FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA

Capital:

Abuja

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA

PROMISE PROBLEMS

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA

Capital:

Abuja

NIGERIA: ETHNIC DIVISIONS

Hausa-Fulani (29%)

Yoruba (21%)

Igbo (18%)

Ijaw (10%)

www.bbc.co.uk

http://bauzeitgeist.blogspot.com/2011/09/african-borders-make-african-states.html

NIGERIA: RELIGIOUS DIVISIONS

Muslim (50%)

Christian (40%)

Indigenous Beliefs (10%)

www.getreligion.org

NIGERIAN HISTORY: PRE-COLONIAL (BEFORE 1860)

1800s: Fulani migrated into northern region. Spread of ISLAM

1500-1800: Southern region European trade: spread of CHRISTIANITY impacted by slave trade.

THE COLONIAL ERA (1860-1960)

British Colony North and South administered differently Indirect Rule

North: Local Muslim rule Minimal British supervision

South: Traditional colonial regime British bureaucrats British-trained indigenous

Introduced Western-style education Mostly in the South Privileged elite class

Deepened North/South division

ERA SINCE INDEPENDENCE (1960-PRESENT)

First Republic (1960-66) Parliamentary Govt. after transition to

independence. Civil War and Military Rule (1966-

79) Military coup ended “First Republic” Began era of military dictatorships Transition of power

Quick, violent & illegitimate

4 coups d’etat

CIVIL WAR AND MILITARY RULE (1966-79) Nigerian Civil War

(1967-1970) Ethnic-based Igbo attempt to

break away Form REPUBLIC OF

BIAFRA. Bloody war and

starvation tactics led to 500,000- 3 million deaths.

Biafra defeated.www.blackpast.org

COMPARATIVE POLITICS

How does Nigeria’s experience with the Igbo and Biafra compare with other countries we have studied? Britain Russia China Mexico

SECOND REPUBLIC (1979-1983)

Olusegun Obasanjo (1976-1979) Military dictator Voluntarily transitioned

to democracy 1979: New Constitution

Created a Presidential System similar to U.S.

Ineffective president Overthrown by a

military coup (1983)

MILITARY RULE (1983-1999)

CHARACTERISTICS More coups More promises of democracy Competition among generals based

on ethnicity. Institutionalized Corruption

Massive abuse of oil revenues PATRON-CLIENT SYSTEM

PUTIN RETURNS TO RUSSIAN PRESIDENCY http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/

2012/03/201234174822513879.html

POLLS: MEXICO'S PRESIDENTIAL RACE TIGHTENS

The polling firm GEA/ISA says the difference between Pena Nieto and Vazquez Mota has dropped to 7 percentage points, with 36 percent of voters favoring Pena Nieto and 29 percent backing Vazquez Mota

CHINA CITIES 'WILL NOT MEET NEW AIR STANDARDS'

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-17229918

MILITARY RULE (1983-1999)

CHARACTERISTICS More coups More promises of democracy Competition among generals based

on ethnicity. Institutionalized Corruption

Massive abuse of oil revenues PATRON-CLIENT SYSTEM

THIRD REPUBLIC, 1993

Elections were held. Results annulled by

military leader. Coup replaced old

military leader.

1983 PERIOD OF MILITARY RULE 1999

Third Republic, 1993

FOURTH REPUBLIC (1999-PRESENT)

1999… Another Constitution (9th since 1914)

Olusegun Obasanjo: (1999-2007) Elected president for two terms

Umaru Yar’Adua: (2007-2010) Died in office

Goodluck Jonathan: (2010-present) Was Yar’Adua’s VP Won the 2011 election

INDEPENDENT NATIONAL ELECTORAL COMMISSION (INEC)

Established 1998 Oversaw widespread voter fraud in

1999, 2003, & 2007. Attahiru Jega

Appointed in 2010

“ACADEMIC TACKLES CHAOS OF ELECTIONS IN NIGERIA”

Describe the multiple difficulties INEC faced leading up to the 2011 election.

“Nigeria has yet to hold a credible election” Human Rights Watch after 2007 election

2011 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

Goodluck JonathanPeople’s Democratic Party (PDP)

Ijaw Christian Negotiated cease fire

with Niger Delta militants.

Incumbent Advantage? Power of patronage

Appointments & contracts Access to oil revenue

2011 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

Muhammedu BuhariCongress for Progressive Change

(CPC)

CPC broke away from All Nigeria People’s Party (ANPP)

Fulani Muslim Former military dictator

(‘83-’85) Targeted drug traffickers,

corruption, and graft

2011 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

Nuhu RibaduAction Congress of Nigeria

(ACN)

Hausa-Fulani Muslim Former Chairman of

Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC)

2011 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONCandidate Percent of Vote Number of Votes

Jonathan 58.9% 22.5 million

Buhari 32.0 % 12.2 million

Ribadu 5.4% 2.1 million

17 other candidates also received votes.

2011 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS

Candidate

Percent of Vote

Number of Votes

Jonathan 58.9% 22.5 million

Buhari 32.0 % 12.2 million

Ribadu 5.4% 2.1 million

LEGITIMACY: 2011 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

Good News Bad News

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORAL SYSTEM

Directly elected by the people. Winner must receive:

Majority of votes 25% in 2/3 of the states.

Top two run-offWHY?

President needs NATIONAL mandate.

PDP POWER SHARING: “ZONING”

PDP Plan: Presidency rotates every two terms.Muslim from the North

Christian from the SouthPROBLEM

Obasanjo: Christian from South had two terms Yar’Adua (Muslim) died in office after three years. Jonathan (Christian) finished Yar’Adua’s term,

and ran again. Muslims didn’t think Jonathan should run.