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February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and...

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February 4, 2003 Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350 1 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655 Best way to reach me: [email protected] Astronomy 350 Cosmology
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Page 1: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

February 4, 2003 Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

1

Professor Lynn Cominsky

Department of Physics and Astronomy

Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO

(707) 664-2655

Best way to reach me: [email protected]

Astronomy 350Cosmology

Page 2: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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Astronomy 350/Cosmology

Book: No text is required for this course Course Organization: Beyond Einstein: from the Big Bang to

Black Holes Outer Space (Macroworld): from the Earth

through the Solar System, to the stars, galaxies and clusters of galaxies & background radiation

Inner Space (Microworld): What’s the Matter in the Universe? Broken Symmetries and Grand Unification

Hyperspace and Strings

Page 3: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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Astronomy 350/Cosmology

Five Questions for each topicWhat do we know?How do we know it?What is its origin, evolution and

how does it affect the Universe?What are the next questions?What are the plans to find out?

Page 4: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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Astronomy 350/Grades

15% - attendance as evidenced by activities or answers to questions (1% per week)

20% - long, research style paper. Topic due 4/22/03, paper due 5/20/03

15% for in-class small group presentation15% x 2 for “book reports” on your choice of

books from class list, due 3/4/03 and 4/4/0320% for short answer final exam, 5/27/03

Page 5: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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Astronomy 350/Books

General Cosmology Overview: The Whole Shebang by Timothy Ferris The First Three Minutes by Steven

Weinberg A Short History of the Universe by Joseph

Silk The Shadows of Creation by Michael

Riordan and David Schramm

Page 6: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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Astronomy 350/BooksSpecific Topics:

Black Holes and Time Warps by Kip Thorne Black Holes and the Universe by Igor Novikov Einstein’s Unfinished Symphony by Marcia

Bartusiak (Gravitational Waves) Wrinkles in Time by George Smoot (Cosmic

Microwave Background) Unveiling the Edge of Time by John Gribbin

(Black Holes, White Holes and Wormholes) Flash! By Govert Schilling (Gamma-ray Bursts)

Page 7: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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Astronomy 350/BooksHigher Dimensions:

Hyperspace by Michio Kaku Flatland by Edwin Abbott AND

Sphereland by Dionys Burger Flatland by Edwin Abbott AND

Flatterland by Ian Stewart Surfing through Hyperspace by Clifford

Pickover The Elegant Universe by Brian Greene

(String Theory)

Page 8: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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Astronomy 350/BooksModern Cosmological Theories

Before the Beginning by Martin Rees The Inflationary Universe by Alan Guth Strange Matters by Tom Siegfried A Hole in the Universe by KC Cole Accelerating Universe by Mario Livio Runaway Universe by Donald Goldsmith How the Universe Got Its Spots by Janna

Levin The Extravagant Universe by Robert P.

Kirshner

Page 9: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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Book Report Grading

Present a succinct, yet thorough overview of the book that encompasses the key elements of the book’s content. The goal here is to convince me that you have read the entire book.

Book report must be well written, and free of grammatical and spelling errors.

Book report must not contain any plagiarized material – use quotes and refer to page numbers!! If I detect any plagiarism, you will receive zero points for the report.

Page 10: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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Book Report Grading

Book reports are expected to be approximately 5 pages. Your grade will be lowered if your report is either too short or too long. Use 12 point type, double spaced, and standard margins from Word or other program.

Make sure to put your name on the report.

No fancy covers please.

Page 11: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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Book Report Grading

Address one of the following topics in greater detail: Summarize the theoretical reasons why

the author believes in extra dimensions Summarize what it would be like to live

in a world with different dimensionality Summarize the author’s view of an

inflationary period in the early Universe Summarize the author’s view on the

possible existence of other universes Summarize the author’s view on

symmetry

Page 12: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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Book Report Grading

Address one of the following topics in greater detail (continued): Summarize the evidence presented by the author

in favor of the Big Bang theory Summarize the evidence presented by the author

in favor of the existence of black holes Summarize an important observation presented

by the author that was not made at visible wavelengths.

Summarize the evidence presented by the author in favor of dark energy and/or dark matter

Page 13: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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Other information of interest

Class web page: http://glast.sonoma.edu/~lynnc/courses/a350/

My group web page: http://epo.sonoma.edu My office hours: 1 – 3 PM Tuesday in D329A Office phone: 664-2655 For fastest response – send me e-mail:[email protected] other office – NASA EPO building

(old Tech High School)

Page 14: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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Beyond Einstein: from the Big Bang to Black Holes

Page 15: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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Beyond Einstein

Essential cosmological questions - Einstein’s theories predict the answersHow did the Universe begin? (The

Universe is expanding from a Big Bang)Does time have a beginning and an end?

(Space and Time both stop at the edge of a black hole)

Does space have edges?(Dark Energy could be pulling our Universe apart)

Page 16: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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Beyond Einstein

We will explore what is known about these cosmological questions – and see what it takes to go “Beyond Einstein” to find outWhat powered the Big Bang?What happens to space, time and energy

at the edge of a black hole?What is the mysterious dark energy pulling

the Universe apart?

Page 17: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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Course OutlineIntro and ReviewOuter Space:

Solar System FormationStar Formation and EvolutionBlack Holes and SpacetimeThe Expanding UniverseSupernovae and Gamma-ray BurstsGalaxies and Galaxy EvolutionDark Matter

Page 18: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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Course OutlineOuter Space (continued)

Clusters of Galaxies and Large Scale Structure

Background Radiation Inflation and Dark Energy

Inner SpaceWhat’s the Matter in the Universe?Broken Symmetries and Grand

UnificationHyperspace and Strings

Page 19: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

February 4, 2003 Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

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Early View of the Universe

What are your ideas

about the Universe?

Take the Cosmic Survey

Page 20: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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Cosmic Survey

Do this activity in small groups You are given pictures of different

astronomical objectsPut them in order of sizePut them in order of distancePut them in order of age

Page 21: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

February 4, 2003 Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

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Powers of Ten

Scientific Notation10n means 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 … [n times]10-n means 1/(10 x 10 x 10 ….) [n times]

10n > 1 it is a 1 followed by n zeroes (102 = 100)

10-n < 1 it is decimal point, (n-1) zeroes, then 1 (10-2 = 0.01)

There are 1010 – 1011 stars in our galaxy, and a similar number of galaxies in the Universe

Page 22: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

February 4, 2003 Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

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Sizes and Magnitudes

There are 1010 – 1011 stars in our galaxy, and a similar number of galaxies in the Universe

Each star weighs ~1030 kg and contains more than 1057 atoms

The radius of a typical star is ~108 mEach atom weighs ~10-27 kg and has a

radius of about 10-10 m1 light year is 9.5 x 1015 m

Page 23: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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Powers of Ten Video

Produced by Charles and Ray EamesDescribes the journey into Outer Space

and then into Inner SpaceEach step is a factor of ten in distance

Page 24: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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c = 3 x 108 m/s

The speed of light is the cosmic speed limit- nothing can move faster

Let There Be Light!

= wavelength

= frequency

Page 25: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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Page 26: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

February 4, 2003 Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

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Seeing the Light

VLA MAP SIRTF EUVE Chandra G:LAST

HST/Keck

Page 27: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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What emits EM radiation?

• Everything does! • Often called thermal or

blackbody radiation• the hotter the object, the

shorter the wavelength of the peak

• the hotter the object, the more intense the radiation

Page 28: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

February 4, 2003 Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

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What’s a good blackbody?

• You• Stars • The Universe!

Page 29: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

February 4, 2003 Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

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• Cool objects (0 to a few 10s Kelvin)• Electrons spiraling around magnetic fields• Collisionally deaccelerated or accelerated electrons

• Cold molecular clouds• Planets• pulsars• Radio galaxies• Intergalactic matter

Radio

Page 30: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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• a bit warmer objects (10s to 100K)• microwave generator

• warm molecular clouds• Planets• water masers• Galaxies• The Universe!

Microwave

Page 31: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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• warm objects (100 to about 2000 K)

• Nebulae• Planets• “Normal” stars• Enshrouded protostars• Galaxies

Infrared

Video from SIRTF

Page 32: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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• hot objects (2000 to about 10000 Kelvin)• the Sun of course!

• Nebulae• Planets• “Normal” stars, sun-like and hotter• Galaxies

Visible

Page 33: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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• hotter objects (10,000 to about 100,000 Kelvin)

• Nebulae• Planets with magnetic fields (aurorae)• O-F stars• Pulsars• Galaxies

Ultraviolet

Page 34: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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• very hot objects (100,000 to a few 106 Kelvin)• electrons in magnetic fields• electrons scattering off photons

• Planets• O star winds• solar corona• White dwarfs• Pulsars• Black holes• Galaxy clusters• Dark matter, indirectly

X-rays

Page 35: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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• Extremely energetic objects• Radioactive decay (Co56, Ti44)• Fusion• Cosmic ray/gas interaction• matter/antimatter annihilation

• supernovae • Diffuse Galactic emission• Active galaxies•(some) Pulsars• black holes• Gamma Ray Bursts

Gamma Rays

Page 36: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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• Extremely energetic objects• Radioactive decay (Co56, Ti44)• Fusion• Cosmic ray/gas interaction• matter/antimatter annihilation

• supernovae • Diffuse Galactic emission• Active galaxies•(some) Pulsars• black holes• Gamma Ray Bursts

Gamma Rays

Page 37: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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GEMS: Invisible Light Sources

and Detectors

Different stations have different types of light sources and detectors

All stations have same set of materials Try each of the 5 stations For each material: Predict whether or not it will

block the light, then test your prediction Write your predictions and results down on the

worksheets that are provided Hand in worksheets before leaving class

Page 38: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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Looking back through space and time

Constellation-X

JWST, FIRST

MAP, Planck

LISA, GLAST

Big Bang inflation

first stars, galaxies,

and black holes

clusters and groups of galaxies

microwavebackground

matter/radiationdecouplingEarly Universe Gap

First Stars Gap

Page 39: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

February 4, 2003 Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

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Ultimate Time Machine

Doing astronomical observations is like travelling back in time

If an galaxy is 1 million light years away, then the light that you are seeing left that galaxy 1 million years ago, and you are seeing what it looked like long ago

Do the Time Machine Activity

Page 40: February 4, 2003Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A3501 Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655.

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Web Resources

Astronomy picture of the Day http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/astropix.html

Electromagnetic Spectrum http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov

Beyond Einstein program http://universe.gsfc.nasa.gov

Imagine the Universe http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov


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