February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future NUCLEAR POWER: SECURE ENERGY...

February 19th, 2005Non-CO2-emitting Energy Sources for the Future

NUCLEAR POWER:

SECURE ENERGY

for the

21st CENTURYMike Corradini

Nuclear Engineering & Engineering Physics

Nuclear Power:Villain or Victim; M.Carbon, Pebble Beach Publishers (2002)Decision-Makers’ Forum: A Unified Strategy for Nuclear Energy (2004)


Need for a Unified Energy StrategyInternationally: Population continues to increase worldwide Energy usage growing at similar rates (1-2%/yr*) Electrical energy usage increasing faster (>3%/yr*)

Nationally: Abundant & secure energy is critical to our future Continued & growing concern of fossil fuel emission Alternative energy technologies must be considered Need to ensure energy security with bipartisan initiatives and executive priority for nuclear energy *EIA (2002)


SUSTAINABILITY ISSUESConditions for Sustainability:

Acceptable area usage Minimal by-product streams Economically feasible technology Large supply of the energy resource Neither the power source itself nor the

technology to exploit it can be controlled by a few nations/regions (people/countries/regions)


Wind0.79

PV

0.12

Solar

Thermal

0.08

Hydro0.07-0.37

Power Plant Land Use Required (km2 / MW)

Source: J. Davidson (2000)

Nuclear0.001/0.01

Biomass5.2

Geothermal0.003

Coal0.01/0.04

1000 MW POWER PLANTS RUNNING AT 100 % CAPACITY

(8766 GWh/year)


1000 MWe-yr Power Plant Emission* Coal Gas NuclearSulfur-oxide ~ 1000 mt Nitrous-oxide ~ 5000 mt 400 mtParticulates ~ 1400 mtTrace elements ~ 50 mt** <1 mtAsh ~ 1million mtCO2 > 7million mt 3.5mill. mt** TRACE: e.g., Mercury, Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic

Spent Fuel 20-30 mt

Fission Products ~1-2 mt *Source: EIA (2002)


CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS Construction/Operation/Fuel Preparation

(kg CO 2 / kWh)

Hyd

ro Geo

ther

mal

Co

al

Nat

ura

l Gas

So

lar-

PV

Nu

clea

r

Win

d

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

CO

2 E

mis

sio

ns

(kg

CO

2/k

Wh

)

0.004 0.0250.06

0.025

0.38

0.47

0.0220.1

0.790.58

1.04

* Source: J. Davidson (2000)


50-75

12

532 2

56

2

19

14

4 4

108 7

17

Solar-PV

NuclearCoal

Gas Hydro Wind

Biomass

Geothermal

Solar Thermal

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Cost of Electricity (cents/kWh)

Cost of Electricity (Global Average) (¢/kWh)

* Source: J. Davidson (2000)


Top 10 Nuclear Countries (1999)

727.9

375306.9

160.4110.9 97.8 91.2 70.4 70.1 67.4

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

US France Japan Germany Russia KoreaRP

UK Canada Sweden Ukraine

billi

on k

ilow

att-

hou

rs

U.S. nuclear electricity generation is:

as large as France and Japan (#2 and #3) combined; and

larger than the other 7 nations in the top 10 combined

Source: IAEA


Record U.S.Nuclear Electricity Production

'90'94

'98'99

'00

'01

'02

577

640674

728754

769 780

Source: EIA

(Bil

lio

ns

of

Kil

ow

att-

ho

urs

)


'80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

Capacity Factor (%)

Industry Capacity FactorContinues at Record Level

86.8% in 1999

89.6% in 2000

90.7% in 2001

91.7% in 2002

License Renewal:Extends Value

ApprovedCalvert Cliffs 1,2Oconee 1,2,3Arkansas Nuclear One Unit 1Hatch 1,2Turkey Point 3,4

2003Arkansas Nuclear One Unit 2Browns Ferry 2,3Farley 1,2Dresden 2,3Quad Cities 1,2Cook 1,2 Nine Mile Point 1 ,2

2004Brunswick 1, 2Beaver Valley 1,2PilgrimDavis-BesseMillstone 2,3

2005Susquehanna 1,2

Already filedNorth Anna 1,2Surry 1,2Catawba 1,2McGuire 1,2Peach Bottom 2,3St. Lucie 1,2Fort CalhounRobinson 2SummerGinna


Safety of Current Nuclear Plants There has not been a loss of life in the US due to commercial

nuclear plants (TMI released a small amount of radiation)

Chernobyl accident - a terrible accident with a bad design These plants are now closed or redesigned for operation

Russian nuclear plant operations are being assisted by IAEA

Regional deregulation of the electricity industry introduces

challenges to continue & enhance the safety of nuclear plants. - Upgrades of power plant equipment and reliable replacement schedule

- Risk-informed decision making by the industry should be cost-effective

US nuclear plants are now self-insured via Price-Anderson Act

and we should renew Price-Anderson legislation for long-term


Nuclear Power High Level Waste (HLW) All nuclear fuel cycle waste (except HLW) has been safely

and reliably disposed through DoE and NRC regulations; milling, enrichment, fabrication by-products as LLW

Since 1982, US law ‘defines’ spent nuclear fuel as a HLW, since reprocessing has not occurred since 1976 (Japan & Europe currently reprocess spent nuclear fuel for recycle)

Spent fuel is currently stored at ~105 nuclear power plant sites (~ 2000 mt/yr; total ~50,000 mt) & is planned to be stored/buried at one site in the US (Yucca Mtn)

All nuclear electricity is taxed at 1mill/kwhre for a HLW fund (~$0.8 billion/yr; total fund ~ $20 billion)

Reassert criteria, achieve licensing & begin operation of Yucca


Evolution of Nuclear Power Systems

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Gen IV

Generation IVGeneration IV

Enhanced Safety

Improved Economics

Minimized Wastes

Proliferation Resistance

Enhanced Safety

Improved Economics

Minimized Wastes

Proliferation Resistance

Gen I

Generation IGeneration I

Early PrototypeReactors

•Shippingport•Dresden,Fermi-I•Magnox

Gen II

Generation IIGeneration II

Commercial PowerReactors

•LWR: PWR/BWR•CANDU•VVER/RBMK

Gen III

Generation IIIGeneration III

AdvancedLWRs

•System 80+•EPR

•AP1000•ABWR


Nuclear Energy: Defense-in-Depth

Reliable Operation- Safety is foremost

- ‘Doing it right’

Credible Regulation- Risk-based stds.

- Public access

Improving Engr.System Designs

-Instrumentation- Materials

- New plants (GenIII) require predictable plant licensing processes

- Enhance and reestablish a vibrant human infrastructure


Nuclear Safety Enhanced Current nuclear power plants have high levels of

safety: i.e., reliable operation, low occupational radioactivity dose to workers and with minimal risk and health effects from severe accidents.

Future nuclear reactor systems will meet and exceed safety performance of current reactors.

Decay heat removal, minimize transients and allow time for operator actions are the keys to successful safety performance.

Advanced LWR’s will be simplified, thus more economic and continue to minimize emissions

Deploy advanced light-water reactor systems (GenIII)


Advanced LWR: AP-1000


Advanced LWR: ESBWR


Generation IV Reactor Systems Safety: must meet and exceed current nuclear

power plant reliability, occupational radiation exposure and risk of accident consequences

Sustainability: minimize waste streams during spent fuel disposal or reprocessing and recycle

Proliferation and Physical Protection of facilities Economics: continue to reduce the total cost of

electricity ($/Mwhr-e) to remain competitive with leading technologies (e.g., gas, coal and wind)

Develop and demo advanced reactors & fuel cycles (GenerationIV)


Very-High-Temperature Reactor (VHTR)

oCharacteristicso High temperature coolanto 900 - 1000°C outlet temp.o 600 MWtho Water-cracking cycle

oKey Benefito High thermal efficiencyo Hydrogen production by

water-cracking by High-Temp Electrolysis or Thermo-chemical decomposition


Process Heat for Hydrogen Production

Nuclear HeatNuclear HeatHydrogenHydrogen OxygenOxygen

H2O22

1

900 C400 C

Rejected Heat 100 C

Rejected Heat 100 C

S (Sulfur)Circulation

SO 2+H2O+

O221

H2SO 4

SO 2+

H2OH2O

H2

I2

+ 2HI

H2SO 4

SO 2+H2OH2O

+

+ +

I (Iodine)Circulation

2H I

I2

I2

WaterWater

Nuclear HeatNuclear HeatHydrogenHydrogen OxygenOxygen

H2O22

1 O22121

900 C400 C

Rejected Heat 100 C

Rejected Heat 100 C

S (Sulfur)Circulation

SO 2+H2O+

O221

H2SO 4

SO 2+

H2OH2O

H2

I2

+ 2HI

H2SO 4

SO 2+H2OH2O

+

+ +

I (Iodine)Circulation

2H I

I2

I2

WaterWater

L

Liquid Metal

Hydrogen

CxHy

Carbon Recycle

200 C 1000 C

Thermochemical Processes

LM Condensed Phase Reforming (pyrolysis)

Aqueous-phase Carbohydrate

Reforming (ACR)

H2, CO2

CATALYST

AQUEOUS CARBOHYDRATE


Hi-Temp. Electrolysis Process

Porous Anode, Strontium -doped Lanthanum Manganite

Gastight Electrolyte, Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia

Porous Cathode, Nickel -Zirconia cermet

2 H20 + 4 e- → 2 H2 + 2 O=

2 O=→ O2 + 4 e-

2 O=

↓

H2O↓ ↑

H2

O2↓

4 e-→

Interconnection

H2O + H2 →

← Ο2

Next Nickel-ZirconiaCermet CathodeH2O↓

↑H2

Porous Anode, Strontium-doped Lanthanum Manganite


Porous Cathode, Nickel -Zirconiacermet

2 H20 + 4 e- → 2 H2 + 2 O=

2 O=→ O2 + 4 e-

2 O=

↓

H2O↓ ↑

H2

O2↓

4 e-→

2 2 290 v/o H O + 10 v/o H90 v/o H O + 10 v/o H2 10 v/oH2O + 90 v/oH210 v/oH2O + 90 v/oH2

Interconnection

H2O + H2 →

← Ο2


↑H2




2 H20 + 4 e- → 2 H2 + 2 O=

2 O=→ O2 + 4 e-

2 O=

↓

H2O↓ ↑

H2

O2↓

4 e-→

Interconnection

H2O + H2 →

← Ο2


↑H2




2 H20 + 4 e- → 2 H2 + 2 O=

2 O=→ O2 + 4 e-

2 O=

↓

H2O↓ ↑

H2

O2↓

4 e-→

2 2 290 v/o H O + 10 v/o H90 v/o H O + 10 v/o H2 2 2 290 v/o H O + 10 v/o H90 v/o H O + 10 v/o H90 v/o H O + 10 v/o H90 v/o H O + 10 v/o H2 10 v/oH2O + 90 v/oH210 v/oH2O + 90 v/oH210 v/oH2O + 90 v/oH210 v/oH2O + 90 v/oH2

Interconnection

H2O + H2 →

← Ο2


↑H2


GAS-COOLED REACTOR


Nuclear Power Fuel Cycle[1000 MWe-yr – (A) Once Thru (B) U-Pu recycle] IAEA-1997

Mining/Milling

Convert/Enrichment

Fuel Fabrication

Reactor (1000MWe)

Reprocessing Plant

Milling waste stream

Conv/Enrich Waste Tails

Fuel Fabrication Waste

Spent Fuel as Waste

Reprocessing Waste (FP)

U3O8 &daughters(A)10 mt (B) 6mt

UF6 &daughters(A) 167mt(B) 0.5mt

(A) 205mt (B)120mt

(A) 37mt (B)11.5mt

(A) 36.8mt (B) 36.4mt (U-Pu)

(A) 35.7 mt U, 0.32mt Pu(B) 36mt U, 0.5mt Pu

(B) 1.1 mt U, 5kg Pu

UO2 & daughters(A) 0.2mt (B) 0.16mt


Liquid-Metal Cooled Fast Reactor (LFR)Characteristics

• Na, Pb or Pb/Bi coolant• 550°C to 800°C outlet

temperature• 120–400 MWe

Key Benefit• Waste minimization and

efficient use of uranium resources


To Advance the Use of Nuclear Energy: Ensure energy security with bipartisan initiatives and an

executive branch priority on nuclear energy Enact long-term Price-Anderson legislation Demonstrate predictable nuclear plant licensing processes Reassert criteria, achieve licensing & begin operation of

Yucca Mountain Repository Deploy current light-water reactors in the U.S. (Gen-III) Develop/demonstrate advanced reactors & fuel cycles (GenIV) Reestablish a vibrant educational infrastructure

=>Build public confidence and support for nuclear energy

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February 19th, 2005 Non-CO 2 -emitting Energy Sources for the Future NUCLEAR POWER: SECURE ENERGY...

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