Oscillating nozzles in Agriculture

Carlos Arregui (Enrollment No: 376254)

Santiago Benítez (Enrollment No: 377373)

Roberto Goñi (Enrollment No: 377145)

Binayak Ghosh (Enrollment No: 376609)

Fernando Olmedo (Enrollment No: 375328)

Supervisor: Christian Orquera

Words: 4032

31-1-2016

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CONTENTS

1. Introduction and description of the Challenge………………....…………2

2. Initial schedule for carrying out the project……………………..………...2

3. List of ideas we came up with……………………………………….……….3

3.1. Spray Dry Nozzle for Industrial Drying……………………………….……….4

3.2. Liquid mixer for spirits…………………………………………………….……..5

3.3. Nozzles for agriculture………………………………………………….………..5

4. Business plan…………………………………………………………………...5

4.1. The Product…………………………………………………………………6

4.2. Research in the agriculture……………………………………………………..7

4.3. Nozzle Market and competition……………………………………………..…11

4.3.1. Key competitors……………………………………..………………12

4.4. Nozzle Sales and Pricing………………………………………………………..14

4.4.1. Break-up of the pricing……………………………………….…..14

4.5. Estimating sales based on the Tractor market……………………………..15

4.6. Nozzle lifetime…………………………………………………………………….16

5. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...16

6. List of figures…………………………………………………………………...17

7. List of tables………………………………………………………………….…17

8. Bibliography……………………………………………………………………..18

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1- Introduction and description of the Challenge

Figure 1: Oscillator nozzle

The start-up Fluidic Dynamix is engaged in the design, development and

commercialization of fluidic devices, in particular oscillators, for industrial applications,

based on the self-created fluidic oscillators-technology platform[1]. They are working

currently in the automobile industry. The technical aspects of the device are not

explained because they are no important for the successful execution of the Challenge.

We had to propose a potential market to implant that technology. We made a business

research for different potential markets. In this report is described the way we had

proceed and the final idea followed by the business plan of this idea, which included

production, marketing and distribution channels.

In this report, we delineate the methods we followed to come up with the idea of the final

product, including some of the intermediate products that we had initially thought of but

subsequently rejected. The second part of the report depicts the business model we

have proposed for this product as well as a survey on the nozzle market, the potential

competitors and an estimated financial plan.

2- Initial schedule for carrying out the project

We had come up with a potential schedule for the upcoming 10 weeks which we

tried to follow while working on the project. This plan was followed more or less

perfectly, in case of the situation that we could not meet, we did video

conferences to talk and decide about how to proceed with the challenge.

- Week 0: Kick off meeting

- Week 1: Brain storming and researching of potential ideas/products.

Prepare a list of the ideas and consult with the company officials about the

list at the end of the week.

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- Week 2: Setting up of the evaluation criteria (technical and economical)

and at the end of the week, preparing a Ranking of the business ideas by

rating criteria.

- Week 3: Pick the top 3 ideas and conduct a detailed description of the 3

new products and how we intended to produce it. In addition, we had to

describe the business model for the TOP 3 ideas.

- Week 4: Conducting a Market Analysis of the top 3business ideas

according to 4P’s Marketing factors: Product, Price, Place, Promotion

+competitive environment. Also to address the sales and marketing

strategy i.e. how we expected to approach potential customers in order to

raise an interest in our product or service.

- Week 5: Selection of the best business idea according to the strength of

the USP(Unique Selling Points).

- Weeks 6-10: Preparing the business plan.

3- List of ideas we came up with

The first step in order to proceed with FDX challenge was a brainstorming. The ideas

considered at the beginning are showed below:

- Agriculture field

- Fire extinguisher

- Fire alarm.

- Computer fans.

- Fan

- Cooking mixer/liquid mixer.

- Smoke machine

- Medical respirators using fluidic oscillators

- Swimming pools

- Painting field

- Snow cannon

- Industrial dryers

After conducting a small research on all the ideas, we finally decided on final eight ideas,

and from that, it was narrowed down to the top three. The final ranking is showed below.

The criteria considered are explained with more details:

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- Solve a problem: Is there any problem in that field, which our product could solve?

- Attractiveness for the costumers.

- Independence: capacity to be independent of other company to reach the final

product.

- Technical complexity: how difficult it is to reach the final product.

- Market: Facility to get into the market.

- Monetary model: Size of the market.

Ranking of the Top 8 ideas:

Solve a problem

Attractiveness for the costumers

Independence Technical complexity

Getting into the market

Monetary model

Total score

Agriculture 2 1 1 2 2 3 11

Industrial dryers

3 1 5 4 3 4 20

Fan 1 2 5 3 4 3 18

Liquid mixer

2 4 5 5 3 2 21

Smoke machine

1 5 4 5 2 2 19

Medical respirators

4 1 5 3 1 4 18

Painting field

4 1 3 2 2 4 16

Snow cannons

3 1 1 1 2 2 10

Table 1: Ranking of ideas

From this list, it is clear that we had not thought of the idea for irrigation nozzles in the

first place. But, then after researching more into this field, we realized that this could be

a very good potential product and so, we included this idea into our final shortlist.

The final top three ideas:

3.1- Spray Dry Nozzle for Industrial Drying

Spray dry nozzles are some of the most used appliances in many of the Industries and

factories. The spray dry nozzles which are currently in the market use movable parts to

produce a jet of twisting and swirling air to dry excess liquid from substances. There are

many interchangeable swirls and orifice disks available for varying the flow rates of the

nozzles[2].

Our proposition is if it is possible to replace the 'swirl unit' of the nozzle by our technology,

we get rid of at least 50% of the moving parts inside the nozzle. This will be of immense

benefit to the industries also. It would be possible to produce the equal quality of spray

~ 5 ~

by replacing it with FDX technology, and also a better version of the drying would be

possible to get.

3.2- Liquid mixer for spirits

The basis of this idea was to replace the flow regulator on the mouth of the spirit bottles

with the fluidic oscillator, so that the spirit spreads helicoidally making a better

homogenous mixture. In the case of gin tonics, it is always useful to keep as much

bubbles as possible, but with the normal 'bar spoon' that is used nowadays, the

estimated CO2 is only 15.2% [3].

Our idea was to see if it was possible to regulate the amount of CO2, using the fluidic

oscillator. This product would be adjustable for different types of bottles, as well as more

fancy and cheaper than most of the similar standard products in the market.

3.3- Nozzles for agriculture

In the agriculture market there are several processes in which spreading liquids in an

efficient and well-distributed way is not irrelevant. One example is the distribution of

fertilizer and pesticides. For these processes, there is specific equipment available in the

market and, in order to make them more efficient, these equipment uses exchangeable

nozzles[4].

For agricultural purposes, there are several methods which are employed for the

distribution and spreading of fertilizers and pesticides. For these processes, there are

some specific equipment already available in the market, which mainly use

exchangeable nozzles[4]. But in spite of using these nozzles, the distribution is not very

efficient.

Our goal is be to produce a nozzle compatible with the irrigation equipment that, with the

help of the fluidic oscillator technology, will improve the performance of these machines.

4- Business plan

In this section, we propose our final idea for the challenge as well as describe

a business model for the same product.

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4.1- The Product

Here, we focus on an agricultural nozzle. So, first of all it is important to understand what

a nozzle is. A nozzle is a device designed to control the characteristics of a fluid flow as

it exits an enclosed chamber or pipe. Normally they are used in order to increase velocity.

A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of varying cross sectional area and the fluid modified can

be either liquid or gas. Nozzles are frequently used to control the rate of flow, speed,

direction, mass, shape and the pressure of the stream that emerges from them[5].

Figure 2: Normal nozzle Figure 3: Parts of the nozzle

In the agriculture field, several kind of nozzles are used. Mainly they are used for

irrigation and for spreading pesticides and fertilizers. As can be imagined, the benefits of

an accurate fertilizer distribution are really high. A good distribution means decreasing in

the environmental impact. The time and energy dedicated to it can decrease also.

Since it is a very important issue and even a little improvement could mean a really big

boost, the technology of oscillating nozzles that FDX produces is applied here.

Figure 4: Oscillation

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As can be seen from the picture above, this nozzle introduces oscillation in the fluid

movement. This means that the fertilizer jet is not going to be totally straight, but is going

to be oscillating.

The drift is a very important concept when coming to the irrigation/fertilizer issue. But

what is it exactly? Drift is defined as the movement and deposition of particles through

the air to non-target locations. There are mainly two drift forms: particle drift which results

from droplets physically moving to non-target locations via air currents; and vapor drift

which results from the evaporation of the drops.[6]

In standard nozzles, sometimes due to more or less static flow, the drops fall on the

same place and on top of each other, which is quite disadvantageous, since the soil

needs some time to absorb the liquids. This is the point where our oscillator nozzle

improves this situation. This can be explained in the time spent between two subsequent

drops, so the soil is able to absorb the fertilizer in a better way. In other words, this nozzle

results in more efficient spreading of the fertilizer.

This oscillating nozzle also offers as a wide angle range of distribution, usually from 65º

to 110º, which is something missing from the standard ones. This is the same case with

regards to the pressure range. Pressure range and droplets size are usually related, the

optimal size ranging from 200 to 350 microns and the optimal pressure is around 40 psi.

These ranges can be reached with our proposed oscillating nozzles as well.[7]

4.2- Research in the agriculture

The goal of this part of the report is to get an idea of the agriculture market. We did a

research of the most important companies in the agriculture field. In our case, our product

would be implemented for improving the efficiency and reducing the consumption of

water.

The companies that we researched are:

John Deere:

Is an American corporation that manufactures

agricultural, construction, and forestry machinery,

diesel engines, drivetrains (axles, transmissions,

gearboxes) used in heavy equipment, and lawn care

equipment. In 2014, it was listed as 80th in

the Fortune 500 America's ranking and was ranked

307th in the Fortune Global 500 ranking in 2013.[8] Figure 5: John Deere logo

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Fendt:

Is a German manufacturer of agricultural tractors and

machines, manufacturing and marketing a full line of

tractors, combine harvesters and balers. It is part of

the AGCO Corporation. It was founded in 1937 by Xaver

Fendt and purchased by the AGCO Corporation in 1997.[9] Figure 6: Fendt logo

Deutz-Fahr:

Deutz-Fahr was established in 1968, following the acquisition of the majority of share

capital in FAHR, a leading company already producing agricultural equipment in the

previous century, by the Klockner-Humboldt-Deutz AG (KHD) group. In 1995, Deutz-

Fahr joined the Italian Group SAME Lamborghini Hürlimann to become the SAME Deutz-

Fahr Group.[10]

Figure 7: Deutz-Fahr Logo

Case IH:

Case IH is a brand of agricultural. It was created in 1984

when Tenneco bought selected assets of the agricultural

division from International and merged it into its J.I. Case

Company. Today Case IH is owned by CNH Industrial,

which in turn is financially controlled by the Italian firm Fiat

Industrial.[11] Figure 8: Case IH logo

New Holland:

Is a global brand of agricultural

machinery produced by CNH Industrial. New

Holland agricultural products include tractors,

combine harvesters, balers, forage harvesters, Figure 9: New Holland

self-propelled sprayers, logo haying tools, seeding equipment, hobby tractors, utility

vehicles and implements, as well as grape harvesters.[12]

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The study has shown the following results:

The figure 10 shows the percentage of each company in the agriculture market delimited

in Germany. The figure 11 explains graphically the units of tractors sold during 2014.

Figure 10: Percent of the market

It is obvious that John Deere and Fendt have a huge part of this market, concretely a

third of it. Case IH, Deutz-Fahr and New Holland are sharing a bit less of a third of the

market. The rest is made up by a lot of small companies.

Figure 11: Sold units

The difference between John Deere and Fendt is more obvious in this graphic. John

Deere sells 4000 units per year more than Fendt.

Furthermore, the agriculture market companies are suffering an important decrease in

their revenues, reaching almost a negative change of a 10% with regard to the previous

year. As new investors in this market, some information is needed to get an overall idea

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

John Deere Fendt Case IH Deutz Fahr New Holland

19,40

17,1

109,6

8

35,9

John Deere

Fendt

Case IH

Deutz Fahr

NewHolland

Others

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if the market is going to be worth it in the upcoming years and which reasons could be

in the origin of the change. After researching in the annual reports, the companies

provide some information to explain this drop.

This drop is explained mainly by the current economical situation, which is in a really

poor state. Due to this fact, the unfavorable foreign currency translation effect, with the

appreciation of the American dollar, is given as a crucial point. This factor decrease the

sales in foreign countries and decrease the shipment volumes.[13]

SWOT (Strengths, Opportunities, Weaknesses & Threats) Analysis of the

companies:

- John Deere:

o Strengths and opportunities: biggest share of the market and units sold.

Headquarter in Mannheim. They produce their own quality nozzles, what

could be an opportunity for starting a partnership with them, as we could

implement our product directly with them.

o Weaknesses and threats: the company is decreasing hugely their revenues.

- Fendt:

o Strengths and opportunities: big share of the market and high amount of units

sold. German manufacturer (part of the group AGCO).

o Weaknesses and threats: the company is decreasing hugely their revenues

and it is smaller than John Deer. Most of their sales take part in the USA.

- Deutz-Fahr:

o Strengths and opportunities: headquarter in Germany (Lauingen). Most of the

production sites in Europe. Stable revenues, on the contrary than the rest of

the market. Most of their production is focus in tractors (70.76%).

o Weaknesses and threats: less capacity talking about share of the market and

therefore in the revenues,

- Case IH and New Holland (Group CHH):

o Strengths and opportunities: headquarter in Berlin. Big presence in the

market and revenues.

o Weaknesses and threats: high decrease of the revenues and wider range of

products (also in the construction market).

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So as we could see, these are the potential partners for our product, with which we

should get in contact for selling and implanting the product.

After considering all the strengths and weaknesses of the potential partners, two

candidates stand out from the others. These are John Deere and Deutz-Fahr, and finally

the chosen one it has been John Deere. The determinant factor is the fact that they

produce their own nozzles, so this may help to implant our product and to simplify the

process, since they already have some background about nozzles.

CONTACTS

For selling and implanting our product, contacting with the companies is basic. In our

case, we should get in contact with the department of innovation or the person in charge

of new relations and partnerships. This is mainly because our product would set a new

vision in the nozzle market and it would be interesting to implement a partnership with

the company. Some information is not given explicitly in the websites, but they usually

provide a contact part where we could establish contact with them:[14]

- John Deere:

o http://www.deere.de/de_DE/our_company/news_and_media/calendar_of_events/ca

lendar_ (Calendar event)

- Fendt:

o https://www.fendt.com/de/allgemeineanfrage_kontakt+faqs_kontakt+faqs.asp

- Deutz-Fahr:

o http://www.deutz-fahr.com/de-DE/kontakt/verkaufsberatung/angebot-anfordern

- CNH

o http://www.caseih.com/emea/de-de/service/kontakt (Case IH, contact us)

o http://agriculture1.newholland.com/eu/de-de/tools/kontaktieren-sie-uns/new-holland

(New Holland, contact us)

4.3- Nozzle Market and competition

In this section, we will describe the already existing market. In order to do this, on one

hand, we will examine its general aspects and in the other hand, we will analyze the main

enterprises in it. From these companies, we will describe the kind of organization they

are, their sizes, owners, if they are listed in any stock market and some of their financial

information. Anything that can give us a better understanding of how the market works.

The first thing to say about this market is that it is highly competitive. There are a big

number of manufactures. To have an idea, only in the Nozzle network co.[15] , there are

33 listed manufacturers, from which at least 20 produce or have a subsidiary that

~ 12 ~

produces agricultural nozzles. Apart from these companies there are several others big

like Spraying Systems Co. which are not on the list.

Despite all of these, not all the producers are direct competitors between each other,

some of them focus in different locations and also, some on different products. In the

case of the location, it is possible to find companies like Lechler (Germany) or Greenleaf

(US) that are considered big producers in their own continents but not as well outside

[16]. In terms of the different products the manufacturers can be split in two categories:

the ones that produce only basic and cheap nozzles and the ones that produce higher

performance nozzles.

The ones in this second group are our direct competition enterprises like Lechler Gmbh,

Teejet Technologies, Hardi, Hypro, (links) etc. They focus on producing high

performance nozzles with more specific technical aspects in order for each special type

and purpose. They produce nozzles that work in different pressure ranges, angles and

that produce different drop size. All these are in order to have the best product for each

process, each crop type and each crop’s growth stage.

Within these entities, the principal factor that has guided them is the reduction of drift. As

we already explained, reducing the drift has several advantages for the farmers, it makes

them save fertilizer and pesticides. Also in the US and the EU, there are several

regulations about the amount of drift that farmers can produce. Even, there are

governmental organizations that rank the nozzles according to the drift they produce[17].

This has pushed companies to constantly enhance their products.

Finally, we can say that the exact size of the market is uncertain. On one side, the big

number of enterprises could indicate a strong market but on the other, the revenues of

the big ones are around 5 – 95 million euros per year (see the table below) that, in

comparison with other markets, like the agriculture market is small. So, with the purpose

of providing a better understanding, in the following section, we will calculate some

indicators.

4.3.1 Key competitors

First, to have a general idea, we present a table of the biggest companies in the market

with some general and financial information:

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Big players in the nozzle market

Company Country Headquarters location

EBIT Employees Sales Products

Lechler Germany Baden-Wurtemberg

680 95 Nozzles

Teejet tec. USA Wheaton 0,28 * 61 5* Agricultural equipment

Hardy Denmark Taastrup 11,5 450 68,8 Industrial Machinery

Hypro UK Manchester 3,2 42 12 Nozzles & pumps

*Information only considering the Danish market. Table 2: Players in the nozzle market

Now let us describe in more detail two of these companies, in order to explain, why we

consider they are our key competitors.

Lechler GmbH

Lechler GmbH is a limited responsibility enterprise that was founded in 1879. The

complete company is owned by the Lechler family. It’s one of the biggest and more

prestigious companies in the market [18]. It produces nozzles for different kinds of

application but in the agriculture market, it holds a really high position.

Lechler is probably our most direct competitor for three main reasons. First, it is located

in Germany: its headquarters and production plants are here and also around 63% of

their sales are in Germany [19]. Secondly, it is one of the most prestigious brands in this

market, recommended by organizations and farm magazines [20]. Finally, they produce

specific and good quality products. Unlike many companies in this business, Lechler are

more focused on performance than on a low price for their products. So in that sense,

our target customers overlap in regards to those who are willing to spend more in order

to get a higher quality product.

Teejet technologies

Spraying Systems Co. is one of the international leaders in nozzle production for many

industries (food, chemical, cleaning, etc.). Teejet is owned by this company and its

primary focus is on producing accessories for the agricultural equipment. It’s also one of

the most prestigious brands because of its product’s performance. Teejet is one of the

“big players” in this market but it’s production and sales are spread along the big markets

(USA, China, EU), unlike Lechler.

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4.4- Nozzle Sales and Pricing

An initial survey on the nozzle market in Europe has revealed that there are many

companies manufacturing and selling nozzles for agricultural uses in Europe, the

foremost of which is Hardi International. Hardi is one of the biggest nozzle and

agricultural machinery manufacturers in the world, covering major portions of the market

in Europe as well as in USA. We did a research on the sales and revenue of Hardi for

the year 2014 focusing on Denmark. The statistics of the survey revealed the following

information:

2014 2013 2012

Net sales 546.856 569.598 623.956

GrossProfit 105.754 95.941 106.874

Result of theyear 68.853 39.333 27.625

Equity 385.797 346.110 350.039

Balance 613.827 537.354 563.284

in DKK In DKK In DKK

Table 3: Sales

The average price of each nozzle is approximately 100 DKK. Now wholesale prices is

usually half of the retail price, therefore the wholesale price comes out to be around 50

DKK. Keeping in mind the royalty and the overhead cost, the manufacturing cost comes

out to be around 4.5 DKK approximately, if around thousands of such nozzles are sold

as a whole.So, from the above statistics, we can deduce that the company sold

approximately 122,000 nozzles in the year of 2014 [21]

Thus, extrapolating from this data, we can assume that if we base the price of our nozzles

at around 60 cents average, we can expect more or less same type of sales and revenue

at around 73,200 Euros per year, with a fair margin for profit.

4.4.1- Break-up of the pricing

Maximum Retail

Price (in Euro)

Wholesaler Price

(in Euro)

Price at

production level

(in Euro)

Approx. number

of units to be sold

in 1 year

Estimated Yearly

Revenue (in

Euro)

12 6.70 0.60 122,000 73,200

Table 4: Prices

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4.5- Estimating sales based on the Tractor market

We conducted a research on the Tractor market in Europe and created a statistical table

consisting of the main players in the market, and tabulated the number of units sold and

the revenue generated for the years 2014 and 2013.

Name of

Company

Share of the

market %

(Germany)

Units sold in

2014

(Germany)

Units sold

in 2014

(France)

Units sold

in 2014

(Italy)

Revenue

2014

(millions)

John Deere 19.4 6724 5239 4560 26380 $

Fendt 17.1 5906 4784 1738 9723.7 $

Case IH 10 3449 3189 1688 15204 $

DeutzFarh 9.6 3336 3104 1528 1210.214 $

New

Holland

8 2779 3075 1314 15204 $

Table 5: Sales of Tractors

From the above data, it can be seen that John Deere and Fendt have the lion's share of

the market in the three biggest countries of Europe, Germany, France and Italy. Our goal

is to have a liaison with one of these companies which will use our nozzles in their

tractors.

Usually for agriculture, the tractors are fitted with one nozzle to spread the fertilizer or

pesticide over the fields. So, we can consider that per tractor, we can sell around 10

nozzles as a whole, taking into consideration malfunction and wear and tear. Taking into

consideration, the number of units sold in Germany and assuming that all the tractors

have can be fitted with a nozzle, we can assume that we have to supply approximately

7000*10 or 70,000 units of our nozzles, per year, to one of the main companies like John

Deere, only in Germany.

Now, if we assume that we are keeping the base selling price for our nozzles to the

tractor company at 60 cents per piece, we can approximately earn (60*70,000) or 42,000

Euros per year from one company alone and only in Germany. From, this data, it can

also be possible to extrapolate the revenue earned to cover more or less the whole of

Europe.

4.6- Estimating sales from nozzle lifetime with regard to tractors

From a study conducted by the Utah State University Co-operative Extension, we can

get an idea of the life expectancies of the different types of nozzles [22].

~ 16 ~

Tip Material

Available

Manufacturer &

Order Number

Price of Nozzle

Cat. # PL-98C

Nozzle Life

Brass TeeJet

TP11004

$ 2.80 each I wear life

($ 2.80 @ wear life)

Polymer (plastic) TeeJet

XR11004YP

$ 2.07 each 2-3 times the life of brass

($ 2.80 @ wear life)

Stainless Steel TeeJet

XR11004VS

$ 4.95 each 4-6 times the life of brass

($ 2.80 @ wear life)

Stainless Steel-

Hardened

TeeJet

XR11004VH

$ 5.89 each 8-15 times the life of brass

($ 2.80 @ wear life)

Ceramic TeeJet

XR11004VK

$ 4.14 each 20-100 times the life of brass

($ 2.80 @ wear life)

Table 6: Nozzle Lifetime

From the data, it can be seen that if a normal lifetime of a brass nozzle is around two

years before they have to be replaced, then a plastic steel nozzle can be used for around

4 years. In hours, it can be stated that an average nozzle lifetime is around 50 hours.

The life expectancy of a tractor is around 2500 hours. So, it can be estimated that for an

average tractor, one would need 50 nozzles to last the entire tractor lifetime. Also, from

the sale of one tractor it can surmised that a revenue of (10*50*60 cents) = 300 Euros

can be estimated, during the entire tractor lifetime.

5- Conclusion

Finally, we can conclude that, this is a product that fulfills the main objectives that we

had to focus on for the challenge. The product adds a unique value proposition, it is easy

for the company FDX to produce it and Germany is a good place to start this business,

since mentioned in the market research, many of the main firms in the field are German.

All this, together with the innovation that can be offered, and the willingness towards this

innovation, that big enterprises seems to show, makes the product attractive for FDX.

Of course, there have been some difficulties during the process, specially at the

beginning, when we tried to understand exactly how the technology worked and the time

of choosing the definitive idea. But those momentary problems were solved among all of

us, and with the help of Mr. Orquera (FDX).

~ 17 ~

Finally, the idea and the process can be improved with more research and study. The

ideas, that were rejected, may also prove to be beneficial if one can delve deeper into

those.

6- List of figures

- Figure 1: Oscillator nozzle………………………………………………2

- Figure 2: Normal nozzle…………………………………………………6

- Figure 3: Parts of the nozzle…………………………………………….6

- Figure 4: Oscillation……………………………………………………...6

- Figure 5: John Deere logo……………………………………………....7

- Figure 6: Fendt logo……………………………………………………...8

- Figure 7: Deutz-Fahr logo……………………………………………….8

- Figure 8: Case IH logo………………………………………………...…8

- Figure 9: New Holland logo……………………………………………...8

- Figure 10: Percent of the market………………………………….…….9

- Figure 11: Sold units…………………………………………..………….9

7- List of tables

- Table 1: Ranking of ideas………………………………………………..4

- Table 2: Players in the nozzle market……………………………….…13

- Table 3: Sales…………………………………………………………….14

- Table 4: Prices…………………………………………………………....14

- Table 5: Sales of tractors………………………………………………..15

- Table 6: Nozzle lifetime…………………………………………………..16

~ 18 ~

8- Bibliography

[1] "FDX Fluid Dynamix." FDX Fluid Dynamix. N.p., n.d. Web.

[2] http://www.bete.com/pdfs/BETE_SprayDrying.pdf

[3] Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation N.p., n.d. Web.

[4] "Ag Professional." 10 Tips to Get the Most out of Your Sprayer. N.p., n.d.

[5] "Nozzle design (converging/diverging - CD nozzle)". NASA.gov. Retrieved 19

January 2009.

[6] T., and A User’S Guide To Spray Noz. A USER’S GUIDE TO SPRAY

NOZZLESHOW A USER’S GUIDE TO SPRAY NOZZLES IS

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