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Human Geography
Jerome D. FellmannMark BjellandArthur GetisJudith Getis
Human GeographyChapter 5
Language and Religion:
Mosaics of Culture
Human Geography 11e
The Classification of Languages
• Language• Language Families• Subfamilies,
branches, or groups
• Protolanguage– Ancestral tongue
• Genetic Classification– Classification of
languages by origin and historical relationship
Human Geography 11e
World Pattern of Languages
• Language Spread– Different forms of diffusion
•Relocation–Culture is transported
•Hierarchical–Status
•Expansion–With partial or total acculturation of
the adopting population
Human Geography 11e
Language Change• English
– Gradual and cumulative changes– Before the 18th century, the English
language gained thousands of words from the Latin, Greek, and French languages
– After the discovery and colonization of new lands, aboriginal American, Australian, and African names were adopted
Human Geography 11e
Standard and Variant Languages
• Standard Language– Came from the
dialect of the most powerful and prestigious
• Dialects– Social dialects– Vernacular
language– Geographic or
regional dialects
• Linguistic geography- Isogloss
• Pidgins and Creoles– Amalgam of languages– Simplified form
• Lingua Franca– Language of trade – Second language
• Official Languages– The required language
of instruction, government and public activities
Human Geography 10e
Human Geography 11e
Language, Territoriality, and Identity
• Recognition and Autonomy Insert figure 5.15
Photo by Mark Bjellend
Human Geography 11e
Language on the Landscape: Toponymy
• Toponyms– Place names
• Toponymy– The study of place names
Human Geography 11e
Classification of Religion
• Impact on Culture• Classification of Religion
– Monotheism and Polytheism
• Classification based on religion’s distribution and patterns and processes of diffusion:– Universalizing Religions– Ethnic Religions– Tribal or Traditional Religions
Human Geography 11e
Patterns and Flows
• The World Pattern
Human Geography 11e
Patterns and Flows
• Diffusion
Insert figure 5.20
Human Geography 11e
The Principal Religions
• Judaism• Christianity
– Regions and landscapes of Christianity
• Islam• Hinduism• Buddhism• East Asian Ethnic Religions
Human Geography 11e
Judaism• Ethnic religion• Middle East origins• Diaspora• Two separate branches
of Judaism developed in Europe during the Middle Ages:– Sephardim (Iberian
Peninsula)– Ashkenazim (Eastern
Europe)
• Zionism– The belief in the
need to create an autonomous Jewish state in Palestine
Human Geography 11e
Christianity• Universalizing• Middle East origins• Diffusion
– Expansion– Hierarchical
• From provincial capitals to smaller settlements
– Contagious– Relocation
• European Imperialism• Schism
– Divided Medieval Christendom into Eastern (Greek) and Western (Roman) branches
• Protestant Reformation• Landscapes of Christianity
© Corbis RF
Human Geography 11e
Islam
• Universalizing• Middle East origin• Holy book: Koran• Five pillars• Diffusion• Sunni & Shi’ite
Sects
• Five Pillars– Profession of faith– Prayers– Giving of alms– Fasting during the
holy month of Ramadan
– Pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca
Human Geography 11e
Islam
© Photodisc/Getty RF
Human Geography 11e
Hinduism
• World’s oldest major religion• Ethnic religion• South Asia origins• Diffusion• Caste• Reincarnation• Karma
Human Geography 11e
Buddhism• Universalizing• South Asia Origins• Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha• Sects
– Theravada– Mahayana– Vajrayana
• Diffusion