Fea in Practice 2011 Instructor Manual

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Finite Element Analysis

in PracticeInstructor Manual

Based on: Autodesk® Algor® SimulationProfessional 2011


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FEA in Practice – Instructor Manual – Autodesk ® Algor ® Simulation Professional 2011 4/30/2010 III

© 2010 Autodesk, Inc. All rights reserved.

Finite Element Analysis in Practice – Instructor Manual

Based on: Autodesk® Algor® Simulation Professional 2011

Except as otherwise permitted by Autodesk, Inc., this publication, or parts thereof, may not be

reproduced in any form, by any method, for any purpose.

Certain materials included in this publication are reprinted with the permission of the copyrightholder.

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The following are registered trademarks or trademarks of Autodesk Canada Co. in the USAand/or Canada and other countries: Backburner, Multi-Master Editing, River, and Sparks.

Disclaimer

THIS PUBLICATION AND THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN IS MADE AVAILABLE BY AUTODESK, INC. “AS IS.” AUTODESK, INC. DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EITHEREXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OFMERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE REGARDING THESEMATERIALS.

Published by: Autodesk, Inc.111 Mclnnis ParkwaySan Rafael, CA 94903, USA


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FEA in Practice – Instructor Manual – Autodesk ® Algor ® Simulation Professional 2011 4/30/2010 V

COURSE INTRODUCTION:

Overview .....................................................................................................VII

Software Installation, Services, and Support ..............................................VII Installing and Running Autodesk® Algor® Simulation ........................................VII

System Requirements ....................................................................................VIII

Autodesk Algor Simulation Help ...................................................................... IX

Subscription Center ......................................................................................... X

Web Links ........................................................................................................ X

Tutorials .......................................................................................................... XI

Webcasts and Web Courses ........................................................................... XI

How to Receive Technical Support ................................................................. XI

Updates ..........................................................................................................XII

Navigating the User Interface .....................................................................XII Toolbars........................................................................................................ XIV

Using the Keyboard and Mouse ..................................................................... XV

Introduction to the ViewCube ........................................................................ XVI

Additional View Controls .............................................................................. XVII

Legacy View Controls in Autodesk Algor Simulation ................................... XVIII

Notes Concerning the “Steps for Exercises” Section .............................. XVIII

PRESENTATION SLIDESHOW:

Introduction ................................................................................................... 3FEA Overview and Examples using Autodesk® Algor® Simulation ................. 8

Introductory Example .................................................................................. 12

FEA Concepts ............................................................................................. 16

Exercise A - FEA Example by Hand ..............................................................25

Analysis Options ......................................................................................... 30

Element Options ......................................................................................... 36

Meshing and Modeling ................................................................................ 37

Loads and Constraints ................................................................................ 41

Truss Elements ........................................................................................... 49

Exercise B - Truss Frame Model....................................................................50

Beam Elements .......................................................................................... 51

Exercise C - Support Beam Under Gravity .....................................................53

TABLE OF CONTENTS


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2-D Elements .............................................................................................. 54

Exercise D - Axisymmetric Thick-walled Cylinder ...........................................56

Plate/Shell Elements ................................................................................... 56

Exercise E - Plate Under Uniform Pressure ...................................................59

Brick Elements ............................................................................................ 59Exercise F - Cantilever Beam Model ..............................................................60

Comparing Element Types ......................................................................... 61

Exercise G - Comparing Element Types ........................................................61

Mesh Convergence ..................................................................................... 62

Exercise H - Mesh Convergence....................................................................64

Meshing CAD Solid Models ........................................................................ 65

Exercise I - Bracket Model .............................................................................67

Exercise J - Hanger Assembly Model ............................................................69

Combining Element Types .......................................................................... 69

Contact ....................................................................................................... 71

Exercise K - Linear Contact Model .................................................................72

Solving Options ........................................................................................... 73

Results Evaluation ...................................................................................... 74

Presentation of Results ............................................................................... 77

Other Analysis Types .................................................................................. 80

Thermal Analysis ................................................................................... 81

Exercise L - Thermal Model .....................................................................85

Electrostatic Analysis ............................................................................. 86

Fluid Flow Analysis ................................................................................ 89

Mechanical Event Simulation (MES) ..................................................... 92

Exercise M - Nonlinear Material Model .................................................. 101

Combining Analysis Types (Multiphysics) ................................................. 103Material Models ........................................................................................ 105

Exercise N - Mechanical Event Simulation, Geneva Mechanism ................ 107

STEPS FOR EXERCISES .......................................................... SE.1


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FEA in Practice – Instructor Manual – Autodesk ® Algor ® Simulation Professional 2011 4/30/2010 VII

Course Introduction

Overview

This course will introduce the students to the analysis products available within Autodesk®

Algor® Simulation Professional and the proper usage of these tools. The program

capabilities include static stress with linear and nonlinear material models, mechanical event

simulation, heat transfer, fluid flow, linear dynamics, natural frequency (modal) analysis with

nonlinear materials, transient mass transfer, and electrostatics analyses. The course will

utilize hand-built models and those originating from CAD solid modeling programs. The

students will learn basic Finite Element Analysis (FEA) theory, the various meshing options,

available load and constraint options, and how to create results presentations (including

images, animations, and HTML reports). The Finite Element Analysis in Action course

curriculum is organized into three main sections, as follows.

• This Course Introduction section contains necessary prerequisite information concerningsoftware installation and configuration, how to obtain updates and technical support, and

basics concerning the user interface. The program emulates the view orientations and

mouse actions of many popular CAD packages. However, the procedures detailed within

this course are all based on the default Algor Simulation settings for the views and mouse

functions. Please ensure that all student workstations are set up accordingly so that the

software behavior will be consistent with the text.

• The Presentation Slideshow is provided in two forms. Within the second section of this Instructor Manual, the slides are presented in handout fashion, two per page. In addition, a

separate Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation is included for classroom projection.

• The Steps for Exercises section includes descriptions of all of the exercises included

within the slideshow presentation along with keystroke-specific procedures for correctlycompleting the exercises.

Software Installation, Services, and Support

Installing and Running Autodesk® Algor® Simulation

The simulation software is distributed on DVDs with the exception of software for the Linux

platform, which is distributed on CDs. In addition, the software may be downloaded from the

Autodesk website. When you place the software DVD into a DVD-ROM drive, a launch

dialog having four options will appear. If you want to set up the software on a client

workstation, whether you will be using a license locked to a single computer or a networklicense, press the "Install Products" button. If using a network license, you must already

have the license server software installed to a computer on the network. If you wish to create

pre-configured deployments for installing the product on multiple client workstations, choose

the "Create Deployments" command. If you want to set up the computer as a license server

to control the number of concurrent users through a network, or, if you wish to install optional

reporting tools, press the "Install Tools and Utilities" command. Finally, a fourth command

on the launch screen, "Read the Documentation," leads to a screen from which you can

access a ReadMe file and other installation and licensing guides.


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During the product installation process, you will need to specify your name, the name of your

organization. You will also need to enter the product serial number and the product key.

Otherwise, you will be limited to a 30-day trial period. To customize the installation location

on your computer, the components to be installed, and/or to specify a network license server,

you will have to press the "Configuration" button that appears on one of the screens during

the installation process. Then, follow the prompts, provide the required information, and click

the "Configuration Complete" button to continue the installation process.

Any time after the installation, you will be able to start the software by using the available

shortcut found in the "Start" menu folder, "All Programs: Autodesk: Autodesk Algor

Simulation." The version number is included in the start menu folder name and shortcut.

The name of the shortcut will depend upon which package has been purchased ("Simulation,"

"…Simulation MES," "…Simulation CFD," or "…Simulation Professional" ). In the dialog

that appears when the program is launched, you will be able to open an existing model or

begin a new model. The simulation software will be used to create, analyze, and review the

results of an analysis within a single user interface, regardless of the analysis type.

System Requirements

We recommend the following system specifications for a Microsoft Windows® platformrunning Autodesk Algor Simulation. These specifications will allow you to achieve the best

performance for large models and advanced analysis types.

32-Bit

• Dual Core or Dual Processor Intel® 64 orAMD 64, 3 GHz or higher

64-Bit *

• 2 GB RAM or higher (3 GB for MES andCFD applications)

• 30 GB of free disk space or higher

• 256 MB or higher OpenGL acceleratedgraphics card

• DVD-ROM drive

• Dual Core or Dual Processor Intel 64or AMD 64, 3 GHz or higher

• 8 GB RAM or higher

• 100 GB of free disk space or higher

• 512 MB or higher OpenGL

accelerated graphics card

• DVD-ROM drive

Supported Operating Systems:

• Microsoft Windows 7 (32-bit and 64-bit editions)

• Microsoft Vista™ (32-bit and 64-bit editions)

• Microsoft Windows Server 2003 and Windows Server 2008

• Microsoft Windows XP (32-bit and 64-bit editions)

• Linux **

Other Requirements (All Platforms):

• Mouse or pointing device

• Sound card and speakers ***

• Internet connection ***

• Web browser with Adobe Flash Player 10 (or higher) plug-in ***


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Notes Concerning System Requirements:

* We recommend usage of a 64-bit version of the operating system to run large models of any

analysis type and for Mechanical Event Simulation, CFD, and Multiphysics analyses.

While a 32-bit machine can be configured for larger system memory sizes, architectural

issues of the operating system limit the benefit of the additional memory.

** Linux may be used as a platform for running the solution phase of the analysis only. It

may be used for a distributed processing (or clustering) platform. However, pre- and

post-processing is done in the graphical user interface, which must be installed and run

on a Microsoft Windows platform.

*** These requirements are due to the use of multimedia in our product line and the

availability of distance learning webcasts, software demos, and related media.

Minimum system requirements and additional recommendations for Linux platforms may be

found on the Autodesk website. To navigate to the Autodesk Algor Simulation web page,

access the HELP pull-down menu within the user interface, select the "Web Links" pull-out

menu, and choose the "Autodesk Algor Simulation" link.

Autodesk Algor Simulation Help, often referred to as the Help files or user’s guide, contains

the following information:

Autodesk Algor Simulation Help

• Documentation for all of the model creation options within the user interface• Documentation for all of the Autodesk Algor Simulation analysis types• Documentation for all of the result options available within the user interface• Step-by-step examples that illustrate many modeling and analysis options

How to Access the Help Files

• From the user interface, access the HELP pull-down menu and select the "Contents" command. The Autodesk Algor Simulation Help title page of will appear.

• You can navigate through the user's guide via the table of contents to the left or by usingthe "Search" or "Index" tabs.

Features of the Help Files

• Autodesk Algor Simulation Help is a set of compiled help files that are installed with thesoftware but are also accessible from the Autodesk website.

• Hyperlinks and a table of contents make it easy to move quickly from topic to topic.

• The Help window contains a standard Internet browser toolbar, so you can move forwardand backward and print with ease.


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Figure 1: Autodesk Algor Simulation User’s Guide

Search the Help Files using Keywords

• All of the pages in the Help files can be searched based on keywords.

• The keywords are entered at the top of the "Search" tab on the left side of the User’sGuide screen. Topics that match the search criteria are listed below.

• Keywords are used to search the Help files. You may use single or multiple keywords.

• Boolean operators (AND, OR, NEAR, and NOT) are available to enhance the search utility.Also, phrases may be enclosed in quotes to search only for a specific series of words.

Subscription Center

Along with your Autodesk Algor Simulation software purchase, you have the option of

purchasing various levels of Subscription Center access and support. The Subscription Center

is accessible via the " key" icon near the right end of the program title bar and also via the

"Help: Web Links" menu.

Through the Subscription Center, you can download software updates, service packs, and add-

on applications. You can access training media, such as topical webcasts. Finally, you can

also submit technical support requests via the Subscription Center.

Web LinksWithin the HELP pull-down menu of the Autodesk Algor Simulation user interface, there is a

"Web Links" pull-out menu. The following content can be accessed via the web links within

this menu:

• Autodesk Algor Simulation product page• Subscription Center • Services and Support information

• Discussion Group


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• Training course information• Autodesk Labs – where you may obtain free tools and explore developing technologies

• Manufacturing Community

Tutorials

Tutorials are available that demonstrate many of the capabilities of the Autodesk AlgorSimulation software. Each analysis is presented through step-by-step instructions with

illustrations to assist the user. The tutorials are accessed from the "Help: Tutorials"

command and the associated model files are in the "\Tutorials\Models" subdirectory within

the program installation folder. The tutorials will appear next to the user interface. You will

be able to follow the steps using the software without switching between the two windows.

Webcasts and Web Courses

Webcasts focus on the capabilities and features of the software, on new functionality, on

accuracy verification examples, and on interoperability with various CAD solid modeling

packages. These streaming media presentations are available for on-demand viewing from

the Subscription Center via your web browser. Similarly, web courses are also available for

on-demand viewing. Web courses are typically longer in duration than webcasts and focus onmore in-depth training regarding the effective usage of your simulation software. The topics

cover a wide variety of application scenarios.

For a list of available webcasts and web courses, follow the "Training" link from the home

page of the Subscription Center. Choose the "Autodesk Algor Simulation" product in the

"Browse the Catalog" list. This leads to the Autodesk Algor Simulation e-Learning page, in

which the available webcasts and web courses are listed according to topic.

How to Receive Technical Support

Technical support is reachable through several contact methods. The means you can use may

depend upon the level of support that was purchased. For example, customers with "Silver"

support must obtain their technical support from the reseller that sold them the software.

"Gold" subscription customers may obtain support directly from Autodesk.

Five ways to contact Technical Support:

• Reseller: Obtain phone, fax, and/or e-mail information from your reseller.

• Subscription Center: Access the Subscription Center from the link provided in the programinterface. Click the Tech Support link on the left side of the page

and then click on the "Request Support" link.

• Autodesk Phone: (412) 967-2700 [or in USA/Canada: (800) 482-5467]

• Autodesk Fax: (412) 967-2781

• Autodesk E-mail: [email protected]

When contacting Technical Support:

• Have your contract number ready before contacting Technical Support.

• Know the current version number of your software.

• Have specific questions ready.

• Remember, Technical Support personnel cannot perform, comment on, or make judgments regarding the validity of engineering work.


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Updates

The software is updated with new functionality on a continual basis. The following threetypes of releases are provided:

1. A major version: Indicated by the four-digit year of the software release (based upon

the Autodesk fiscal year, not the calendar year)2. A "subscription" version: Customers with a current maintenance subscription are

eligible for additional releases that may be made available between major product versionreleases. These are designated by the addition of the word "Subscription" after the major

version number.

3. A service pack: Incorporates minor improvements to a major or subscription release andis indicated by the letters "SP" and a service pack number after the major or subscriptionversion number.

How to Determine the Software Version

Access the HELP pull-down menu in the user interface and select the "About" command.This dialog will display the version that you are using. In addition, the program title bar and

the splash screen that appears at each program launch will indicate the major version numberof the software. However, as with the start menu group name and program shortcut, it willnot indicate the subscription and service pack variants.

How to Obtain an Update

Update notifications are provided via the "Communication Center" within the user interface.The Communication Center icon is located at the right end of the program window title bar.The state of the Communication Center icon changes whenever new information is available.The Communication Center provides up-to-date product support information, software patches, subscription announcements, articles, and other product information through a

connection to the Internet. Users may specify how frequently the Live Update informationwill be polled—on-demand, daily, weekly, or monthly. When a program update notification

is received, the user will be given the option of downloading and installing it.

Navigating the User Interface

In this section, we will introduce you to the Autodesk Algor Simulation user interface. Thisinterface is the same for each of the available packages, including the foundational Algor

Simulation product and the Algor Simulation CFD, MES, and Professional products. Theonly difference will be with regard to which advanced features or capabilities are enabled.

We will begin with an overview of the major components of the graphical user interface.Then, we will discuss the toolbars, keyboard, mouse, ViewCube, and additional viewcontrols. Please note that the behavior of the keyboard, mouse, and ViewCube – as discussed

within this manual – are based on the default program settings for a clean installation of the product. Many of the features to be discussed are customizable via tabs and settings withinthe "Options" dialog, reachable via the "Tools: Options" pull-down menu command.

Figure 2 on the next page, along with the legend that follows it, introduces the majorcomponents of the user interface. This manual is based on Autodesk Algor Simulation

Professional 2011. Users of other versions may encounter differences between their versionand the interface described herein.


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Figure 2: Autodesk Algor Simulation User Interface

Interface Legend:

A. Title Bar: The title bar displays the program name and version as well as providing links to theAutodesk Subscription Center and Communication Center.

B. Menu Bar: The menu bar is located just below the title bar and contains the pull-down menus.

C. Toolbars: The toolbars provide the user with quick access to many commands.

D. Tree View: The tree view has unique contents for each environment of the user interface. For the

FEA Editor, it shows the parts list and the units, various properties, and loads that will be used for

the analysis. In the Results environment, you will see a list of results presentations and other post-

processing-specific content. The components of the analysis report will be listed in the tree view

within the Report environment.

E. ViewCube and Additional View Controls: These tools are used to manipulate the model display

position, rotation, zoom, display pivot point, and so on. There is also an optional Compass feature

that can be activated, providing a compass heading ring around the base of the ViewCube.

F. Display Area: The display area is where the modeling activity takes place. The title bar of thewindow displays the current environment and the model name. The FEA Editor environment is used to

create the model, add the loads and constraints and perform the analysis. The Results environment is

used to view results and to create images, graphs, and animations. The Report environment will be

used to produce a formal report of the analysis, including desired results presentations.

G. Miniaxis and Scale Ruler: The miniaxis shows your viewpoint with respect to the three-

dimensional working area. The scale ruler gives you a sense of the model size,

H. Status Bar: The status bar displays important messages.


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Toolbars

Autodesk Algor Simulation accesses program functions through pull-down menus, context

menus, and toolbars. The available toolbars and menus vary for each program environment

(FEA Editor, Results, and Report). By default, the toolbars are positioned at the top of the

screen, just under the pull-down menus. As is true for the menus, commands are logically

grouped into a number of different toolbars. For example, one toolbar includes predefinedview orientations, another includes various selection tools, still another includes structured

meshing tools, and so on. These may be displayed, hidden, or repositioned as desired.

Most of the toolbars and pull-down menus will not appear until an existing model is opened

or a new model is created. To see the toolbars of the FEA Editor at this time, start the

program. Dismiss the "What's New" screen if it appears, select the "New" icon in the initial

dialog ("Open" / "New"), and click the "New" button. Navigate to a working folder, type in

the name of your choice in the "File name:" field, and click the "Save" button.

How to Display or Hide Specific Toolbars

To display or hide toolbars or to adjust the icon size or style, access the TOOLS pull-down

menu and select the "View Toolbars..." command. To display another toolbar activate thecheckbox for that toolbar. Deactivate the checkbox for each toolbar that you prefer to hide.

Additional checkboxes are provided for the toolbar size and style options. Press the "Close"

button to exit the "Toolbars" screen.

How to Dock Toolbars

Toolbars can be docked on the top, bottom, and/or sides of the display area. To dock a

toolbar, first click on the title bar and drag it toward one of the edges of the display area.

Once you reach the edge, the shape will change to signify that you are at a location where the

toolbar may be docked. Release the mouse and the toolbar will dock at the location of the

mouse. That is, it will snap to the docked position and the title bar will disappear. This is

illustrated in the following images.

Figure 3: Steps to Dock a Toolbar


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Using the Keyboard and Mouse

The keyboard and mouse will both be used to operate within the user interface. The keyboard

will be used to enter the required data for loads, constraints, material properties, and so on. It

will also be used to modify the behavior of particular mouse operations. That is, certain

keyboard keys, when held down, will change the behavior of the mouse.

The software supports a number of different mouse configurations. This document assumes

that the default template for a new installation is in effect. However, user settings, or those

retained from a prior Autodesk Algor Simulation installation, may cause the behavior to differ

from that described herein. To ensure that your mouse actions follow the descriptions in this

book, access the "Tools: Options: Mouse Options" dialog and choose the "Algor

Simulation" template.

The left mouse button will be used to select items. How items are selected will depend upon

the selection mode chosen in the "Selection: Shape" pull-out menu or toolbar. The type of

objects that are selected (such as lines, vertices, surfaces, parts, edges, or elements) will

depend upon the selection mode chosen in the "Selection: Select" pull-out menu or toolbar.

Hold down the key while left-clicking an object to toggle the selection state of theclicked object. That is, unselected objects will be added to the selection set and previously

selected items will be removed from the selection set. Holding down the key while

left-clicking will only add clicked objects to the selection set (this will have no effect on

already selected items). Finally, holding both and while left-clicking will

only remove clicked objects from the selection set (this will have no effect on items that are

not already part of the current selection set).

Pressing the right mouse button with the cursor hovering over items in the tree view will

access a context menu with commands relevant to the item under the cursor. When items are

currently selected, either within the tree view or display area, the right-click context menu

will display commands and options that are specifically relevant to the selected items. For

example, if a surface is selected, only surface-based commands will appear in the context

menu. You may right-click anywhere in the display area when items are selected to access

the context menu. However, to access the context menu within the tree view area, you must

right-click with the cursor positioned on one of the selected headings.

If a mouse has a wheel, rolling the wheel will zoom in or out on the model. Holding down the

middle mouse button or wheel and dragging the mouse will rotate the model. Press the

key while holding the middle button and dragging the mouse to pan the model,

moving it within the display area. Press the key while dragging the mouse with the

middle button down to zoom in and out, making the model larger as the mouse is moved

upward and smaller as it is moved downward. You will likely find the use of the middle

mouse button and wheel to be more convenient than choosing a command like "Rotate" or

"Pan," clicking and dragging the mouse, and then pressing to exit the command.

Finally, the X, Y, or Z key on the keyboard may be held down while dragging the mouse with

the middle button held down. Doing so will rotate the model, as before, but constraining the

rotation to be only about the corresponding X, Y, or Z global axis direction. You may also

use the left and right cursor keys on the keyboard while holding down X, Y, or Z to rotate

about these axes in fixed increments (15 degrees by default). The rotation increment is

customizable via the "Tools: Options: Graphics: Miscellaneous" dialog.


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Introduction to the ViewCube

As is true for the mouse, the software also supports a number of different view configurations.

This document assumes that the default view options template and view navigation settings

for a new installation are in effect. However, user settings, or settings retained from a prior

Autodesk Algor Simulation installation, may cause the view orientations and behavior to

differ from those described throughout this document. To ensure that your view commandsfollow the descriptions in this book, access the "Tools: Options: Views Options" dialog and

choose the "Algor Simulation" template.

Next, access the "Graphics" tab of the same "Options" dialog, select "Navigation Tools" from

the items listed on the left side of the dialog, and click on the "View Cube" button. Click the

"Restore Defaults" button followed by “OK” to exit the "ViewCube Properties" dialog.

Finally, click the "Steering Wheel" button. Click the "Restore Defaults" button followed by

“OK” to exit the "SteeringWheels Properties" dialog. Click “OK” to exit the "Options" dialog.

The ViewCube will be located in the upper right corner of the display by default but may be

relocated. The appearance will change depending upon whether the view is aligned with a

global plane and whether the cursor is near the cube or not. The ViewCube, in its variousappearances, is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: ViewCube Appearance

The six standard view names, as labeled on the cube faces, are the Top, Bottom, Front, Back,

Left, and Right. These may be selected by clicking near visible face names on the cube, as

shown in Figure 4 (b) or by clicking the triangular arrows pointing towards the adjacent faces, as

shown in Figure 4 (c), which shows the cursor pointing to the arrow for the Bottom view.

In addition, there are clickable zones at each corner and along each edge of the ViewCube.

Clicking on a corner will produce an isometric view in which that particular corner is

positioned near the center and towards you. Clicking an edge will produce an oblique view,

rotated 45 degrees, half-way between the views represented by the two adjacent faces.

When the cursor is near the ViewCube, a "Home" icon will appear above it and to the left,

providing easy access to the home view. This is an isometric view having the corner betweenthe Front, Right, and Top Faces centrally positioned and towards you by default. The home

view may be redefined by right-clicking the Home icon and choosing the "Set Current View

as Home" command while viewing the model positioned as desired.

When one of the six standard views is active and the cursor is near the ViewCube, two curved

arrows will appear above and to the right of the cube, as seen in Figure 4 (c). These are used

to rotate the model to one of the four possible variants of the particular standard view. Each

click of an arrow will rotate the model 90 degrees in the selected direction.

(a) Cursor not near the

ViewCube

(b) Cursor on ViewCube

(view not aligned to a

standard face)

(c) Cursor on ViewCube

(standard face view)


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FEA in Practice – Instructor Manual – Autodesk ® Algor ® Simulation Professional 2011 4/30/2010 XVII

When the face being viewed is changed via the ViewCube, the model may move to the

selected view in the manner that requires the least amount of motion. For example, say we

are first looking at the Right view, with the word "Right" positioned upright (that is in the

normal reading position). Now, if we click the downward arrow above the cube, the model

will rotate 90 degrees to reveal the top face. The Top view will be rotated 90 degrees

clockwise from the upright orientation (that is, the word "Top" will read in the vertically

downward direction). Activating the "Keep scene upright" option will cause the Front,Back, Left, and Right views to automatically be oriented in the upright position (Top above,

Bottom below) when changing to any of these views. You may, however, rotate the view

after initial selection, if desired. Go to "Tools: Options: Graphics: Navigation Tools:

View Cube" to locate the "Keep scene upright" setting. It is activated by default.

The point of this discussion is that whenever a new face is selected using the ViewCube, the

resultant view rotation may differ, depending upon the prior position of the model. If the resultant

orientation is not what is desired, simply click one of the curved arrows to rotate the view.

Additional View Controls

Immediately below the ViewCube is a pallet of additional view controls. This

consists of seven tools, each of which may be individually enabled or disabled.All are on by default. Figure 5 shows the view control pallet.

From top to bottom, the seven tools are as follows:

• SteeringWheels• Pan• Zoom• Orbit• Center• Previous View• Next View

Each of these icons, except for the Previous and Next commands, function as a

toggle—clicking it once to activate a command and again to deactivate it.

Several of these tools, such as Pan, Previous, and Next are self-explanatory.

The "Zoom" tool includes a fly-out menu allowing the choice of one of four different zooming

modes—Zoom, Zoom (Fit All), Zoom (Selected), and Zoom (Window). The first of these

causes the model to become larger as the cursor is moved upward in the display area and smaller

when it is moved downward. The Fit (All) mode encloses the extents of the whole model. After

selecting objects in the display area, the Zoom (Selected) tool fits the selected items into the

display area. Finally, after selecting the Zoom (Window) tool, you can click and drag the mouse

to draw a window defining the area you wish to expand to fill the display area.

The "Orbit" tool has two variants, selectable via a fly-out menu—Orbit, and Orbit(Constrained). The former allows the model to be rotated freely in any direction. The

Constrained option causes the model to rotate only about the global Z-axis, similar to pressing

the Z key while dragging the mouse with the middle button depressed.

The "Center" tool is used to center a point on the model within the display area. Click with

the mouse to specify the desired center point after selecting the Center command. This point

also becomes the display pivot point, about which the model pivots when being rotated.

F i g u r e 5 : A d d i t i o n a l V i e w C

o n t r o l s P a l l e t


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Course Introduction

XVIII FEA in Practice – Instructor Manual – Autodesk ® Algor ® Simulation Professional 2011 4/30/2010

The "SteeringWheels" tool is customizable and, in its default setting, produces the Full

Navigation Wheel shown in Figure 6. The full navigation wheel floats above the model view,

following the cursor position. It provides an additional access method for several functions

found elsewhere on the view tools pallet as well as a few additional functions.

Figure 6: Full Navigation Wheel

The "Rewind" button on the navigation wheel presents a timeline of thumbnails representing

various views that have been used during the modeling session. Simply release the mouse

button with the cursor positioned at the thumbnail representing the view to which you wish to

jump. This is more convenient than pressing the previous or next view buttons multiple times.

For additional information concerning these view controls, consult the User's Guide.

Legacy View Controls in Autodesk Algor Simulation

Traditional view controls and options are also provided via the pull-down menus and toolbars

at the top of the user interface window. Options for displaying or hiding the mesh or model

shading may be found here as well as eight pre-defined, standard view orientations. The

orientations will depend upon the currently active views options template (previously

discussed in the "Introduction to the ViewCube" section of this introduction).

There is also a "User-defined Views" dialog that may be used to save, modify, or restore

custom views. Additional capabilities include a local zoom feature and display toggles for thescale ruler, miniaxis, and perspective mode.

The "Local Zoom" feature displays a small rectangle that represents the area to be

magnified. A larger rectangle shows an overlay of the magnified region. You may click on

and drag the local zoom window to position it anywhere on the model within the display area.

The size of the local zoom area and magnified overlay and also the zoom level can be

customized via the "Tools: Options: Graphics: Local Zoom" dialog.

For additional information concerning the legacy view controls, consult the Help files.

Notes Concerning the ”Steps for Exercises” Section

Exercise descriptions and step-by-step solutions are provided in a separate section at the back

of this Instructor Manual. Excerpts from the Steps for Exercises section may be printed and

distributed to the students as desired.

In addition, please refer to the Forward portion of the Steps for Exercises section for detailed

information regarding the necessary program setup parameters. Using the specified

configuration at each workstation will ensure the expected software behavior for instructor

and student alike.


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2 FEA in Practice – Instructor Manual – Autodesk ® Algor ® Simulation Professional 2011 4/30/2010


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FEA in Practice – Instructor Manual – Autodesk ® Algor ® Simulation Professional 2011 4/30/2010 3

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NOTE: For details concerning beam element

orientation, access the “Contents” tab of

the Help files, go to “ Autodesk Algor

Simulation: Setting Up and Performing

the Analysis: Setting Up Part 1: Linear:

Element Types and Parameters: BeamElements.” Scroll down the resultant page,

and click on the “ Beam Element

Orientation” heading.

Beam Elements (continued)


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Slide 157:


Thermal

Analyses

Other Analysis Types

Slide 158:


Thermal Analyses

• Steady-State Heat Transfer

• Transient Heat Transfer

The follow ing two types of thermal analysis

are available:


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Slide 159:


Thermal Elements

• Thermal elements are geometricallyidentical to the corresponding structural

elements. The available types are:

– Rod (this is a line element) – 2-D – Plate – Brick

Slide 160:


Thermal Nodal Loads

• Initial Temperature – Specify the temperature of a node(s) at the

beginning of the analysis (transient analysis).

• Applied Temperature

– Specify a temperature at which a node(s) will beheld during the analysis. A stiffness value specifiesthe amount of thermal energy (heat source or heat

sink) available for maintaining the temperature.


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Slide 161:


Thermal Surface Loads

• Convection – Assign a convection coefficient and the ambient

temperature.

• Radiation – Assign the radiation function and the ambient

temperature.

• Heat Flux – Assign the amount of heat added or removed perunit area.

Slide 162:


Thermal Element Loads

• Heat Generation – Enter the amount of volumetric heat generated in a

given part.


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Slide 163:


Body-to-Body Radiation

• Define the surfaces that wi ll exchange heatthrough radiation and assign emissivity

values.

• Define body-to-body radiation enclosures(i.e., groups of surfaces that wil l radiate

to/from each other).

• The processor wil l automatically calculatethe view factors between elements.

Slide 164:


Thermal Contact

• Used to simulate imperfect thermal conductionbetween two parts or the resistance of a

substance that is not modeled (such as epoxy)

between two parts.

• Define contact pairs in the FEA Editorenvironment.

• Define the resistance value between thesurfaces.

• Applicable to 3D CAD, hand-built, and 2-Dmodels.


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Slide 165:


Thermal Results

• Temperature• Heat flux (energy / time / length2)• Heat rate of face (energy / time)

Slide 166:


Exercise L - Thermal Model

• Objective: Analyzethe thermal effects of a material containinghot and cold water passages. Use a meshsize of 80% of default.

• Material: Steel (ASTM - A514)

• Loads: – Largest Hole: Convection coefficient = 1.4

Ambient temperature= 65°F

– Second Largest Hole: Convection coefficient = 2.8 Ambient temperature = 180°F

Fsecin

lbsin2 °

Fsecin

lbsin2 °


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Slide 167:


Electrostatic

Analyses


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Electrostatic Analyses

• Electrostatic Field Strength and Voltage

• Electrostatic Current and Coltage

The following two types of electrostatic

analysis are available:


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Slide 169:


Electrostatic Elements

• Electrostatic 2-D and brick elements aregeometrically identical to the analogous

structural elements.

Slide 170:


Electrostatic Nodal Loads

• Applied Voltages – Specify a certain voltage at which a node(s) will

be held, due to a voltage source.

• Temperatures – Specify the temperature of a node(s) to influence

the electrostatic results when temperature-

dependent material properties are being used.


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Slide 171:


Electrostatic Results• Voltage (Volts or mV)• Current (Amps or mA / length2)• Current Rate of Face (Amps or mA)• Electric field (voltage/length)• Displacement field (force/voltage * length)

•Electrostatic force

• Electrostatic charge (current * time)

Slide 172:


Electrostatic Analysis Exercise

Refer to the software’s “ Help: Tutorials” menu

command. Follow the “ Radial Comb Motor

Electrostatic Analysis” tutorial listed under

“ Analyzing and Evaluating Results Tutorials”

for further information on performing anelectrostatic analysis.


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Slide 173:


Fluid Flow

Analyses


Slide 174:


Fluid Flow Analyses

• Steady Fluid Flow• Unsteady Fluid Flow

• Flow Through Porous Media• Open Channel Flow

The following four types of fluid flow analysis

are available:


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Slide 175:


Fluid Flow Elements

• The fluid flow 2-D and brick elements aregeometrically identical to the analogous

structural elements.

Slide 176:


Fluid Flow Loads

• Prescribed Veloci ty – Can be used to specify an inlet velocity or zero

velocity along a wall.

• Surface Prescr ibed Inlet/Outlet• Fan Curves

– Can be used to model flow generated by intake,exhaust or internal fans.

• Rotating Frames of Reference – Can be used to model flow in rotating machinery.

• Gravity


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Slide 177:


Fluid Flow Loads (continued)

• Pressure/Traction – Applied normal to the edge of 2-D elements (selected

as surfaces since the edges represent surfaces).

– Applied normal to the face of 3-D elements. – Applied in a specified vector direction to the edge

surface of 2-D elements or the face of 3-D elements.

• Buoyancy Force – Apply thermal results from a steady-state heat

transfer analysis to a steady fluid flow analysis.

• Surface Prescribed Turbulence Condition• Surface Prescribed Wall Roughness

Slide 178:


Fluid Flow Results

• Velocity (length/time)• Pressure (force/length2)• Stress tensors (force/length2)

• Reaction forces


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Slide 179:


Fluid Flow Analysis

Refer to the software’s “ Help: Tutorials” menu

command. Follow the “ Ball Valve Fluid Flow

Analysis” tutorial l isted under “ Analyzing and

Evaluating Results Tutorials” for further

information on performing a fluid flow analysis.

Slide 180:


Mechanical

Event

Simulation(MES)



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Slide 181:


Mechanical Event Simulation (MES)

MES overcomes many limitations of static stress

analysis by account ing for…

• Geometric nonlinearity (large deformations that changethe load and/or constraint posit ions and directions)

• Acceleration/inertia• Damping• Motion-enabled contact or impact (that is, surface-to-

surface contact that changes over time due to motion orcomponent deformation)

• Nonlinear material behavior (such as plastic deformationdue to exceeding the material yield st rength).

Slide 182:


Mechanical Event Simulation (MES)(continued)

Other MES characteristics:

• Loads and results are time-dependent, providingmany instantaneous results “ snapshots” over auser-defined period of time.

• Load curves are used to define how the givenloads vary over time.

• Multiple results t ime steps are provided for post-processing.

• Results may be graphed versus time. The integraland first or second derivative of the results mayalso be graphed.


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Slide 183:


Comparison of Linear Static Stress and MES

{f} = [K] {d}

Where: {f} = force vector, [K] = stiffness matrix, {d} = displacement vector

Previously, we introduced the following governing

equation for static stress analysis:

For MES, additional terms are included, resulting

in the following equation:

{ } [ ]{ } [ ]{ } }]{[ dmdcdKf ++=Where: [c] = damping matrix, [m] = mass matrix,

= velocity vector (first derivative of displacement),

= acceleration vector (second derivative of displacement)

{ }dd

Slide 184:


MES – Shell Elements

• MES shell elements are similar tolinear plate elements. They are

triangular or quadrilateral, are

planar (or nearly planar), and have

three or four corner nodes.

• There are several availableformulations (consult the Help f ilesfor more information).

• Composites are a subset of shellelements in MES, rather than a

separate element type.


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Slide 185:


MES – Kinematic Elements

• Kinematic elements can be either 2-D or3-D elements.

• Kinematic elements do not experience strainsand do not report stresses. Otherwise, these

elements behave just like flexible brick

elements.

• They have an advantage over conventionalbrick elements because of their smallcontribution to the size of the global stiffness

matrix. This results in faster run times.

Slide 186:


MES – Contact Elements

• Contact elements can havedifferent sti ffness values in

compression and tension.

• These elements can also have abreaking stress at which point

the stif fness will be zero.

• These elements can be used tosimulate cables.


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Slide 187:


MES – Coupling Elements

• Coupling elements aid in thesimulation of parts that "couple"

at a known length.

• This coupling is modeled byintroducing a stiffness when it

reaches this length. This

stiffness is calculated using the

modulus of elasticity, a couplingarea, and the length of the

element.

Slide 188:


MES – Dashpot Elements

• Dashpot elements can be usedto apply local damping to a

model.

• You can specify a dampingcoefficient that will control howmuch these elements affect

motion.


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Slide 189:


MES – Actuator Elements

• Actuator elements are lineelements whose lengths can

change over t ime.

• They are used to simulatedefined movement of a part

(such as hydraulic cylinders orsolenoids).

Slide 190:


MES – Slider Elements

• A slider element consists of twocollinear lines connected at one

node.

• The node in the middle will beallowed to move along the linedefined by the other two points,

letting the node “ slide” such as

if it were in a guide or slot.


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Slide 191:


MES – Pulley Elements

• Pulley elements consistof three nodes: driver,pivot, and slack.

• As the driver nodemoves toward or awayfrom the pivot , the slacknode will move in the

opposite direction by aset relationship.

Slide 192:


MES – Pipe Elements

• Pipe elements allow you tomodel piping systems under

internal pressure loads.

• The pipe elements can be eitherstraight sections or bends.


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Slide 193:


MES – Hydrodynamic Elements

• Hydrodynamic elementscan be either 2-D or 3-D

elements.

• These elements allow forthe simulation of the

interaction of f luids with

solids without consideringthe details of the flow.

Slide 194:


MES – Impact Planes

• Specify a wall, floor, or ceiling parallel tothe global X, Y and Z axes.

• Objects will not be able to pass through thisplane.


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Slide 195:


MES – Surface-to-Surface Contact• Specify two or more surfaces that may come

into contact during the event duration.

• Can include static and dynamic fr iction effects.• A “ slide, no bounce” option is available to

prevent objects from separating once they’ve

come into contact.

• Consult the Help f iles for more informationconcerning the various surface contact options

and parameters.

Slide 196:


Mechanical Event Simulation Example

For an introductory level mechanical event

simulation (MES) example, refer to the

software’s “ Help: Tutorials” menu command.

Follow the “ Piston Mechanical Event

Simulation” tutorial listed under “ Analyzing

and Evaluating Results Tutorials.”

Also, refer to “ Example M” (next slide) for a

more complex and challenging MES example

involv ing surface number reassignment and

surface-to-surface contact.


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