Feb-2019 ISSUE-IV, VOLUME-VII(II)

Feb-2019 ISSUE-IV, VOLUME-VII(II)

Published Special issue With ISSN 2394-8426 International Impact Factor 5.682

Peer Reviewed Journal

Published On Date 28.02.2019

Issue Online Available At : http://gurukuljournal.com/

Organized &

Published By

Chief Editor,

Gurukul International Multidisciplinary Research Journal

Mo. +919273759904 Email: [email protected]

Website : http://gurukuljournal.com/

Gurukul International Multidisciplinary Research Journal (GIMRJ)with

International Impact Factor 5.682


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ISSN No. 2394-8426

Feb-2019

Issue–IV, Volume–VII(II)

Quarterly Journal Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No. 2394-8426 Indexed JournalReferred Journal http://www.gurukuljournal.com/

INDEX

Paper

No.

Title Author Page

No.

1 Global Marketing : Challenges and Issues Manmeet Kaur, Jasleen Kaur

1-6

2 Sea Level Change Dr. Kailas V. Nikhade 7-9

3 Tea Tree oil Nanoemulsion Preparation Using Ultrasonication, Characterization and Study of Its

Antibacterial Activity

Mrs. Vaishali Pimple 10-15

4 डॉ. भीमराव अबडकर : मानवा�धकार क परोधा डॉ. �मलता परसोया 16-23

5 भारत म� आत�रक �म �वासन क कारण सजीव कमार 24-31

6 परपरागत समाजा"भमख पया$वरण परक बाब &यवसाय डॉ. एस. एस. कावळ 32-36

7 पया$वरण आ)ण शती सम+या व उपाय योजना डॉ.�काश श�ड 37-39




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Global Marketing : Challenges and Issues

Manmeet Kaur(Asst. Prof.), Jasleen Kaur(Asst. Prof.).

( Dept. of Business Management and Commerce,

Guru Nanak Khalsa College for Women, Ludhiana)

Abstract

Global marketing is a process of planning,creating, positioning and conveying a company’s product or service in a

worldwide market. Global marketing is more than merely selling a product or service so it requires successful

coordination between the marketing policies of different countries and when the marketing mix for different

countries can be adapted to local markets. One needs to be localised, customised and globalised at the same time in

order to reach at the top in the global markets.

This is not an overnight occurrence. To compete successfully in today's global marketplace, companies need to

master certain areas such as environmental competence to understand the global marketing environment, functional

competence to design global marketing campaign consisting of 4 Ps of marketing mix, analytical competence to

analyse global marketing strategies and managerial competence to manage Issues in Global marketing. So it is an

effort that demands attention from everyone in business since the final results have enough power to take a company

to the top or put it in a financial hardships.

Global marketing is a rigorous process to reach heart and mind of all potential customers. This scheme of

“Global Marketing” needs to be kept in mind right from the very beginning i.e. when idea is being conceived in

minds of producers regarding products and services.

Overall economy grows due to increase in productivity and consumer enjoy variety and standards. No doubt

achieving such success requires vigilant efforts. In this paper efforts has been made to explain different factors,

global strategies, challenges and issues in the path of Global Marketing.

Keywords-Marketing Environment, Segmentation, Brand Consistency, Cultural factors, Marketing mix, Economic

Environment, Customers.

1.Introduction to Global Marketing. In simple words, global marketing is defined as the process of buying and selling goods and

services world widely by adopting a global strategy. Today terms such as

“Global Village" and “World Economy" have become very trendy only due to developments in

information and communication technology, Global reach is now no longer a problem for Indian

businessmen. Moreover, never lasting hunger of today‟s customer, makes him to search for more

and more not only in National Boundaries but also across seven seas. So GLOBAL

MARKETING is the recent picture of today‟s scenario.

1.1Meaning of Global Marketing

Global marketing is the modification in the marketing strategies of the companies to adapt to

the conditions of the other countries. It is the full process of developing and positioning our

products in the global markets.It is also an effort on the part of the seller to collapse all the limits

in order to provide valuable products and services to customers at local, national, international

and worldwide level. Global Marketing is much more then offering one‟s product or service

globally. Rather it is a process of adapting and adopting local market strategies and tactics with

that of other countries.

The essence of Global Marketing lies in the fact , that to reach customers abroad you will need to

let them know that you exist. We also need to convince people that our product or service is

worth buying. That is where Global Marketing comes in.

1.2 Objectives of the Study




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0 To study the various factors affecting Global marketing.

0 To study the global marketing strategies.

0 To study the issues and challenges of the global marketing.

1.3 Research Methodology

In this paper secondary research methodology is used which has been confined to qualitative

information.

2. Theoretical Framework

It has been argued that success and failure of a business in the twenty-first century will depend

on whether it can compete effectively in the global markets or not. In this context global

marketing requires an understanding of global finance, global operations and distribution, global

human capital management, global business logic, inter firm and global competitiveness,

exporting, joint ventures, foreign direct investments and global risk management.

It is therefore, essential to understand and appreciate the various concepts, the driving forces and

principles of international or global marketing that determine a firms successful transformation

from the domestic to international one.

2.1 Factors effecting the global marketing environment.

To compete successfully in today‟s global marketplace, companies and their management must

master certain areas such as environmental competence to understand the global marketing

environment including economic, social, cultural, and political areas.

A. Cultural and Social Factors

Culture includes the entire heritage of a society transferred by word, literature, or any other

form. It includes all traditions, habits, religion, art and language. Culture plays an important role

in marketing so it is important for the marketers to understand the culture, especially in an

international environment.

0 Language

Language is very important aspect so knowing the language of a society can become the key to

understanding its culture. Global marketing communications are heavily affected by the existence

of different languages. General Motorstranslated the name of their car, the “Nova”,which meant

“it won‟tgo” in South America before entering the american market. So language is an important

factor which needs to be given due attention.

0 Religion

Religion‟s impact on global marketing becomes more apparent when the customers compare one

religion to another. Many times a country to which you would like to sell a product has

extremeregional differences that must be accounted for when marketing. A perfect example of

this is Canada; they have large French speaking populations that are culturally much different

than the English speaking communities found throughout the rest of the country. Developing an

initial awareness of the impact of religion is a crucial step in global marketing.

0 Preferences and Taste

Another important factor that need to be discussed is taste and preferences of countries. We all

know that McDonald’s had to totally make over its image when it came to marketing itself in a




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country like India that sees beef consumption as being an offence.They ended up being

successful there by introducing vegetarian and regional choices to the menu selection.

B. Economic. Factors

For global marketing, the economy of the target market as well as the international economy

affect your marketing strategy. The local economy influences how can one approach consumers,

while the international economy decides your ability to produce and distribute the products

through cost and regulatory factors.

0 Per Capita Income-

Wealth of a country is an important factor determining the success of our marketing efforts. For

instance countries with low per capita income can‟t serve as good markets for selling durable

costly goods. Secondly we need to consider number of people in certain income bracket in a

foreign market if your product is considered high end. For example if our company wants to sell

luxury automobiles that are in the 60,000 – 80,000 range, maybe less than 1% of the people in a

country can afford such a product but if that group numbers 10000 people then one can think

once of going into such a market.

0 Class Structure-

While going global one needs to pay attention to class structure because it varies widely from

country to country. Country such as India have people in upper class, middle and lower class

whereas country like USA have a large proportion of people in middle class as opposed to the

Philippines which has a very small middle class but very huge lower class.

C. Political and Legal factors-

It‟s very important for businesses to understand political climate of any country in which they

wish to do business. Political and legal factors includes impact of taxes, tariff, law permits,

licensing and various other restrictions. Apart from this it also includes currency risk, investment

restrictions, operational restrictions, discriminatory restrictions and quotas.

2.2 Global Marketing Strategies.

When a company operates in multiple countries, the marketing strategy it implements plays a

major role in its success or failure. Basically a global marketing strategy is the approach a

business takes in marketing its company and products around the world. Some of the strategies

are discussed below:-

Coherent, Consistent and Integrated global marketing strategy:-

Today World markets are viewed as an integrated whole so emphasis is placed on developing an

integrating strategy development across these market. So When a company pursues such a

strategy it must make sure that most of its elements need to globalized. Best example in this

regard is of Coca-Cola. That company has achieved a coherent, consistent and integrated global

marketing strategy that covers almost all elements of its marketing program from segmentation

to positioning, branding, distribution, bottling, advertising and more.

Varied Product Category Strategy

global product category strategy means that the company while staying within a p[articular

category will consider targeting different segments in each category by making variations in the




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product and promotions according to local market requirement.Nestle, HindustanUnilever and

Proctor and Gambler, are three large international consumer goods companies doingbusiness

in food and household goods catering the needs of different consumers. McDonald’salso varies

its menu as per the local taste I.e. in Mexico one can order a green chilli cheeseburger and in

Arab countries customers enjoy McArabia.

Similar Segment Strategy

These strategies are relatively new to global marketing. A company that decides to target the

same segment in many countries is following a global segment strategy. The company may

develop an understanding of its customers base and leverage with different types of product and

services around the world.Even A pure global segment strategy will even allow for different

brands and advertising while adhering to some standardization . For example Johnson and

Johnson selected babies as their customer base and are leveraging all over by offering new

varieties and products.

When companies go globalit need to very essentially focus on marketing mix elements such

as pricing,distribution, place, promotion, communications. Although various types of

strategies may apply, the most important ones are globalproduct, branding and advertising

strategies. For example KFC has managed to associate theirproduct with Christmas in Japan.

Coca cola built 650 clean water installations in Beni andsponsored Ramdan for children in

the Middle East as a part of their promotional strategies.

� Uniform Branding Strategy

Global branding strategies consist of using the same brand name or logo worldwide

I.e.consistent

and strong brand culture. In this way Company can leverage such brandnames across many

markets, because the launching of new brands requires a considerablemarketing investment.

For example- Google brand has been known to make the world accessinformation at any

time through its consistency. Nike uses the same logo in all the countriesirrespective of the

sports it promotes.

3. Challenges in Global Marketing

International marketing environment possess number of threats and problems since they are more

dynamic and challenging. Various issues and challenges faced by a global marketer as follows:-

1. Custom duties and teriff barriers imposed on imports make it hard to earn sufficient profits

while selling products outside the local boundaries.

2. Bureaucracy in rules and lengthy administrative procedures on both the shores i.e. host and

guest countries make it further difficult e.g. in Tokyo, Sony requires all uses of their name and

logo to be approved at the headquarters before release.

3.Political and economic Systems along with political instability are some of the real issues faced

by the global marketers.

4.Understanding behaviour of customers consisting of social and personal characteristics is again

Marketing Mix Strategy




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a difficult task. For e.g. we can draw a large audience through Facebook in India but in Latin

america customers use twitter.

5.Lack of role of international agencies supporting and regulating international trades make it

difficult for Marketers to conduct business in foreign countries.

6.Diverse consumer needs,wants and usage pattern for products. e.g. Gerber marketed baby food

in Africa with a cute baby on the label without knowing that in Ethiopia,products usually have

pictures on the label of what’s inside since many consumers can’t read.

7.Dissimilarities in consumer response to marketing mix elements..”Mercedes-Benz” entered the

Chinese market under the Brand name “Bensi,”which means”rush to die.”

8.Diversity in brand and product development and the competitive environment. “Pepsi’s Brings

You Back to Life” was debuted in China as “Pepsi Brings You back from the Grave.”

9.Difference in the legal environment,some of which may conflict with those of the home.Above

discussion clearly indicates that Global Marketing has many obstacles in its path.

10.Different codes of conduct, moral principals, standards, norms and ethics governing

individual and firm behaviour to be observed by marketers.

11.Another issue is place and time constraint in case of importing and exporting perishable

products via sea routes.

Conclusion:-

Global Marketing acts as a double edged weapon, On the one hand, global exchange may lead

to new growth

opportunities, new sources of know-how and production inputs, new product ideas, or

partnerships which cause synergy and new sources of competitive advantage. On the

other hand, global linkages may shorten product life cycles, create intense price pressures,

displace manufacturing, out of date technology or design, or simply cause sales and profitability

declines. This phenomenon has been fulled by advances in communication and

transportation technologies, the spread of economic growth and wealth around the world,

the loosening of barriers to trade, and the formation of regional economic blocks, development

of new technologies and the proliferation of new products. The implications of the

increasingly global nature of market transactions are many. On a concluding note marketer

needs to be vigilant while marketing the products on global grounds.and also try to design

innovative and effective Global Marketing strategies and implement them to enable the

companies to gain strong competitive advantage and long term victory.

BIBLIOGRAPHY * Agarwal, J., Malhotra, N.K., & Bolton, R.N.(2010). A cross national and cross cultural

approach

to Global markets.

*Cavusgil, S.,Tamer(1993). Globalization of Markets and Its Impact on Domestic Institutions.

*Doole, I., &Lowe, R. (2008). An Introduction to International Marketing.

* Douglas, S.P. and Craig, C.S. (1989) Evolution ofglobal marketing strategy: scale, scope

and

synergy.




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* Takeuchi, H. and Porter, M.E. (1986) The strategic role of international marketing:

managing the

nature and extent of worldwide coordination,in Competition in Global Industries (ed. M.E.

Porter)

*Zou, S. and Cavusgil, T.S. (2002) The GMS: a broad conceptualization of Global

Marketing

strategy and its effect on firm performance. Journal of Marketing,66(4), 40-56.

* Zou, S. and Cavusgil, T.S.(1996). Global strategy: A review and an integrated

conceptual

framework. Columbia Journal of World Business, 24 (3), 47–58.




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Sea Level Change Dr. Kailas V. Nikhade

Head, Dept.of Geography

R.V. Art & Comm. College,Bhamragad

Dist - Gadchiroli

Abstract:

The study of sea level changes is important. It provides key evidences regarding climate

change and also enables us to draw a benchmark for estimating the rates of tectonic upliftment in

the past geological periods. Sea level directly influences the rate and pattern of erosional and

depositional processes in the coastal areas. By studying the fluctuations of sea level it becomes

possible to assess the suitability of coastal locations for industrial development.

Introduction:

By Changes in sea level we mean the fluctuations in the mean sea level, i.e., the average

level of the sea surface the data for which is derived from a series of continuous records of tidal

oscillations over a considerably long period of time. Thus the changes in sea level may also be

termed as a relative change in sea level. During a relative rise in sea level either the land or the

sea surface may undergo upliftment or subsidence or both may rise and fall at the same time.

Study Objectives:

The present study has the following objectives, to study the Discussionof theSea Level

Change.

Data Base &Methodology:

The data has been furnished from the related articles, research papers. Some data has

furnished the websites & as well as time magazine. For the present research paper the primary

and secondary sources have been used. Materials from various libraries have been collected. The

articles regarding to it have been read thoroughly. The descriptive and analytical research

methods has been used for this research paper.

Discussion of Sea Level Changes:

The major categories of Change in sea level are mentioned below:-

1.Eustatic changes occur when the volume of sea water changes due to factors such as global

warming and melting of ice sheets rise in sea level or ice ages fall in sea level.

2. Tectonic changes occur due to a change in the level of land. These changes occur due to the

following factors:-

a)Isostatic changes which take place due to addition or removal of load e.g. during ice ages

landmass subsided due to the tremendous load exerted by the glacial ice as a result there was an

apparent rise in sea level. On the other hand the landmass of seandinavia is still rising as the

glacial ice is being removed.

b) Epeirogenic movement occurs due to broad scale tilting of continents which may result in

the rise of one part of the continent in relation to the mean sea level even as the other part may

subside causing an apparent rise in sea level.




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c) orogenic movement is related to folding and flexuring (stretching of a part of the earth’s

crust) of the lithosphere which results in the formation of lofty mountains and an apparent fall in

sea level.

Relevance of the study of sea Level Changes:-

The fluctuations in sea level determine the availability of land. Particularly in coastal

areas, which are important for agricultural purposes. The submergence of land in future could be

a disaster for the human civilization as it may endanger our food security. By predicting climate

change and the possible areas to be submerged under sea, it becomes possible for the low-lying

countries to build coastal dykes and embankments. The task of mapping of areas likely to be

affected by storm surges and periodic flooding becomes possible only if we know the likely areas

to be affected by future sea level rise. The construction of tidal power generation units needs

suitable locations. By indentifying the areas of possible submergence in the near future it

becomes possible for us to set up tidal power generation plants in suitable locations.

Evidence in Support of Sea Level Change:-The sea level changes in the quaternary Period are

reconstructed by using the following methods.Elevated shorelines such as raised beaches suggest

a fall in sea level in that region in the past. The exact age of the changes in sea level is

ascertained from the application of radiometric techniques on the materials found in those raised

beaches. Submarine canyons prove that once there was a relative rise in sea level because they

are formed only in submerged conditions.

Mechanisms of the Change in Sea Level: -The fluctuations of sea level involve three basic

mechanisms changes in ocean water volume changes in ocean basin volume changes in the geoid

i.e. the shape of the earth.

Changes in the Volume of ocean water: -The present sea level would rise by about 60 to 75 m

if the ice in Antarctica melts, whereas the Greenland ice cap would contribute about 5 m rise in

sea level. It is assumed that in such a case the added load of ocean water would lead to the

sinking of the ocean floor due to isostatic compensation. So the total rise of sea level would be

about 40-50m. However the isostatic adjustment of the land and the ocean is still not clear due to

lack of data.

Change in the volume of the ocean basin: -Changes in the volume of ocean basin and the

resultant changes in sea level were an important event of the Mesozoic Era and early Cenozoic

Era. Such changes occur due to the following factors.

1. Changes in the volume of mid-oceanic ridges.

2. Accumulation of sediments on the ocean floor

3. Impact of orogenesis

4. Drying out of small ocean basins

Short Term Changes in Global Sea Level: -Short term changes occur during a year.

Commonly seasonal variations of 5-6 cm in sea level are observed in a year. But the fluctuations

of sea level reach 20-30 cm. or more in almost all coastal areas of the world. Even if the causes

of such short term changes are not known the fluctuations of sea level may be due to a complex

interaction of the following factors :-

1. Marine water density




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2. Atmospheric Pressure

3. Velocity of ocean currents

4. Ice formation and fall in sea level

5. Piling up of water along windward coasts.

Long Term Sea Level Change:-Global sea level changes which exceed 100 m are possible only

if the major ice-sheets melt or there are substantial changes in the volume of the world’s mid-

oceanic ridge. Other factors such as long-term changes in the geoid or global hypsometry,

desiccation of small ocean basins etc. are considered to be of lesser importance. The effect of the

melting of ice and changes in the volume of mid-oceanic ridge cause global sea level change at a

relatively faster rate than the latter.

Impact of Sea Level Fall: -A fall in sea level may cause changes in the base levels of rivers. The

rivers cut their new channels deeper than before. So a condition of rejuvenated landforms is

found. The rivers curve deeper valleys on the rejuvenated land and canyons are formed even in

the lower courses due to the rivers’ adjustment with the new base level. Moreover due to the

extended shoreline, the drainage channels further extend towards the sea causing further

lengthening of the rivers.

Impact of Possible Rise in Sea Level: - A vast segment of the populated land,viz., the low-lying

densely populated coastal areas, will be submerged. Even the small islands will be wiped out.

Therefore an estimated global population of about 1000 million will be affected.

Reference :

1. Rajiv Ahir., ‘Geography’ Spectrum Books Pvt. Ltd. 102-103,First Floor, TC Jaina Tower III

A1, Janakpuri, New Delhi 110058.

2. Dr David Pugh (Author), Dr Philip Woodworth (Author) Sea-Level Science: Understanding

Tides, Surges, Tsunamis and Mean Sea-Level Changes Hardcover – 24 Apr 2014 .

http://www.wmo.ch/nino/updat..html#intro




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Tea Tree oil Nanoemulsion Preparation Using Ultrasonication,

Characterization and Study of Its Antibacterial Activity

Mrs. Vaishali Pimple

MSc. BEd. CSIR NET- June 2016

PhD Research Scholar, Department of Microbiology,

Taywade College, Mahadula, Koradi.(Maharashtra)

Paper Type: Research Paper

Abstract: Tea Tree Oil (Rouh essential) nanoemulsion was formulated using Tween 20 and Tween 80

and water by ultrasonication. Prepared TTO Nanoemulsion then subjected to physicochemical

characterization, stability studies, and droplet size measurement. Increase in surfactant concentration

resulted in reduction droplet size when ultrasonication time was constant. All the TTO nanoemulsion

formulations were tested for antibacterial activities using Agar well diffusion method against S.aureus,

E.coli, and S.typhi.20T2 and 20T3Tea Tree Oil nanoemulsion was found to be stable and demonstrated

potential antibacterial activity against S.aureus and E.coli.

Key Words: Nanoemulsion, Tea Tree Oil, Tween 20, Tween80, Ultrasonication, Antibacterial Activity.

1.Introduction:The alarming resistance of microbes to numerous antibiotics is challenging

treatments of infections; therefore it becomes obligatory to search newer sources and substances

with therapeutic antimicrobial properties. One of such substance from natural origin belongs to

category of Essential Oils (EO).Essential oils (EO) are natural, volatile aromatic oily liquids

obtained from several vegetative parts of the plants including stem, roots, leaves, bark and

flowers. These oils are the synthesized via various secondary metabolic pathways to protect plant

body from variety of pathogenic microorganisms and to repel pests and plant eating

herbivores.[1] One of such oil, Tea Tree Oil(TTO) is volatile liquid extracted from native plant

of Australian origin Melaleuca alternifolia.Tea Tree Oil (TTO)is used in many therapeutic

formulations due to promising antibacterial properties. The biological activity of Tea Tree Oil

(TTO) is due to terpene hydrocarbons, mainly monpoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and alcohols

associated. The Antimicrobial activity of Tea Tree Oil (TTO) is mainly attributed to terpinen-4-

ol. [2]For several years research in development of drug formulations is focusing on modified

drug delivery systems. Considerable developments in nanotechnology and emulsion technology

influencing these modern drug delivery systems with newer methods to combat antimicrobial

resistance with controlled release and reduced toxicity.[3]The nanotechnology based

formulations of EO are based on micro and nano scaled emulsions due to their very small droplet

size ,varying in their stability ,sources and methods adapted for emulsion preparations.[4,5]Nano

emulsion are very fine dispersions of oil-in water(o/w) or water in oil(w/o) stabilized by

interfacial films of surfactants forming Nano sized droplets with tendency to separate in

constituent phases. Due to their very small droplet size in range of 10-500nm they have relatively

high kinetic stability.[6] Research carried out demonstrated nanoemulsion system is effective in

retention of drug in body and enhanced bioavailability.[7]Nano emulsions are used as colloidal

delivery agent for bioactive compounds including flavors and antimicrobial agents in

pharmaceutical, food and pesticide industry and for solublization of skin and personal care




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products in cosmetics.[8] Nanoemulsion can be prepared by Ultrasonication, Phase inversion

temperature(PIT),microfluidisation,solvent evaporation techniques and Hydrogel methods.[9]

The present study focuses on formulation of Tea Tree Oil (TTO) basednanoemulsion using

Tween 20 and Tween 80 as surfactants .The developed Nanoemulsion were evaluated for

stability studies and its antibacterial efficacy against S.aureus, E.coli, andS.typhi.Mode of

bactericidal activity was investigated by Agar-well diffusion method.

2. Materials andMethods:

2.1Tea Tree Oil (TTO) was purchased from Rouh essentials,noionic surfactants Tween 20 and

Tween 80 were purchased from s-d fine chemicals,India.Hi-sensitivity Test agar ,Nutrient broth

(Hi- media),Deionized water purchased from Protein Hicare,Nagpur.Standard Bacterial Cultures-

S.aureus (ATCC 6538),E.coli(ATCC10799) and Salmonella typhi (NCIM5278) was procured

from NCIM-NCL,Pune.

2.2 Nanoemulsion Preparation:Oil in water nanoemulsion of Tea tree oil were formulated

using TTO, nonionicsurfactants, Tween 20 and Tween 80 and deionized water owing to its high

hydrophilic and lipophilic Balance. (HLB).Tween 20 has HLB valueof 16and that of Tween 80 is

15.Thesemolecules of surfactants due to their lower molecular weight is effective in reducing

droplet diameter due to their rapid adsorption.[10]Initially coarse emulsion was prepared

withdrop wise addition of deionized water tomixture of Tea Tree oil(TTO)and surfactant in (v/v)

ratios of 1:1, 1:2,1:3,and 1:4 respectively using magnetic stirrer at 600 rpm for 60 minutes.

Table I: Composition of different Tea Tree Oil (TTO) Nanoemulsion.

Nanoemulsion

code

Type of

Surfacta

nt Used

Oil:

surfactant

ratio

% Composition of Different components in

Formulations

TTO(ml) Surfactant(ml) Deionized Water(ml)

20 T1 Tween2

0

1:1 3 3 46

20 T2 1:2 3 6 41

20 T3 1:3 3 9 38

20 T4 1:4 3 12 35

80T1 Tween8

0

1:1 3 3 46

80T2 1:2 3 6 41

80T3 1:3 3 9 38

80 T4 1:4 3 12 35

2.3 Nanoemulsion characterization: Characterization of Tea tree oil (TTO) Nanoemulsion was

done by following methods.

2.3.1:Physicochemical Characterization: The pH of the prepared TTO nanoemulsion was

checked using pH meter(model 361,Systronics).Then nanoemulsion was subjected to visual

appearance study and % Transmittance was checked using UV-visible spectrophotometer

(Equiptronics) at 600nm.All the experiments were performed in Triplicates.

2.3.2 Thermodynamic Stability: To prove thermodynamic stability all the eight Tea Tree Oil

(TTO) nanoemulsion formulations were subjected to centrifugation at 1000 rpm for 30 min.and

observed for phase separation if any.




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Heating –cooling Cycle: Heating Cooling Cycle was performed by keeping 10 ml of each of the

TTO nanoemulsion formulation at 40 ºC and 4 ºC alternatively for 48 hrs. The Cycle was

repeated in triplicates. Through this stability of Teat tree Oil (TTO)to different temperatures is

tested.

2.3.3Droplet Size Measurement: The droplet size measurement of Tea Tree Oil

(TTO)Nanoemulsion formulation was determined using 90 plus particle size analyzer(ZS,90

Malvern Instruments,UK) before analysis each of TTO nanoemulsion was diluted with Deionized

water to lower viscosity and multiple light scattering effect.

2.4. Antibacterial Activity:

2.4.1Antibacterial activity by Agar- Well Diffusion Method:

Antibacterial activity of different Tea Tree Oil(TTO) nanoemulsion was investigated using Agar

Well Diffusion Method suggested in manual On Antimicrobial susceptibility Testing(Ind.Ass.of

Microbiologist).For this 100µl of 24 hrs.Old nutrient broth culture of S.aureus, E.coli and S.typhi

is inoculated on different sterilized Hi-sensitivity Agar Plates. Culture is spreaded uniformly with

sterile cotton swab. Wells were made using sterile borer. To each of the well 100µlof each Tea

tree Oil (TTO) is added using micropipette aseptically. All the plates were then kept in

refrigerator for 30 minute so as to facilitate diffusion of Nanoemulsion in media along with

bacteriostatic action of low temperature in refrigerator. Culture plates with100µl of Tween 20,

Tween 80were and Ofloxacin antibiotic disc (Hi-media) were used as negative and positive

controls respectively. All the plates were incubated at 37 ºC for 24 hrs.in bacteriological

incubator. Next day zone of inhibition were measured using Zone size measurement scale. (Hi-

media).

3. Results and Discussions:

3.1 Physicochemical Characterization: Surfactant concentration found to affect the visual

appearance and %Transmittance of Tea Tree oil nanoemulsion. Tween 20 nanoemulsion (20T3&

20T4) and Tween 80 nanoemulsion (80T3 &80T4) showed higher %transmittance and

transparency which may be due to reduced droplet size.

3.2 Stability of Nanoemulsion: Stability of Tea Tree Oil (TTO) was increased by energy input

during ultrasonication process. Surfactant concentration does not appear to playy important role

in stability of nanemulsion.TableII shows physicochemical characterization & thermodynamic

stability of TTO nanoemulsion formulations. All the nanoemulsion containing Tween 20 &

Tween 80 were found to be thermodynamically stable with no noticeable change in pH. However

surfactant concentration found to affect %Transmittance and visual appearance of TTO

nanoemulsion.

Table II: Physicochemical Characterizations and Stability of Tea Tree oil Nano emulsions.

Nano emulsion

Formulation

Code

Visual

Appearance

%

Transmittance

pH Centrifugation H-C*

20 T1 Milky White 13 6.0 - -

20 T2 Milky White 14 6.0 + +

20 T3 Transparent 86 6.0 + +




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80T1 Milky 16 6.0 + +

80T2 Milky 14 6.5 + +

80T3 Translucent 75 7.0 + +


+=stable, -=unstable

3.3 Droplet Size Measurement:

Tea tree oil (TTO) based nanoemulsion was formulated in two steps. In first step, coarse

emulsion was prepared by drop wise addition ofdeionized water to organic phase containing Tea

Tree oil and Tween 20 and Tween 80 surfactant respectively in different ratios which is then

subjected to ultrasonication for 45min.resulting into nanoemulsion. Table III shows droplet size

of different nanoemulsion formulation .20T1 and 80T1 formulation shows maximum droplet size

of 265nm &286 nm respectively. Minimum droplet sizeof 86nm and 75nm is observed in 20T4

and 80T4 nanoemulsion respectively.From Graph I it can be inferred that surfactant

concentration played important role in droplet size reduction.

Table III: Droplet size measurement of Tea tree oil Nano emulsion after Ultra sonication for 45min.

Graph I: Droplet size of Tea Tree Oil (TTO) nanoemulsion

3.4 Antibacterial Activity: Formulated Tea Tree Oil nanoemulsion was tested for antibacterial activity

againstS.aureus, E.coli&S.typhi.Agar-well diffusion experiment demonstratesantibacterial activity of Tea

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

20T1 20 T2 20 T3 20 T4 80T1 80T2 80T3 80 T4

Dro

ple

t si

ze in

(n

m)

Nanoemulsion Formulation Code

Nano emulsion

Formulation

Code

Mean Droplet

Diameter

20T1 265±0.33

20 T2 112±0.14

20 T3 83±0.19

20 T4 76±0.24

80T1 286±0.15

80T2 125±0.34

80T3 65±0.22

80 T4 55±0.25




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Tree Oil (TTO). Table IV shows diameter of zone of inhibition for each nanoemulsion against bacteria

under study.

Table IV: Antibacterial Activity of Tea tree oil Nano emulsion Formulations.

Nano emulsion

Formulation

Code

Diameter of Zone of Inhibition in(mm) for Different Bacteria

S.aureus E.coli S.typhi

20T1 19 mm 13mm 20mm

20 T2 23mm 14mm No zone



80T1 17mm 15mm 12mm

80T2 No zone No zone No zone

80T3 No zone 15mm No zone

80 T4 No zone No zone 13mm

Controls

Tween 20 No zone 10mm No zone

Tween 80 No zone 11mm No zone

Ofloxacin 22mm 24mm 26mm

Graph: II Antibacterial activity of different Tea Tree Oil (TTO) Nanoemulsion

From Graph II,it is observed that Maximum antibacterial activity is observed for S.aureus in

20T2 nanoemulsion with droplet diameter of 112 nm.noticable rise in zone diameter is observed

with reduction in droplet diameter which can also be correlated with surfactant concentaration.It

is also noted that only 80T1 nanoemulsion in tween 80 category inhibited S.aureus.20T3

nanoemulsion with droplet diameter o f112nm showed maximum antibacterial activity against

E.coli with zone diameter of 17 mm in all nanoemulsion tested, all other Tea Tree

nanoemulsion(TTO) does not show any significant antibacterial activity against E.coli. For

S.typhi.Maximum zone of inhibition is observed in 20T1 nanoemulsion, rest of the others tea tree

nanoemulsion does not found to ineffective against S.typhi.

4. Conclusions:

Tea Tree oil based Stable nanoemulsioncontaining Tween 20 as surfactant with droplet diameter

in range of 112nm to 83 nm formulated using ultrasonication demonstrates maximum

bactericidal activity against S.aureus and E.coli.Present study illustrates that surfactant type,oil:

surfactant ratio had significant effect on droplet diameter. The Tea Tree Oil (TTO) 20T3

containing Tween 20 as surfactant in ratio of 1:3 showed significant antibacterial activity.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Dia

me

ter

of

Zo

ne

of

Inh

ibit

ion

(m

m)

Nanoemulsion Formulation

S.aureus

E.coli

S.typhi




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Antibacterial activity of this nanoemulsion is expected due to presence of terpinen-4-oland

reduced droplet diameter damaging bacterial cell membrane. Formulated 20T2 and 20T3Tea

Tree Oil nanoemulsion has potential against S.aureus and E.coli.

Acknowledgments: We deeply acknowledge Dr.S.J.DhobleNanotechnology Laboratory Dept.

Of physics RTM Nagpur University, for providing Probe Ultrasonicationand R.C.Patel college of

Pharmacy, Shirpur, Maharashtra for providing consultancy in droplet size measurement.

References:

1. Bakkali F. Aver beck S, Averbeck, Idamar M. Biological effects of essential oils-a

review. Food Chem.Toxicol.2008;46:446-475

2. Carson C.F, Hammer K.A.Riley T.V. Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree)oil;a review of

Antimicrobial and other medicinal properties-a review, Clinical Micro.Reviews,Jan

2006,vol 19:1 p 50-52

3. Kumar MNVR, Nano and microparticals as controlled Drug deliveryDevices. Journal of

Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical sciences.2000;3:234-258

4. Anton N, Benoit J-P Saulnier P.Design and production of nanoparticles formulated from

nanoemulsion templates-A Review.Journal of Cont.Release.2008;128 p 185-199.

5. Sharma N,Bansal M. VishtSharma P,Kulkarni G. nanoemulsion: A new concept of

Delivery system.Chronicles of Young Scientists.2010;1:2-6

6. A.Sao Pedro, I.Espirito Santo etal.The Use of nanotechnology as an approach for

essential oil based formulations with antimicrobial activity. Microbial Path. & Strat. For

combating them. Science Tech. & Edu, 2013, Vol 1.p-1364-1374.

7. Gutierrez JM, Gonzalez C, Maestra A., Sole I, Pey CM, Nolla J. Nanoemulsions: new

applications and optimization of their preparation. Currentopinion in colloid &Interface

Science. 2008; 13 p-245-251.

8. V.Ghosh,, S. Saranya, A.Mukherjee & N. Chandrasekaran, Cinnamon oil Nanoemulsion

Formulation by Ultrasonic Emulsification: Investigation of its Bactericidal activity. Jr.of

Nanosci.& Nanotech,2013,Vol.13,p -114-122

9. Pranit Savredkar &A. Bajaj, nanoemulsions a review, Int.Jr.of Res. In Pharm.

7chem.2016,6:2 p-312-322

10. Joyce Nirmala M. And Nagrajan R; Recent research trends in Fabrication and

applications of Plant essential oil Based Nanoemulsions. Jr.of Nanomed.

&Nanotech,2017,8 p-2157




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MkW- Hkhejko vEcsMdj % ekuokf/kdkj ds iqjks/kk

MkW- izseyrk ijlks;k lg vkpk;Z & jktuhfr foKku jkt- dyk dU;k egkfo|ky;]

dksVk ¼jkt-½ Email: [email protected]

nqfu;k esa vkus okys izR;sd O;fDr dks [kqyh gok esa lkal ysus ls ysdj iw.kZr% O;fDrRo fodkl djus ds vf/kdkj tUe ds lkFk gh izkIr gks tkrs gSA lcdks xfjekiw.kZ rFkk lEekfur thou thus dk vf/kdkj izdfr iznRr gksrk gS rFkk ;g fcuk fdlh izdkj dh igpku rFkk vk/kkj ds ekuo ek= gksus ds ukrs Lo;aeso izkIr gks tkrk gSA ;s vf/kdkj] ns”k] dky] HkkSxksfyd lhekvksa ls ijs fo”o ds izR;sd ekuo ek= ds izkIr gSA thuk vkSj xfjekiw.kZ rjhds ls thuk] nksuksa vyx ckr gS vkSj xfjek rFkk lEekuiw.kZ thou izkIr djuk gh ekuokf/kdkj gSA ;|fi izdfr us lHkh euq’;ksa dks leku :i ls ekuokf/kdkj fn;s gS ijUrq lekt dh O;oLFkk bl izdkj dh gksrh gS fd dqN l{ke yksxksa }kjk vU; ds vf/kdkjksa ij fu;U=.k dj fy;k tkrk gS ;k dqBkjk?kkr fd;k tkrk gSA ;gha ls lekt esa vlekurk iuius yxrh gS vkSj HksnHkkoksa ds fofHkUu Lo:iksa dk vUrghu flyflyk py fudyrk gSA vktknh ls iwoZ Hkkjr esa lkekftd fo’kerk us lekt dks cqjh rjg ls tdM+ j[kk Fkk ftlesa tkfrxr vk/kkj ij mPp o fuEu oxZ rFkk tkfr;k¡ foHkkftr FkhA mPp tkfr ds yksxksa dks lHkh rjg ds vf/kdkj rFkk thou thus ds lk/ku miyC/k Fks ijUrq fuEu tkfr ds yksxksa dk thou vR;Ur n;uh; n”kkvksa esa Fkk] mUgsa ekuo thou dh ewyHkwr lqfo/kkvksa ls Hkh oafpr fd;k gqvk Fkk vFkkZr~ i”kqvksa ls Hkh cnrj thou thus dks ;s oxZ etcwj FkkA MkW- vEcsMdj dk lfØ; lkekftd thou esa inkiZ.k LorU=rk izkfIr ds fy, fd;s tk jgs jk’Vªh; vkUnksyu ds nkSj esa gqvkA vEcsMdj us Lo;a fuEu tkfr esa tUe ysus ds dkj.k vlguh; ;krukvksa dks lgk Fkk ijUrq bu foifjr gkykrksa ls oks detksj ugha gq, cfYd mRrjksRrj etcwr gksrs x;s vkSj viuh fo}rk] dk;Z{kerk vkSj nwjnf”kZrk ls oafpr] “kksf’kr] xjhc] Jfed] efgyk ----- vkfn oxksZa ds fy, ekuokf/kdkjksa dh O;oLFkk djds vykSfdd iq:’k dh Js.kh esa lfEefyr gks x,A MkW- vEcsMdj dks ;g vkHkkl gks pqdk Fkk fd vaxzstksa ls gesa vktknh nsj&losj fey gh tk,xh ijUrq blh ns”k esa mPp oxksZa }kjk fuEu oxksZa dk tks “kks’k.k fd;k tk jgk gS mls [kRe djuk cgqr t:jh gSA ihfM+r vkSj “kksf’kr oxksZa dh vkokt dks cqyUn djus ds fy, lu~ 1920 esa êwd uk;d^ lekpkj i= dk izdk”ku fd;kA êwduk;d^ ds izFke vad esa vEcsMdj us Hkkjr ds vNwrksa dh nk:.k n”kk ij maxyh j[krs gq, fy[kk & Hkkjr dks LorU= gksus ls iwoZ vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] /kkfeZd vkfn {ks=ksa esa




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lekurk LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,A fcuk mlds jktuhfrd vktknh dk vFkZ gksxk ^lRrk dk lFkkukurj.kÂ1 ckck lkgsc] MkW- vEcsMdj us foifjr gkykrksa dks gjkdj viuh f”k{kk izkfIr ij cy fn;k tks fd mUgsa cgqr eqf”dy ls ¼foRRkh; vHkko ds dkj.k½ feyh ijUrq mUgksusa viuh fo}rk dk fujUrj ifjp; fn;k rFkk _.k o lgk;rk ds :i esa mUgsa Ldkyjf”ki Hkh miyC/k gqbZA mUgsa mPp f”k{kk izkfIr gsrq ;wjksi rFkk vesfjdk tkus dk volj feyk ogk¡ mUgksusa LorU=rk rFkk lekurk dk egRo le>k vkSj vius ns”k esa bUgsa LFkkfir djuk viuk y{; cuk;kA vEcsMdj dsoy nfyr oxZ ds fgek;rh ugha Fks] vfirq lekt ds oafpr] “kksf’kr] ihfM+r yksxksa ds m)kjd Fks Hkys gh ;s yksx fdlh Hkh tkfr o oxZ ls lEcU/k D;ksa u j[krs gksA MkW- vEcsMdj us vius nqfo/kk iw.kZ thou esa f”k{kk dh egRrk dks iwjh rjg le> fy;k Fkk fd f”k{kk gh lekt esa O;kIr fdruh Hkh iqjkuh leL;k dks tM+ ls [kRe dj ldrh gSA f”k{kk dh rqyuk mUgksusa “ksjuh ls nw/k ls dh rFkk bl ukjs ls lekt ds ihfM+r oxZ esa izsj.kkLin ÅtkZ dk lapkj fd;k & ^f”kf{kr cuks ] ^laxfBr cuks ] ^la?k’kZ djks A ckck lkgsc us lekt ds gj /keZ o leqnk; ds oafpr] ihfM+r] “kksf’kr yksxksa ds dY;k.k vkSj fodkl rFkk vf/kdkjksa ds fy, thoui;ZUr dk;Z fd;kA Hkkjr gh fo”o esa ,d ,slk ns”k gS tgk¡ ij bruh vf/kd tkfr;k¡ vkSj mitkfr;k¡ gS rFkk buds chp xgjk vUrjky o fo’kerk gSA mPp tkfr ds yksxksa }kjk fuEu tkfr ds yksxksa dks viekfur fd;k tkrk] “kwnz o.kZ dk dsoy ek= ,d gh dke jg x;k Fkk Åijh rhuksa o.kksZa dh lsok djukA bu lcdh otg Fkh og xzUFk] euqLe`fRr] ftlds vUrxZr xSj&cjkcjh dh ckrksa dk o.kZu fn;k gqvk FkkA euqLe`fRr ds vuqlkj ftl O;fDr us ftl tkfr esa tEu fy;k gS og mlh ds ijEijkxr is”ks ds vfrfjDr dkfcfy;r gksrs gq, Hkh vU; is”kksa esa f”kjdr ugha dj ldrk FkkA bu HksnHkko iw.kZ O;ogkj ls ckck lkgsc cgqr f[kUu gq, rFkk mUgksusa bl HksnHkko dh tM+] euqLe`fr dks gh tyk fn;kA MkW- vEcsMdj us ekuo dks ekuoh; vkpj.k o xfjeke;h laLdfr ds fodkl dh T;ksfr tykbZA dkykjke efUnj izos”k vkUnksyu rFkk egkM+ lR;kxzg muds blh lksp dk ifj.kke dgs tk ldrs gSA dkykjke efUnj esa “kwnzksa dk izos”k oftZr Fkk ftlls bl oxZ dks ekufld izrkM+uk dk vuqHko gksrk Fkk rFkk egkM+ rkykc ls bl “kwnz oxZ dks ihus dk ikuh rd ugha ysus fn;k tkrk Fkk tks fd izkdfrd U;k; ds fl)kUrksa ds f[kykQ gSA mUgksusa bl oafpr oxZ ;s eU= Qwadk fd vkidksa vius gd ds fy, ,dtqV gksdj la?k’kZ djuk iM+sxk rFkk fo”kky lrj ij vkUnksyu fd;k rFkk oafpr oxZ ds vHkkoksa dks nwj fd;kA MkW- vEcsMdj us lerk lekt la?k] egkj iapk;r] bf.Mis.MsaV ycj ikVhZ] E;wfuflfiy odZl ;wfu;u] vkWy bf.M;k f”kM~;wy dkLV QsMjs”ku] ihiqYl ,stqds”ku lkslkbVh tSls laxBuksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k] rkfd okafpr rcds esa lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd tkx`fr dks mRiUu fd;k tk ldsA




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vEcsMdj us ekuokf/kdkj ls oafpr yksxksa dks ekuokf/kdkj lqyHk djkus ds fy, Hkjld iz;kl fd,A mudh Hkwfedk ns”k esa dqN Hkh jgh gks] os xouZj tujy dh dk;Zdkfj.kh esa lnL; gks ;k cEcbZ fo/kku ifj’kn esa Je eU=h ;k fQj Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh izk:i lfefr ds v/;{k ds :i esa jgs gks] mUgksusa gj txg ekuokf/kdkj ;qDr lekt fuekZ.k dh ckr dghA2 ;|fi tkfrxr vk/kkj ij HksnHkkoksa dks [kRe djus dh ckr vusd lekt lq/kkjdksa us dh Fkh] xk¡/kh th us Hkh vius loksZn; fl)kUr dk vk”k; ;gh O;Dr fd;k Fkk fd lcdk leku :i ls fodkl gks rFkk lHkh leku :i esa lHkh vf/kdkjksa dk mi;ksx dj ik;saA ;gk¡ rd fd xk¡/kh th us tkfrxr O;oLFkk dh cqjkb;ksa dks Hkh nwj djus dk iz;Ru fd;k Fkk ijUrq oks deZ ij vk/kkfjr o.kZ O;oLFkk dks cuk;s j[kuk pkgrs FksA MkW- vEcsMdj us Lo;a bl tkfrxr HksnHkko ij vk/kkfjr vU;k;ksa dks lgk Fkk blfy, mUgksusa o.kZ O;oLFkk dks gh iwjh tkfrxr leL;k dh tM+ crk;k D;ksafd dHkh deZ ij vk/kkfjr jgh o.kZO;oLFkk] vc iw.kZr% tkfr ij vk/kkfjr gks pqdh FkhA blfy, MkW- vEcsMdj us ekuo ek= dks U;k; fnyokus rFkk ekuokf/kdkjksa dh izkfIr djokus ds fy, tkfr izFkk ij lokZf/kd izgkj fd, vkSj Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa tkfr vk/kkfjr vLi”;rk dks vuqPNsn&17 ds rgr~ n.Muh; vijk/k ?kksf’kr djok;kA ;g ekuo lekt ds fgr esa cgqr cM+k fu.kZ; FkkA iq.ks ds v[kckj ^Kku izdk”k^ us fy[kk fd vEcsMdj dk thou Hkkjrh; yksxksa ds fy, ,d egku vkn”kZ gSA mUgksusa vius LokFkZ o lQyrk ds fy, dHkh Hkh lekt o jk’Vª dks /kks[kk ugha fn;k vkSj ljdkj ds lkeus turk ds chp gj eqÌs ij fuHkhZdrk ls fopkj j[ksA3 MkW- vEcsMdj dh iqLrd ^,ufgys”ku vkWQ dkWLV^ mudh ,d egku jpuk gS ftls lkE;okfn;ksa dh ckbZcy ^dE;qfuLV esfuQsLVksa ds rqY; le>k tk ldrk gSA blesa mUgksusa “kwnzksa vkSj vNwrksa dh ;krukvksa dk ftØ djrs gq, fy[kk Fkk fd dSls ;s oxZ vk/kkjHkwr ekuokf/kdkjksa ls oafpr dj fn;k x;k FkkA ckck lkgsc us yUnu esa vk;ksftr ¼1930] 1931 vkSj 1932½ rhuksa xksyest lEesyuksa esa Hkkx fy;k rkfd oks viuh ihM+k fczfV”k ljdkj dks crk ldsA tc ns”k dh vktknh ds ln~iz;Ru rhoz xfr ls gks jgs Fks rc vEcsMdj oafpr oxZ dh lkekftd vktknh ds iz;klksa esa layXu FksA dbZ ckj mudh bl ckr ds fy, vkykspuk Hkh dh tkrh gS fd ns”k dh vktknh ls iwoZ oks oxZ fo”ks’k ds fy, la?k’kZ dj jgs Fks] ijurq ;g lR; ugha gS D;ksafd vEcsMdj LorU=rk] lekurk vkSj cjkcjh ds fl)kUrksa esa n`<+ fo”okl j[krs Fks vkSj ;s muds lHkh ys[kksa ds fl)kUrksa dks ekxZn”kZu dj jgs Fks ysfdu mUgsa irk Fkk fd vkfFkZd vlekurk vkSj lkekftd vU;k; LorU=rk ds fy, gkfudkjd gSA blfy, lkekftd yksdrU= vksj vkfFkZd U;k; ds fcuk jktuhfrd yksdrU= vFkZghu gSA4 MkW- vEcsMdj dk ;g Hkh fo”okl Fkk fd ns”k o nqfu;k esa yksdrU= dk dksbZ fodYi ugha gSA mUgksusa miuh ,d iqLrd] jkT; vkSj vYila[;d esa dgk gS fd jktuhfrd yksdrU= pkj voLFkkvksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS %&

• O;fDr gh vUrr% izeq[k gksrk gSA




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• O;fDr ds dqN migj.kh; vf/kdkj gksrs gS ftudks lafo/kku }kjk lqfuf”pr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

• fdUgha lqfo/kkvksa dh izkfIr gsrq ;g “krZ ugha gks ldrh fd blds fy, O;fDr dks vius fdlh laoS/kkfud vf/kdkj dk ifjR;kx djuk iM+sxkA

• ljdkj futh yksxksa dks ,sls vf/kdkj ugha lkSaisxh tks nwljksa ij izHkqRo LFkkfir djus okys gksA5

MkW- vEcsMdj dsoy ,d fo”ks’k oxZ ds fgr laj{k.k dk dke ugha dj jgs Fks vfirq iwjs Hkkjr o’kZ ds lHkh oafpr] ihfM+rksa vkSj “kksf’krksa ds fgrksa dk laj{k.k muds thou dk ewy y{; FkkA mUgksusa vius ifjokj o O;fDrxr fgrksa ij dHkh Hkh /;ku dsfUnzr ugha fd;k cfYd iwjk ns”k gh muds fy, ifjokj Fkk rFkk gj ,d ds fodkl gsrq oks cgqr dqN djuk pkgrs FksA vktknh ds ckn Hkkjr dk lafo/kku tc fufeZr gks jgk Fkk] vkidks izk:i lfefr ds v/;{k ds :i esa dke djus dk lkSHkkX; izkIr gqvk vkSj lafo/kku }kjk ukxfjdksa dks vf/kdkjksa dk fiVkjk lkSaidj oks lHkh tuksa ds HkkX; laokjus okys “k[l cu x;sA izk:i lfefr esa oSls 7 lnL; Fks ijUrq muesa ls dqN chekj Fks rks dqN fons”k pys x;s rFkk dqN vf/kd le; ugha ns ik;s rks LokHkkfod gh vEcsMdj dks vf/kd esgur djuh iM+hA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku }kjk ukxfjdksa dks 7 ewy vf/kdkj fn;s x;s ijUrq lekt esa vehjh vkSj xjhch dh [kkbZ dks vkSj vf/kd xgjk djus okys lEifRr ds ewy vf/kdkj dks 1978 eas 44 osa lafo/kku la”kks/ku }kjk lekIr dj fn;k x;kA orZeku esa Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa dks izkIr ewy vf/kdkjksa dks fuEu pkVZ ls le>k tk ldrk gs %& vuq- 14&18 vuq- 25&28 vuq- 19&22 vuq- 29&30 vuq- 23&24 vuq- 32

lekurk dk vf/kdkj

LorU=rk dk vf/kdkj

laoS/kkfud mipkjksa dk vf/kdkj

“kks’k.k ds fo:) vf/kdkj

/kkfeZd LorU=rk dk vf/kdkj

Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa ds ewy vf/kdkj

f”k{kk vkSj laLdfr dk vf/kdkj




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vEcsMdj dsoy vf/kdkj fnykdj gh vius dRrZO; dks iwjk ugha le> jgs Fks cfYd bu vf/kdkjksa dks lekt dk izR;sd O;fDr ik lds bldh O;oLFkk djuk pkgrs Fks vkSj blds fy, lekt esa HksnHkkoiw.kZ tSls vfHk”kki ls lekt dks lqj{kk fnykuk pkgrs FksA bl gsrq mUgksusa vesfjdk esa uhxzksa yksxksa ds lkFk HksnHkko jksdus gsrq tks fof/k viukbZ xbZ Fkh mls Hkkjr esa ykxw djus dh vihy dh D;ksafd mUgsa irk Fkk fdlh dk fo”ks’kkf/kdkj cgqrksa ds vf/kdkjksa dh cfy }kjk fufeZr gksrk gSA vEcsMdj lkekftd lekurk ds cM+s i{k/kj Fks vkSj lekt esa ekuo&ekuo ds chp mRiUu HksnHkko mUgsa cgqr fpfUrr djrk FkkA lekt dh vk/kh vkcknh ds fy, MkW- vEcsMdj us lokZf/kd /;ku fn;k D;ksafd mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ifjokj o lekt dh uhoa efgyk dgh tkrh gS rks bUgsa lcls igys l”kDr fd, tkus dh t:jr gSA MkW- vEcsMdj us fgUnw /keZ esa NkbZ efyurk] efgykvksa dks iSrd lEifr esa fgLlsnkjh] L=h vkSj iq:’k Hksn dks lekIr djus ds fy, dM+h esgur vkSj yxu ls ^fgUnw dksM fcy^ rS;kj fd;kA ns”k ds iz[;kr lekt foKkfu;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd ^;fn fgUnw dksM fcy vktknh ds rqjUr ckn ewy :Ik esa gh ikfjr gks tkrk gS rks ns”k dh cgqr lkjh lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ij vadq”k yx tkrkÂ6 nqHkkZX; ls fgUnw dksM fcy ml le; ikfjr ugh gks ik;k D;ksafd gekjs dbZ dV~VjiaFkh cU/kqvksa] lekt lq/kkjdksa us bl fcy dks ,d eq”r ikfjr gksus esa “kk;n viuh rkSghu le>hA ;g fcy lekt dh iqjkuh nfd;kuwlh ijEijkvksa ij tcjnLr izgkj FkkA ftleas fL=;ksa dks fookg] fookg foPNsn] fojklr] xqtkjk HkRrk rFkk nRrd izFkk ds lEcU/k esa fofHkUu izko/kku FksA MkW- vEcsMdj dks fgUnw dksM fcy ikl ugh gksus dk bruk nq%[k gqvk fd vkius dkuwuh eU=h ds in ls R;kx i= ns fn;kA ;|fi ;gh fgUnw dksM fcy vkxs vusd VqdM+ks esa foHkkftr gksdj LorU= dkuwuksa ds :i esa ykxw gqvkA okLrfodrk ;s gh fd bUnha ds cnkSyr efgykvksa us vius ekuokf/kdkjksa dks izkIr fd;k rFkk l”kDrhdj.k ds fofHkUu eqdke Hkh gkfly fd;A cl] fgUnw dksM fcy dk Js; mudksa ugha feyuk Fkk ijUrq mudh Hkkoukvksa dks tSls&tSls ckn esa le>k;k] oSls gh mudksa fØ;kfUor Hkh fd;k x;kA er nsus dk vf/kdkj Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dks lafo/kku fuekZ.k ds lkFk gh fcuk la?k’kZ fd, fey x;k] bldk Js; vEcsMdj dks gh fn;k tkuk pfg,A tcfd ;wjksi vkSj vesfjdk dh efgykvksa dks ,d yEcs la?k’kZ ds ckn ;g vf/kdkj feyk gSaA efgykvksa dks lafo/kku }kjk iz}r ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dk ifj.kke gh ;g gS fd jk’Vªifr] iz/kkueU=h] jkT;ksa ds jkT;iky] eq[;ea=h] yksdlHkk] jkT;lHkk v/;{k] fo/kkulHkk v/;{k] fons”k eU=h] j{kk eU=h] lsuk esa mPp inks rFkk vusdkusd loks ZPp inksa ij Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dks dk;Z djus dk volj feyk rFkk viuh izfrHkk dh felkysa Hkh is”k dj ldhaA MkW- vEcsMdj vkSj xkW/kh th] nksuksa us lekt esa lcds fodkl vkSj mRFkku dh ckr dgh gS rFkk loksZn;] xkW/kh dk izeq[k fl}kUr ekuk tkrk gSA xkW/kh dks loksZn; lEca/kh fopkjksa dk vFkZ gS %&




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• ,d O;fDr dh HkykbZ esa gh lcdh HkykbZ fufgr gSA

• Okdhy vkSj ukbZ nksuksa ds dk;Z dh dher ,d lh gksuh pkfg,]D;ksafd vkthfodk dk vf/kdkj lcdksa ,d leku gSA

• esgur& etnwjh djus okyk fdlku dk lknk thou gh lPpk thou gSA7 blh rjg MkW- vEcsMdj us Hkh lekt ds izR;sd O;fDr ds fodkl] dY;k.k vkSj vf/kdkjksa ij /;ku fn;kA muds thou dk y{; Fkk fd lekt esa ,d Hkh O;fDr misf{kr u jg ik;sa rFkk xfjekiw.kZo lEekuiw.kZ thou ls oafpr u jgs] blhfy, detksj rcds ds izfr mudh lgkuqHkwfr vf/kd jgh] D;ksfd l{ke rks fdlh Hkh :Ik esa vius fgrksa dks ik ysrk gS ijUrq nqcZy viuh nqn”kkZ dks fu;fr dk ifj.kke ekudj “kksf’kr thou esa gh lUrks’k dj ysrs gSA mUgksusa Jfedksa vkSj etnwjksa dh lkekftd lqj{kk rFkk ekuof/kdkj dh rjQ /;ku fn;k vkSj blls lEcfU?kr fofHkUu izko/kku Hkkjr ds lafo/kku easa “kkfey fd, x,A rnuq:Ik gh Jfedksa o etnwjksa dks loSrfud vodk”k rFkk dk;ZLFky ij ekuoksfpr n”kkvksa dh miyC/krk dh vo/kkj.kk vfLrRo esa vkbZA MkW- vEMcsdj dh v/;{krk esa ;q} lkexzh cukus okys dkj[kkuksa rFkk m|ksxks esa izcU/k desVh ds fuekZ.k ij LVsf.Max desVh dh cSBd lEiUu gqbZ FkhA dk;ZLFky ij e`R;q vFkok vax&Hkax dh fLFkfr esa fey ekfydksa }kjk {kfriwfrZ rFkk ifjokj dk Hkj.k&iks’k.k fn;k tkuk] ckck lkgsc dh uhfr;ksa dk gh ifj.kke gSA Hkkjrh; laLdfr fofHkUu mi&laLdfr;ksa dk lfEeJ.k dgh tkrh gS rFkk bl fo”ks’krk dh fujUrjrk gsrq vYila[;d oxksZ dh f”k{kk rFkk laLdfr ds laj{k.k dk Hkh MkW- vECksMdj us iwjk [;ky j[kk rFkk vuq- 29 o 30 esa Hkkkjrh; lafo/kku esa bls “kkfey fd;kA ekuokf/kdkjksa ds ml elhgk us u dsoy ewy vf/kdkjksa ij Qksdl fd;k cfYd Hkfo’; esa ljdkj }kjk ukxfjd vf/kdkjksa dk vfrØe.k u fd;k tk, bldh Hkh O;oLFkk dhA ekuokf/kdkjksa dk laj{k.k O;fDr U;k;ky; ls ekax ldrk gSA ftls fd budh xkj.Vh Lo:i dgk tk ldrk gSA MkW- vEcsMdj us lekt dks mPp rFkk fuEu oxZ esa ckWVus okyh tkfr O;oLFkk ij izgkj fd,a D;kasfd ;s tkfr O;oLFkk gh Hkkjrh; lekt dks Å¡pkbZ dh rjQ tkus ls jksd jgh FkhA bl iqjkru O;oLFkk esa tUe ds vk/kkj ij gh lcdh mUufr rFkk fodkl ds Lo:i dks fuf”pr dj fn;k tkrk Fkk ,oa O;fDr viuh cqf}erk o dk;Z{kerk ds vk/kkj ij mUufr ds mPp f”k[kjksa dksa ugha Nw ldrk FkkA ,d oxZ ds Nwus ek= ls vU; oxksZa ds vifo= gksus tSlh dqjhfr;ksa dks vEcsMdj us vius vkUnksyu dh eqfge }kjk [kRe fd;kA ftl rkykc esa xk;sa] HkSals] dqRrs ikuh ih ldrs Fks] ugk ldrs Fks mlls ,d “kwnz o.kZ dk O;fDr ihus dk ikuh ugha ys ldrk FkkA D;ksafd mlds Nwus ek= ls ml rkykc ds ikuh dks vifo= ekuk tkrk FkkA MkW- vEcsMdj us bl rcds dks lekt dh eq[; /kkjk esa yksus ds fy, iz;Ru fd, vkSj lQyrk Hkh izkIr dhA viuh mPp f”k{kk ds Øe esa mUgsa fofHkUu ns”kksa es tkus dk volj feyk rks mUgksusa dgha ij Hkh tkfrxr vk/kkj ij HksnHkko dk ,slk eatj ugha ns[kkA




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blfy, mUgksusa bl nqcZy rcds ds fgrksa ds laj{k.k rFkk mUgsa lekt dk vfHkUu fgLLkk cukus ds fy, fofHkUu vkUnksyu fd, rFkk lafo/kku esa muds fy, fo”ks’k izko/kku Hkh fd, rkfd ;s f”k{kk rFkk jkstxkj ds voljksa dks izkIr dj ldsA vUrr% ;gh dgk tk ldrk gS fd MkW- vEcsMdj ,d O;fDr esa vussd O;fDrRo lesVs gq, Fks tSls lekt lq/kkjd] vf/koDrk] jktuhfrK] vFkZ”kkL=h] n”kZu”kkL=h] f”k{kd ------ vkfn vFkkZr oks rks ekuork ds elhgk dgs tkrs gSA ,d fuEu tkfr esa tUe ysdj] fofHkUu ;krukvksa dks lgdj Hkh MkW- vEcsMdj vius le; ds lcls vf/kd i<s+&fy[ks O;fDr] cqf}thoh rFkk nk”kZfud FksA vkidks ukS Hkk’kkvksa dk Kku Fkk blfy, fofHkUu ns”kksa ds lafo/kkuksa dk v/;;u djds mlesa ls vPNh ckrksa dks Lohdkj dj viusa lfoa/kku eas “kkfey djok;kA vEcsMdj dk ekuuk Fkk fd fo’o esa vPNs “kklu ds fl)kUrksa ij fdlh jk’Vª dk ,dkf/kdkj ugha gS bUgsa lHkh jk’Vªksa }kjk viuk;k tk ldrk gSA dbZ ckj v/kdpjs Kku ds dkj.k dqN yksxksa }kjk ;g dg fn;k tkrk gS fd MkW- vEcsMdj us nfyr oxZ ds fgrksa dk gh laj{k.k fd;k] ijUrq ml ekuork ds m)kjd ds fy, ;s fVIif.k;kW mfpr izrhr ugha gksrhA oks rks lkekftd U;k; ds fy, la?k’kZjr~ jgs vksj lekt ds gj tkfr&/keZ] oxZ ds fiNM+ks vkSj oafprksa dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd U;k; miyC/k djokdj] mUgsa jk’Vª dh eq[;/kkjk esa “kkfey djds jk’Vª fuekZ.k ds egRoiw.kZ dk;Z dks lEiUu fd;kA MkW- vEcsMdj ml le; Hkh Hkkjr ds lokZf/kd f”kf{kr o fMxzh;kW gkfly fd, gq, FksA vkWDlQksMZ] dksyfEc;k tSls fo”ofo|kyvksa ls f”k{kk izkIr djus dk mUgsa volj feyk FkkA oks pkgrs rks fons”k esa vPNh lh ukSdjh izkIr dj ldrs Fks ijUrq mUgksusa jk’Vª ds fy, vius ;ksxnku dks t:jh le>kA ;gkW vkdj ukxfjdkssa ds fgrksa] vf/kdkjksa ds lja{k.k rFkk lafo/kku ds fuekZ.k esa egRowi.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA mUgha dk ;ksxnku Fkk Hkkjr dk ,slk fo”kky o lqn`< lafo/kku cuk fd vusd >a>kor vk;s ijUrq gekjk lafo/kku vVy o fLFkj cuk jgk tcfd gekjs lkFk vktkn gksus okys nf{k.k ,f”k;kbZ ns”kksa es fdruh gh ckj lafo/kku cus rFkk fcxM+s vkSj fLFkj ljdkjksa dk Hkh vHkko jgkA MkW- vEcsMdj ds O;fDrRo vkSj dfrRo ds vk/kkj ij gh dksyfEc;k] fo”ofo|ky; us mUgsa dqN le; iwoZ gh loZJs’B fo|kFkhZ dk f[krkc fn;k rFkk fo”ofo|ky; ds eq[;}kj ij mudh izfrek LFkkfir dj mUgsa lEekfur fd;k] ;s ge lHkh Hkkjrh;ksa ds ,d xksjokfUor gksus ds ckr gSA

lUnHkZ 1- MkW- /keZohj pUnsy & ekuokf/kdkj esa vEcsMdj dk ;ksxnku

jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj] 2016 2- fQj ogh] i’B& 67 i’B 57 3- MkW- ,e-,y- ifjgkj & ckck lkgsc vEcsMdj ykbQ ,.M fe”ku cq}e

ifCy”klZ] t;iqj] 2017] i- 216




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4- MkW- nhid ;kno dk ys[k & MkW- Hkhejko vEcsMdj % turk ds elhgk oYMZ Qksdl] tqykbZ 2017] i’B& 64

5- MkW- Hkhejko vEcsMdj & jkT; vkSj vYila[;d vuqoknd & vfuy dqekj izFke vkofr & 1947 fjfizUV & 2008 xkSre cqd lsUVj] fnYyh] i’B & 37

6- MkW- /keZohj pUnsy & iwoZ mn~/kr & i’B & 80 7- izks- ch-,e-“kekZ] izks- jked’.k nRRk “kekZ

MkW lfork “kekZ & xkW/kh n”kZu ds fofo/k vk;ke jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj 2017] i’B& 79




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Hkkjr esa vkarfjd Je izoklu ds dkj.k • Laktho dqekj] Lkgk;d izk/;kid

Ikq#"kksRRke FkksVs lektdk;Z egkfo|ky;] ukxiqj] egkjk"VªA lEidZ%09373155174, [email protected]

lkjka”k (Abstract) : çLrqr v/;;u dk mÌs”; Hkkjr esa vkarfjd Je çoklu ds dkj.kksa dks tkuuk FkkA bl mÌs”; dh izkfIr gsrqukxiqj“kgj ds çoklh Jfedksa dk p;u fd;k x;kA v/;;u gsrq lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA ftlds varxZr 383 mÙkjnkrkvksa dk p;u ^mÌs”;ijd&fof/k* ds ek/;e ls fd;k x;kA D;ksafd v/;;u esa ^xSj laHkkouk fun”kZu i)fr* dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS] vr% uewuk =qfV dk irk yxkuk laHko ugha FkkA izLrqr “kks/k esa mÌs”;ksa gsrq ladfyr vk¡dM+ksa dk fo”ys’k.k o.kZukRed fof/k ,ao lkaf[;dh }kjk fd;k x;k gSA v/;;u esa ik;k x;k fd izoklh Jfed eq[;r% vlaxfBr {ks= esa dk;Zjr gSaA og Hkou fuekZ.k] dqyh] pkSdhnkj] y?kq foØrk] fjD'kk pkyd] ?kjsyw etnwj] d`f"k etnwj vkfn gSaA bUgsa fu;fer dk;Z ugha feyrkA dbZ ckj etnwjh Hkh izpfyr nj ls de gSA jkstxkj lqj{kk ugha gSA lkekftd lqj{kk ugha gSA çoklh Jfed Je izko/kuksa dks izkIr djus esa v{ke gSA og misf{kr gSaA budh lq/k ysus okyk dksbZ ugha gSAçLrqr v/;;u esa çoklh mÙkjnkrkvksa us vius izoklu dks ,sfPNd crk;kA vf/kdka”k us ,dy izokl fd;k FkkA bUgksaus vkfFkZd #i ls det+ksj gksus ds dkj.k izokl fd;kA dbZ çokfl;ksaa us fookg vFkok ikfjokfjd ft+EEksankfj;ksa dks] vius izokl dk dkj.k crk;kA mÙkjnkrk bl ckr ls lger Fks fd xk¡o ij jkst+xkj dh vfu”prrk o voljksa dh deh ds dkj.k mUgsa izokl djuk iM+kA mUgksaus xk¡o ij fuEu ikfjJfed feyus dh ckr dghA xk¡o ij d`f’k vYkkHkdkjh FkhA mÙkjnkrk bl dFku ls lger Fks fd ckj&ckj iM+us okyh izkd`frd vkinkvksa tSls ck<+] lq[kk bR;kfn ds dkj.k mudk thou dfBu gks x;k FkkA mÙkjnkrk bl ckr ls lger Fks fd muds xk¡o ds nksLr@fj”rsnkj ukxiqj esa izokl dj x;s Fks] bl dkj.k mUgksaus izokl fd;kA og bl dFku ls lger Fks fd og ftUnxh esa vkxs c<+uk pkgrs Fks bl dkj.k mUgksaus izokl fd;kA izLrqr 'kks/k dh lhek ;g gS fd ;g v/;;u flQZ ukxiqj 'kgj rd gh lhfer gSA v/;;u bZdkbZ ¼sample size½ Hkh lhfer gSA izLrqr v/;;u dks ,d ^dsl LVMh*ds #i esa fy;k x;k gSA ;g lHkh txg ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrkA eq[; “kCn (Keywords) : Áoklu] vkçoklh] mRçoklhA

1- çLrkouk(Introduction)% Hkkjr dh tux.kuk] izoklu dks LFkku o le; ds lanHkZ esa ns[krh gSA ,d fuf'Pkr le; ij ;fn dksbZ O;fDr vius tUe&LFkku ls fHkUUk LFkku ij fuokl djrs gq, ik;k x;k rks] mls vkÁoklh dgk tkrk gSA ftl LFkku ls og izokl djrk gSa] ogk¡ mls mRÁoklh dgrs gSaA izokl dh vof/k dk tula[;kfonksa us 60 fnu fuf”pr fd;k gSA ;fn dksbZ O;fDr vius fuokl LFkku ij 60 fnu ls vf/kd vof/k ls fuokl dj jgk gS rks mls izoklh ekuk tk;sxkA

O;olkf;d lekt dk;Z O;fDr dh euksa&lkekftd leL;kvksa ds lek/kku gsrq dqy N% oSKkfud i)fr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrk gS( blesa ^lekt dk;Z vuqla/kku* çeq[k gSA lekt dk;Z vius fo"k; {ks= ds foLrkj gsrq uohu dk;Z jpukvksa ds fuekZ.k dk dk;Z Hkh djrk gS rkfd fofHkUUk dk;Z jpukvksa dh dk;Z{kerk dk ekiu fd;k tk lds] muesa c<+ksÙkjh gks]o uohu dk;Z jpukvksa dk fuekZ.k gksA izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa îzoklh dsfUnzr lekt dk;Z*(Migrant Centered Social Work),d uohu fo"k; {ks= ds vUkos"k.k ds #i eas gSA

2- v/;;u i)fr (Methodology)% izLrqr “kks/k i= esa fuf”pr fd;s x;s mÌs”; ds v/;;u gsrq LofufeZr lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA blds fy, 383 mÙkjnkrkvksa dk p;u mÌs”;ijd fof/k ds ek/;e ls fd;k x;k] tks fd Lo;a ,d izoklh FksA blds vfrfjDr eq[kj&O;fDr;ksa ls lwpuk;sa Hkh bdëk dh x;ha] ftUgsa fo’k;oLrq dh O;kid




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le> FkhA vuqla/kkudÙkkZ }kjk fufeZr lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph ds }kjk ^^Hkkjr esa vkarfjd Je Áoklu ds dkj.kksa ds v/;;u** ls lacf/kr tkudkjh çkIr dh x;hA D;ksafd bl v/;;u esa xSj laHkkouk fun”kZu i)fr dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS] vr% uewuk =qfV dk irk yxkuk laHko ugha FkkA izLrqr “kks/k esa mÌs”;ksa gsrq ladfyr vkadM+ksa dk fo”ys’k.k o.kZukRed fof/k ,ao lkaf[;dh }kjk fd;k x;k gSA v/;;u {ks= ukxiqj “kgj FkkA

3- v/;;u ds mÌs”; ¼Objectives½% fdlh Hkh “kks/k v/;;u ds fy, mís”; dks fuf”pr djuk cgqr egRo j[krk gS D;ksafd mís”; }kjk gh ;g fuf”pr fd;k tkrk gS fd dkSu ls vkadM+s ,df=r djus gSaA mís”; fu/kkZj.k }kjk “kks/k dks ,d fn”kk feyrh gS vkSj vuko”;d rF;ksa ds ladyu esa /ku ,ao Je dh cckZnh dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA vr% çLrqr vuqla/kku dk mís”; fuEu gSA

� Hkkjr esa vkarfjd Je izoklu ds dkj.kksa dks Kkr djukA 4- Hkkjr esa vkarfjd çoklu%

Hkkjr dh tux.kuk 2011 ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa dqy vkarfjd izokfl;ksa dh la[;k 40 djksM+ gSA Hkkjr esa lu~ 2001&2011 ds chp 9k8 djksM+ yksxksa us vius tUeLFkku ls mRizokl fd;kA 8k1 djksM+ mRizoklh;ksa us vius xgjkT; ds Hkhrj gh izokl fd;k] tcfd vU; jkT; esa izokl djus okyksa dh la[;k 1k7 djksM+ FkhA fookg ds Ik'pkr~ efgykvksa }kjk vius tUeLFkku ls mRizokl dk vuqikr lokZf/kd ik;k x;kA egkjk"Vª jkT; esa 23k8 yk[k dk 'kq) vizokl( (Net-Migration)gqvkA ;fn ge fiNys n'kd ds izokl vkadM+ksa ij ut+j Mkysa rks ikrs gSa fd mRizokl] de fodflr jkT;ksa ls vf/kd fodflr jkT;ks a dh rjQ gqvk gSA mRizokl djus okys izFke ik¡p jkT;ksa esa mÙkj izns'k o fcgkj jkT; lcls mij gaS] buds ihNs rkfeyukMq] dsjy] o vka/kzizns'k dk uEcj vkrk gSA ftu jkT;ks a esa yksx vkizokl djds x;s muesa egkjk"Vª uEcj ,d ij gSA Øe'k% xqtjkr o gfj;k.kk jkT; dk uEcj vkrk gSA egkjk"Vª orZeku esa mRizokfl;ksa ds fy, uEcj 1 dh ilanhnk txg cuh gq;h gSA flQ+Z eqEcbZ dh ckr djsa rks fo”o cSad dh ,d fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj 1980 ds n'kd esa vk;s vizkokfl;ksa dh rqyuk esa 90 ds n'kd esa budh la[;k 2 xquh gks x;hA ;kfu fd 100 izfr'kr ls T;knk dh c<+ksÙkjhA vkt eqEcbZ dh vkcknh 1]60]00]000 gS] blesa 58 izfr'kr yksx fgUnh] xqtjkrh] o fla/kh Hkk"kk cksyrs gSa( ;g vkizoklh gaSA jk"Vªh; Lrj ds vkadM+ksa ij ut+j Mkyas rks] 'kgj esa jgus okyk gj 5ok¡O;fDRk izoklh gSA lu~ 2011 esa ns'kdh dqy tula[;k dk 30 izfr'kr fgLlk vius tUe LFkku ls foLFkkfir ik;k x;kA og mRizokl dj x;kA Hkkjr esa 10 esa ls 9 izoklh] xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ls 'kgj dh vksj vkrk gSA vr% fiNys 175 lky ds izoklu us( Je&izoklu dks mÙkj Hkkjr dh laLd`fr dk ,d vfuok;Z fgLlk cuk fn;k gSA ;g thou ;kiu dh etcwjh gSA izns”k esa f”k{kk dk Lrj det+ksj gSA jkst+xkj ,oa vU; vk/kkjHkwr lqfo/kkvksa dk vkHkko gSA vr% ^ckgj pyks* ;g ;qok dh tqcku dk lcls pgsrk tqeyk gSA ;qok ijns”k esa ,d ckj viuh fdLer vktekuk pkgrs gSaA iSlk] miHkksDrkokn o vU; lkekftd vko”;drk,¡ thou dk ,d vfuok;Z fgLlk cu pqdk gSA

5- çoklu dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd %

� vkS|ksfxd uhfr% vk/kqfud le; esa jkT; dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr izoklu dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA Hkkjr esa vkt+knh ds ckn cMs+ iSekus ij izoklu gqvkA blds ihNs usg# ;qxhu vkfFkZd fodkl ekWMy dke dj jgk FkkA geus vkS|ksfxd fodkl dk dsfUnz;dr ,oa Hkkjh ek=k esa mRiknu dk ekWMy viuk;kA ;g ekWMy gesa crkrk gSa fd fdlh ,d LFkku ij Hkkjh ek=k esa mRiknu o lLrs ifjogu ds lk/kuksa ds mi;ksx ls mudk ckt+kj rd foi.ku vkfFkZd #i ls ykHkdkjh gSA bl lksp dk vk/kkj if'Pke dk rkRdkfyd vkS|kSfxdhdj.k Fkk( ftl dkj.k fczVsu ds vuq#i gh Hkkjr esa Hkh cM+s iSekus ij izoklu gqvk( bl vkS|ksfxd n”kZu ds dkj.k Hkkjr esavkfFkZd mUufr esa ds {ks= cM+k vlaryqu iSnk gqvkA fczfV”k dky esa ftu {ks=ksa esa vkS|ksfxdj.k izkjaHk gqvk Fkk] vkt+knh ds ckn Hkh mUgha {ks=ksa esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl dk cksyckyk jgkA blls {ksf=;




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vlarqyu iSnk gqvkA fiNM+s jkT;vkSj fiNM+s x;s o fodflr {ks=ksa dk vkSj vf/kd fodkl gksrk pyk x;kA

� xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dh mis{kk% Hkkjr esa iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa ,oa xzke fodkl dk;ZØeksa ds ckotwn d`f"k {ks= misf{kr jgkA tcfd ns”k fd 80 izfr'kr tula[;k d`f"k dk;kZsa esa yxh gqbZ gSA orZeku esa d`f"k vykHkdkjh gSA og fuekZ.k m|ksx dk lkeuk ugha dj ldrh gSA bl dkj.k xzeh.k {ks= esa vkfFkZd #i ls fiNM+ x;sA yksxksa us csgrj vkfFkZd voljksa ds fy,] xk¡o ls 'kgj dh vksj izokl fd;kA 'kgj esa Ldwy] euksjatu] vLirky o jkst+xkj ds csgrj volj miyC/k gSaA tks orZeku le; dh vfuok;Z vko”;drk gS] blfy, yksxksa us 'kgjksa esa jguk ilan fd;kA

� uohu jk"Vªh;rk dk mn; o Lora=rk vkanksyu% Hkkjr ds Lora=rk vkanksyu us ns”k esa ,d uohu jk"Vªh;rk dks tUe fn;kA bl vkanksyu dk usr`Ro vf[ky Hkkjrh; FkkA Lora=rk lsukfu;ksa dk ekuuk Fkk fd d'ehj ls ys dj dU;kdqekjh rd Hkkjr ,d gSA Hkkjr ds yksx jkst+xkj o vU; voljksa dh ryk'k esa ns'k ds fdlh Hkh dksus esa vk tk ldrs gSaA ge ,sfrgkfld #i ls ,d gSaA lLrs jsy ifjogu o jk"Vªoknh fopkj/kkjk ds mn;ds ifj.kkeLo#i ns”k esa Je&izoklu esa rsth vk;hA bl izoklu ds ihNs Hkkjr dh jktuSfrd&lkaLd`frd fojklr Hkh dke dj jgh FkhA

� Ok S“ohdj.k dh uohu vkfFkZd uhfr o HkweaMyhdj.k% Hkkjr esa HkweaMyh;dj.k dh vkfFkZd uhfr ,ao [kqys cktkj (Free Trade)dh izfrLi/kkZ us] futh fuxeksa dks izkd`frd lalk/kuksa ds vfu;af=r nksgu dh [kqyh NwV ns j[[kh gSA ifj.kke Lo#i orZeku esa izoklu us vrhr dh LkHkh lhek;sa yka?k nh gSaA izoklu dqy tula[;k ds 7 izfr”kr ds fudV igq¡p pqdk gSA yxHkx 50 yk[k uohu izoklh izfro"kZ vius tUe LFkku ls jkst+xkj dh ryk”k esa “kgjksa dh rjQ f[kps pys vk jgs gSaA v[k+ckjksa eas izdkf'kr fjiksVkZsa ds vuqlkj vkfnokfl;ksa ds ty] taxy] tehu dks futh fuxeksa }kjk ywVk tk jgk gSA LFkkuh; iz'kklu dk futh fuxeksa dks izJ; izkIr gSA blls'kgjksa dh rjQ cM+s iSekus ij izoklu gks jgk gSA ;g ,d xaHkhj fo"k; gSA 'kgj dh vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk pjejk pqdh gSA ifj.kkLo#i 'kgjksa dh 42 izfr”kr tula[;k >qXXkh cLrh es a jgus dks et+cwj gSA orZeku vkfFkZd uhfr dh fn”kk ls bl ckr ds ladsr fey jgs gSa fd Hkfo"; esa Hkkjr esa izoklu dh xfr esa vkSj vf/kd rsth vkus okyh gSA 6- ifj.kke ¼Result½%

vkjs[k 1% çokl ds dkj.k&v

vkjs[k la[;k 1 ls Li’V gksrk gS fd “kks/k esa Hkkx ysus okys dqy mÙkjnkrkvksa esa ls 92-4 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl dFku ls lger Fks fd vkfFkZd #i ls det+ksj gksus ds dkj.k mUgsa izokl djuk iM+kA 2-3

2.39.4 4.7 4.7

58.7

0

24.5

64.5

4.7

41.3

92.4

66.1

30.8

85.4

05.2 0 0 5.2 00

20

40

60

80

100

vkfFkZd #i ls det+ksj gksus ds dkj.k eq>s izokl

djuk iM+kA

fookg vFkok Ikkfjokfjd ft+EEksnkfj;ksa ds dkj.k eq>s

izokl djuk iM+kA

Lkekftd #i ls det+ksj gksus ds dkj.k eq>s izokl

djuk iM+k A

eSaus csgrj O;kikj@jkst+xkj ds

voljksa dh [k+kst esa izokl fd;kA

eSaus csgrj f”k{kk izkIr djus ds fy;s izokl

fd;kA

dksbZ fopkj ugha vlger lger iq.kZ lger




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izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk us bl dFku ij dksbZ fopkj izdV ugha fd;k] ogha 5-2 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl dFku ls iq.kZ lger FksA vkjs[k la[;k 1 ls Li’V gksrk gS fd “kks/k esa Hkkx ysus okys dqy mÙkjnkrkvksa esa ls 66-1 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl oDrO; ls lger Fks fd fookg vFkok ikfjokfjd ft+EEksankfj;ksa ds dkj.k mUgsa izokl djuk iM+kA 9-4 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk us bl dFku ij dksbZ fopkj izdV ugha fd;k ogha 24-5 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl dFku ls vlger FksA vkjs[k la[;k 1 ls Li’V gksrk gS fd “kks/k esa Hkkx ysus okys dqy mÙkjnkrkvksa esa ls 64-5 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl oDrO; ls vlger Fks fd lkekftd #i ls det+ksj gksus ds dkj.k mUgsa izokl djuk iM+kA 4-7 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk us bl dFku ij dksbZ fopkj izdV ugha fd;k ogha 30-8 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl dFku ls vlger FksA vkjs[k la[;k 1 ls Li’V gksrk gS fd “kks/k esa Hkkx ysus okys mÙkjnkrkvksa esa ls 85-4 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl oDrO; ls lger Fks fd csgrj O;kikj@jkst+xkj ds voljksa dh [kkst+ es a mUgsa izokl djuk iM+kA 4-7 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk us bl dFku ij dksbZ fopkj izdV ugha fd;k] 4-7 vlger] ogha 5-2 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl dFku ls iq.kZ lger FksA vkjs[k la[;k 1 ls Li’V gksrk gS fd “kks/k esa Hkkx ysus okys dqy mÙkjnkrkvksa esa ls 41-3 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrkvksa us badkj fd;k fd og csgrj f”k{kk ds voljksa dh [kkst esa ukxiqj vk;s gSA 58-7 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrkvksa us dksbZ fopkj ugha izdV fd;sA bl çdkj mijksDr lkj.kh dks ns[kus ls ;g Li’V gksrk gS fd ;|fi izokl dk dkj.k ,sfPNd gS ysfdu og dbZ lkekftd&vkfFkZd dkj.kksa ds lafeJ.k ds dkj.k laHko gqvk gSA

vkjs[k 2% çokl ds dkj.k&c

vkjs[k la[;k 2 ls Li’V gksrk gS fd “kks/k esa Hkkx ysus okys dqy mÙkjnkrkvksa esa ls 87-7 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl oDrO; ls lger Fks fd xk¡o ij jkst+xkj dh vfu”prrk o voljksa dh deh ds dkj.k mUgsa izokl djuk iM+kA 2-3 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk us bl dFku ij dksbZ fopkj izdV ugha fd;k] 4-7 vlger] ogha 5-2 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl dFku ls iq.kZ lger ik, x;sA vkjs[k la[;k 2 ls Li’V gksrk gS fd “kks/k esa Hkkx ysus okys dqy mÙkjnkrkvksa esa ls 93-0 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrkvksa bl oDrO; ls lger Fks fd xk¡o ij fuEu ikfjJfed ds dkj.k mUgsa izokl djuk iM+kA 4-7 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk us bl dFku ij dksbZ fopkj izdV ugha fd;s] ogha 2-3 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl dFku ls vlger ik, x;sA vkjs[k la[;k 2 ls Li’V gksrk gS fd “kks/k esa Hkkx ysus okys dqy mÙkjnkrkvksa esa ls 54-8 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrkvksa bl oDrO; ls lger Fks fd xk¡o ij d`f’k ds vYkkHkdkjh gksus ds dkj.k mUgsa izokl djuk

2.34.7

16.4

59.3

16.4

4.72.3

23.5

29 30.8

87.7

93

54.8

11.7

50.1

5.2

0

5.2

02.6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Xk ako ij jkst+xkj dh vfu”Pkrrk o voljksa dh deh ds dkj.k eq>s izokl djuk iM+kA

Xkako ij fuEuikfjJfed ds dkj.k

eq>s izokl djuk iM+kA

Xkako esa df’k ds vykHkdkjh gksus ds

dkj.k eq>s izokl djuk iM+kA

O;kikj ds vykHkdkjhgksu s ds dkj.k eq>sizokl djuk iM+kA

Ckkj&ckj iM+us okyhizkdfrd vkinkvksa

¼ck<+@lw[kk ½ vkfn dsdkj.k eq>s izokl djuk

iM+kA





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iM+kA 16-4 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk us bl dFku ij dksbZ fopkj izdV ugha fd;k] 23-5 vlger] ogha 5-2 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl dFku ls iq.kZ lger ik, x;sA vkjs[k la[;k 2 ls Li’V gksrk gS fd “kks/k esa Hkkx ysus okys dqy mÙkjnkrkvksa esa ls 29-0 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl oDrO; ls vlger Fks fd xk¡o ij O;kikj ds vykHkdkjh gksus dkj.k mUgsa izokl djuk iM+kA 59-3 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrkvksa us dksbZ fopkj ugha izdV fd;s o 11-7 izfr”kr lger ik, x;ssA vkjs[k la[;k 2 ls Li’V gksrk gS fd “kks/k esa Hkkx ysus okys mÙkjnkrkvksa esa ls 50-1 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl oDrO; ls lger Fks fd ckj&ckj iM+us okyh izkd`frd vkinkvksa tSls ck<+] lq[kk bR;kfn ds dkj.k mUgsa izokl djuk iM+kA 16-4 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk us bl dFku ij dksbZ fopkj izdV ugha fd;k] 30-8 vlger] ogha 2-6 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl dFku ls iq.kZ lger FksA

vkjs[k 3% çokl ds dkj.k&d

vkjs[k la[;k 3 ls Li’V gksrk gS fd “kks/k esa Hkkx ysus okys dqy mÙkjnkrkvksa esa ls 64-0 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl oDrO; ls lger Fks fd muds xkao ds nksLr@fj”rsnkj ukxiqj esa izokl dj x;s Fks] bl dkj.k mUgksaus izokl fd;kA 4-7 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk us bl dFku ij dksbZ fopkj izdV ugha fd;k] 26-1 vlger] ogha 5-2 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl dFku ls iq.kZ lger FksA vkjs[k la[;k 3 ls Li’V gksrk gS fd “kks/k esa Hkkx ysus okys dqy mÙkjnkrkvksa esa ls 83-0 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrkvksa bl oDrO; ls lger Fks fd og ftUnxh esa vkxs c<+uk pkgrs Fks bl dkj.k mUgksaus izokl fd;kA 2-3 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk us bl dFku ij dksbZ fopkj izdV ugha fd;k] 9-4 vlger] ogha 5-2 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl dFku ls iq.kZ lger FksA vkjs[k la[;k 3 ls Li’V gksrk gS fd “kks/k esa Hkkx ysus okys dqy mÙkjnkrkvksa esa ls 66-3 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrkvksa bl oDrO; ls lvger Fks fd og ukxiqj “kgj ls iqoZ ifjfpr Fks bl dkj.k mUgksaus ukxiqj dks izokl fd;kA 2-3 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk us bl dFku ij dksbZ fopkj izdV ugha fd;k] 26-1 vlger] ogha 5-2 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl dFku ls iq.kZ lger FksA vkjs[k la[;k 3 ls Li’V gksrk gS fd “kks/k esa Hkkx ysus okys dqy mÙkjnkrkvksa esa ls 59-3 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl oDrO; ls vlger Fks fd ukxiqj esa esjs iqoZ ifjfpr vFkok fj”rsnkj jgrs Fks bk dkj.k mUgksaus izokl fd;kA 2-3 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk us bl dFku ij dksbZ fopkj izdV ugha fd;k] 33-2 vlger] ogha 5-2 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl dFku ls iq.kZ lger FksA

4.72.3 2.3 2.3

4.7

26.1

9.4

66.3

59.3

72.8

64

83

26.1

33.2

17.2

5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

esjs xkao ds nksLr@fj”rsnkj izokl dj x;s Fk s] bl dkj.k eq> s izokl djuk iM+kA

eSa ftUnxh esa vkxsc<+uk pkgrk Fkk] bl

dkj.k eSau s izokl fd;kA

eSa ukxiqj “kgj ls iqoZ ifjfpr Fkk] bl dkj.k eSaus ukxiqj dks izokl

fd;kA

Ukkxiqj esa esjs iqoZ ifjfpr vFkok fj”rsnkj jgrs Fks bl dkj.k eSaus ukxiqj dks izokl fd;k

A

Ukkxiqj dh csgrj dkuwuO;oLFkk dks /;ku esa j[k

dj eSaus ukxiqj dksizokl fd;kA





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vkjs[k la[;k 3 ls Li’V gksrk gS fd “kks/k esa Hkkx ysus okys mÙkjnkrkvksa esa ls 72-8 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl oDrO; ls vlger Fks fd ukxiqj dh csgrj dkuwu O;oLFkk dks /;kku esa j[k dj mUgksaus ukxiqj dks izokl fd;kA 4-7 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk us bl dFku ij dksbZ fopkj izdV ugha fd;k] 17-2 vlger] ogha 5-2 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl dFku ls iq.kZ lger FksA

vkjs[k 4 % çokl ds dkj.k&M+

vkjs[k la[;k 4 ls Li’V gksrk gS fd “kks/k esa Hkkx ysus okys dqy mÙkjnkrkvksa esa ls 68-7 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl oDrO; ls vlger Fks fd mUgksaus vius cPPkksa ds csgrj f”k{k.k o LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa ds fy, mUgksaus ukxiqj dks izokl fd;kA 18-8 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk us bl dFku ij dksbZ fopkj izdV ugha fd;k] 7-3 vlger] ogha 5-2 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl dFku ls iq.kZ lger FksA vkjs[k la[;k 4 ls Li’V gksrk gS fd “kks/k esa Hkkx ysus okys dqy mÙkjnkrkvksa esa ls 80-2 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrkvksa bl oDrO; ls vlger Fks fd ukxiqj esa csgrj vkokl@ukxj lqfo/kkvksa ds dkj.k mUgksaus izokl fd;kA 4-7 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk us bl dFku ij dksbZ fopkj izdV ugha fd;k] 9-9 vlger] ogha 5-2 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk bl dFku ls iq.kZ lger FksA vkjs[k la[;k 4 ls Li’V gksrk gS fd “kks/k es a Hkkx ysus okys dqy mÙkjnkrkvksa esa ls 56-9 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrkvksa bl oDrO; ls vger Fks fd mUgsa “kgj esa jguk ilan gS bl dkj.k mUgksaus xk¡o ls izokl fd;kA ogha 40-7 izfr”kr mrjnkrk bl dFku ls vlger FksA 2-3 izfr”kr mÙkjnkrk us bl dFku ij dksbZ fopkj izdV ugha fd;kA

7- fu’d’kZ (Conclusion) : çLrqr v/;;u esa çoklh mÙkjnkrkvksa us vius izoklu dks ,sfPNd crk;kA vf/kdka”k çoklh;ksa us ,dy izokl fd;k FkkA çokfl;ksa us vkfFkZd #i ls det+ksj gksus ds dkj.k izokl fd;kA dbZ çoklh;ks aa us fookg vFkok ikfjokfjd ft+EEksankfj;ksa dks vius izokl dk dkj.k crk;kA mÙkjnkrk bl ckr ls lger Fks fd xk¡o ij jkst+xkj dh vfu”prrk o voljksa dh deh ds dkj.k mUgsa izokl djuk iM+kA xk¡o ij mUgsa fuEu ikfjJfed feyrk FkkA d`f’k ds vYkkHkdkjh FkhA mÙkjnkrk bl ckr ls lger Fks fd ckj&ckj iM+us okyh izkd`frd vkinkvks a tSls ck<+] lq[kk bR;kfn ds dkj.k mudk thou dfBu gks x;k FkkA og bl ckr ls lger Fks fd muds xk¡o ds nksLr@fj”rsnkj ukxiqj esa izokl dj x;s Fks] bl dkj.k mUgksaus izokl fd;kA og bl dFku ls Hkh lger Fks fd og ftUnxh esa vkxs c<+uk pkgrs Fks bl dkj.k mUgksaus izokl fd;kA çLrqr v/;;u esa eq[kj O;fDr;ksa ls fd;s x, lk{kkRdkj o voyksdu esa geus ik;k fd Je&izoklu yEcsa dk;Z ?kaVksa] vLokLF;dj thou n”kk;s a] lkekftd vyxko] ukxj lqfo/kkvksa ds vkHkko] viks”kd Hkkstu o LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa ds vkHkko esa chrrk gqvk fn[kykbZ iM+rk gSA izoklh eq[;r% vlaxfBr {ks= esa dk;Zjr

18.8

4.7 2.3

68.780.2

40.7

7.3 9.9

56.9

5.2 5.20

0

20

40

60

80

100

eSaus vius cPPkksa ds csgrj f”k{k.k o LOkkLF; lqfo/kkvksa ds fy, eSus ukxiqj

dks izokl fd;kA

Ukkxiqj esa csgrj vkokl@ukxj lqfo/kkvksa ds dkj.k eSauas izokl fd;kA

eq>s “kgj esa jguk ilan gS] blfy, eSaus izokl fd;kA





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gSaA og Hkou fuekZ.k] dqyh] pkSdhnkj] y?kq foØrk] fjD'kk pkyd] ?kjsyw etnwj] vkfn gSaA bUgsa fu;fer dk;Z ugha feyrkA etnwjh izpfyr nj ls de gSA jkstxkj lqj{kk ugha gSA lkekftd lqj{kk ugha gSA og Je izko/kuksa dks izkIr djus esa v{ke gSA og ljdkj] xSj ljdkjh miØeksa (NGO)o LFkkuh; lekt }kjk misf{kr gSA budh lq/k ysus okyk dksbZ ugha gSA rF; crkrsa gSa fd foizsf"kr /ku (remittance)us ewy izns'k esa ifjokj ds vkfFZkd Lrj esa lEkof) vk;h gSA ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds [kkuiku] f'k{kk] igukok] jgulgu esa ldkjkRed cnyko ns[ks x;s gSaA ijarq vkt Hkkjr bu çoklh;sa }kjk Hksts x;s foçsf’kr /ku ds dkj.k nqfu;k esa foiszf"kr /ku izkIr djus okys ns'kksa ds lwfp esa igys LFkku ij gSA Hkkjr ds i'pkr~ Øe'k% phu esDlhdks] fQyhfiUl o iksyaM dk uEcj vkrk gSA lu~ 2008 esa Hkkjr esa foizf"kr /ku US $30 fcyh;u FkkA Mkd foHkkx ds vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj lu~ 1999&2000 efuvkWMj }kjk Hksth x;h jkf’k 8000 ehfy;u Mkyj FkhA ftlesa 60 izfr”kr flQZ mÙkj fcgkj esa Hksth x;hA ;g ,d vPNh la[;k gSAgeus vius vuqla/kku esa ik;k fd mRizoklh vk/kk isV [kk dj vius ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dh t#jrksa dks iwjk djrs gSaA 'kgj esa mldh ekyh gkyr vPNh ugha gSA buesa ls cgqrk; vdq”ky Jkfed gSaA igys ;g [ksrh esa Je djrs Fks( vc og vkS|ksfxd dkj[kkuksa esa Jfed dk dk;Z dj jgss gSaA og cgqrk; vlaxfBr vFkok Lojkstxkj esa dk;Zjr gSaA blds ikl tks jkst+xkj gS( og izpfyr et+nwjh ls de gSA ftl dke dks LFkkuh; et+nwj gkFk rd yxkus dks rS;kj ugha gSA og mls ;s [kq”kh&[kq”kh djus dks rS;kj gSA og lLrs gSa rFkk buls rhu xquk dke fudkyk tk ldrk gSA og 3D dk;kZsa esa layXu gSA tksfd Dirty,

Dangerour, Demeaning gSaA vr% vkt u pkgrs gq, Hkh mÙkj Hkkjr esa izoklu lkekftd thou(

integeral part of the cultural life of the people)dk vkarfjd fgLlk cu pqdk gSA lanHk Z(Refferences):

1. Srivastava, Ravi &Sasikumar, S.K. (2003): An Overview of Migration in India, its impacts

and key Issues, Migration Development & Pro-Poor Policy Choices in Asia.

2. Kundu, Amitav (): Migration and Urbanisation in India in the Context of Poverty

Alleviation, Refugee and Migratory Movement Research Unit, DFID, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

3. Bhagat, Ram B. & Jones, Gavin W. (2013): Population Change and Migration in Mumbai

Metropolitan Region: Implications for Planning and Governess,Asia Research Institute,

National University of Singapore.

4. Khadria, Binod (): International Migration Policy: Issues and Perspectives for India,

International Migration and Diaspora Studies Project, ZHCES, SSS, JNU, New Delhi, India.

5. Massey, Douglas S (1993): Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal,

Population and Development Review 19, No. 3, Population Council, JSTOR.

6. Emigration ACT (1983): Ministry of Labour, Government of India.

7. Ministry of Labour(1991): A Report of the Study Group on Migrants Labour, New Delhi,

National Commission on Rural Labour, Government of India.

8. National Sample Survey Organization (1999-2000): Migration in India, Report No.470.

9. Bhattacharya, P. (1998): The Informal Sector and Rural to Urban Migration: Some Indian

Evidence, Economic and Political Weekly, 33(21), pp. 1255-62.

10. Chopra, R. (1995): Maps of Experiences, Narratives of Migration in an Indian Village,

Economic and Political Weekly, 30(49), pp. 3156-62.

11. Dupont, V (1992). Impact of Migration on Industrial Development: Case Study of Jetpur

in Gujrat. Economic and Political Weekly, 27(45), pp.2423-36.

12. Kundu, A and Gupta, S (1996): Migration, Urbanization and Regional Inequality.

Economic and Political Weekly, December 28, pp.3391-98.

13. Mitra, A and Gupta, I(2002): Rural Migration and Labour Segmentation: Micro level

evidence from Delhi Slums. Economic and Political Weekly, pp.163-8.




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14. Pandey, D. (1998): Migrant Labour, Employment and Gender Dimension, Indian Journal

of Social Work, 59(3).

15. Solanki, S.S. (2002): Migration of Rural Artisans: Evidence from Rajasthan and Haryana.

Economics and Political Weekly, pp.3570-80.

16. Specht, Harry and Vickery, Anne (1978): Integrating Social Work Methods, George Allen

& Unwin, London, U.K.

17. Friendlander, A. Walter (1964): Concepts and Methods of Social Work, Prentice-Hall of

India, New Delhi.




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ijaijkxr lektkfHkeq[k i;kZoj.k iqjd ckacw O;olk; MkW- ,l- ,l- dkoGs

izkpk;Z rFkk vFkZ’kkL= foHkkx izeq[k Jh-xksfoanizHkq dyk o okf.kT; egk-

rGks/kh ¼ckGkiwj½ rk- ukxHkhM ft- panziwj

izLrkouk % Hkkjr gk vlk ns’k vkgs dh] fofo/krsus uVysyk ekuo lekt ;kr fnlwu ;srks- txkrhy Qkjp deh ns’kkr vlk ekuo lekt fnlrks- lqekjs ngk yk[k o”kkZiwohZ i`Fohoj ekuokph fufeZrh >kyh- vls tho’kkL= ekurkr- rsOgkiklwup ekuo vkiY;k fofo/k xjtk Hkkxfo.;klkBh fulxZ laiRrhpk ¼oulaiRrhpk½ okij djrkr- vkiY;k cq/nhpk okij d:u g;kiklwu Lor%P;k miftfodslkBh fofo/k oLrw vkf.k lkfgR; fuekZ.k dsyhr- uarj laL—rh gh fjrhfjokt ;krqu fodlhr gksr xsyh- izR;sd ekuo lektkP;k LoHkkokuq:i laL—rhe/;s dkgh lekurk vkf.k dkgh Hksn fnlrkr- vkiY;k ns’kkr lektkph eqG jpuk tkrh; i/nrhoj vk/kkjysyh vkgs- tkr gh ek.klkP;k lkekftd] jktdh; o vkfFkZd thoukoj vktgh fu;a=.k Bsors- euq”;kph fdaer fdaok Js”Bro gs nSuafnu O;ogkjkr tls xq.kkoj o —rhoj voyacwu vlrs rlsp rs tkrhoj o tUekoj voyacwu vlrs- Hkkjrkr vusd izkar] vusd Hkk”kk] vusd laL—rh vkgsr- R;kr vusd tkrh /keZgh vkgsr- izkphu dkGkiklwu cqjM gh tekr vfLrRokr vkyh vkgs- dkj.k dh] fganq lektkph jpuk gh dkekph foHkkx.kh fopkjkr ?ksowu dsysyh vkgs- mnk- dqaHkkj] yksgkj] lqrkj] Ugkoh] f’kaih] lksukj bR;knh osxosxG;k tkrh fuekZ.k >kY;k- ekrhph eMdh cufo.kkjk dqaHkkj] yks[kaMkps dke dj.kkjk yksgkj] ykdMh oLrw cufo.kkjk lqrkj] gtke dj.kkjk Ugkoh] diMs r;kj dj.kkjk f’kaih] lksU;kps dke dj.kkjk lksukj gs O;olk;hd ukos vkgsr- lektkrhy loZ Lrjkrhy yksdkaP;k nSuafnu thoukr mi;ksxh iM.kkÚ;k ckacwiklwu fofo/k oLrw r;kj djrks rks ^cqjM*- ek.kwl tsOgk Hkzearhps thou laiowu ,dk fBdk.kh fLFkj gksrks- rsOgkiklwu R;kP;k thoukr dkjkfxjhpk izos’k gksrks- O;ogkfjd mi;qDrrk vkf.k vkfFkZd mikluk v’kk nksu vaxkuh ekuoh thoukr dyk&dkS’kY;kph ok< gksrs- fuokjk feGfo.;klkBh ?kj cka/kko;kps i.k rso<;kojp larq”V u jkgkr vkiys ?kj ‘kksfHkoar cuokos- R;kr uoh&uoh midj.ks fuekZ.k djkoh R;kn”Vhus ex rks dYiuk y<ow ykxrks- lektkP;k fodkl Øekr fofo/k O;olk; fuekZ.k gksrkr vkf.k R;krgh dyk&dkS’kY;kyk oko feGrks- /kkfeZd deZdkaM vkf.k nsorkaP;k mikluk ;krgh fofo/k midj.kkaph xjt vlrs- R;keqGs R;k vaxkusgh lektkr dyk&dkS’kY;kph ok< gksow ykxrs- v’kkizdkjs dyk&dkS’kY; gs ekuoh laL—rhps ,d egRokps vax curs- fdacgquk ,[kknk ekuo lekt T;k izek.kkr lqanj o mi;qDr v’kk dkjkfxjhP;k fofo/k oLrw fuekZ.k djrks R;k izek.kkr R;kaP;k laL—rhps eqY;kekiu gksr vlrs- g;kp vk/kkjkoj Hkkjrkr ckacwiklwu Qkj izkphu dkGkiklwu fofo/k dykdqljhP;k oLrq cufoY;k tkrkr- ck;dkaps nkfxus Bso.;kps o dqadokps djaMs iwohZ ckacwps vlr ckacwP;k oLrq vktgh ?kjks?kjh n”Vhl iMrkr- eqykaP;k [ksGkrgh vlY;k oLrq vlrkr- ckacwps rV~Vs dq<klkj[ks mHks d:u >ksiMhph fHkar r;kj dj.;kph i/nr Qkj izkphu vkgs- vyhdMs g;k rV~V;koj fof’k”V nzO; ykowu R;kiklwu IykW; cuforkr- okjk ?kkYk.;klkBh ygku&eksBh ia[ks vkf.k R;koj Hkjrdke] u{khdkegh djrkr- Hkjrh; laL—rh gh Qkj izkphu laL—rh vlwu ,d fof’k”V vlk okjlk vlysyh laL—rh vkgs- ijaijsuqlkj ;kr fofo/k oLrqyk Qkj /kkfeZd egRo vkgs- ijaijsuqlkj ckacwP;k fofo/k oLrw okijY;k tkrkr- vxnh tUekiklwu rj eR;wpk ‘ksoVpk fo/kh ikj ikM.;klkBh lq/nk ckacwP;k fofo/k oLrw oki:up rks dke iw.kZ dsyk tkrks- T;kosGh eqykpk tUe gksrks R;kosGh R;kyk lqikr Bsorkr-




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rlsp T;kosGh czkEg.kkl ts nku fnys tkrs R;kdjhrkgh lqikpk okij dsyk tkrks- rj euq”; ej.k ikoY;kuarj R;kpk tks vafre fo/kh dsyk tkrks R;kosGh lq/nk R;kyk ckacwiklwup r;kj dsysY;k f’kMhoj >ksiowu usY;k tkrs- R;kosGh R;kP;klkscr ts fof’k”V /kkU; usY;k tkrs o R;kph f’knksjh Eg.kwu T;k isVysY;k xksoÚ;k ,dk uohu HkkaM;kr Hk:u usrkr rs usrkauk ckacwP;k dkaHkh dk<wu R;kph ,d frMdh r;kj dsyh tkrs o R;koj ekaMwu usyh tkrs gh ,d Qkj izkphu Hkkjrh; ijaijk vkgs- R;kpk okij vktgh dsyk tkrks- dksBsgh ;k=syk tkr vlrkauk R;kapk /ot ckacwP;k dkBhyk ykoyk tkrks- dkj.k iqjk.kdFksr ckacwyk ‘kadjkph dkBh vls EgVys vkgs vkf.k Eg.kwu R;kdkBhojp /ot ykoyk tkok gh ijaijk vktgh dk;e vkgs- ckacwP;k >kMkps nsokfndkiklwu rs ekuotkrhi;Zar /kkfeZd n”Vhdksukrwu egRo fnysys vkgs o rs iqtfu; vkgs- tls rqG’khP;k >kMkyk nsokfndkauh] lk/kqlarkauh tihrih] _”khequh ;kauh tso<s egRokps LFkku fnys vkgs- tls vls ekurkr dh] rqG’khP;k >kMk[kkyh Jh—“.k jkgkrks rlsp ckacwP;k >kMk[kkyh ‘kadj jkgrks vkf.k Eg.kwu rks iqtfu; vkgs vkf.k Eg.kwup ckacw vkf.k ckacwiklwu r;kj dsysY;k fofo/k oLrw Qkj mi;ksxh vkf.k R;kauk /kkfeZd egRo ns.;kr vkys vkgs- ckacwP;k dkgh oLrw o R;kaps /kkfeZd egRo iq<hyizek.ks %& 1½ ckacwph <ky %& vkfnoklh lektkr vktgh v’kh i/nrh :< vkgs dh] ckacwiklwu <kyh cuforkr vkf.k R;kaP;k dqGkrhy dks.kh O;Drh ej.k ikoyk rj R;kP;k ukokus rh <ky dqynSor Eg.kwu iqtrkr R;k lektkrhy gk ,d Qkj egRokpk /kkfeZd fo/kh vlrks- 2½ ckacwP;k >kMkojhy rkMok ¼QG½ %& ckacwP;k >kMkoj rkMok ¼QG½ vlrks rks brdk ifo= vlrks dh rkMok ¼QG½ T;kP;k uf’kckr vlsy R;kykp feGrks vkf.k rksp R;kyk [kkÅ ‘kdrks- rks [kkYyk dh] ckacwP;kp dkBhus ekjY;kus tsOgk R;kps jDrh fu?krs rsOgkp rks ejrks- brj dks.kR;kgh oLrqus ekjys rjh rks ejr ukgh- gh ,d Qkj eksBh /kkfeZd letwr vkgs- 3½ dkoG %& ik.;kph ?kkxjh vFkok ,[kknk tM inkFkZ us.;klkBh nksu Vksdkauk f’koÚ;kps jpusizek.ks nksÚ;k cka/kqu r;kj dsysys ,d lk/ku Eg.kts dkoM gks;- dkoMhyk /kkfeZd egRogh vkgs- iwohZ ;k=sd: dkf’kP;k xaph dkoM Hk:u rh jkes’ojyk okg.;kdjhrk ik;h ;k=k djhr gksrs- fdR;sd /kkfeZd laiznk;krhy yksd vkys nso dkoMhr ?kkyqu xkosxko fgaMforkr- nf{k.ksr lqczEg.;kp mRlokr R;kaps HkDr dkoMh [kkan;koj ?ksowu ukprkr- Jko.kdqekjkus vkiY;k o`/n o va/k ekrkfiR;kauk dkoMhr ?kkyqu frFkZ;k=syk usys gksrs v’kh dFkk vkgs- pS= efgU;kr xksnkojhps ik.kh vk.kqu vkiY;k xkokrY;k xzke nsorsyk R;k ik.;kus Luku ?kky.;kph izFkk iSB.kP;k vklikl vkgs- is’kokbZr dk’khgwu o fgjn~okj ;sFkwu xaxksndkP;k dkoMh iq.;kyk vk.kwu R;k jkes’ojki;Zar us.;kpk /kank dkgh yksd djhr vlr- 4½ ckljh %& Qkj izkphu dkGkiklwu ckacwiklwu ckljh cufo.;kph ijaijk vfLrRokr vkgs- Hkkjrh; laxhr ijaijsr ckljhyk Qkj egRokps LFkku vkgs- vxnh —“.kyhyk lq/nk ckljhrwu fnlrkr- ckljh gh iksdG ckacwiklwu cufoyh tkrs- ckljhps nksu izdkj vkgsr- ,d vkMoh o nqljk ljG ckljh- 6 rs 8 fNnz ikMwu ckljh cufo.;kr ;srs- 5½ ijMh %& Qkj izkphu dkGkiklwu ijhpk okij Hkkjrkr dsyk tkrks- ijMhlq/nk ckacwiklwup cuforkr- yXuizlaxh ckacwiklwu r;kj dsysY;k nksu ygku o nksu eksB;k ijM;k okijY;k tkrkr- eksB;k ijM;kapk okij o/kq&ojkaph ufou diMs ijM;kr ?ksowu rks iMY;kl R;kps thou HkjHkjkVhus ok<rs v’kh letwr vkgs- gk ,d /kkfeZd fo/kh Eg.kwugh yXuizlaxh ikj ikMyk tkrks- rlsp ygku ijM;kapk okij iqtsdjhrk dsyk tkrks- dktGrhy] frGlaØkar] xkSjh] tUek”Veh] prqFkhZ bR;knh izlaxh ckacwiklwu r;kj dsysY;k ijM;kapk okij dsyk tkrks- /kkfeZdn”V;k R;k vR;ar egRokP;k ekuY;k tkrkr- ckacwP;k oLrwaph lektkyk fofo/k mi;ksxklkBh vko’;drk o R;k}kjs voyacwu vl.kkÚ;k fofo/k O;olkf;dkauk R;kapk mi;ksx-




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miHkksxkrqu mRiknukph izfØ;k lq: gksrs- gs vFkZ’kkL=kps eq[; ra= vkgs- oLrqph vko’;drk vlY;kf’kok; rh oLrw fuekZ.k dsY;k tkr ukgh- ;kyk ckacwP;k oLrw viokn ukghr- Qkj izkphu dkGkiklwu Eg.ktsp vxnh laL—rhP;k lq:okrhP;k fodklkP;k voLFksiklwu ckacwP;k oLrqpk okij dsY;k tkrks- vxnh tUekiklwu rj e`R;qi;Zar ekuokP;k vafre fo/khi;Zar ckacwP;k oLrqaps ekuoh thoukr egRo vkgs- lkeqfgd fopkj djrk ckacwP;k oLrw lektkP;k fofo/k mi;ksxh vkgsr- vusd O;olk;kr ckacw mi;qDr Bjrks- [kk.kdke vlks dh ex cka/kdke vlks R;kr ckacwiklwu r;kj dsysY;k oLrqpk okij Qkj eksB;k izek.kkr dsyk tkrks- mnk- fcMh m|ksxkyk fcM;kaps ikWdsV Bso.;klkBh isBkjs] QG O;olk;kyk isVksj] dqDdqVikyu m|ksxkyk dksacM;k Bso.;klkBh csaMos] /kkU; lkBo.kwdhlkBh <ksY;k] eaMi Msdksjs’kulkBh ckacwP;k pV;k] cka/kdke O;olk;kyk VksiY;k o ckacwP;k ykac pV;k] [kk.kdke O;olk;klkBh VksiY;k] xgltkoV m|ksxklkBh vk/kqfud dykdqljhP;k ckacwP;k fofo/k oLrw ;keqGs fofHkUu m|ksxkr ckacwph mi;ksfxrk fnlwu ;srs- R;keqGs ckacw m|ksx gk brj m|ksxkauk pkyuk ns.kkjk m|ksx gks;- dkxn dkj[kk.;klkBh ckacwpk Qkj eksB;k izek.kkr mi;ksx dsY;k tkrks- rlsp nksj[kaM r;kj dj.;klkBh nksÚ;k O;ofLFkr Bso.;klkBh ?kksMh r;kj dsyh tkrs- ;k ?kksMhpk mi;ksx rkxkyk xqaMkG.;klkBh dsyk tkrks dh T;kiklwu nksj] nksj[kaM] xqjkalkBh nkos r;kj dsyh tkrkr- ‘ksdM;kaps /kqjs] jsafxpk pki] iwohZ ikVdkafcph pVbZ fo.kwu [kksyhP;k foHkkx.khdjhrk R;kpk mi;ksx dsyk tkr vls- l/;k R;ktkxh IykW;owM dke djrs- ekGh vkiY;k fofo/k izdkjph Qqys Bso.;klkBh VksiY;kpk mi;ksx djrks- irax O;kolk;ke/;s ckacwpk mi;ksx dsyk tkrs- ikrG dkach r;kj d:u f<oj O;olkf;dkauk eklksGh Bso.;klkBh fof’k”V izdkjph Vksiyh ¼/kqVh½- ‘ksrdÚ;kauk ‘ksrh O;olk;klkBh ckacwP;k oLrqapk cjkp mi;ksx gksrks- mnk- VksiY;k] lqis bR;knhapk mi;ksx gksrks- ckacwP;k dpÚ;krwu fuekZ.k dsysY;k ‘kksHksP;k oLrw] ckacwP;k miMs yVdfo.;kP;k [kqaV;k r;kj dsY;k tkrkr- vktP;k vk/kqfud ;qxkr bysfDVªd mi;ksxke/;s Vscy] Mk;fuax Vscy] [kqP;kZ ckacwP;k gksÅ ykxY;k vkgsr- R;keqGs ckacwP;k oLrw brj O;olkf;dkalkBh fdaok O;olk;klkBh mi;qDr vk<Gwu vkY;k vkgsr- IyWfLVdyk i;kZ; Eg.kwu ckacwP;k fofo/k oLrw % Hkkjrh; n”Vhdks.kkrwu fopkj dsyk rj ckacwP;k oLrwph fufeZrh ckacwP;k oLrqlkBh ykx.kkjk dPpk eky o mi;ksx ;kapk ;ksX; izdkjpk leUo; ijaijsuqlkj Hkkjrkr ?kkrY;k xsyk vkgs- ;kps mRre mnkgj.k Eg.kts [ksM;kikM;krwu fuekZ.k gks.kkÚ;k ckacwP;k fofHkUu oLrw gks;- dPpk eky Eg.kts ckacw [ksM;kr lgt miyC/k gksrks- R;koj izfØ;k dj.;klkBh Qkjp dkS’kY;kph xjt ulrs- LFkkfud rkyqdk fdaok ftYgk cktkjisB miyC/k gksowu xzkeh.k Lo;aiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFksr egRokps ;ksxnku ;k ckacwP;k oLrweqGs [ksMs le`/n dj.;kr vkys vkgs- vls tqU;k bfrgklko:u fnlrs- Qkj izkphu dkGkiklwu ckacwP;k oLrw ekuokP;k nSuafnu mi;ksxh BjY;k vkgsr- usgehP;k xjtk Hkkxfo.;k cjkscjp l.kkokjkyk vkf.k /kkfeZd izlaxhlq/nk g;k oLrw okijkr vkuY;k tkr vlr- g;k oLrwfo”k;h yksdkaP;k eukr osxGk let gksrk- R;k oLrw fof’k”V osGh okijY;k tkO;kr v’kh :<h gksrh ijarw gGqgGq QW’kueqGs g;k oLrwP;k okijkoj okbZV ifj.kke >kyk- QW’kupk vktpk dkG vkgs vkf.k QW’kuP;k ;qxkr mi;ksxhrk fdaok fVdkowi.kk vkf.k fdaer ;kapk fopkj dsyk tkr ukgh- ijaijsuqlkj cqjM O;olk; Qkj izkphu dkGkiklwu pkyr vkysyk O;olk; vkgs ijarq ?kjks?kjh okijkr ;s.kkÚ;k IyWfLVdP;k oLrwpk okij ok<Y;keqGs O;olk;koj vodGk iljyh vkgs- vki.k vkiY;k vktP;k QW’kueqGs o IyWfLVdP;k okijkeqGs R;k vkiY;k ?kjh fnlr ukgh- ‘ksrdjh ikolkG;kr ‘ksrhps dke ikÅl pkyq vlrkauk ik.;kiklwu vkiyk cpko dj.;klkBh ckacw iklwu r;kj dsysys eksjs okijr vlr R;keqGs eqlG/kkj ikÅl vkyk rjhi.k R;kaps j{k.k gksr vls- ijarq




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vkt ‘ksrdjh R;k,soth IyWfLVd okijrks- R;kiklwu ‘ksrdjh Lor%pk ikolkiklwu cpko d: ‘kdr ukgh- v’kk fdrhrjh xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy nSuafnu okijkP;k oLrw okijkrwu IyWfLVdeqGs ekxs iMY;k vkgsr- mnk- ijMh] Vksiyh] dpjkisVh] pVbZ bR;knh- lk/kkj.krk cqjM lektkpk O;olk; gk ckacwiklwu Vksiys] lqis] Mksys] dMs] csaMos] lqiY;k] pV;k] eksjs vknh r;kj dj.ks o cktkjkr fod.ks ek= ljdkjP;k taxykfo”k;d /kksj.kkeqGs vkrk ckacw feG.ks dBh.k >kys vlwu taxyfo”k;d /kksj.kkapk ckacw fufeZrh O;olk;koj eksBk ifj.kke >kyk vkgs- ckacwph vokLro fdaer o ou foHkkxkps vMsyi.kkps /kksj.k ;keqGs ckacw dkjkxhj csdkj rj >kykp vkgs- ijarq R;kr vk.k[kh Hkj iMyh rh Eg.kts Qk;cj] IyWfLVd] fVukP;k oLrw ;kauh ckacwfufeZr oLrqph tkxk ?ksryh vkgs- R;keqGs ckacw dkjkxhj nkfjnz;kr f[krir iMys vkgsr- gk O;olk; varhe ?kVdk ekstr vkgs- vktgh ckacwP;k oLrw Qkj mi;qDr vkgsr- vkf.k tj g;koj mik; ;kstuk dsyh xsyh rj g;k O;olk;kyk xroSHko ;sow ‘kdrks- R;kdjhrk lekt] ‘kklu vkf.k cqjM dkexkj ;kauh ,d=hr ;sowu iz;Ru dj.ks xjtsps vkgs- ckacw fufeZrh gs [ksMs xkoke/;s djrk ;srs- ijarw IyWfLVdph fufeZrh gh ‘kgjkP;k eksB;k dkj[kkU;ke/;s djrk ;srs- ckacwiklwu [kqP;kZ] dikVs] fnok.k] fofo/k izdkjph vkd”kZd [ksG.kh] vkd”kZd izk.kh gs vkt r;kj dj.;kr ;srkr- ckacw lao/kZu izfØ;k vkf.k foi.ku laLFkk ;k }kjs vR;k/kqfud] vkd”kZd] ekSY;oku v’kk ckacwP;k oLrwph fufeZrh lq: >kyh vkgs- R;kps dsanz eulj ;sFks gksrs rs can gksÅu yk[k.kh ftYgk HkaMkjk ;sFks R;klaca/kh dsanz fuekZ.k dj.;kr vkys- R;k}kjs O;kid izek.kkoj izf’k{k.k ;kstuk veykr vk.kyh rj vktgh i;kZoj.kkyk larqfyr Bso.;klkBh ckacwP;k oLrw g;k IyWfLVdP;k oLrqyk fuf’pr i;kZ; B: ‘kdrkr- R;klkBh ljdkj] lkekftd dk;ZdrsZ] dkexkj la?kVuk o fofo/k ljdkjh vf/kdkjh ;kauh ,d= ;sowu fopkj dj.;kph vko’;drk vkgs- ckacwP;k oLrw [kjkc >kY;kuarj lq/nk R;kpk mi;ksx d:u ?ksrk ;srks- R;k i;kZoj.kkyk ?kkrd Bjr ukgh- ijarq IyWfLVdP;k oLrw ek= i;kZoj.kkyk ?kkrd Bjrkr- vkt cktkjke/;s jaxiapehP;k fno’kh IyWfLVdP;k fipdkÚ;k mi;ksxkr vk.kY;k tkrkr- ijarq iwohZ jax mMfo.;klkBh ckacwP;k fipdkÚ;k mi;ksxkr vk.kY;k tkr vlr- vxnh Lo;aikd ?kjkiklwu rj fnok.k [kk.;ki;Zar fdaok dk;kZy;ki;Zar fofHkUu izdkjP;k ckacwP;k oLrw r;kj d:u R;kapk okij ok<fo.ks vktgh vko’;d vkgs- Lo;aiw.kZ xzkeh.k vFkZjpuspk ckacw m|ksx gk ,d d.kk vkgs- IyWfLVdP;k oLrwyk ckacw oLrwpk i;kZ; % ckacwP;k VksiY;k & IyWfLVdP;k VksiY;k ckacwP;k Qqykaph Vksiyh & IyWfLVdph Vksiyh ckacwph MLVfcu & IyWfLVdP;k MLVfcu ckacwps >kMw ¼[kjkVs½ & IyWfLVdPks >kMw dpjk mpy.;kps ckacwps lqi & IyWfLVdP;k lqi /kkU; lkBfo.;kph <ksyh & IyWfLVdps MCcs nq/k lkBfo.;kps ckacwps flad & IyWfLVdps flad ckacwpk lqi & IyWfLVdpk lqi ckacwph pVbZ & IyWfLVdph pVbZ ckacwph >ksjs & IyWfLVdph fi’koh ckacwph Mkyh & IyWfLVdP;k iV~V;k




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ojhy IyWfLVdP;k oLrqyk ckacwP;k oLrw i;kZ;h gksowu Hkkjrh; n”Vhdksukrwu ckacwP;k oLrwapk okij gk Lo;aiw.kZ] Lons’kh o vFkZO;oLFkspk vk/kkj vkgs- R;keqGs dks.kR;kp izdkjpk i;kZoj.kkyk /kksdk fuekZ.k gksr ukgh- lanHkZ %& 1½ Hkkjrh; laL—rh dks”k [kaM 02 laiknd & ia- egknso’kkL=h tks’kh 2½ Hkkjrh; laL—rh dks”k [kaM 06 laiknd & ia- egknso’kkL=h tks’kh




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Ik;kZoj.k vkf.k “ksrh leL;k o mik; ;kstuk MkW- izdk”k “ksUMs

lg;ksxh izk/;kid Lkjnkj iVsy egkfo|ky;] Paknziwj ¼egk-½9422837792

i;kZoj.k Eg.kts lHkksorkyph ifjfLFkrh] iFohP;k i’BHkkxkoj] okrkoj.kkr vkf.k iFohP;k vrajxkr ts dkgh lkekoysys vkgs R;k lxG;kapk lekos”k Ik;kZoj.kkr gksrks ;kr gok] ik.kh] ok;q] ouLirh] [kfuts bR;knhpk lokZph feGwu r;kj gks.kkjh ifjfLFkrh Eg.kts Ik;kZoj.k gks;- Ik;kZoj.kkrhy ltho ?kVdkiSdh ekuo gk ,d egRokpk ?kVd vkgs- Ik;kZoj.kkpk lerksygh ,d egRoiw.kZ uSlfxZd ns.kxh ekuokuk ykHkysyh vkgs- ijarw ekuokus rks uSlfxZd larwyu fc?kMfo.;kl lqjokr dsyh vkgs gs Li’V fnlwu ;sr vkgs- Ik;kZoj.kkr ekuoh gLr{ksi ok<Y;keqGs uSlfxZd izfdz;sl vMFkGk fuekZ.k gksÅu Ik;kZoj.kkps vlrwyu gksr vkgs- Hkkjr gk d’khiz/kku ns”k vkgs Hkkjrkrhy 70% turk d’khoj vaoycwu vkgs- rlsp 70 % Å|ksx lw/nk d`’khoj vaoycwu vkgs- T;k ns”kkph d`’khO;oLFkk etcwr rks ns”k vkfFkZd nq’V;k laiUu vlrks- rlsp lkekftd voLFkk lq/nk Ik;kZoj.kkoj fuHkZj vlrs- ekuoh thoukP;k eqyHkqr xjtk vUu] oL= ] fuokjk ;k ckch ekuo fulxkZrqup feGor vlrks- fulxkZpk Ik;kZ;kus ij;kZoj.kkpk vaR;r egRokpk ?kVd Eg.kts d`’kh thou gks;- ijarw ekuo vkiY;k nSufnu xjtk Hkkxfo.;klkBh Ik;kZoj.kkrhy vusd ?kVdkapk okij djhr vlY;keqGs Ik;kZoj.kkr ekuoh gLr{ksi ok<wu Ik;kZoj.kkpk lerksy <klGw ykxyk vkgs- R;keqGs R;kaps ekuoh thoukP;k laokZxkoj foijhr ifj.kke gksr vkgs- R;krp ,d Hkkx Eg.kts d`’khthou d`’khthoukoj Ik;kZ;kus “ksrh O;olk;koj xaHkhj ifj.kke gksÅu vusd leL;k fuekZ.k >kY;k vkgsr- Okk<R;k yksdla[;sP;k xjtk iq.kZ dj.;klkBh d`’kh mRiknukaps izek.k ok<fo.;kps iz;Ru lq: vkgsr- ijarw rs mRiknu ok<fo.;kph i/nrh v;ksX; vkgs- R;keqGsp Ik;kZoj.kkoj ifj.kke gksmu R;kpk ekuoh vkjksX;koj foifjr ifj.kke gksr vkgs- d`’khekykps mRiknu ok<fo.;klkBh th vusd izdkjph dhVd uk”kds] jklk;fud [krs bR;knhpk okij eksB;k izek.kkoj gksr vkgs- “ksrhr okijY;k tk.kkÚ;k fo’kkjh vks’k/kkueqGs vusd izdkjph iznq’kus o fo’kck/kk gksmu R;keqGsgh ekuoh vkjksX; /kksD;kr vkys vkgs- Ykksdla[;k ok<heqGs “ksrh ;ksX; tfeuhpk okij olkgrh] dkj[kkus fuekZ.k dj.;klkBh gksr vlY;kus d`’kh{ks= deh gksr vkgs- R;krp tfeuhph mRikndrk fnols fnol deh gksr pkyysyh vkgs- gokekukeqGs mnHko.kkÚ;k ladVkeqGs fgerki] oknGs] iqj vkf.k vo’kZ.k ;k leL;k fuekZ.k gksmu “ksrh mRiknukr ck/kk fuekZ.k gksr vkgs- iFohP;k rkiek.k ok<Y;keqGs gokekukr vlarqyu fuekZ.k gksmu vfuf”pr ikÅl] oknGs] iqj bR;knh leL;k ok<Y;k vkgsr vkf.k “ksrh mRiknukoj R;kpk foijhr ifj.kke >kyk vkgs- d`’kh mRiknu ok<fo.;klkBh ekuokus vk/kqfud ra=Kkukph enr ?ksryh R;keqGs “ksrh mRiknukr ok< >kyh ijarw R;keqGs dkgh ufou leL;k nsf[ky fuekZ.k >kY;k- d’kh mRiknu ok<fo.;klkBh jklk;fud [krkapk okij eksB;k izek.kkr gksr vlrkauk fnlrs- vkt “ksrhlkBh [krkapk okij vfuok;Z >kyk vkgs- ekrhr [krkps izek.k ;ksX; vlys ikfgts- [krkph ek=k tj tkLr >kyh rj {kkj Lo:ikr rs ekrhr tek gksrs vkf.k ty iznq’k.kkyk dkj.kh Hkwr Bjrss- [krkaP;k fu;f=r okijkus ekrhrhy mRikndrspk gkl gksmu “ksrh vuqmRiknd cur vkgs- ekrh o jklk;fud [karkeqGs teysY;k vfrfjDr {kkjkauh ensph ljapuk rj cnyr pkyyh vkgs R;kp cjkscj ik.kh iznq’k.kgh ok<ys vkgs- jklk;fud [kark cjkscj tarquk”kdkpkgh okij eksB;k izek.kkr ok<r vkgs- tarq o




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dhVduk”kdk eqGs dhMs dhVd o “ksrkrhy r.k uk”kikowu “ksrhps mRiknu ok<ys] ijarw o’kkZuqo’kkZP;k R;kpk mi;ksxkus tfeuhr R;kaph ek=k ok<qu tehu “ksrh mRiknukl fu:Ik;kssxh Bjr vkgs- R;kpizek.ks tarw uk”kdkaP;k vfrfjDr okijkeqGs ek.klkP;k LokLFkk oj foijhr ifj.kke ?kMwu ;sr vkgs- eksB;k izek.kkoj gks.kkÚ;k Ik”kqpjkbZ eqGs nsf[ky Ik;kZoj.k leL;k fuekZ.k gksmu R;kpk ifj.kke “ksrhoj >kysyk vkgs- pjkbZ eqGs ygku&ygku jksiVh rqMoyh tkrkr izk.;kP;k] [kqjkus ekrh mdjY;k eqGs ensph /kwi gksr vkgs- >kMkph eqGs m?kMh iMr vkgs- vfr pjkbZ >kysY;k {ks=krhy tfeuh iqUgk “ksrh yk;d jkgkr ukgh- tehfuph /kqi gh Hkkjrh; “ksrhph Qkj eksBh leL;k vkgs- txay dVkb]Z eqlG/kkj ikÅl] u|kauk ;s.kkjs iwj ] tfeuhP;k e”kkxrhph o fids ?ks.;kph pqdhph i/nrh ;keqGs tfeuhph /kwi eksB;k izzek.kkoj gksr vkgs- R;keqGs tehfupk ojps Fkj fu/kwu tkÅu tehu ukfid gksr vkgs- Hkkjrkr loZ= gk vuqHko ;sr vlrkauk fnlrs- Hkkjrkr tyflpaukP;k viwÚ;klksbZ gs ,d “ksrdÚ;klkBh vfHk”kki vlY;kps fnlrs- ,dq.k

tfeuh iSdh dsoG 20% tehup flpauk[kkyh vlY;kps fnlrs- Hkkjrklkj[;k d`’khiz/kku ns”kkr tyflpakukpk lksbZps izek.k deh vl.ksgh ,d “kksdkarhd vkgs- Hkkjrh; “ksrhgh eksleh itZ.;kekukoj voyacqu vkgs- R;keqGs d/kh ikÅl iMrks] rj d/kh ukgh R;keqGs “ksrhps eksBs uqdlku gksrs- dkgh Hkkxkr oktoh is{kk tkLr ikÅl iMrks rj dkgh Hkkxkr vfr”k; deh ikÅl iMrks ;keqGs T;k Hkkxkr deh ikÅl iMrks R;k Hkkxkr tyflpukaP;k lksbZ vl.ks vko”;d vkgs- ek= Hkkjrkr v”kk Hkkxkr tyflpaukP;k lksbZ viwÚ;k vkgsr- tfefuph vknzrk ok<ok;ph >kY;kl NksV;k&NksV;k c/;kaÚ;kph fuehZrh dj.ks xjtsps vkgs- ts.ks d:u tfefupk vksykok dk;e jkghy- Hkkjrkr d’khekykps mRiknu deh vlY;kps izeq[k dkj.k Eg.kts “ksrhPkk ygku vkdkj R;keqGs “ksrh dj.ks egkx iMrs Hkkjrh; “ksrdjh vtqugh tqU;kp iajijkxr i/nrhus “ksrhph e”kkxr djhr vkgs- R;kr cny dj.;kpk fopkj djhr ukgh vkf.k fopkj tjh dsyk rj R;kpkdMs iS”kk ukgh R;keqGs “ksrh mRiknukr ?kV fuekZ.k gksr vkgs- Okk<R;k vkS|ksxhdj.kk eqGs lq/nk “ksrhps vrksukr uqdlku gksr vkgsr- dkj[kk.;krwu fu?k.kkjk /kqj] jk[k fidkojarh iMY;keqGs fids u’V gksrkr rlsp tfeu ukfid gksrs- R;keqGs vks|kSxhd {ks= ifjljkrhy “ksrhrhy mRiUu Qkjp deh vlqu rs mRiUu mPpntkZps jkgkr ukgh ifj.kkeh “ksrhvkf.k “ksrdjh R;kaP;k oj R;kapk ifj.kke gksr vkgs- “ksrhekykP;k fodzh djhrk eksB;kizek.kkoj cktkjisBkph fuehZrh vko”;d vlrs- ijarw R;kps izek.k Hkkjrkr deh fnlrs- R;keqGs “ksrdÚ;kyk vkiyk mRiknhr eky fod.;klkBh ykac&ykacpk izokl djkok ykxrks- R;krgh R;kyk ekykph ;ksX; fdear feGr ukgh- R;kP;k vMk.kh vkf.k vKkuh i.kkpk Qk;nk O;kikjh o nyky ?ksÅu R;akph Qlo.kwd gksrkauk fnlrs- R;keqGs d`’kh thoukoj Qkj eksBk ifj.kke gksrkauk fnlrs- Hkkjrkph ok<rh yksdla[;k y{kkr ?ksrk vUu/kk.;kps mRiknu ok<.ks xjtsps vkgs- Hkkjrkrhy cjspls m|ksx “ksrhoj voycwau vkgsr ;k m|ksx/kan;kaph vf/kd izxrh djko;kph vlsyrj “ksrekykps mRiknu ok<fo.ks vko”;d vkgs- R;kdjhrk Hkkjrh; “ksrdÚ;kaP;k leL;k lksMfo.ks vko”;d vkgs -vkf.k R;kdjhrk dkgh mik; ;kstuk djrk vkY;kuarj rs dj.ks vko”;d vkgs- mik; ;kstuk djhr vlrkauk rs dsoG ljdkjoj voycwau u jkgrk vki.kgh R;ke/;s lfdz; lgHkkx ?ksryk ikfgts tls tfefuph /kwi Fkkacfo.ks] NksVs&NksVs cka/k ?kky.;kl ljdkjyk enr dj.ks ] ljdkjP;k o{kjksi.k izfdz;sr lgHkkxh gks.ks] o{kkph ykxoM d:u R;kaps loZ/ku dj.ks] “ksrdÚ;kuh ;ksX; [karkpk okij dj.ks] tehu d`’khiz/kku cufo.ks] tyflpaukP;k lksbZ dj.ks] mRRke fc&fc;k.ks uSlfxZd o jklk;fud [krkapk ;ksX; okij dj.ks] “ksrhP;k votkjkr cny dj.ks] ljdkjus lq/nk “ksrdÚ;kuk vf/kd




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mRiknu ?ks.;kl izksRlkghr dj.ks- R;kauk vfFkZd lkg; dj.ks] d`’kh fo’k;d ekfgrh ns.;kph lks; dj.ks] gokekuk uqlkj o tfe.khP;k izrh uqlkj ufou fids “kks/kwu dk<.ks- fidkaps lja{k.k o pkaxyh ok< gks.;klkBh ekxZn”kZu dj.ks v”;kizdkjP;k xks’Vhaph vko”;dr Hkkjrh; “ksrdÚ;kl vkgs- vkt “ksrh O;olk; gk vk/kqfud ra= Kkukpk okij d:u dsyk tkrks- ijarw xzkfe.k Hkkxkr vktgh eksB;k izek.kkoj uSlxhZd “ksrh dsyh tkrs - okjrkoj.kkrhy cnykpk ifj.kke fuf”prp “ksrhoj gksr vlrks- rks d/kh pkaxyk rj d/kh okbZV v”kk Lo:ikpk vlrks “ksrh O;olk;kph mUurh Ogk;ph vlsy mRiknukr Hkj?kks’k ok<djko;kph vlsy rj Ik;kZoj.k loa/kZ.k gks.ks dkGkph xjt vkgs- Ik;kZoj.kkP;k lja{k.k o loa/kZuklkBh vkiY;k ns”kkr ldjdkj.ks vusd izdkjps dk;ns dsys vkgs- ijarw R;k dk;|kph veyctko.kh ;ksX; izdkjs dsyh tkr ukgh- Ik;kZoj.kkpk eq[; dsanz ekuo vlY;keqGs Ik;kZoj.k ekuoh dk;kZeqGs izHkkfor gksr vlrs- vfr”k; cq/nheku vlysY;k ekuokus vkiys vfLrRo fVdfo.;klkBh vkf.k vkiyk fodkl lk/k.;klkBh Ik;kZoj.kkr usgehp gLr{ksi dsysyk fnlrks- ekuokyk fn?kZdkG txk;ps vlsy rj R;kus fulxkZyk enr dsyh ikfgts- Ik;kZoj.kkP;k vfrokijkeqGs ltho l’Vh QkjdkG thoar jkgw “kdr ukgh- Eg.kwu ekuokps ifgys vk| drZO; Eg.kts Ik;kZoj.kkps lja{k.k dj.ks gks;] Ik;kZoj.k ekuokyk lq[k ns.;kÚ;k n`’Vhus vuwdwy vlrs Eg.kqu fujfujkG;k {ks=ke/;s la”kks/ku d:u ufou dkVdljhps ekxZ miyC/k d:u Ik;kZoj.k larwyukps fu;kstu dj.ks xjtsps vkgs-

&% lanHkZ lqfp %& 01½ jes”k mekBs] MkW- lkS js[kk Bkdjs ß Ik;kZoj.k “kkL= ß folk cqDl 2006 02½ izk- MkW- foBBy ?kkjiqjs ßd`’kh Hkqxksy ßtqu 2000 03½ izk- MkW- foBBy ?kkjiqjs ßIk;kZoj.k “kkL=ß tqu 2005 04½ v..kklkgsc f”kans ß“ksrh o ikf.k fo|k izdk”kuß 1987 05½ MkW- lkS- xkSjh jk.ks ]izk- ,- ih- pkS/kjh ßIk;kZoj.kß 2006 06½ MkW- lqHkk’k lkjax ßIk;kZoj.k Hkqxksy ß fo|k izdk”ku 2006 07½ nRrq <xs ;kaps “ksrh o ßIk;kZoj.kß29 tqyS 2016

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Feb-2019 ISSUE-IV, VOLUME-VII(II)

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