg' kb}{g t/ pgLx¿n] o:tf] ufx|f] sfdnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] s'/f dx;'; ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .

ha ;a}hgfnfO{ ;kmf vfg]kfgLsf] ;d:of;DaGwL cg'ej x'G5, pgLx¿ ;a} ldn]/ kl/jt{gsf] nflu ldn]/ sfd ug{ yfN5g\ . ;fd'bflos hgr]tgf cleofg kl/jt{gsf] nflu ;aeGbf k|yd r/0fsf] sfd x'g cfpFb5 / h;df ;a} ;d"xdf ldn]/ ;Fu} ljleGg sfdx¿ ug{' klg ;dfj]z x'G5 .

kfgLsf] lhDd]jf/ sd{rf/L;“u s'/fsfgLO{gf/sf] vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnL jf cGo s'g} vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] ;+rfngsf] nflu s'g} JolQm jf ;d"x jf Jofkf/Lju{ lhDd]jf/ 5 ls < ;/;kmfOsf] nflu sf]xL JolQm jf ;d"x lhDd]jf/ 5 ls < s'g ;d"xn] vf;u/L kfgL ;+sng u5{, af]s]/ NofpFb5, k|zf]wg ub{5 / e08f/0f ub{5 <

kfgL ljt/0f ug]{ dflg;sf] ;Fu;Fu} ;a} ldn]/ ;lhn} If]qsf] ;a} kfgLsf] ;|f]tx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg]{ . dflg;n] vfg]kfgLsf] dfqf Pj+ u'0f:t/af/] s] s'/f ub{5g\ < x/]s lbg dflg;x¿ slt kfgL pkef]u ub{5g\ < s] kfgL vfg, g'xfpg, n'uf w'g,

ufO{a:t'x¿nfO{ v'jfpg, v]tL ug{ / cGo slt kfgLsf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ km/s km/s ;|f]t k|of]u ul/G5 < s] oL ;a} s'/fsf] nflu rflxg] cfjZos kfgL kof{Kt 5 ls 5}g < s] ToxfF kfgLsf] d'xfg jf cfktsfnLg kfgL e08f/0f ug]{ e08f/ 5 <

dflg;n] kfgL ;+sng ug]{ 7fp“sf] lg/LIf0f ug{'xf];\ljleGg k|sf/sf] kfgLsf] ;|f]tdf ljleGg vfgn] ;d:of x'G5 / ljleGg ;dfwfgsf] pkfox¿ klg x'G5 . kfgLsf] d'xfg h:t}M s'jf, O{gf/, d'n cflb kfgLsf] ;|f]t -gbL, vf]nf, tfn / kf]v/L_ / jiff{sf] kfgL ;+sng If]q cflbsf] lg/LIf0f ug]{ . x/]s kfgLsf] ;|f]t ePsf] 7fpFdf kfgL s;/L pkef]u ePsf] eGg] jf s'g} lsl;dsf] ;+qmd0f ePsf] eGg]af/] 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] / k|b"if0fsf] ;|f]tsf] gS;f+sg ug]{xfdLn] agfpg] gS;fdf a:tLsf] ;ldkdf /x]sf] ;a} kfgLsf] ;|f]tx¿ nufot kfgL k|b"lift x'g] ;|f]tx¿af/] klg b;f{OPsf] x'G5 . ljleGg /Ësf] k|of]u u/]/ ;kmf kfgL / k|b"lift kfgLsf] ;|f]tx¿nfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .

;fd'bflos hgh]tgf hufpg] 69

bcnbxncb

s] tkfO{sf] kfgL ;'/lIft 5<kfgL ;'/lIft ePsf] gePsf] yfxf kfpg sl7g 5 . :jf:YonfO{ xfgL k'¥ofpg] s'g} s'/fnfO{ x]/]/, ;'F3]/ jf hfFr u/]/ ;lhn} yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . c? a]nf hfFr]/ dfq kfgL k|b"lift ePsf] yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . kfgL k|b"lift x'g] sf/0faf/] yfxf kfP/ kfgL k|b"lift x'gaf6 arfpg] pkfoaf6 w]/} lsl;dsf] :jf:YohGo ;d:of x'gaf6 arfpg÷ /f]Sg ;lsG5 -cWofo %_ .

;kmf kfgL ;'/lIft g} x'G5 eGg ;lsGg

of] cEof;af6 kfgLdf ePsf] vt/gfs j:t'x¿ x]/]/, ;'F3]/ jf hfFr ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf klg kQf nufpg d2t k'Ub5 .

;doM !% b]lv #) ldg]6

;fdu|LM $ j6f ;kmf af]tnx¿, lxnf], g"g, lrgL, k|zf]lwt kfgL

of] cEof; z'? ug'{eGbf klxn] $ j6f ;kmf af]tnx¿df pdfn]sf] kfgL Snf]l/g /fv]sf] kfgL jf cGo s'g} csf]{ k|ljlwaf6 k|zf]lwt kfgL e/]/ /fVg'xf];\ . o;/L e/]sf] kfgLsf] Pp6f af]tndf Ps rDrf lxnf], csf]{df Ps rDrf g'g / csf]{ t]>f]df Ps rDrf lrgL /fv]/ af]tnnfO{ /fd|/L rnfpg'xf];\ . clGtd af]tnddf s]xL klg g/fVg'xf];\ . oL ;a} af]tnx¿nfO{ ;d"xsf] cufl8 Nofpg'xf];\ .

;d"xsf] dflg;x¿nfO{ kfn};Fu oL af]tnsf] kfgL ;'F£g eGg'xf];\ . To;kl5 pgLx¿nfO{ s'g} klg af]tnaf6 kfgL vfg af]nfpg'xf];\ . ;fwf/0ftof lxnf]kfgL ePsf] af]tnsf] kfgL s;}n] klg lkpFb}g t/ cGo af]tnsf] kfgL eg] ;a}n] lkpFb5 .

w]/} dflg;n] kfgL lkO;s]kl5 pgLx¿n] lxnf] af]tnsf] kfgL lsg lkPg eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\ . To;kl5 pgLx¿n] lkPsf] kfgLsf] :jfbaf/]df ;f]Wg'xf];\ . pgLx¿n] o;sf]af/]df s] ;f]lr/x]sf 5g\ . s] pgLx¿ dWo] s;}n] s]xL gePsf] kfgL lkPsf] /x]5 < pgLx¿nfO{ of] kfgL dfq xf] eg]/ s;/L yfxf eof] < / o;df s'g} hfFr lagf, g;'F3]/ jf grfv]/ s]xL gePsf] s'/f s;/L yfxf eof] <

o;kl5 ToxfF ePsf] j:t'x¿af/] s'/f ug'{xf];\ . h;n] ubf{ kfgLnfO{ lkpg c;'/lIft u/fpFb5 . of] hLjf0f' klg x'g ;Sb5 h;n] ubf{ emf8fkvfnf nufpFb5 jf ljiffbL Pj+ cGo /;fogx¿ ldl;Psf] 5 . oL ;a} s'/fx¿ xfd|f] kfgLsf] ;|f]tdf 5 eGg]af/] s'g} cfwf/x¿ 5g\ ls 5}|gg\ < jf cGo s'g} t/Lsfn] x]/]/ jf ;'F3]/ kfgL ;'/lIft jf c;'/lIft /x]sf] eGg]af/] yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 <

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;'/lIft kfgLsf] nflu hf“rk|of]uzfnfdf kfgLsf] u'0faf/] hfFr ug{ k|foM kfgLsf] gd"gf k/LIf0f ul/G5 . oL hfFrx¿n] kfgLsf] k|b"if0fsf] dfqf Pj+ k|sf/af/] hfgsf/L lbg'sf] ;fy} /;folgs ;+qmd0f yfxf kfpg d2t k'Ub5 . t/ of] k|ljlw vlr{nf] x'g ;Sb5 . t;y{, kfgL;DaGwL ljleGg d'2faf/] ;d'bfonfO{ hfu?s agfpg'sf] ;fy} kfgLsf] ;|f]tnfO{ ;+/If0f ug'{ pko'Qm kfgLsf] u'0f k/LIf0f ug'{eGbf /fd|f] x'G5 -k[i7 &% df x]g'{xf];\_ .

s]xL kfgL k/LIf0f ug]{ ls6 :yfgLo :t/df kfgLdf /x]sf] hLjf0f' kQf nufpg pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu H2S k/LIf0f ;:tf] -% j6f k/LIf0fsf] s/Lj ! 8n/_ kb{5 / l56f] kl/0ffd klg lbG5 . t/ o; k/LIf0fn] slxn]sfxL+ xfgL/lxt hLjf0f'af/]df unt kl/0ffd lbG5 / /;fog tyf cGo k/hLljsf] km"nx¿sf]af/]df s]xL kQf nufpg ;ls+b}g .

vfg]kfgL ljt/0fdf ;'wf/gofF vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{'eGbf klxn] eO/x]sf] k|0ffnLnfO{ /fd|f] ;kmf / w]/} kfgL cfpg] agfpg' kb{5 . kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug]{ of]hgf agfpg'k"j{ :yfgLo :t/df kfOg] ;|f]tx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg'{xf];\ . ;|f]tx¿df h:t}M kfgLsf] ;|f]t, O{gf/, 6\ofÍL / kfOk la5\ofpg] ;Lk ePsf JolQmx¿ ;d"x kl/rfng tyf sfdsf] nflu ;xof]uL JolQm / klxn] kfgL ;+sng ubf{sf] cg'ejL jl/i7 JolQmx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg' kb{5 .

;dfwfgsf] klxrfgkfgLsf] ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{ ;d'bfodf /x]sf] d'Vo ;d:ofx¿ dWo]sf s'g ;d:ofnfO{ ;lhn} klxn] ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fdf e/ kb{5 . t;y{ ;d:ofsf] d"n h/f] lgd"{n kfg{ / ;d'bfosf x/]s JolQmsf] cfjZostfnfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug{] vfn] of]hgf agfpg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

kfgLsf] u'0faf/] hfFrn] gd"gf lnPsf] ;do / 7fpFdf dfq k|b"if0f ePsf] b]vfpF5

H2S test

vfg]kfgL ljt/0fdf ;'wf/ 71

vf;u/L yf]/} kfgL pknAw ePsf] cj:yf / kfgL k|fKt ug{ sl7g ePsf] cj:yfdf x/]s kfgLsf] ;|f]tx¿ s] s] sf] nflu pkef]u ug]{ eg]/ lg0f{o ug]{ . jiff{t\sf] kfgL ;+sng 6\ofÍL agfpg], ;+sng 6\ofÍL / kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLn] ;d'bfosf] glhs};Dd kfgL Nofpg d2t ub{5 -k[i7 *^ / (! x]g'{xf];\_ . olb of] ;Dej gePdf ;d'bfon] cem} klg ;a}sf] nflu kof{Kt kfgL ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|of; ug'{kb{5 .

• kfgL ;+sng ug]{ sfddf ;fem]bf/L ug]{ .• kfgL hLjf0f'af6 ;'/lIft /fVg] pkfox¿af/] ;a}nfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ -k[i7 (@ b]lv (( ;Dd_ .

olb ;d'bfodf kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnL klxn]b]lv cjl:yt /x]sf] 5 eg] ;d'bfon] lgDg lnlvt sfdx¿ ug'{kb{5 .

• kfgL ;+sng ug]{ pkfox¿df ;'wf/ ug]{ .• lalu|Psf] kfOk tyf wf/fx¿sf] dd{t;Def/ ug]{ .• kfgLsf] dflyNnf] ;|f]tx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ .• kfgLsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ hf]ufpg] gofF pkfox¿sf] canDag ug]{ .

hxf“ kfgLdf /;folgs k|b"if0f x'g] ;Defjgf ePdf, kfgL k/LIf0f ug'{eGbf klxn] cGo kfgLsf] ;|f]tx¿sf] pkef]u ug]{ . olb k/LIf0f kl/0ffdn] kfgLdf /;folgs k|b"if0f ePsf] b]lvPdf cGo kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] pkof]u ul//fVg] / /;folgs k|b"if0fsf] sf/0fnfO{ lgd"{n kfg]{ tkm{ sfo{ ug]{ . /;folgs k|b"if0f km}nfpg] pBf]unfO{ cfkm\gf] k|b"lift kfgLnfO{ ;'/lIft t/Lsfn] lj:yfkg Pj+ k|zf]wg ug]{ / :jR5 pTkfbg k|lqmof pkgfpg] / ls;fgx¿nfO{ sd;]sd ljiffbL Pj+ /;folgs dnsf] pkof]u ug]{ eg]/ ;Nnfx lbg] .

:jf:YosdL{ / ;'/lIft kfgLsf k|j4{sx¿n] ;d'bfodf kfgLsf] ;'/Iff ;'wf/ ug{ d2t ug{ ;Sb5g\


of] cEof;n] dlxnfx¿nfO{ kfgLsf] cfjZostf / afwfx¿sf] af/]df ;f]+Rg d2t ub{5 .

;doM $% ldg]6

;fdu|LM 7"nf] gS;f agfpg] sfuh -snd / l;;fsnd_

dlxnfx¿nfO{ !) hgfeGbf ga9fO{sg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ / k]g Pj+ sfuh lbg'xf];\ .

k|To]s ;d"xn] sfuhdf @ j6f uf]nfsf/ j[Qx¿ sf]g{ eGg'xf];\ . ;fgf] j[Q 7"nf] j[Qleq kg]{ u/L sf]g'{xf];\ .

7"nf] j[Qleq ;d'bfonfO{ c;/ kg]{ kfgL, ;/;kmfO tyf :jf:YohGo ;d:ofx¿sf]af/]df lrq jf ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf];\ / ;fgf] j[Qdf vf;u/L dlxnfnfO{ dfq c;/ ug]{ ;d:ofx¿af/] lrq jf ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .

b'j} ;d"xnfO{ k'gM Ps} 7fpFdf NofP/ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . b'j} j[Qleq ;"rLs[t u/]sf] ;d:ofx¿ s;/L km/s /x]5 eGg]af/] x]g'{xf];\ . ;d:ofx¿ s;/L ;dfg 5g\ eg] klg x]g'{xf];\ . b'j}df s] ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ kQf nufpg ;lsG5 < s;/L xfdLn] dlxnfsf] ;d:ofn] k"0f{ ljrf/ lbg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 <

of] cEof; dlxnf tyf k'?if b'j} /x]sf] ;d"xdf ug{ ;lsG5 . o;f] ubf{ k'?ifx¿sf] 5'§} Pp6f ;d"x agfpg' kb{5 / ;fgf] Pp6f j[Qsf] ;§fdf ;fgf] @ j6f j[Q sf]g{ nufO{ dlxnf Pj+ k'?ifsf] ;d:ofx¿sf] 5'§f5'§} ;"rLs[t ug'{xf];\ .

ha b'j} ;d"x km]l/ ;Fu} 5nkmndf cfPkl5 k'?ifx¿nfO{ dlxnfx¿sf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu s;/L d2t k'¥ofpg ;Sb5 eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\ . h;df 3/sf] glhs} zf}rfno, k'?ifn] klg kfgL ;+sng tyf a]fs]/ Nofpg] sfd, aRrfx¿;Fu w]/} ;do latfpg] cflb sfdx¿df d2t k'¥ofpg ;Sb5 . dlxnf / k'?ifaLr lgs} 7"nf] leGgtf /x]sf] cj:yfdf dlxnfx¿n] cfkm\gf] ;d:ofsf] af/]df k'?ifx¿sf] eGbf klxn] 5'§} 5nkmn u/]sf] /fd|f] x'G5 .

of]hgf agfpgdf dlxnf dxTjk"0f{dlxnfx¿nfO{ k'?ifsf] eGbf kfgLsf] cfjZostf km/s km/s x'g ;Sb5 . kl/jf/nfO{ rflxg] kfgLsf] ;+sng tyf pkrf/ k|foMh;f]] dlxnfn] ub{5 . t/ kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0f tyf dd{t ;Def/ k|foM k'?ifx¿n] ub{5 . dlxnf / k'?ifsf] sfd / cfjZostf km/s km/s x'g] ePsf]n] of]hgf agfpg] sfddf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf cfjZos kb{5 .

@ j[tx¿

!

@

#

$

kfgL / ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo 73

vfg]kfgLdf ;'fwf/sf] nflu afwfx¿;d'bfodf ;'/lIft kfgL gx'gfsf] w]/} sf/0fx¿ x'g ;Sb5 . ;d:ofx¿df vf;u/L k};fsf] cefj, vfg]kfgL k|0ffnL lgdf0f{ ug]{ 1fgsf] sdL, ;/sf/L d2tsf] cefj, ;d'bfodf hg;xeflutfsf] cefj cflb kb{5 . ;w}+e/L ;'/lIft vfg]kfgL ljt/0fsf] nflu Ps Ps u/L jfwfx¿sf] klxrfg tyf lg/fs/0f ub}{ nfg' kb{5 . vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ Pj+ ;Def/ lgDg lnlvt cj:yfdf ug'{ kb{5 .

• t'?Gt} ul/g] ;'wf/ h:t}M w]/} kfgL, ;lhn} kx'Fr jf sd la/fdL• sd nfut .• b}lgs ultljwdf s]xL kl/jt{g u/]/ .• :yfgLo jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/ h:t}M sd eGbf sd lxnf], sd nfdv'§] jf au}+rfsf] nflu w]/} kfgL .

lbuf] kfgL of]hgfn] zf/Ll/s tyf ;fdflhs afwfnfO{ x6fpg' kb{5 / ;d'bfodf ;a}nfO{ ;dfg d2t ug{'kb{5 .


ufp“n]x¿n] ljsf; sfo{stf{nfO{ l;sfPsf] kf7

sf]nlDaofsf] Ps ufpFdf ljsf; sfo{stf{x¿sf] ;d"x ufpFn]x¿nfO{ kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f u/L emf8fkvfnflj?4 n8\g l;sfpg cfPsf] lyof] . pgLx¿n] ufpFsf] vfg]kfgL ;|f]t glhs}sf] kfgLsf] d'xfg x]g{ uP . d"n glhs} /x]sf] ufO{a:t' tyf e"Ifon] kfgLsf] d'xfgnfO{ k|efljt ul//x]sf] kfP . ljsf; sfo{stf{n] pgLx¿nfO{ b'O{j6f ;fwf/0f ;dfwfgsf] pkfox¿ atfP .

kfgLsf] d'xfg hf]ufpg rf/}lt/ tf/ hfnLsf] 5]saf/ nufpg] jf ufO{a:t'x¿nfO{ cGo s'g} 7fpFdf r/fpg n}hfg] ;Nnfx lbP .

ufpFn]x¿n] pQm ;Nnfx dg k/fPgg\ . pgLx¿n] tf/sf] 5]saf/ dflg;x¿n] rf]/]/ nfg] / pgLx¿;Fu ufO{a:t'sf] nflu 5'§} r/0fsf] Joj:yf ug{ kof{Kt hUuf tyf k};f gePsf] atfP . t/ ;d:of x]/]/ pgLx¿n] Pp6f sfd nfUg] pkfo lnP/ cfP . pgLx¿n] Ps lbg ;a} ufpFn]x¿ ldn]/ sfF8]bf/ ?v la?jf kfgLsf] d'xfgsf] dflyNnf] efudf /f]k] . o;n] ubf{ ufO{a:t'nfO{ d'xfgsf] tNnf] efusf] kfgL vfg afWo u¥of] . o;f] ubf{ ufpFsf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg eof] .

;d'bfoleq} ;dfwfgsf] pkfox¿ kQf nufpg'Oltxf;df k"j{sfnb]lv x/]s ;d'bfon] kfgL kQf nufpg], 9'jfgL ug]{ / kfgLsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ pkfosf] ljsf; u/]sf x'G5g\ . dflg;x¿n] afF;sf] ;xfotfn] kfgL kQf nufpg kfgL tnaf6 dfly cf];fg{, kfgL ;+sng ug]{sf nflu ljleGg lsl;dsf ;+/rgfx¿sf] lgdf{0f / j[Iff/f]k0f kfgLsf] ;|f]t / l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] l5d]ssf ;d'bfo;Fu kfgL ;fem]bf/L ug]{ ;Demf}tf u/]sf] 5 . kfgL;DaGwL åGå x'gaf6 /f]Sg / kfgLsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{n] efjL ;GttLsf] nflu kfgLsf] ;|f]t arfpg d2t ub{5 . ;fy} kfgL ;+sng / k|zf]wg ug]{ gofF gofF pkfo ckgfP/ kfgL ;'/lIft Pj+ kof{Kt ug{ ;'lglZrt ub{5 .

kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f 75

kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0fkfgL, ;txL kfgL -gbLaf6, em/gfsf] kfgL, tfnsf] kfgL jf kf]v/Lsf] kfgL_ jf e"ldut kfgL -hdLgd'lgsf] kfgL ;+sng / d"n jf O{gf/af6 cfpg] kfgL_ sf] ¿kdf kfOG5 . ;txL kfgL k|foM k|b"lift x'g] ePsf]n] lagf k|zf]wg lkpg k|of]u ug{' x'Fb}g -k[i7 (@ b]lv ((_ . e"ldut kfgL k|foM sL6f0f' d'Qm x'G5 lsgsL of] afn'jf / df6f]af6 5flgP/ au]sf] x'G5 . tyflk e"ldut kfgL k|fs[lts ¿kdf kfOg] vlgh kbfy{x¿ h:t}M cf;]{lgs / ˆn'/fO8 -k[i7 ^!_ af6 k|b"lift ePsf] x'G5 . 9nsf] kfgL km'6]/ ,;]ˆ6L 6\ofÍL jf zf}rfno jf kmf]x/ kmfNgfn] jf pBf]uaf6 / s[lif If]qaf6 ljiffQm /;fogx¿ kfgLdf ldl;gaf6 k|b"lift x'g ;Sb5 .

ha hdLg / kfgLsf] af6f]nfO{ /fd|/L x]/ljrf/ ul/+b}g, e"ldut kfgLsf] dfqf vt/fk"0f{ ¿kdf sd eP/ hfG5 . ha hdLgdf /x]sf] ?vla?jfnfO{ sfl6G5, jiff{sf] kfgL h'g klxn] df6f]df ;f];]/ e"ldut kfgLsf] ¿kdf ;l~rt x'g] ub{Yof], e]nsf] ¿kdf gbLx¿ / ;d'Gb|df ldl;g k'Ub5 .

;txL kfgL / e"ldut kfgLsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ ;aeGbf /fd|f] pkfoM

• lbuf] v]tLkftLsf] cEof; ug]{ -cWofo !%_ .• ;'/lIft zf}rfnosf] lgdf{0f tyf pkef]u -cWofo &_ .• kfgL ;+sng x'g] hnfwf/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ sfd -cWofo (_ .

ha kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] jl/kl/ dflg;sf] a;f]af; x'G5 / pkof]u x'g yfN5, o;sf] ;+/If0f sl7g x'Fb} hfG5 . pBf]u ;+rflnt 7fpFdf kfgLsf] cToflws pkef]u tyf k|b"lift eP/ hfG5 / kfgLsf] cfjZostf x'g] dflg;n] klg of] ;d:ofaf6 hf]lug ;ls+b}g . o:tf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg dflg;x¿ Psh'6 eP/ kfgL ;'/Iffsf] nflu ;/sf/ dfly bafa ;[hgf ug{'sf ;fy} pBf]ux¿nfO{ lgodsf] kfngf ug{ nufP/ ug{ ;lsG5 .


;+/lIft Ogf/e"ldut kfgL tfGg] ljleGg vfn] O{gf/x¿ x'G5 . ;a}eGbf ;fwf/0f rfxL+ xftn] vg]sf] s'jf xf] . ;a}eGbf dxËf] rflx+ w]/} ulx/f];Dd kfOksf] ;xfotfn] wf/f /fvL kfgL tfGg] lsl;dsf] kDknfO{ elgG5 .

O{gf/ dflg;n] kfgL lkpGh]n pkof]uL x'G5 . ;d'bfosf] nflu /fd|f] O{gf/ rflx{ O{gf/sf] ulx/fO{ / vGg] Kjfn kfg]{ / lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx¿df e/ kb{5 . k|foMh;f]] ;dodf ;fwf/0f O{gf/ h;af6 aflN6gsf] ;xfotfn] kfgL tfGg] ul/G5, c? kDksf] ;xfotfn] kfgL tfGg] dxËf] O{gf/eGbf /fd|f] dflgG5 . a9L ;+Vofdf /x]sf] sd ulx/f] O{gf/ Pp6f a9L ulx/f] l8kj]neGbf /fd|f] dflgG5 lsgsL Pp6f ;'s]/ uPklg c?af6 kfgL k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

ha dflg;x¿ Ogf/sf] lsgf/df pleG5g\ jf kmf]x/ aflN6g k|of]u u5{g\ ta Ogf/sf] kfgL c;'/lIft x'g ;S5 .

;+/lIft Ogf/ 77

;'/lIft O{gf/ / kfgL s'jf agfpg] r/0fx¿ O{gf/ vGg' k"j{ of] ;a}sf] kfgL cfk"lt{ ug{ ;Sg] O{gf/ xf] egL ;'lglZrt ug'{kb{5 . Ogf/sf] kfgL lgDg lnlvt cj:yfdf vg]df c;'/lIft x'g hfG5 .

• rkL{sf] w]/} glhsdf, 9nsf] kfOk, kmf]x/ y'kfg]{ vfN8f] jf ufO{a:t' /fVg] 7fpFsf] glhsdf vg]sf] O{gf/ /fd|f] x'Fb}g . O{gf/ oL ;a}eGbf slDtdf #) ld6/ 6f9f /fVg' kb{5 .

• pBf]uwGwf ;+rfng x'g] 7fpF, vfgL ;+rfng x'g] 7fpF, t]n pTvgg\ x'g] 7fpF, cToflws /;folgs dn Pj+ ljiffbLsf] pkof]u x'g] v]taf/Lsf] glhs} jf kmf]x/d}nf la;h{g ug]{ 7fpFdf O{gf/ vg]df .

• kmf]x/ kfgL tyf ;txL kfgL au]/ O{gf/df ldl;g] cj:yfsf] 7fpF .

;txL sd ulx/fO{sf] s'jfaf6 /fd|f] / ;'/lIft kfgL k|bfg ug{ ;Sb5 t/ kfgL ;lhn} ;'s]/ hfg jf kmf]x/af6 ;+qmldt x'g ;Sb5 . jiff{t\sf] a]nfdf ;tx kfgL au]/ s'jfdf k:b5 . o;n] cfkm";Fu} hLjf0f' tyf cGo k|b"if0fhGo ;+qmldt kmf]x/ kfgL aufP/ NofpFb5 . dflg; jf hgfj/ h;n] s'jfsf] kfgL pkof]u ub{5, v'§fdf hLjf0f'x¿ af]s]/, s'jf;Dd Nofpg ;Sb5g\ . kfgL eg]{ efF8f] / 8f]/Ldf klg hLjf0f' hDdf x'g] ePsf]n] kfgL tfGbf ;+qmldt x'g ;Sb5 .

;fwf/0f ;'wf/af6 kfgLnfO{ ;+qmldt x'gaf6 hf]ufpg ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;kmf efF8f] / 8f]/L dfq O{gf/sf] kfgL lemSg k|of]u ug]{ . s'jfsf] rf/}lt/ df6f] /fVg], O{§f jf 9'Ëfaf6 ag]sf] l/Ë xfn]/ kfgLnfO{ ;'/lIft ug{ ;lsG5 . s'jfsf] ;txnfO{ lrNnfP/ s'jf v:gaf6 / ;'Sgaf6 /f]Sg ;lsG5 / ulx/f] O{gf/ ag]/ a9L kfgL ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 . -s'jf ;'/lIft agfpg] s]xL pkfox¿ csf]{ k[i7df lrqdf x]g'{xf];\_

O{gf/ vGg'eGbf klxn] jf kfgLsf] ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf dxËf] ;'wf/ Nofpg'eGbf klxn] ;–;fgf ;'wf/sf] pkfox¿nfO{ xfdL cfˆgf] kfgLsf] ;|f]tnfO{ ;kmf ug{ k|of]udf NofP/ pkof]u ug]{tkm{ ;f]Rg'kb{5 .

s'jfleq 9'Ëfsf] e¥ofË agfpg'xf];\ tfsL dflg;x¿ v'8\lsnfaf6 kfgL lgsfNg ;S5g\ . ;Fw} kl5Nnf] ;'Vvf v'8\lsnf dfqf kfgL lgsfNgsf] nflu k|of]u ug{'xf];\ .

kfgLsf] sd ;tx

kfgLsf] a9L ;tx

v'nf kfgLsf] s'jf ;'wfg]{ t/Lsf


Ogf/ / s'jf ;'wf/ ug]{

!= c;'/lIft s'jf @= kfgL aUgsf] nflu s'jfsf] d'v cUnf] efudf agfOPsf]

#= s'jfsf] d'v ljsf]{n] 5f]lkPsf] $= s'jfsf] dflyNnf] efu O§fn] ;'/lIft ul/Psf]

%= s'jfdf kfgL aUg] gx/ agfOPsf] ^= s'jfnfO{ kfgL aUg] gx/ / au}+rfaf6 ;'/lIft ul/Psf]

dxŒjk "0f {M s'jfsf] kfgL slxNo} l;w}+ lkpg' x'Fb}g . kfgLnfO{ sk8fn] 5fg]/ jf s]xL a]/;Dd l:y/ /xg lbP/ klg hLjf0f'x¿nfO{ x6fpg ;lsG5 . cGo kfgLsf] k|zf]wgsf] k|lqmofx¿ k]h (@ b]lv (( df b]vfOPsf] 5 .

;+/lIft Ogf/ 79

kfl/jfl/s O{gf/sf] ;'/Iff;/sf/åf/f jf :yfgLo Pj+ cGt/{fli6«o ;+:yfåf/f lgld{t O{gf/ jf kDkx¿ w]/} ;d'bfodf kfOG5 . o:tf ulx/f] tyf aGb O{gf/x¿sf] kfgL dflg; / hgfj/af6 ;+qmldt x'gaf6 ;'/lIft x'G5 . sltko cj:yfdf O{gf/x¿ w]/} k'/f]gf] ePsf]n] kDkx¿ sfd ug{ 5f8]sf]n] jf dd{t ug{ hfGg] dfG5] ToxfFaf6 aflx/ u};s]sf] jf rflxg] ;fdu|Lx¿ gkfPsf]n] k|of]udf cfO{/x]sf] 5}g . o;sf] sf/0f ;kmf kfgLsf] ljt/0f ;w}+e/L k'¥ofpg ;ls+b}g . kmn:j¿k dflg;x¿ cfˆgf] cfjZostf cfk"lt{ ug{ 306f}+ 6f9f ;+qmldt kfgL ;+sng ug{ hfg' kb{5 . clk|msf dxfb]zsf] s]xL efudf ;'/lIft 3/fo;L O{gf/n] 6\o'aj]nnfO{ k"0f{tof la:yfkg u/]sf] 5 .

;'/lIft kfl/jf/Ls O{gf/ Pp6f ;fwf/0f xftn] vg]sf] s'jf xf] h;sf] leQdf nfO{lgË u/]sf] x'G5 / l;d]G6sf] 5f]Kg] :Nofa, kfgL tfGgsf] nflu 7fpF / kfgL ;+sng ug]{ Kn]6kmd{ cflb kb{5 . oL ;a} s'/fn] O{gf/nfO{ ;'/lIft ub{5 . oL ;a}sf] ;'/lIft Joj:yf / ;'/lIft t/Lsfn] kfgL pkef]u ubf{ kfl/jf/Ls O{gf/ klg clt ;'/lIft x'g ;Sb5 .

O{gf/ sxf“ vGg' kb{5 <O{gf/ vGbf glhs}sf] O{gf/df kfgL 5 ls 5}g eg]/ x]g'{ kb{5 . c? glhs} O{gf/ lgs} ulx/f] 5 eg] e"ldut kfgL lgs} ulx/f]df k|fKt x'G5 h'g xftn] vGgnfO{ ux|f] x'G5 . O{gf/ vGg] 7fpF /fd|f] 5 eg]/ kQf nufpg csf]{ /fd|f] pkfo eg]sf] jif}{e/L w]/} kfgL rflxg] la?jfx¿sf] pkl:ylt x'g' xf] . ulx/f] 7fpFx¿df k|foMh;f]] cUnf] 7fpFdf eGbf a9L kfgL kfOG5 . t/ ulx/f] 7fpFdf O{gf/ vGGf o;nfO{ jiff{t\sf] kfgLaf6 ;'/lIft ug{'kb{5 .

O{gf/sf] leQfdf kvf{n jf l/· nufpg]lgs} ;fx|f] df6f] ePsf] 7fpFdf O{gf/sf] leQfdf l/Ë jf O{§fsf] kvf{n nufpg' h?/L b]lv+b}g . t/ klg dflysf] !–@ ld6/;Dd kvf{n nufpg' a'l4dfgL x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ kvf{n eTsgaf6 hf]ufpg ;lsG5 . k'/} O{gf/df kvf{n nufP klg lgs} e/kbf]{ x'G5 . t/ kl5 km]l/ O{gf/ ulx/f] vGg' k¥of] eg] ufx|f] x'G5 . O{gf/df 9'Ëfsf] kvf{n jf kf]n]sf] O{§fsf] kvf{n jf l;d]G6sf] sªlqm6sf] kvf{n nufpg] ul/G5 .

dflyNnf] !–@ ld6/ kvf{n nufOPsf] Ogf/

k'/} kvf{n nufOPsf] Ogf/


bcnbxncbs;/L O{gf/ 9fSg] :nfa agfpg] <

Psrf]6L O{gf/sf] kvf{n Knfi6/ ul/;s]kl5 csf]{ sfd eg]sf] 9sgL agfP/ 5f]Kg'kg]{ x'G5 . 9sgLn] k|b"lift kmf]x/ kfgL jf cGo s'g} j:t'x¿ O{gf/df v:gaf6 /f]Sb5 . o;n] aRrfx¿sf] nflu ;'/lIft agfpg'sf] ;fy} aflN6gsf] k|of]u u/L kfgL tfGg] ;'/lIft 7fpF klg pknAw u/fpF5 .

9sgL O{gf/sf] dflyNnf] Knfi6/ u/]sf] ;txdfly /fVg'kb{5 . 9sgL agfpg ;dtn ;tx ;kmf kfg]{ / Ps j[Qsf/ O{gf/df 7Ls x'g] 9sgL a/fa/sf] lrq sf]g]{ . j[Qsf/ lrqdfly kg]{ u/L O{§fsf] j[Qfsf/ lrq agfpg] . of] 9sgL agfpg] kmdf{sf] sfd ub{5 .

9sgLdf aflN6g k:g] Kjfn jf kDksf] kfOk lkm6 x'g] Kjfn 5f8\g] . Kjfnsf] cfsf/ kfgL tfGg] aflN6g jf kDksf] kfOkdf e/ kb{5 . t/ klg s/Lj !) ln6/;Ddsf] kfgL tfGg] as]6 ;lhn} hfg ;Sg] KJffn x'g' kb{5 . as]6 ;lhn} l5g]{ Kjfn agfpg l6gsf] 8«dsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

# ldlnld6/sf] kmnfdsf] /8 /fvL !) ;]=dL= 6f9f hfnL agfpg] .

/8sf] hfnL x6fpg] . sªlqm6sf] d;nf -# efu 9'Ëf, @ efu afn'jf / ! efu l;d]G6_ ld;fP/ agfpg] . olb 9'Ëf pknAw gePdf $ efu afn'jf / ! efu l;d]G6 ldnfpg] . dfly agfPsf] kmdf{df agfPsf] d;nf cfwf hlt /fVg] To;kl5 hfnL /fVg] / kl5 afFsL d;nf dflyaf6 /fv]/ sf7sf] 6'qmfsf] dfWodaf6 ;Dofpg] .

o;/L agfPsf] 9sgLnfO{ ! 306f;Dd hDg lbg] / aLrdf /fv]sf] l6gsf] 8«d la:tf/} lemSg] / KjfnnfO{ leh]sf] afn'jfn] k'g]{ . afn'jfn] k'/]sf] 7fpFdf s]xL 7fpF -&% ldlnld6/_ 5f]8]/ O{§f rf/}lt/af6 /fVg] . O{§f / d;nfsf] aLrsf] efudf 9'Ëf /fv]/ ! 306f;Dd hDg lbg] . Ps 306fkl5 O{§f / l6gsf] 9fFrf x6fpg] ;'/lIft x'g] u/L kvf{n v8f ug]{ . o;nfO{ klg /fd|f] ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ h:tfn] ag]sf] 9sgLn] 5f]Kg] .

/fte/L 9sgLnfO{ /fd|/L hDg lbg] / kfFrlbg;Dd kfgLdf /fvL So"l/Ë ug]{ . o;/L agfPsf] O{gf/sf] 9sgLnfO{ O{gf/dfly /fVg'eGbf k"j{ o;sf] s8fkg hfFr ug]{ hfFr ug{nfO{ agfPsf] 9sgL & lbg;Dd kfgLdf /fv]/ So"l/Ë ul/;s]kl5 b'O{j6f sf7sf] 6'qmfdfly /fvL To;dfly r9]/ pk|mg] . /fd|/L agfPsf] 9sgL w]/} dflg;x¿ o;dfly r9]/ pk|mFbf klg rls{b}g . O{gf/sf] dfly rf/}lt/ l;d]06sf] d;nf nufpg] / 9sgL la:tf/} ldnfP/ To;dfly /fd|/L /fVg'kb{5 .

:Nofj agfpgsf] nflu kmdf{ tof/ ug]{

Kjfndf /Ë / kmdf{ /fVg]

s+lqm6 vgfpg] / ;'/lIft kvf{n agfpg]

;'/lIft kvf{nnfO{ cfsf/ lbg]

:NofjnfO{ Ogf/df nu]/ /fVg]

!

@

#

$

%

^

;+/lIft Ogf/ 81

;Dafaf6 lsNnf /fv]/ 8f]/L em'08\ofpg] sf7nfO{

vDafnfO{ s+lqm6sf] ;xfotfn] Ogf/sf] b'j} lsgf/df /fVg'xf];\

8f]/L, as]6 / vDafvDafsf] ;xfotfn] k'NnL em'08\ofO{ O{gf/sf] kfgL tfGg ;lhnf] xf];\ eg]/ as]6sf] 8f]/L a]g]{ Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . kl5 kDk lkm6 ubf{ vDaf ;lhn} lgsfNg ;lsG5 . 8f]/Lsf] 5f]pdf as]6 afFWg'xf];\ . ;s];Dd kmnfdsf] l;qmLsf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . lsgsL o;df hLjf0f' a:g] sd ;Defjgf x'G5 . t/ of] dxËf] x'G5 . 8f]/L ;:tf] ePsf] sf/0f r'Fl8Psf] v08df t'?Gt} csf]{ gofF nufpg ;lsG5 .

kfgL tsf{pg] 7fpF / ld6/ rf}+8fOsf]

;Dej eP kfgL aUg] 7fpF

@ b]lv # ld6/

8f]/L em'08\ofpg] 7fpF

8f]/L jf l;qmL em'08\ofpg] 7fpFsf] jl/kl/ a]l/Psf] x'G5

Ogf/sf] 9sgL

;kmf /fVgsf] nflu aflN6g em'06\ofpg]

&% ldlnld6/;Ddsf] df]6fO{ a/fa/sf] 9'·f, afn'jf Pj+ l;d]06 ld;fPsf] sªlqm6 O{gf/sf] rf/}lt/ /fv]/ lsgf/df !%) ldlnld6/;Ddsf] prfO{ p7fpg] . kfgL tsf{pg] ;txnfO{ rls{gaf6 arfpg # ldlnld6/sf] tf/sf] hfnLsf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .

l8hfOgn] sf7sf] lj08Nof;n] hdLgsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ ;xfot lbPsf] b]lvG5 . lj08Nof; O§fsf] klg agfpg ;lsG5 .

vDafsf] Ps lsgf/df aLrdf sf6\g'xf];\ tfsL To;df csf]{ sf7 /fv]/ 8f]/L em'08\ofpg ;lhnf] xf];\ .

kfgL tsf{pg] ;txsf] Joj:yfkfgL tsf{pg] ;txsf] ;xotfn] a9L v]/ hfg] kfgLnfO{ 9n;Dd tsf{pg ;lsG5 . o;n] ubf{ O{gf/sf] rf/}lt/ kfgL hd]/ lxnf] x'g glbg'sf] ;fy} hLjf0f' Pj+ sL/f klg hGdg lb+b}g . hLjf0f'x¿ km'6]sf] efudf hDg] kfgLdf hlGdg] ePsf] x'gfn] kfgL tsf{pg] ;tx /fd|/L agfpg' kb{5 .


O{gf/sf] dd{t Pj+ ;Def/ ug]{ O{gf/df kmf]x/ aflN6g jf 8f]/L v;fNgfn] kfgL ;lhn} k|b"lift x'g k'Ub5 . O{gf/sf] kfgL ;kmf /fVg Pp6f 5'§} aflN6g ;Fw} O{gf/df dfq pkef]u ug{nfO{ /fVg'kb{5 . kfgL ;+sng ug'{eGbf klxn] g} xft ;kmf ug'{ / O{gf/sf] rf/}lt/ 5]saf/sf] Joj:yf u/L ufO{a:t'nfO{ O{gf/eGbf k/} /fVg'kb{5 .

O{gf/sf] kfgL ;+/If0f ug{ tkfO{x¿n] lgDg t/Lsf ckgfpg ;Sg'x'G5 M

• O{gf/sf] 9sgL ;b}j aGb u/]/ /fVg'kb{5 .• kfgL tsf{pg] ;tx / 9n ;w}+ ;kmf /fVg'kb{5 .• k'NnL / r]gdf u|L;sf] pkof]u u/L o;sf] pkof]u ;lhnf] agfpg ;lsG5 .• aRrfx¿nfO{ O{gf/sf] glhs / kDk;Fu v]Ng lbg' x'Fb}g .• O{gf/sf] rf/}lt/ af/ nufO{ ufO{a:t'nfO{ 6f9f /fVg'kb{5 .• O{gf/sf] x]/rfx ug]{ Pshgf ;+/Ifssf] Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 .

O{gf/ / wf/faf6 a9L ePsf] kfgL aflx/ k7fpg] kfgL ;+sng ubf{ kf]lvg] ub{5 . kfgL vfN8f]df hDdf ePkl5 nfdv'§] km}lng] 7fpFsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t x'G5 / dn]l/of km}nfpg] / cGo /f]u lgDTofpg] x'G5 . O{gf/, wf/f, e08f/0faf6 lg:sg] lgsf; / cGo kfgL ;+sng ug]{ 7fpFdf /fd|f] 9nsf] Joj:yf x'g' kb{5 .

a9L ePsf] kfgLsf] /fd|/L pkof]u ug{ O{gf/sf] rf/}lt/ ?v jf t/sf/Lsf] s/];faf/L nufpg] kb{5 / kfgL ToxL k7fpg' kb{5 . ?v /f]Kg' jf s/];faf/L agfpg g;s]df hdLgdf vfN8f] agfO{ 9'Ëf, u|fe]n / afn'jfn] eg'{ kb{5 h;n] kfgL ;f]:g d2t ub{5 . o;nfO{ ;f]slk6 klg elgG5 . o;n] kfgL hd]/ nfdv'§] km}lngaf6 /f]Sg d2t ub{5 .

kfgL hfg] gx/;lxtsf] ;fd'bflos wf/f

;f]slk6

7"nf] 9'Ëf

;fgf] 9'Ëf

afn'jf

;+/lIft Ogf/ 83

O{gf/af6 kfgL tfGg]O{gf/af6 kfgL dfly tfGg kDk rflxG5 . kDknfO{ sfd ug{ ljleGg lsl;dsf] pmhf{ rflxG5 . h;df ljB't\, UofF;, ;f}o{ pmhf{ jf dfgj zlQm ;dfj]z x'G5 . kDksf] pkof]u sl7g ePdf jf lau|]sf] v08df dflg;x¿n] c;'/lIft 7fpFaf6 kfgL ;+sng ug{ yfNb5g\ .

kDk /f]Hg] t/Lsf;a} kDkdf Pp6f s'/f ;dfg x'G5 . kDk grn]sf] v08df kfgL x'Fb}g . cfkm}n] agfpg ;Sg], rnfpg ;Sg] / dd{t ug{ ;Sg] kDk ;a}eGbf e/kbf]{ x'G5 . :yfgLo :t/df kfOg] d]sflgsn] agfpg / dd{t ug{ ;Sg] kDk g} /fd|f] x'G5 . kDk 5fGg tnsf] ljlwx¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 M

• s] kDk dlxnf / k'?if b'j}n] rnfpg ;S5g\ < ;d'bfodf kDk 5fGbf s] dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] <

• kDk rnfpg rflxg] pmhf{ s'g k|sf/sf] pknAw 5 < w]/} dxËf] OGwg jf ljB't\ gePsf] 7fpFdf ljB't\af6 rNg] kDk /f]Hg' x'Fb}g .

• s] kDk lau|]sf] v08df :yfgLo :t/d} kfOg] kf6{k"hf{af6 dd{t ug{ ;lsG5 < s] l56f]l56f] lalu|g] kDk t/ :yfgLo :t/d} agfpg ;Sg] kDk /fd|f] ls w]/} ;do;Dd rNg] t/ lau|]sf] v08df agfpg gldNg] kDk /fd|f] <

8f]/Ln] rNg] kKd yf]/} k};f / l6sfp ;fdfgaf6 agfOG5 .

hdLgsf] ;tx

kfgLsf] ;tx

aflN6g

;fOsnsf] kfªu|f jf ;dfTg] 7fpF ePsf] k'NnL

!=% OGr jf $ ;]=dL= kfOk

!=% OGr jf $ ;]=dL=sf] kfOk

8f]/L -clnslt v's'nf] agfOPsf]_

kfOk s:gsf] nflu /a/sf] kftf

!=% OGr jf $ ;]=dL=sf] h8fg kfOk

:6«fk /a/sf] -8f]/LnfO{ Ps;fy /fvL rNg d2t u5{_

8f]/Laf6 kfgL tfGg] kDkM ;:tf] / ;'ne t/Lsfn] kfgL tfGg] t/Lsf8f]/Laf6 kfgL tfGg] kDk k/Dk/fut ;dob]lv rln/x]s]f rLgdf l8hfOg ul/Psf] kDk xf] . o;n] !% ld6/ ulx/f] O{gf/af6 kfgL ;lhn} lgsfNg ldNb5 . h;/L dflg;n] kfª\u|fnfO{ 3'dfpFb5, kfgL kfOksf] dfWodaf6 dfly cfpFb5 / wf/faf6 aflx/ lg:sG5 .

of] kDk lgs} sd vr{df agfpg ;lsG5 / ;lhn} h8fg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;aeGbf l56f] lau|g] efu rflx+ o;sf] 8f]/L xf] h'g km]g'{eGbf klg hf]8]/ kDk ;'rf? ug{ ;lsG5 . w]/} b]zx¿df 8f]/Laf6 kfgL tfGg] kDksf] pkof]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . lsgsL o;nfO{ rflxg] ;fdu|Lx¿ :yfgLo :t/d} kfOG5 . -;|f]t x]g{'xf];\_


kfgLsf] d'xfgnfO{ ;'/lIft ug]{e"ldut kfgL ;tx;Dd cfP/ aUg] 7fpFnfO{ d"n elgG5 . d"nsf] kfgL r§fg, afn'jfaf6 5flgb} cP/ l56f] aUg] ePsf] x'gfn] o;nfO{ ;'/lIft kfgL eGg ;lsG5, ha;Dd of] ;txdf cfP/ k|b"lift eO;s]sf] x'Fb}g . d"nsf] kfgL ;'/lIft 5 ls 5}g eg]/ x]g{ o;sf] ;|f]t x]g'{ kb{5 -hxfFaf6 hdLg aflx/ cfpF5_ / of] k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ vf]Hg'kb{5 .

• s] of] ;fFRr}sf] d"n xf] of s'g} ;txL kfgL au]/ s]xL b"/L;Dd e"ldut eO{ d"nsf] ¿kdf au]sf] xf] < olb o;f] xf] eg] of] d"nsf] kfgL k|foM k|b"lift ePsf] x'G5 / s]jn jiff{t\sf] df};ddf dfq aUg] ub{5 .

• s] d"nsf] dfly 9'Ëfdf 7'nf] v'Nnf efu 5 < olb 5 eg] jiff{t\sf] a]nf d"nsf] kfgL x]g'{xf];\ . olb kfgL lgs} wldnf] 5 eg] ;txL e]naf6 k|b"lift x'g ;Sb5 .

• s] d"nsf] 7Ls dfly jf jl/kl/ k|b"if0fsf] ;|f]tx¿ 5g\ < klg k|b"lift x'g ;S5 . d"nsf] glhs} ufO{a:t' rg]{ rf}/, rkL{, ;]K6L 6\ofÍ, v]taf/Ldf ljiffbL jf /;folgs dnsf] pkof]u ePsf] jf cGo dfgj lqmofsnfk o;df ;dfj]z x'g ;S5 .

• s] d"nsf] jl/kl/sf] !% ld6/;Dd v's'nf] df6f] jf afn'jf 5 < h;n] ubf{ e]nsf] kfgL k|b"lift eO{ e"ldut kfgLdf ldl;g hfG5 / d"nsf] kfgL k|b"lift x'g hfG5 .

d'xfgsf] jl/kl/sf] If]q ;'/lIft ug]{d"nnfO{ ;'/lIft ug'{, O{gf/ jf s'jf vGg'eGbf ;:tf] kb{5 . d"nnfO{ Ps k6s ;'/lIft kf/]df kfOksf] ;xfotfn] ;d'bfo glhs} kfgL Nofpg ;lsG5 . d"nsf] glhs}sf] If]q ;'/lIft kfg{ rf/}lt/af6 5]saf/ nufpg' kb{5 / rf/}lt/ 9n vgL e]nsf] kfgL / kmf]x/ kfgL tsf{pg' kb{5 . o;f] ubf{ ufO{a:t' klg 6f9f /fVg d4t k'Ub5 .

d"nsf] rf/}lt/ :yfgLo ?vla?jf /f]Kgfn] cem /fd|f] ;'/Iff k|bfg ub{5 . o;n] ubf{ e"Ifosf] /f]syfd tyf kfgL ;+sng ug]{ /d0fLo 7fpFsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

kfgLsf] d'xfgnfO{ ;'/lIft ug]{ 85

d"n afs; agfP/ kfgL hDdf ug]{d"n afs; Pp6f aGb ug{ ;Sg] s+lqm6 O{+6 / d;nfsf] ;xfotfn] agfP/ d"nsf] kfgLnfO{ k|b"lift x'gaf6 hf]ufpg d2t k'Ub5 . o;n] kfgL l;w} d"nsf] glhs} jf kfO{ksf] ;xfotfn] ufpF 6f]n;Dd nu]/ ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 jf e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf lsl;dsf] d"n afs; e"FO{+sf] 9fFrf jf :yfgLo ;fdu|Lx¿sf] d2tn] agfpg ;lsG5 .

kfOk / d"n afs; l56f] l56f] ;kmf ug'{ kg]{x'G5 d"n afs; a]nfa]nfdf hfFr u/L /fVg' kb{5 h;n] ubf{ ;Fw}e/L ;'/lIft kfgL kfO{ /fVg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ ;Sb5 . n]bf], kft kltË/, d/]sf] hgfj/x¿ Pj+ cGo ;fdu|Lx¿ kfO{k / d"n afs;df hDdf eO{ kfO{knfO{ aGb ug{ ;Sb5 / kfgLnfO{ k|b"lift ug{ ;Sb5 . kfO{ksf] d'vdf tf/sf] hfnL /fvL c;'/lIft j:t'nfO{ kfOkdf k:gaf6 /f]Sg ;lsG5 . tf/sf] hfnLnfO{ k6s k6s ;kmf u/]/ ;w}+e/L kfgL ;'rf? ¿kn] kfO{/fVg ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 .

lgsfNg ldNg] 9sgL ;kmf ug{ / x]g{

w]/} kfgL lg:sg] kfOk tfsL ls/fx¿nfO{ 6f9f /fVg ;lsof];\

kfgLsf] ;tx

kfgL aflx/ cfpg] kfOk

afn'jf / df6f] 5fGg lkmN6/

d"n afs;af6 kfgL lgsfNg kfOk

afn'jf / 9'Ëf

kfgL oxf“af6 aU5

o; lrqdf kxf8sf] Pp6f efu sf6]/ d"n afs;leq s] x'G5 eg]/ b]vfOPsf] 5 .

gx/n] d"nsf] dfly kfgL aUg lb+b}g

d"n afs;sf] efux¿


cfsfz] kfgL ;+sngcfsfz] kfgLsf] ;+sng Pp6f ;/n / e/kbf]{ ;'/lIft kfgL ljt/0fsf] pkfo x'g ;Sb5 . jiff{t\sf] kfgL cToflws jfo' k|b"if0f ePsf] afx]ssf] 7fpFdf ;'/lIft vfg]kfgL x'g ;Sb5 . cfsfz] kfgL ;+sng ug'{ vfg]kfgLsf] cefj / ;'/lIft kfgLsf] cfjZostf b'j}sf] nflu Pp6f /fd|f] ;dfwfgsf] pkfo aGg ;Sb5 .

hdLg dflysf] ;+sng 6\of°Lx¿ 3/sf] glhs} /fVg ;lsG5 . 3/sf] 5fgfn] cfsfz] kfgL hDdf ub{5 / 6\ofÍLdf ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 . h:tf jf kmnfdn] ag]sf] 5fgfaf6 kfgL ;+sng ug{ /fd|f] x'G5 . k/fnn] 5fPsf] 5fgfdf w]/} w'nf] x'g] ePsf]n] ;'/lIft x'Fb}g . l;;f, P;j];6;, jf sfn]kqn] ag]sf] 5fgfsf] kfgL ljiffQm x'g ;Sb5 / c;'/lIft x'G5 . kfgL ;+sng ug]{ 6\ofÍL ;w}+ ;kmf /fVg' kb{5 / slxn] klg ljiffQm /;fog h:t}M ljiffbL / t]n e08f/0f u/]s]f x'g'x'Fb}g .

hdLgdf cfsfz] kfgL Pj+ e]nsf] kfgL ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 . hdLgdf vfN6f] vgL tNnf] efudf dlnnf] df6f], 6fOn, sªlqm6 jf Knfli6s cf]5\ofP/ kfgL ;+sng ug]{ hnfwf/ agfpg ;lsG5 . of] e08f/0f ufO{a:t'nfO{ kfgL v'jfpg, g'xfpgsf] nflu kfgL hDdf ug{sf] nflu pkof]u ul/G5 . olb of] hnfwf/ e08f/0fnfO{ vfg]kfgLsf] nflu pkof]u ug]{ xf] eg] o;sf] rf/}lt/ 5]saf/ nufP/ ufO{a:t'nfO{ 6f9f /fVg'kb{5 . e"O{df o;/L hDdf u/]sf] kfgL vfgnfO{ ;kmf ug'{kb{5 .

e"O{+df jf 5tdf hDdf u/]sf] cfsfz] kfgL e"ldut 6\ofÍLdf klg e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L kfgLnfO{ lr;f] / ;'/lIft 5f]k]/ /fVg ;lsG5 . of] hdLg dfly agfpg] e08f/0f 6\ofÍL / lsg]/ /flvPsf] 6\ofÍLeGbf ;:tf] x'G5 .

cfsfz] kfgLsf] ;+sngsf] nflu h:tfsf] 5fgf

cfsfz] kfgL ;+sng 87

cfsfz] kfgLnfO{ ;'/lIft vfg]kfgL agfpg] t/Lsfcfsfz] kfgLnfO{ vfg]kfgLsf] ¿kdf ;'/lIft agfpg o;nfO{ ;+qmd0f x'gaf6 hf]ufpg' kb{5 . ;+slnt kfgL ;'/lIft 5 eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{ lgDg lnlvt pkfox¿ canDag ug'{kb{5 .

• jiff{t\sf] ;do z'? x'g'eGbf k"j{ 6\ofÍL kfOk, 5fgf / 5fgfsf] u§/ ;kmf ug'{kb{5 .

• e08f/0f ug]{ j:t' slxn] klg t]n, ljiffbL jf cGo s'g} ljiffQm /;fog /fVg pkof]u ePsf] x'g' x'Fb}g .

• jif{sf] klxnf] jiff{t\sf] kfgL 6\ofÍ eP/ aflx/ kmfNg' jf ;kmf ug'{ kb{5 .• 6\ofÍnfO{ 5f]k]/ /fVg'kb{5 / kfgL ;+sng x'g] 7fpFdf jf d'vdf hfnLsf] Joj:yf u/L sL/f, kftkltË/ / w'nf]nfO{ aflx/} 5fGg' kb{5 . o;n] ubf{ nfdv'§]sf] klg ljsf; x'gaf6 /f]Sg ;lsG5 .

• ;s];Dd wf/fsf] k|of]u u/L kfgL lgsfNg' kb{5 . cGo s'g} efF8f] cyjf as]6sf] ;xfotfn] kfgL ;+sng u/]df oL efF8fx¿ ;kmf x'g' kb{5 .

• yk ;'/Iffsf] nflu Snf]l/gsf] emf]n /fVg'kb{5 -k[i7 ((_ jf kfgL 5fGg] d]l;g hf]8\g' kb{5 -k[i7 (^_ .

• kfgLnfO{ rnfpg' jf 3f]Ng' x'Fb}g h;n] ubf{ kfgLdf ePsf] sL6f0f' / w'nf] 6\ofÍsf] lkFwdf uP/ a:b5 .

• 3/sf] 5fgfnfO{ ;do ;dodf a9f/]/ ;kmf /fVg'n] klg ;kmf cfsfz] kfgL ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 .

d?e"lddf cfsfz] kfgL ;+sng

/fh:yfgsf] yf/ d?e"lddf kf]v/Lsf] ¿kdf cfsfz] kfgL ;+sng ug]{ ul/GYof] h;nfO{ gfbL elgGYof] . ufpFsf ;a} dflg; / cGo To; ufpF eP/ x'Fb} hfg] dflg; gfbLdf ;+sng u/]sf] jiff{sf] kfgL pkof]u ug]{ ub{5 .

gfbLsf] Joj:yfkg Pj+ dd{t ;Def/ ug{ ufpFsf x/]s dflg; ldn]/ sfd ub{5g\ . kf}/fl0fs sfg"gn] gfbLsf] jl/kl/ Pj+ gfbLdf kfgL cfpg] 7fpFsf glhssf ?vx¿ sf6\g /f]Sb5 . ufO{a:t'x¿ gfbLaf6 k/ /flvG5 . gfbLsf] glhs} dflg;x¿nfO{ lb;f lk;fa ug{af6 al~rt ul/G5 . x/]s dlxgfsf] cf}+;Lsf] lbgdf ufpFn]x¿ ldn]/ gfbLdf hDdf ePsf afn'jf Pj+ df6f]nfO{ kG5fpg] sfd ul/G5 . o;/L vGbf gbL ulx/f] x'g'sf] ;fy} lk+wdf hDdf ePsf] sL6f0f'x¿ klg ;kmf kfg{ d2t k'Ub5 . vlg;s]kl5 ufpFn]x¿ km]l/ kfgLnfO{ hDg lbG5g\ h;n] ubf{ km]l/ l:y/ eP/ ;kmf kfgL hDdf x'G5 . o;/L ;d'bfo ;d"xut¿kdf kfgLsf] ;+/If0f ub{5 .


;'/lIft kfgLsf] 9'jfgLkfgLnfO{ ;|f]taf6 pkef]u ug]{ ;d'bfo;Dd 9'jfgL u/L nUbf ;'/lIft ¿kdf ;+od u/L /]vb]v u/L nfg'kb{5 . kfgL ;+sng tyf af]s]/ nfg] sfd b}lgs sfd dWo] Pp6f lgs} sl7g sfo{ xf] . h'g k|foM dlxnf Pj+ s]6Lx¿n] ug]{ ub{5 . b}lgs ux|'Ëf] kfgLsf] ef/L 6fpsf]df, lk7\oF'df jf sfFwdf af]Sbf k|foM 6fpsf] b'Vg], lk7\o"F b'Vg] / l/7df xfgL k'Ug] / ue{jtL dlxnfn] ef/L af]emsf] sf/0f aRrf ;d]t u'dfpg] ub{5g\ . kfgLsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ ug]{ kl/of]hgfn] o:tf b}lgs kfgL;DaGwL ;d:ofaf6 5'6sf/f lbnfpg ;Sb5 . slxnsfxL+ ;fwf/0f kl/jt{gn] klg 7"nf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;lhnf] agfpFb5 . kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnL o; k|sf/n] agfpg' kb{5 ls 6f9faf6 kfgL af]Sg' kg]{ b}lgs ;d:ofaf6 ;lhn} d'lQm kfpg ;lsG5 . kfgLsf] ;|f]t glhs} 3/ agfpg ;lsG5 . 3/df nf]Ug] dflg;, s]6f dflg;n] kfgL ;+sng Pj+ w'g]sfddf kl/jf/nfO{ ;3fpg] ubf{ ;fd'bflos :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ cfpFb5 .

wf/fsf] kfgLvfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] ljleGg kmfObfx¿ 5g\ . vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLn] kfgL ;+qmldt x'g] sd ;Defjgf x'G5 / sL/f Pj+ nfdv'§] a:g] klg sd ;Defjgf x'G5 . tyflk g/fd|/L agfOPsf] sd;n vfnsf] vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnL agfP/ vfg]kfgL c;'/lIft ¿kdf ljt/0f u/]df kfgL ljt/0f ljns'n} gePsf] eGbf klg a9L vt/gfs x'G5 . vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] nflu Psbd} ;fjwfgLk"j{s of]hgf th'{df ug'{ kb{5 . kfgLsf] cfjZostf Pj+ pknAwtfsf] lx;fa /fVg'kb{5 .

vfg]kfgL k|foMh;f]] ;a} ;|f]taf6 Nofpg ;lsG5 t/ d"n / l/hEjfo/ -e08f/0f_ u/]sf] ;|f]t k|foM k|of]u ulG5 . ;aeGbf sd vlr{nf] ;|f]t rflx+ ;d'bfoeGbf dflyNnf] If]qdf cjl:yt ;|f]t g} x'G5 h;n] ubf{ u|fle6L -e"u|Tj_ sf] ;xfotfn] kfgLnfO{ tn ;d'bfo;Dd Nofpg ;lsG5 . w]/} vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf kfgL 7"nf] e08f/0f sIf;Dd Nofpg] ul/G5 . e08f/0f sIfdf kfgL k|zf]wgsf] nflu Snf]l/gsf] emf]n jf 5fGg] lkmN6/sf] Joj:yf klg ul/Psf] x'G5 . To;kl5 kfgL e08f/0f sIfaf6 kfOksf] ;xotfn] dflg;sf] 3/3/;Dd k'¥ofOG5 jf ;fd'bflos wf/f;Dd NofOG5 .

vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ ;Fw}e/L nuftf/ dd{t Pj+ ;Def/ rflxG5 . ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] gS;f+sgsf] /]s8{ /fVgfn] lau|]sf] jf km'6]sf] kfOknfO{ ;lhn} kQf nufO{ dd{t ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . kfgLsf] r'xfj6n] w]/} kfgLsf] gf]S;fg x'G5 . kmf]x/ / c? k|b"if0f kfgLsf] kfOkaf6 leq k:b5 . sL/f / nfdv'§]sf] ;+Vof a[l4 x'g] u/L kfgL hDb5 . olb kfOk h'6, x]Dk, jf sk8f jf 5fnfsf] dfWodaf6 lkm6 u/]sf] 5 eg] sL/f÷sL6f0f'sf] ljsf; x'g] ;Defjgf w]/} x'G5 / kfOkleqsf] kfgLsf] ;+qmldt x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 .

wf/fsf] kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] d'Vo efu eg]sf] o;sf] dd{tsf nflu sf]xL lhDd]jf/ 5 eg]/ ljZj:t x'g' xf]

;'/lIft kfgLsf] 9'jfgL 89

dlxnf k'?ifaLr kfgL;DaGwL rrf{

d]lS;sf]sf] Pp6f ;fgf] ufpFdf kfgL ljt/0f ;ldlt;Fu kof{Kt k};f eP/ vfg]kfgLsf] ljt/0f k|0ffnL Pp6f 7"nf] d"naf6 ufpF;Dd NofO{ x/]s b'O{ kl/jf/sf] nflu Pp6f ;femf wf/f Nofpg] lgwf] ul/of] . kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnL ;ldltsf k'?if ;b:ox¿n] of] kfgL ufpFdf vfg]kfgL Pj+ vfgf ksfpgsf] nflu dfq pkof]u ul/g]5 egL 3f]if0ff u¥of] . of] ;dfrf/ ufpFn]sf] nflu /fd|f] lyof] lsgsL ca dlxnfx¿nfO{ 6f9faf6 kfgL af]s]/ Nofpg' gkg]{ / kfgLnfO{ vfgof]Uo ;'/lIft agfpg pdfNg' gkg]{ eof] .

;efdf Ps dlxnf p7]/ ;f]lwg\ æn'uf w'g]af/] s] Joj:yf 5 <Æ Ps hgf k'?if ;ldlt ;b:on] eg] æn'ufw'g klxn]s} h:tf] gbLdf ;w}+e/L uP/ w'g] ug'{kb{5 .Æ km]l/ csf]{ dlxnf p7]/ ;f]lwg\ æaRrfnfO{ g'xfpg s] Joj:yf 5 <Æ k'?if ;b:on] aRrfnfO{ g'xfpg klg gbLdf eg]/ hjfkm lbof] . csf]{ t]>f] dlxnf p7]/ ;f]lW5g\ æs/];faf/Ldf kfgL nufpg] s] Joj:yf 5 < xfdLnfO{ t/sf/Ldf nufpg kfgL rflxG5 .Æ

dlxnfx¿sf] cfjfh ;'g]sf] dx;'; ul/Pg . pgLx¿n] eg] kfgL ;ldltdf Pshgf klg dlxnf gePsf] sf/0f pgLx¿sf] dfu k'/f gx'g] eof] . of]hgf th'{df ug{ ;xof]u k'uf];\ eg]/ pgLx¿n] ;ldltdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTjsf] dfu u/] . afFsL ;efsf ;a}n] of] dfunfO{ :jfut u/] .

gofF kfgL ;ldltn] csf]{ of]hgf agfof] . x/]s b'O{ 3/w'/LnfO{ Pp6f wf/f lbg'eGbf x/]s 5 j6f kl/jf/sf] nflu Pp6f wf/f / n'uf w'g] a]l;g -7fpF_ agfpg] of]hgf agfof] . oBlk dlxnfnfO{ kfgL cem} af]s]/ Nofpg k/]klg pgLx¿n] n'ufw'g] aRrfx¿nfO{ g'xfpg / ufpFdf ;kmf;'U3/ /fVg kfpg] eP . wf/f vfg]kfgLsf] nflu / a]l;g cGo ;a} sfdsf] nflu pkof]u ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOof] . h;n] ubf{ vfg]kfgL ;w}+e/L ;'/lIft /lx/xf];\ / kmf]x/ kfgL s/];faf/Lsf] nflu pkof]u ug{ ;lsof] .

of] of]hgf k'?ifx¿aLr klg rlr{t aGg k'Uof] . lsgsL o;n] pgLx¿sf] s[lif cf}hf/x¿ klg v]taf6 kms{Fbf ;kmf ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg u¥of] . o;/L ufpFn]x¿ dlxnf k'?if ldn]/ Pp6} of]hgfaf6 pgLx¿n] w]/} cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ u/] .


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of] cEof;n] kfgL O{gf/ jf d"naf6 ;+sng ubf{ s;/L ;+qmldt x'g k'Ub5 eGg]af/] hfGg d2t k'Ub5 .

;doM #) ldg]6

;xhstf{n] ;d"xnfO{ cfkm"x¿ :jf:Yo ;d:of klxrfg ug]{ JolQmsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nfluM !) j6f 3/kl/jf/n] Pp6f O{gf/af6 ;kmf kfgL ;+sng ub{5 . csf]{ s]xL lbgkl5 Pp6f kl/jf/df Ps hgf aRrf k|b"lift kfgL ;DaGwL /f]uaf6 ;+qmldt x'G5 . cGo kl/jf/df s'g} :jf:Yo ;d:of cfPg . :jf:Yo ;d:of klxrfg ug]{ JolQmsf] nflu kfgL O{gf/af6 lemls;s]kl5 s;/L k|b"lift x'g k'Uof] egL klxrfg ug'{kg]{ sfd cfO{k¥of] .

;xhstf{n] ! b]lv # j6f :jo+;]jLnfO{ ;d"xeGbf k/ nu]/ afFsL ;d"xsf] ;b:ox¿n] g;'Gg] u/L kfgL s;/L ;+qmldt ePsf] s'/f kQf nufpg k|Zg ;f]lwg] qmddf ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] lhDd]jf/Laf/] 5nkmn ul/G5 . o;kl5 ;xhstf{n] :jo+;]jLx¿nfO{ ;d"xdf kmls{g k"j{ kfgL s;/L ;+qmldt eof] eg]/ s'/f l56f] kQf nufpg elgG5 .

;d"xdf dflg;x¿n] :jo+;]jLx¿nfO{ k|Zg ;f]Wg yfN5 . pgLx¿n] To;kl5 ;+qmd0fsf] 7Ls sf/0f g7DofP;Dd :jo+;]jLx¿n] ljleGg ;f+s]lts ;xof]u u/L kfgL ;+qmd0fsf] vf; sf/0f kQf nufpg d2t ub{5 .

olb ;d"x 7"nf] 5 eg] ;–;fgf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . k|Zgsf] ;+Vof ;Lldt ug'{xf];\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu x/]s ;d"x jf JolQmnfO{ rf/j6f eGbf a9L k|Zg ;f]Wg /f]Sg'xf];\ . kfgL ;+qmd0fsf] vf; sf/0f kQf nufpg] JolQm jf ;d"x

lah]tf x'g] eg]/ 3f]if0ff ug'{xf];\ .

o:tf] cEof; ljleGg sf/0fn] kfgL ;+qmd0f x'g;Sg] l:ylt;Fu bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\ . cGTodf ;xhstf{n] 5nkmnnfO{ lgisif{tkm{ nu]/ vfg]kfgL ;+qmd0f x'g] ljleGg sf/0fx¿sf] klxrfg ub{5 . To;kl5 kfgLnfO{ s;/L x/]s kl/jf/df / ;d'bfodf ;kmf /fVg s] s] / s;/L ug'{k5{ eGg]af/] 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

kfgLsf] ;'/lIft e08f/0fkfgL ;+sng ubf{, cf];fbf{ / e08f/0f ubf{ Wofg gk'¥ofPdf ;lhn} ;+qmldt x'g ;Sb5 . km'6]sf] jf rs]{sf] 6\ofÍdf g/fd|/L sd;n t/Lsfn] agfOPsf] e08f/ sIfdf 5f]Kg] Joj:yf gePsf]df e08f/0f ubf{ hgfj/sf] kmf]x/ Pj+ hLjf0f'af6 ;lhn} ;+qmldt x'g ;Sb5 .

klxrfgsf] syfM vfg]kfgL s;/L ;+qmldt x'g k'Ub5 <

s] kfgL /fVg] efF8f x/]s ;do 5f]lkPsf]

lyof] <

3/df NofO;s]kl5 dfq 5f]lkPsf] lyof] .

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kfgLsf] ;'/lIft e08f/0f 91

kfgL ;+sng ug]{ ef“8f] ;kmf /fVg] t/Lsfkmf]x/ xftn] kfgL 5'Fbf, kmf]x/ efF8f]df kfgL vGofpFbf kfgLdf kmf]x/ w'nf] v:bf, kmf]x/ sk kfgLdf /fVbf, e08f/0f u/]sf] kfgL c;'/lIft x'g k'Ub5 .

3/df kfgL c;'/lIft x'gaf6 arfpg] pkfox¿M

• kfgL ;+sng / cf];fg'{ k"j{ xft w'g'xf];\ .• kfgL cf];fg]{ efF8f] ;kmf / 5f]k]/ /fVg'xf];\ .• 3/df kfgL e08f/0f ug]{ efF8f] a]nfa]nfdf ;kmf ug'{xf];\ .• kfgL /fv]sf] efF8f] e"OFeGbf dfly / hgfj/sf] kx'FreGbf 6f9f /fVg'xf];\ .• kfgLsf] efF8f]sf] d'v g5f]Osg kfgL vGofpg'xf];\ jf ;kmf / nfdf] x]08n -808L_ ePsf] efF8f] k|of]u u/L kfgL lemSg] ug'{xf];\ .

• kfgL vfg] x/]s sk / lunf; ;kmf /fVg'xf];\ . • ljiffbL Pj+ ljiffQm /;fog k|of]u ul/Psf] efF8f] kfgL e08f/0f ug{ slxNo} klg k|of]u gug'{xf];\ .

• ;Dej eP;Dd 5f]6f] ;dosf] nflu rflxg] hlt kfgL dfq k|zf]wg ug'{xf];\ . h'g rflx+ vfg ksfpg / lkpgsf] nflu k|lt JolQm % ln6/eGbf sd x'G5 .

6\of+s / wf/fnfO{ 5f]k]/ /fVg'xf];\5f]k]sf] 6\ofÍ / wf/f kfgL ;'/lIft e08f/0f ug{ v'Nnf kf]v/LeGbf ;'/lIft x'G5 . lsgsL nfdv'§] / z+v] sL/f aGb 6\ofÍleq a:g ;Sb}g . 5f]k]sf] efF8f]af6 kfgL

jfliks/0f x'gaf6 hf]ufpFb5 . olb kfgL jf kf]v/L vfN6f]df e08f/0f ul/g] eP ulx/f] vGbf kfgL jfliks/0f x'gaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 . wf/f rflx+ ;s];Dd pkof]u ug]{ 7fpFsf] Psbd} glhs /fVg'kb{5 .

r'xfj6 6fNg] t/Lsfr'xfj6n], jfliks/0f / ;f]l;g'af6 w]/} kfgL v]/ hfG5 . kfgL hf]ufpg wf/f ;w}+h;f] aGb /fVg'kb{5 . km'6]sf], lau|]sf] wf/f, kfOk / lr/fx¿ ;s];Dd e]6\g] lalQs} 6fNg'k5{ . r'xfj6n] ubf{ klg kfgL ;+qmldt x'g ;Sb5 lsgsL hLjf0f' / w'nf] lr/faf6 6\ofÍ / kfOkdf hfg ;Sb5 .

;fgf] d'v ePsf] efF8f] kfgL /fVg ;a}eGbf w]/} ;'/lIft x'G5 .


kfgLnfO{ vfgof]Uo ;'/lIft agfpg] t/Lsf;'/lIft kfgLsf] ;|f]t h:t}M d'n jf ;'/lIft O{gf/sf] ;+/If0f Pj+ pkof]u ug'{ ;+qmldt ;|f]tsf] kfgL h:t}M gbLsf] kfgL, s'jfsf] kfgL ;+sng u/L ;+zf]wg u/]/ vfg' eGbf /fd|f] x'G5 . t/ ;+qmldt ;|f]tsf] kfgL, kfgLsf] uGw / :jfbn] dflg;n] vfg c:jLsf/ u/]df jf kfgL ;+sng u/L 3/df nuL e08f/0f u/]sf] ;a} cj:yfdf kfgLsf] k|zf]wg ug'{kb{5 . vfg]kfgLsf] ljt/0f k|0ffnLaf6 ;+slnt kfgL 6\ofÍLsf] kfgL / O{gf/sf] kfgLnfO{ klg lkpg' k"j{ olb ;+qmldt /x]sf] 5 eg] k|zf]wg ul/g' kb{5 .

kfgLsf] rflxg] dfqf, kfgLdf ldl;Psf] k|b"ifs s] j:t' xf] < s;/L e08f/0f ul/Psf] 5 / s] slt ;|f]tx¿ pknAw 5g\ cflbdf kfgLsf] k|zf]wg ug]{ t/Lsfdf e/ kb{5 . h'g t/Lsfn] kfgL k|zf]wg u/]sf] ePklg kfgLnfO{ l:y/ x'g lbP/ dflysf] lylu|Psf] ;kmf kfgL csf]{ efF8f]df vGofpg' jf lg;+qmd0f (Disinfection) ug{ k"j{ kfgLnfO{ 5fGg' /fd|f] x'G5 -k[i7 ($_. o;n] ubf{ wldnf] df6f]sf] s0fnfO{ x6fpg ;lsG5 . df6f]sf] wldnf]kgf x6fPsf] v08df kfgLnfO{ lg;+qmd0f ug{ ;lhnf] / a9L e/kbf]{ agfpFb5 .

tn b]vfOPsf] ljlwx¿n] kfgLdf ePsf] /;folgs÷ ljiffQm /;fogx¿af6 kfgLsf] ;'/Iff ub}{g . ljiffQm /;fog ePsf] kfgL slxn] klg lkpg, g'xfpg / n'uf w'gsf] nflu ;'/lIft x'g ;Sb}g . o;n] SofG;/, 5fnfsf] /f]u, aRrf gf]S;fg x'g] jf cGo :jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿ lgDTofpFb5 .

kfgLnfO{ hLjf0f'af6 ;'/lIft agfpg tnsf b'O{ r/0fdf ckgfO{Psf] ljlwM 5fGg] / lg;+qmd0f ug]{ ljlw ckgfpg'xf];\ .

kfgLnfO{ l:y/ x'g lbg'xf];\ / csf]{ efF8f]df vGofpg'xf];\ .

sk8fsf] lkmN6/

===jf=== rf/sf]n lkmN6/

afn'jf

5flgPsf] kfgL

df]6f] afn'jfrf/sf]n

pdfn]/ ===jf=== ;f}o{ ljlw ckgfP/===jf===Snf]l/g /fv]/ sfutLsf] /; /fv]/

===jf===

dxŒjk"0f { bf];|f] r/0fkl5 dfq kfgL vfg ;'/lIft x'G5 .

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kfgLnfO{ l:y/ / lkmN6/ ug]{ cGo t/Lsfx¿ k]h g+= (# b]lv (& x]g'{xf];\ .

tn b]vfOPsf ljlwx¿ -pdfn]/, Snf]l/g xfn]/, ;f}o{ ljlw ckgfP/ / sfutLsf] /; /fv]/_ lg;+qmd0f ug'{xf];\ .

kfgLnfO{ vfgof]Uo ;'/lIft agfpg] t/Lsf 93

kfgLsf] l:yl/s/0fkfgLnfO{ l:y/ /fVbf, wldnf] df6f]sf] s0fx¿ 7f]; kbfy{, hLjf0f'x¿, sL/fx¿ h;n] ;fgf ltgf la/fdL lgDTofpg ;S5 . efF8f]sf] lkFwdf uP/ hDb5 . kfgLnfO{ %–^ lbg;Dd l:y/ u/]/ /fv]df hLjf0f'sf] ;+Vof lgs} 36\5 . t/ s'g} s'g} hLjf0f' h:t}M Giardia gfds hLjf0f'nfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd klg e08f/0f u/L /fv]df klg dfg{ ;ls+b}g . o;sf] nflu csf]{ k|zf]wgsf] ljlw ckgfpg' kb{5 . kfgL lylu|;s]kl5 5fGg] Snf]l/gsf] emf]n xfNg] / ;f}o{sf] ls/0faf6 lg;+qmldt ug'{ kb{5 .

tLg ufu|L k|ljlwtLg ufu|L k|ljlwdf kfgL l:y/ eO{ hLjf0f'x¿ / 7f]; j:t' efF8f]sf] lkFwdf uP/ hDdf x'G5 . of] k|ljlw Pp6f efF8f]df dfq kfgLnfO{ l:y/ x'g lbg'eGbf a9L ;'/lIft x'G5 t/ klg o;n] kfgLnfO{ k"0f{tof hLjf0f' d'Qm agfpg ;Sb}g . tLg ufu|Laf6 kfgL ;kmf ug]{ t/Lsf kl5 kfgLnfO{ cjZo klg lg;+qmldt ul/g' k5{ -k[i7 (&_ .

laxfg, klxnf] lbgM Pp6f ufu|LnfO{ kfgLn] eg]{ . dflysf] d'v 5f]k]/ b'O{ lbg;Dd lylu|g lbg] .

laxfg, bf]>f] lbgM bf]>f] ufu|Ldf kfgL eg]{ d'v 5f]k]/ b'O{ lbgsf] nflu 5f]8\g] . klxnf] ufu|Lsf] kmf]x/ lylu|g z'? eO{;s]sf] 5 .

laxfg, t]>f] lbgM klxnf] ufu|Lsf] ;kmf kfgL t]>f] vfnL ufu|Ldf /fVg], kfgL vGofpFbf kxnf] efF8f g+= ! sf] lk+wdf /x]sf] df6f] csf]{ efF8f] g+= # df ghfcf];\ eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{'k5{ . ca t]>f] ufu|Lsf] kfgL lg;+qmd0f– sf] nflu tof/ eO;s]sf] 5 . klxnf] ufu|Lsf] ;txdf ePsf] kmf]x/ kfgL / df6f] aflx/ vGofpg] . klxnf] ufu|LnfO{ ;kmf u/L kfgL eg]{ . 5f]k]/ b''O{lbg;Dd lylu|g lbg], of] kfFrf} lbgdf kfgL lg;+qmd0fsf] nflu tof/ x'G5 .

rf}+yf] lbg, laxfgM lg;+qmd0fsf] nflu bf]>f] ufu|Laf6 t]>f] ufu|Ldf ;kmf kfgL vGofpg] . bf]>f] ufu|LnfO{ ;kmf u/]/ km]l/ kfgL eg]{ .

;kmf kfgLsf] ufu|L -ufu|L g+= #_ nfO{ s]xL lbgdf pdfn]sf] kfgLn] ;kmf ug'{k5{ . ;kmf kfOksf] dfWodn] kfgLnfO{ Pp6f efF8f]af6 csf]{df vGofpFbf l;w} kfgL vGofpg'eGbf sd lylu|Psf] df6f] sd xnrn x'G5 .

af]6la?jfsf] k|of]uw]/} 7fpFdf dfG5]x¿n] vfg]kfgL ;kmf /fVg] af]6la?jfsf] k|of]u ub{5g\ . k"jL{ clk|msfdf df]l/+ufsf] aLpm k|of]u ul/G5 . lkmlnlkG;df df]l/+ufnfO{ dfn'Ë] elgG5 . ef/tdf x;{/]l8; jf ;f]Ohg, x}6L / 8f]ldlgsg l/klAnsdf a]Ghf]lnesf] ?v elgG5 . dfl/Ëf aLpmsf] k|of]u ug{ .!= tLg lbg;Dd aLpmnffO{ ;'sfpg] .

@= aLpmnfO{ lkg]/ w'nf] agfpg] . @) ln6/

kfgLnfO{ ;kmf ug{ !% j6f dfl/Ëfsf]

aLpm rflxG5 .

#= w'nf]nfO{ yf]/} kfgLdf 3f]n]/ n]bf]

agfO{ kfgLdf xfNg'xf];\ .

$= n]bf]nfO{ kfgLdf rfF8} 3f]Ng % b]lv !) ldg]6;Dd

rnfO{ /fVg] . hlt rfF8f] rnfof] TolQ g} l56f] 3f]lnG5 .

%= n]bf] 3f]n]sf] kfgLnfO{ 5f]k]/ Pp6f 5]pdf lylu|gsf]

nflu 5f]l8lbg] . Ps jf b'O{ 306fkl5 ;kmf efF8f]df

kfgL vGofpFbf tn hd]sf] kmf]x/ klxnf] efF8f]df g}

/xf];\ eg]/ Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ .


kfgL 5fGg] k|lqmofsL6f0f' /lxt kfgL 5fGg] w]/} t/Lsfx¿ 5g\ . s'g} lkmN6/ h:t}M ;]/flds lkmN6/nfO{ ljz]if lsl;dsf] pks/0f rflxG5 hals c? lkmN6/nfO{ ljz]if pks/0f rflx+b}g / ;lhn} yf]/} jf w]/} kfgL lg;+qmldt u'g{eGbf k"j{ 5fGg ;lsG5 .

sk8f lkmN6/a+unfb]z / ef/tdf vfg]kfgLaf6 x}hfsf] sL6f0f' x6fpg /fd|/L a'g]sf] sk8fn] ag]sf] lkmN6/sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . lsgsL x}hfsf] sL6f0f' kfgLdf kfOg] ;fgf hgfj/;Fu 6fF;]sf]

x'G5 / lkmN6/ ubf{ hgfj/;Fu} x}hfsf] sL6f0f' klg 5flgG5 . o; k|ljlwaf6 u'lgofsf] sL6f0f' klg 5fGg ;lsG5 .

xfdLn] ;fwf/tof ;f/L agfpg] sk8f h:t}M ?dfn, gfOng jf c? s'g} sk8faf6 sk8f lkmN6/ agfpg ;lsG5 . gofF sk8f

eGbf k'/fgf] sk8fn] /fd|f] sfd u5{ lsgsL k'/fgf] sk8fsf] /]zfn] ubf{ /fd|f] lkmN6/ k|lqmofsf] nflu ;fgf] Pj+ /fd|f]

agfpFb5 .

!= kfgLnfO{ efF8f]df lylu|g lbg'xf]; h;n] ubf{ 7f]; kbfy{x¿ tn lk+wdf lylu|G5 .

@= sk8fnfO{ 7Ls rf/ bf]Aa/ df]8]/ efF8f]sf] d'vdf afFWg'xf];\ jf d'v /fd|/L 5f]Kg] u/L l;wf kfg'{xf];\ .

#= klxnf] efF8f]sf] kfgL la:tf/} csf]{ efF8f]df vGofpg'xf];\ .

hlxn] klg Pp6} tkm{af6 sk8f k|of]u ug'{xf];\ . geP sL6f0f' kfgLdf hfg ;S5 . sk8fsf] k|of]ukl5 wf]P/ 3fddf ;'sfpg'xf];\ . o;n] ubf{ sk8fdf /x]sf] ;a} sL6f0f' d5{ . jiff{ ofddf lAnraf6 sk8f lg;+qmd0f ug'{xf];\ . 5fg]sf] kfgL eg]{ efF8f]nfO{ @ b]lv # xKtfdf ;kmf ug{ ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

;]/flds lkmN6/Pp6f ;fgf] lkmN6/ df6f] k]n]/ agfpg ;lsG5 . o;/L agfPsf] lkmN6/dfly rfFbLsf] n]k nufPsf] x'G5 h;n] kfgLdf ePsf] hLjf0f'nfO{ dfb{5 . ;fwf/0f tfnLd k|fKt s'Dxfn]n] klg of] lkmN6/ agfpg ;S5 . -cGo lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nflu ;|f]t x]g'{xf];\_

rfFbLsf] n]k nufOPsf] ;]/flds lkmN6/

Knfli6ssf] ljsf]{

Knfli6ssf] wf/f

Knfli6ssf] aflN6gleq k|of]u ul/Psf] ;]/flds lkmN6/

Knfli6ssf] aflN6g


bcnbxncbs;/L sf]Onfsf] lkmN6/ agfpg]

of] lkmN6/ ;lhn} agfpg ;lsG5 / yf]/} kfgLaf6 klg sL6f0f' x6fpg ;lsG5 .

;fdu|LM b'O{j6f wft' jf Knfli6ssf] aflN6g, xyf}8f, Ps b'O{ j6f 7"nf] lsnf, Ps aflN6g v;|f] afn'jf, aflN6gsf] Ps rf}+yfO{ sf]Onf .

Pp6f aflN6gsf] lk+wdf Kjfnx¿ kf/]/ ;kmf ug]{ h;nfO{ lkmN6/ aflN6g elgG5 .

;kmf kfgL gcfpGh]n afn'jfnfO{ kvfNg] .

sf]OnfnfO{ ;–;fgf] 6'qmf kfg]{ . PlS6e]6]8 sf]Onfn] /fd|f] sfd u5{ t/ ;fwf/0f sf]Onfn] klg sfd rN5 . la|s]6 (Briquittes) ljiffn' x'g] ePsf]n] slxn] k|of]u ug'{ x'Gg .

lkmN6/ aflN6gdf % ;]=dL= ;kmf afn'jf /fvL dflyaf6 kfgL xfNg] . kfgL Kjfnaf6 lg:sg'kb{5 . olb Kjfnaf6 kfgL glg:s]df Kjfn 7"nf] kfg]{ . Kjfn 7"nf] ePsf] v08df afn'jf klg kfgL;Fu} aflx/ lg:sG5 . o;f] ePdf afn'jf x6fP/ Kjfn dfly kftnf] ;kmf sk8f /fvL k'gM afn'jf /fVg] .

afn'jfdfly * ;]=dL= sf]Onfsf] w'nf] /fVg] . ca !) ;]=dL= tn x'g] u/L aflN6gdf afn'jf eg]{ .

bf]>f] aflN6gsf] dfly b'O{j6f n¶L /fvL lkmN6/ aflN6gnfO{ dfly c8\ofpg] . ;+sng ug]{ efF8f]df ;kmf kfgL gcfpGh]n lkmN6/ aflN6gdf kfgL vGofO/fVg] . ca o;nfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 .

v'nf !) ;]=dL=

afn'jf* ;]=dL= sf]Onf

% ;]=dL= afn'jf

;kmf kfgL ;+sng ug]{ aflN6g

lkmN6/ ug]{ aflN6g

aflN6g c8\ofpgnfO{ sf7

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& lkmN6/ k|of]u ug{sf] nflu ;+sng ul/Psf] kfgL lkmN6/df /fVg' klxn] lylu|g lbg'k5{.

vfg]kfgL tnsf] ;kmf aflN6gdf ;+sng x'G5 . lkmN6/ u/]kl5 ;'/lIft x'gsf] nflu lg;+qmd0f ul/g'k5{ -k[i7 (& b]lv ((_ .

lkmN6/ ubf{ sf]Onfdf sL6f0f' 6fFl;P/ x'ls{g] x'Fbf s]xL xKtfdf sf]OnfnfO{ ;kmf ul/g' /fd|f] x'G5 . olb lkmN6/sf] k|of]u b}lgs x'G5 eg] cyjf s]xL lbg;Dd o;sf] k|of]u gePdf klg ;kmf ug{ h?/L x'G5 .


bcnbxncb

of] Pp6f 3/df ;'/lIft, clt k|efjsf/L / ;:tf] kfgL 5fGg] k|ljlw xf] . of] lkmN6/n] ;fgf] kl/jf/nfO{ rflxg] kof{Kt kfgL 5fGg ;lsG5 -slDtdf %) ln6/ k|lt lbg_ .

Pp6f @)) ln6/sf] kfgL gr'lxg] efF8f]nfO{ ;kmf u/L lAnlrË kfp8/n] lg;+qmldt ug]{ . efF8f]df s'g} lsl;dsf] ljiffQm kbfy{ gePsf] ;'lglZrt ul/g' kb{5 .

dflyaf6 !÷# sf] efudf Pp6f Kjfn agfpg] / eNe jf wf/f nufpg] . Kjfn 7Ls wf/fsf] lkml6Ësf] ;fOh a/fa/sf] dfq x'g'kb{5 . -pbfx/0fsf] nflu wf/fsf] lkml6Ë !@ ldlnld6/ 5 eg] !@ ldlnld6/sf] Kjfn dfq agfpg] ._

Kjfndf wf/f lkm6 ug'{xf];\ / k'l6Ësf] dfWodn] /fd|/L kfgL gr'lxg] lsl;dn] lkmS; ug'{xf];\ . olb O{§fsf] 6\ofÍLsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 eg] eNenfO{ l;d]G6n] /fd|f] hdfpg' kb{5 .

kfgL ;+sng ug]{ g/d kfOk tof/ ug'{xf];\ . kfOksf] tNnf] efuaf6 #% ;]=dL=;Dd ;–;fgf Kjfn agfpg] / 5]pnfO{ k"0f{tof aGb ug]{ . Kjfnx¿ tnlt/ kg]{ u/L kfOknfO{ uf]nfsf/ agfP/ efF8f]sf] lk+wdf /fVg] .

kfOksf] dflyNnf] efu wf/fdf hf]8\g] . kfOknfO{ wf/fdf SnfDk cyjf tf/sf] ;xfotfn] afFWg] .

ca ;kmf 9'Ëfsf] Ps tx kfgL ;+sng ug]{ kfOknfO{ 5f]Kg] u/L lk+wdf la5\ofpg] . u]u/ 9'ËfnfO{ ;kmf dl;gf] sk8fn] 5f]Kg] / efF8f]nfO{ gbLsf] ;kmf afn'jfn] !) ;]=dL= tn;Dd eg]{ . km]l/ afn'jfnfO{ csf]{ ;kmf dl;gf] sk8fn] 5f]Kg' kb{5 .

efF8f]nfO{ 5f]Kg] 9sgL agfpg'kb{5 . 9sgLsf] dfly kfgL vGofpgsf] nflu Pp6f Kjfn agfpg] . Kjfnsf] l;wf tn Pp6f rfSnf] 9'Ëf jf yfn /fVg'kb{5 h;n] ubf{ kfgL vGofpFbf afn'jfdf xnrn x'Fb}g .

o;/L tof/ ePsf] lkmN6/df kfgLn] ;kmf ul/;s]kl5 pkof]u ug{ tof/ x'G5 .

s;/L 3/df k|of]u x'g] afn'jfsf] lkmN6/ agfpg]

@)) ln6/sf] efF8f]

wf/f

ljsf]{

;Dd k/]sf] 9'Ëf

kvflnPsf] afn'jf

kvflnPsf] 9'Ëf

@)) ldlnln6/sf] g/d kfOk

dl;gf] sk8f

kfgL xfNg] 7fpF

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&

*


afn'jfsf] lkmN6/sf] pkof]u Pj+ ;Def/ ug]{ t/Lsfafn'jfsf] lkmN6/sf] s]xL lbg k|of]u kl5 Ps lsl;dsf] xl/of] tx -AofS6]l/of / cNuL_ afn'jfdfly ag]/ cfpFb5 . o;n] kfgL k|zf]wgdf d2t ug]{ ePsf]n] o;nfO{ c6fpg' x'Fb}g . of] xl/of] txnfO{ sfd ug{ ;w}+e/L afn'jf kfgLn] 9fs]sf] x'g'kb{5 . -o;}sf] nflu wf/f hlxn] klg afn'jfsf] efu eGbf cln dfly x'g'kb{5 ._ lkmN6/df kfgL ;w}+ xfNg'xf];\ Pj+ ;kmf kfgL klg ;w}+e/L lgsfNg'xf];\ . olb lkmN6/ ;'s]/ uPdf of] /fd|/L sfd ug{ 5f]8\5 . km]l/ ;kmf ug'{kg]{ tyf k'gM agfpg' kg]{ x'G5 .

kfgLdf ePsf] 7f]; kbfy{nfO{ lylu|g lbgsf] nflu lkmN6/df vGofpg' k"j{ s]xLa]/ l:y/ /fVg'kb{5 . o;n] ubf{ lkmN6/nfO{ ;kmf u/L /fVg'kg]{ h?/L x'Fb}g . lsgsL lkmN6/df ;kmf kfgL g} k|j]z ub{5 . kfgL vGofpFbf em/gf h:tf] u/]/ kfgL k7fPsf] v08df kfgLdf ldl;g] clS;hgn] kfgLsf] :jfb ld7f] kfb{5 .

ha lkmN6/af6 kfgLsf] axfa 36\b} hfG5, lkmN6/nfO{ ;kmf ul/g'kg]{ x'G5 . ;a} kfgL aufP/ xl/of] tx ;lxt sl/a ! ;]=dL= dflysf] afn'jfsf] tx klg x6fpg' kb{5 . w]/} k6ssf] ;kmfO kl5 ha afn'jfsf] ;tx cfwfeGbf a9L lgl:s;s]kl5 afFsL ;a} afn'jf Pj+ 9'ËfnfO{ gofF afn'jf Pj+ 9'Ëf /fVg'kb{5 / k'gM z'? ul/g' kb{5 . Ps jif{df sl/a ! b]lv @ k6s o:tf] ug'{ kg]{ h?/L x'G5 .

cf;]{lgs lkmN6/kfgLaf6 cf;]{lgs x6fpg, Pp6f csf]{ kmnfdsf] lsnf ePsf] efF8f] :of08 lkmN6/sf] dfly /fVg'kb{5 . # b]lv % s]=hL=;Ddsf] ;fgf] cfsf/sf] kmnfdsf] lsnf /fVg'kb{5 . UofNe]gfOH8 lsNnfsf] pkof]u ug'{x'Gg lsgsL lsNnfdf lvof nfUg' h?/L x'G5 . cf;]{lgs kmnfdsf] lvofdf aflwG5 / vfg]kfgLaf6 x6]/ hfG5 . -lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nflu ;|f]t x]g'{xf];\ ._

kfgLnfO{ lg;+qmldt ug]{kfgLnfO{ lg;+qmldt ugf{n] o;df ePsf] hLjf0f' Pj+ sL/fx¿ d/]/ hfG5 / kfgL vfgsf] nflu ;'/lIft x'G5 . kfgL lg;+qmldt ug]{ /fd|f] pkfox¿ pdfn]/, ;f}o{ ls/0fsf] pkof]uaf6 jf Snf]l/g emf]nsf] pkof]u u/]/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

dxTjk"0f{M ljiffQm /;fogaf6 of] k|ljlwn] kfgL ;'/lIft x'Fb}g .

pdflnPsf] kfgLkfgL ttfpg] efF8f]df kfgL xfNg'xf];\ . pDng z'? ePkl5 efF8f] lemSg'eGbf klxn] Ps ldg]6;Dd pDng lbg'xf];\ . kxf8L e]udf sL6f0f' dfg{ kfgLnfO{ tLg ldg]6;Dd pdfNg'k5{ . lsgsL kxf8L e]udf kfgL Go"gtd tfdqmddf pdflnG5 .

pdfn]sf] kfgLsf] :jfb km/s x'G5 . pdfn]sf] kfgL ;]nfPkl5 af]tndf vGofO{ hf]8n] xNnfpg'k5{ . xNnfpFbf kfgLdf xfjf ldl;G5 / :jfb a9\5 .

bfp/f cefj ePsf] 7fpFdf kfgL pdfNg ufx|f] x'G5 . vfgf ksfO;s]kl5 kfgL ttfpg] tof/L ug'{k5{ t/ cfuf] lgEg'eGbf klxn] ttfPdf bfp/fsf] vkt 36fpg ;lsG5 .

kfgL pDng yfn]kl5 ! ldg]6 yk pDng lbPdf ls6f0f'af6 ;'/lIft x'G5 .


bcnbxncbs;/L ;"o{sf] ls/0faf6 kfgLnfO{ lg;+qmd0f ug]{

;"o{sf] ls/0faf6 kfgLnfO{ lg;+qmldt ug'{ Pp6f k|efjsf/L pkfo xf] h;df ;"o{sf] ls/0f / af]tn dfq rflxG5 . lyu|fP/ jf 5fg]/ kfgL ;kmf u/]df ;"o{sf] ls/0faf6 l5§} lg;+qmldt ug{ ;lsG5 .

;"o{sf] ls/0f lgs} s8f x'g] OSj]6/sf] glhssf b]zx¿df /fd|/L sfd ub{5 . OSj]6/eGbf hlt 6f9f blIf0f jf pQ/ lbzfdf xfdL hfG5f}+, ;"o{sf] ls/0faf6 kfgL lg;+qmldt ug{ plQ g} a9L ;do nfUb5 . -;"o{sf] ls/0faf6 kfgL lg;+qmldt ug]{af/] yk hfgsf/Lsf] nflu ;|f]t x]g'{xf];\ _

Knfli6s jf l;;fsf] af]tn jf Knfli6ssf] JofunfO{ /fd|/L ;kmf ug'{xf];\ . Knfli6ssf] af]tnn] o;sf] nflu a9L pko'Qm x'G5 .

af]tndf cfwf kfgL eg'{xf];\ / @) ;]s]08;Dd /fd|/L xNnfpg'xf];\ . o;n] ubf{ kfgLdf xfjfsf] yf]kfx¿ ldl;G5 . To;kl5 af]tn k'/f eg'{xf];\ . kfgLdf ePsf] xfjfsf] yf]kfx¿n] kfgLnfO{ l5§} lg;+qmldt kfb{5 .

kfgL e/]sf] af]tnnfO{ 5xf/L gePsf] / dflg; Pj+ hgfj/n] grnfpg] 7fpFdf h:t}M 3/sf] 5fgfdf /fVg'xf];\ . slDtdf af]tnnfO{ ^ 306f k'/} ;"o{sf] ls/0fdf jf afbn ePsf] lbgdf @ lbg;Dd 3fddf /fVg'xf];\ .

kfgL l;w} af]tnaf6 lkpg ;lsG5 . h;n] ubf{ xft jf cGo efF8f]af6 x'g] ;+qmd0faf6 aRg ;lsG5 .

;"o{sf] ls/0faf6 kfgL l56f] / k"0f{ lg;+qmd0f ;f]n/ s's/leq af]tn /fv]/ klg ug{ ;lsG5 -k[i7 #^$_ .

lga'jfsf] /; -sfutLsf] /;_Pp6f sfutL÷lga'jfsf] /; Ps ln6/ kfgLsf] af]tndf /fvL s/La #) ldg]6;Dd 5f8\g'kb{5 . o;n] w]/} x}hfsf] hLjf0f' nufot cGo hLjf0f'nfO{ ;d]t dfb{5 . o;n] kfgLnfO{ k"0f{tof ;'/lIft ub}{g t/ s]xL s'g} lsl;dsf] kfgL k|zf]wg gePsf] x}hf ;+qmldt If]qdf of] /fd|f] pkfo xf] . ;"o{sf] ls/0faf6 jf tLg ufu|L k|ljlwaf6 kfgL lg;+qmldt ug'{ cufj} kfgLdf lga'jfsf] /; /fVgfn] kfgLnfO{ ;'/lIft ug{ ;lsG5 .

Snf]l/g kfgLdf ePsf] w]/} hLjf0f'x¿nfO{ dfg{ Snf]l/gsf] k|of]u ;:tf] / ;lhn} ug{ ;lsG5 . Snf]l/g yf]/} k|of]u u/]df hLjf0f' db}{g . Snf]l/g a9L k|of]u u/]df kfgLdf :jfb lalu|G5 . ;fd'bflos kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf o;sf] k|of]u JolQmut 3/eGbf /fd|f] ug{ ;lsG5 . 3/w'/L :t/df kfgL lg;+qmldt kfg{ csf]{ k[i7df lbPsf] ;'emfj /fd|/L x]g'{xf];\ .

cToflws dfqfdf Snf]l/gsf] k|of]u jftfj/0f / dflg;sf] nflu xflgsf/s x'g ;Sb5 t/ 3/df jf ;fd'bflos kfgLnfO{ lg;+qmd0f ug{ k|of]u x'g] Snf]l/g k|foM ;'/lIft x'G5 . hLjf0f'af6 x'g] :jf:Yo ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t x'g'eGbf Snf]l/gaf6 kfgL lg;+qmldt ug'{ ;'/lIft x'G5 .

! ln6/ kfgLsf] nflu Pp6f sfutLsf] k|of]u

ug{'xf];\ .

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! ln6/


slt Snf]l/g k|of]u ug]{ <kfgLdf k|b"if0fsf]] dfqf / k|sf/ x]/L lg;+qmldt ug{ Snf]l/gsf] dfqf slt rflxG5 eGg] lgSof}{n ug{ ;lsG5 . kfgLdf hlt a9L hLjf0f'x¿ 5 o;af6 d'lQm kfpgsf] nflu TolQg} a9L Snf]l/g rflxG5 . kfgLdf Snf]l/gsf] dfqf o;/L /fVg'kb{5 ls o;n] kfgL ePsf] ;a} hLjf0f'nfO{ df/]/ s]xL a9L x'g] u/L Snf]l/gsf] dfqf /fVg'kb{5 . o;/L afFsL /x]sf] Snf]l/gnfO{ lk|m Snf]l/g klg elgG5 . o;n] kfgLdf cfpg ;Sg] gof hLjf0f'nfO{ dfg{ pkof]uL x'G5 . kfgLdf lk|m Snf]l/g ePdf o;sf] :jfb / uGw s]xL Snf]l/gsf] h:tf] x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ kfgL lkpg ;'/lIft 5 eGg ;lsG5 . olb Snf]l/gsf] dfqf w]/} 5 eg] kfgLsf] uGw / :jfb lgs}{ 6/f]{ Pj+ g/fd|f] x'G5 .

Snf]l/gsf] 7Ls dfqf k|of]u ug{ xfd|f] Snf]l/g emf]n slt s8f 5 eGg] yfxf kfpg' kb{5 . Snf]l/g ljleGg ¿kdf cfpFb5 h:t}M UofF;, lAnlrË kfp8/, xfO{6]i6 xfOkf]Snf]/fO8 (HTH), 3/df pkof]u x'g] emf]n lAnr cflb . 3/df k|of]u x'g] lAnr Snf]l/g emf]n ;aeGbf a9L k|of]u x'g] Snf]l/g emf]nsf] ¿k xf] . of] k':tsdf 3/df lAnr Snf]l/gsf] pkof]u u/L kfgL s;/L lg;+qmd0f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]af/ b]vfOPsf] 5 .

3/df pkof]u x'g] lAnrdf km/s km/s dfqfdf Snf]l/g kfOG5 . ;fwf/0ftof #=% Ü / % Ü sf] emf]ndf kfOG5 . kfgLnfO{ lg;+qmd0f ug{ rflxg] Snf]l/g lAnrsf] dfqf ;lhn} kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . klxn] !Ü Snf]l/g lAnrsf] d'Vo emf]n tof/ kfg'{ kb{5 . xfdLn] o; emf]nnfO{ lg;+qmd0f ug{ rflxg] kfgLdf ld;fpg' kb{5 . !Ü d'Vo Snf]l/g lAnr agfpg] t/Lsf

!= vfnL ! ln6/sf] af]tndf ! sk lAnr /fv]/ ;kmf ug'{ kb{5 .@= af]tn ;kmf kfgLn] eg'{ kb{5 .#= af]tnnfO{ a]:;/L #) ;]s]08;Dd xNnfpg' kb{5 .

$= cfwf 306f;Dd kfgLnfO{ l:y/ x'g lbg' kb{5 . ca d'Vo lAnr Snf]l/g emf]n tof/ x'G5 .

olb kfgLdf w]/} 7f]; kbfy{ 5 eg] Snf]l/g emf]n /fd|/L sfd ub}{g . t;y{, kfgLnfO{ klxn] 5fGg' kb{5 -k[i7 ($_ jf kfgLnfO{ klxn] l:y/ /fVg' kb{5 . ;kmf kfgL csf]{ ;kmf efF8f]df vGofpg' kb{5 / Snf]l/g emf]n /fVg'kb{5 .

! ln6/sf] nflu

! Uofn]g jf $ ln6/sf] nflu

! Uofn]g jf @) ln6/sf] nflu

@)) ln6/sf] efF8f]sf] nflu

kfgL lAnr Snf]l/g d'Vo emf]n

# yf]kf

!@ yf]kf

! lrof rDrf

!) lrof rDrf

of] lAnr Snf]l/g d'Vo emf]n ;kmf kfgLdf /fVg'xf];\ / #) ldg]6kl5 lkpg ;lsG5 . olb kfgL wldnf] 5 eg] lAnr Snf]l/gsf] emf]nsf] bf]Aa/ dfqf ld;fpg' kb{5 .


kmf]x/ kfgLM Ps ;d:of jf ;|f]t <;+;f/df kfOg] kfgLsf] dfqf ;w}+e/L Pp6} /xg] ePsf] x'gfn] kfgLsf] pkef]u km]l/ km]l/ ug'{kb{5 . t/ e]nsf] kfgL jf n'uf w'g] kfgL, v]taf/Ldf nufpg] kfgL, ;/;kmfO ug]{ kfgL jf pBf]udf k|of]u ug]{ kfgLdf k|foM hLjf0f' / /;fogx¿ ldl;Psf] x'gfn] lkpg, g'xfpg / n'uf w'g c;'/lIft x'G5 .

vt/gfs ljiffQm /;fogx¿ jf lb;f lk;faaf6 k|b"lift gePsf] kfgLnfO{ ;fwf/0f k|zf]wg kZrft k'gM k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . k|zf]wgsf pkfo / t/Lsf 3/df jf ;d'bfodf pT;h{g x'g] kmf]x/ kfgLsf] dfqf o;df kfOg] k|b"ifssf] k|s[lt s]sf] nflu pkof]u ug]{ xf] / xfdL;Fu slt ;do, 7fpF / >dzlQm kfgL k|zf]wgsf] nflu vlr{g ;Sg] cflb s'/fdf e/ kb{5 .

u|]kfgLsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ pkfou|]kfgL eGgfn] dfgj dnd"q gldl;Psf] 3/af6 n'uf w'g] jf cGo 3/fo;L sfdaf6 pT;h{g x'g] kmf]x/ kfgL xf] . olb xfdLn] g'xfpg jf n'uf w'g s'g} lsl;dsf] ljiffQm ;fa'g jf lSng/sf] k|of]u u/]sf] 5}g eg] o:tf kmf]x/ kfgLnfO{ ;fwf/0f k|zf]wg kZrft au}+rfdf k'gM k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 jf s'g} k|zf]wg lagfg} df6f]df la;h{g ug{ ;lsG5 .

dxTjk"0f{M u|]kfgL slxn] klg vfgsf] nflu ;'/lIft x'Fb}g .

xfdLsxfF w]/} lsl;dsf] u|]kfgL ;+sng k4ltx¿ 5g\ -;|f]t x]g{'xf];\_ . s'g} u|]kfgL k4tL /fd|/L sfd u/]sf] /x]5 eGgnfO{ o; k|sf/sf] x'g' kb{5 .

• ;lhn} agfpg / dd{t ;Def/ ug{ ;Sg] .• u|L;, s8f lAnr, 3f]ns / cGo /;fogx¿ kfgLeGbf 6f9f /fVg'kb{5 .

l/8a]8 k4lt -dfgj lgld{t l;d;f/_ af6 u|]kfgLnfO{ k|zf]wg ug]{ t/Lsfk|fs[lts ¿kdf kfgL ;kmf ug]{ pkfosf] cg';/0f u/L l;d;f/sf] lgdf{0f u/L u|]kfgLnfO{ k|zf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 . dfgj lgld{t -l/8a]8_ l;d;f/af6 kfgLnfO{ la?jf, df6f] / r§fgsf] dfWodaf6 5fGg ;lsG5 . kfgLdf ePsf] kf}li6s tTj la?jfn] lnG5 / la?jfdf ePsf] clS;hgn] kfgLnfO{ ;kmf ug{ d2t k'¥ofpF5 . l/8a]8 n]M

• la?jfsf] nflu rflxg] l;FrfO{sf] nflu kfgL lbG5 .• pdfl/Psf] la?jfsf] cGo pkof]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 . h:t}M afF;, jf l/+88• ;w}+e/L hld/xg] kfgLnfO{ /fd|f] ;'Gb/ au}+rfdf kl/0ft ug{ ;lsG5 .

dxTjk"0f{M dfgj lgld{t l;d;f/n] dfgj l;lh{t dnsf] k|zf]wg ug{ ;ls+b}g .

kmf]x/ kfgLM Ps ;d:of jf ;|f]t < 101

l;d;f/ agfpg] t/Lsfdfgj lgld{t l;d;f/ agfpg lgDg s'/fx¿df Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 .

• l;d;f/sf] nflu slt If]qkmn Pj+ slt ulx/f] agfpg' kb{5 < k|zf]wg ug'{kg]{ u|]kfgLsf] dfqf w]/} ePdf 7"nf] If]q Pj+ a9L ulx/fO{ ePsf] a]8 agfpg' kb{5 . olb kfgL w]/} l5§f] aUb5 eg] l/8a]8n] /fd|f] sfd u/]sf] dflg+b}g .

• s] kfgLsf] ;|f]t l;d;f/eGbf dfly 5 ls < l;d;f/ eP/ kfgL au]s} x'g'kb{5 . o;sf] nflu kfgL ls t dflyaf6 cfpg'kb{5 jf kDk u/]s]f x'g'kb{5 .

• ;kmf k|zf]lwg kfgL sxfF k7fpg] < s] of] 6\of+s/df ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 jf l;w} au}+rfdf n}hfg ;lsG5 <

• l;d;f/ kof{Kt hUuf ePsf] s'g} 7fpFdf klg agfpg ;lsG5 . olb hUufsf] cefj 5 eg] hdLgdfly a]l;gsf] k|of]u u/]/ klg agfpg ;lsG5 . h:t}M Pp6f @)) ln6/ 8«dsf] k|of]u u/L l;d;f/ agfpg ;lsG5 . kfgL k|z:t aUg] vfn] df6f] / pRr e"ldut kfgL ePsf] 7fpFdf vfN6f] vgL df]6f] Knfli6s cf]5\ofP/ jf l;d]06sf] ;xfotfn] kfgL gcfpg] agfpg' kb{5 . dlnnf] df6f] kfOg] 7fpFdf rflx+ o:tf] nfOlgªsf] h?/L kb}{g .

l;d;f/sf] dd{t Pj+ ;Def/

k|zf]wg ug'{kg]{ kfgLsf] dfqfM df6f] / la?jfsf] k|sf/ / cGo cj:yfx¿df l;d;f/sf] dd{t ;Def/sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . xfd|f] l;d;f/ -l/8a]8_ s;/L /fd|f] sfd ub{5 eGg] s'/faf/] k/LIf0f lgDg t/Lsfn] ug{ ;Sb5 .

• olb la?jf ;'s]/ hfG5 jf db{5 eg] rflxg] kof{Kt kfgL gau]sf] x'g ;Sb5 . w]/} yk kfgLsf] ;|f]tx¿ k|0ffnLdf yk ug{ ;lsG5 . vfN6f] ;fgf] / sd ulx/f] agfpg ;lsG5 jf gofF la?jf yk ug{ ;lsG5 .

• olb kfgL au]g eg] 7"nf] 9'Ëf, sd afn'jf jf kfgL cfpg] kfOknfO{ tn kfg'{kg]{ x'g ;Sb5 .

hdLgdf vlgPsf] l;d;f/n] 7"nf] dfqfdf kmf]x/ kfgL ;kmf ug{ ;Sb5 .

:yfgLo :t/df kfOg] l;d;f/ lj?jf

v;|f] afn'jf / ;fgf] 9'Ëf -@ ;]=dL= eGbf a9L gePsf]_

kmf]x/ kfgL hfg] kfOk

aflx/ lg:sg] kfOk -$ b]lv % ;]=dL=_ kfgLleq k:g kfOk eGbf !%

;]=dL= tn

& b]lv * ;]=dL= dNr uGw / ls/f /f]Sg

7"nf] 9'Ëf $ b]lv % ;]=dL= aflx/af6 kfgL lg:sg] kfOksf] 5]pdf

% b]lv $ ;]=dL= kfOksf] jl/kl/

/x]sf] 9'Ëf

#) b]lv &) ;]=dL= ulx/f] vfN8f]

Date post:	16-May-2018
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;fd'bflos kfgLsf] ;+/If0f - Hesperian Health...

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