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Feb. 11, 2005 TinyOS Technology Exchange 1
XMesh Routing LayerAn open, flexible, and powerful technology for wireless embedded networking
Martin [email protected]
Crossbow Technology, Inc.
Mike [email protected]
Crossbow Technology, Inc.
Jason [email protected]
JLH Labs
Alan [email protected]
Crossbow Technology, Inc.
TinyOS Technology Exchange 2Feb. 11, 2005
XMesh Features
TrueMesh™ self-organizing, self-healing
Low Power Listening Upstream and Downstream
Time Synchronization Quality of Service (QoS)
Link-level acks End-to-end acks
Health Diagnostics
Streaming service Bulk transfer along
dedicated path
Extended Low Power End node / Send only Doesn’t route Hybrid star mesh
ZigBee™ Support Interoperability with popular
standards
TinyOS Technology Exchange 3Feb. 11, 2005
Flaws with Star Topology Coverage Without mesh, irregular RF patterns create
holes in coverage map
AKA: Router Nodes, Coordinator Nodes, End points
Start with 11routers
Add 8 more
Still 3 nodesnot in coverage area
TinyOS Technology Exchange 4Feb. 11, 2005
TrueMesh™ Coverage Area
With mesh, irregular RF patterns are beneficial and exploited
Start with 3
As you add nodes they build theirown coveragearea.
TinyOS Technology Exchange 5Feb. 11, 2005
Shortest Path
0204060
80100120
11/18/200314:24
11/18/200319:12
11/19/20030:00
11/19/20034:48
11/19/20039:36
11/19/200314:24
11/19/200319:12
Date/Time
% P
ac
ke
ts R
cv
d/3
0 m
in.
Series1Series2Series3Series4Series5Series6Series7Series8Series9Series10Series11Series12Series13
Reliable MintRoute
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
12/29/20039:36
12/29/200314:24
12/29/200319:12
12/30/20030:00
12/30/20034:48
12/30/20039:36
12/30/200314:24
Date/Time
% P
acke
ts R
cvd
/30
min
. Series1
Series2
Series3
Series4Series5
Series6
Series7
Series8
Series9
Series10
Series11
Series12
XMesh vs. Shortest Path(Network: 13 motes; ~1 mote/900 ft2)(Network: 13 motes; ~1 mote/900 ft2)
TinyOS Technology Exchange 6Feb. 11, 2005
Low Power Listening
Long Preamble: 140 ms Algorithm:
Wake up 8 times per second Sniff radio channel If preamble, receive data If clear, send if needed
time
125 ms 125 ms 125 ms 125 ms
82 us ADC Conversion Time
Radio RX Power-upADC Sample and Hold Completion
ADC Conversion
Start
RF Shutdown
ADC Conversion Complete
146 us Radio on time
Timing of Wake-up Check
Wake-up Threshold
Quiet Channel Average
RSSI Output
Fast Channel check: 140 µsec
ReceiverReceiver
Sender preamble
data
data
data
TinyOS Technology Exchange 7Feb. 11, 2005
Low Power with Time Synchronization
Algorithm: Sender still sends preamble:
Receiver wakes up right before end of interval
time
125 ms 125 ms 125 ms 125 ms
ReceiverReceiver
Sender preamble
data
Long 140 ms Allows arbitrary new nodes to join mesh network
Short 25 ms Optimizes power when sending to nodes already in mesh
Standard 2 ms Optimizes communication speed for nodes talking to base
data
data
TinyOS Technology Exchange 8Feb. 11, 2005
Power Savings w/ Time Synchronization
Testbed: 20 MICA2 Majority of the nodes 2
hops from the base station
Estimated battery lifetime 1.2 years @ 3-minute
reporting intervals Battery life depends on
type of sensor(s) attached to node.
Expected LifetimeSurge Time Sync (20 nodes)
00.511.522.533.544.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Reporting Interval
Yea
rs
TinyOS Technology Exchange 9Feb. 11, 2005
Streaming
Light path to one node:Bi-directional from leaf to base
Send message to special AM type Nodes along path go into
Full Power mode for a set time Allows for Bulk Transfer
PC
TinyOS Technology Exchange 10Feb. 11, 2005
XMesh and ZigBee Interoperability
PC
XMesh commZigBee PAN comm
XMesh enables reliable routing
links to third party ZigBee devices
XMesh enables reliable routing
links to third party ZigBee devices
Hybrid Mote(FFD)
Hybrid Mote(FFD)
Hybrid Mote(FFD)
Hybrid Mote (FFD)
Hybrid Mote(FFD)
Extended Low Power Mote (RFD)
Feb. 11, 2005 TinyOS Technology Exchange 11
XMesh Routing LayerAn open, flexible, and powerful technology for wireless embedded networking
Thank you! Questions?
Feb. 11, 2005 TinyOS Technology Exchange 12
Supplemental
TinyOS Technology Exchange 13Feb. 11, 2005
Simple Compilation with “extras”
freq
903 904 … 926
433 433.5
… 434.5
315
2405 2410 … 2480
make <platform> mesh,<routing> freq,<channel>
Uses command line “extras” in:tinyos-1.x/tools/make/avr
mesh
Description
HP Full power mode [ReliableRoute]
MINT Full power mode [MintRoute]
LPL Low Power Listening [Reliable_Low_Power]
LP Low Power with Time Sychronization [Reliable_TimeSynch]
ELP Extended low power (Reduced Functionality Device)
HPZ Full power for MICAZ
TinyOS Technology Exchange 14Feb. 11, 2005
XMesh Active Messaging Services
#Define AM(He
x)
Description
AM_DEBUGPACKET 3 0x03
Reserved for Health packets from mote
AM_DATA2BASE 11 0x0B
Upstream data msg from node to base, no end-end ack
AM_DATA2NODE 12 0x0C
Downstream msg from base to node, no end-end ack
AM_DATAACK2BASE
13 0x0D
Upstream data msg from node to base, requesting end-end ack
AM_DATAACK2NODE
14 0x0E
Downstream msg from base to node, requesting end-end ack
AM_DOWNSTREAM_ACK
246
0xF6 Reserved for sending acknowledge messages down stream
AM_UPSTREAM_ACK
247
0xF7 Reserved for sending acknowledge messages upstream
AM_PATH_LIGHT_DOWN
248
0xF8 Reserved for lighted path downstream messages
AM_PATH_LIGHT_UP
249
0xF9 Reserved for lighted path upstream messages
AM_MULTIHOPMSG 250
0xFA Neighborhood Link Estimation