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FEM 3001 (INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT) F2F – 2, 31 MARCH 2012 INSTRUCTOR DR SITI NOR BINTI YAACOB JPMPK, FEM CONTACT NO PHONE: 03-89467088 E-MAIL: [email protected]
FEM 3001(INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT)
F2F – 2, 31 MARCH 2012
INSTRUCTOR DR SITI NOR BINTI YAACOB
JPMPK, FEM
CONTACT NOPHONE: 03-89467088
E-MAIL: [email protected]
OUTLINE
UNIT 6 – INDIVIDUAL ECOSYSTEM UNIT 7 – INTERACTIONS AND TRANSACTIONS
WITHIN THE FAMILY ENVIRONMENT UNIT 8 – INTERACTIONS AND TRANSACTION S
WITHIN THE FAMILY ENVIRONMENT UNIT 9 – INTERACTIONS AND TRANSACTION S
WITHIN THE FAMILY ENVIRONMENT
UNIT 6INDIVIDUAL’S ECOSYSTEM & THE
DEVELOPMENT OF RESILIENT HUMAN BEINGS
INDIVIDUAL ECOSYSTEM
3 aspects of focus: Physical system Individual internal system - personality Interpersonal environment - communication
These aspects interact with family environment to produce a healthy & productive environment or otherwise.
Individual who are positive, well nourished, physically healthy, can function effectively, using resources accordingly & can adapt to changes, stress & transitions
These individuals may grow to become effective members of family, society and nation
INPUTS & OUTPUTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL SYSTEM
INPUTS
Oxygen
Nutrients
Water
OUTPUTSTHE INDIVIDUAL
Self-worth
Values, beliefs
Perceptions
Decision making
Work
Exercises
Reproduction
Wastes
INDIVIDUAL PHYSICAL SYSTEM
3 BASIC elements serve as inputs in individual physical system:
Oxygen Nutrients Water
These elements are important for functioning & generativity.
We need oxygen for breathing, our body contains water, we need food – carbohydrate, fat, proteins, vitamins & mineral to survive
These elements exist in the natural environment
Other environments may influence the availability / quality or continuous supply of them (i.e. – pollution (man built & socio cultural environments … lead to low air quality)
Who Is A Healthy / Fully Functioning Person?
Refers to physical well-being = a balanced person is a healthy person
Aristotle: concept of “The GOLDEN MEAN”; referring to moderation (mean); avoiding the extremes (too much or too little of anything - food, drinks & exercise or self control, courage & other virtues) can be harmful
Homeostasis? Stability; centered TOO GOOD TO BE TRUE? Esp. in a family
system
INDIVIDUAL INTERNAL SYSTEM
Comprises self concept & personality The development of self concept occur throughout
individual’s socialization process; does not exist at birth
Self concept = An organized set of perceptions of oneself, governing thoughts & feelings about one self as a person
Self esteem is a sub of self concept; it refers to the emotional aspect (a feeling of) of self worth & dignity
An individual may have various perceptions about him/herself & his or her abilities; which will influence his/ her behaviour & personality
Positive self concept leads to well/positive life functioning
Individual personalities comprises a blend of characteristics that develop through out life
Temperament, birth order, personality styles etc..
Temperament (Natural Characteristics)9 Basic Component Of Behaviour Based On
Temperaments
1. Activity Level = frequency of spontaneous motor activities (“slow” vs. “very active”; constantly moving vs not moving much at all)
2. Rhythmicity = routines, organized, scheduled
3. Approach & withdrawal (ability to approach others or withdraw from social contact)
4. Adaptability
5. Response threshold – responsiveness; ability to respond based on senses = fast/slow; i.e some people can tolerate loud noise; some are quick to react
6. Intensity of reaction : how does one react to stress (adapt, withdraw or explode)
7. Quality of mood / mood swing 8. Distractibility = level of self control
(impulse control) – to concentrate even with distraction
9. Attention span/ Persistency: ability to continuosly / seriously focussing/ concentrating on any specific task
High Low
LEVEL OF ACTIVITYRHYTHMICITY
APPROACH /WITHDRAWALADAPTABILITY
RESPONSE THRESHOLDINTENSITY OF REACTION
MOODDISTRACTIBILITYATTENTION SPAN
MOTOR ACTIVITYTIME SCHEDULE
DISTANCE REGULATIONFLEXIBILITY
RESPONSIVENESSIMPULSE CONTROL
HAPPY/SADCONCENTRATION
PERSISTENCE
Temperamental Response Pattern
Goodness of Fit concept (Chess & Thomas; 1968)
= an interaction that results when properties of the environment & its expectations & demands are in accord with the organism’s capabilities, motivations & styles of behaviour
In harmony--- optimal development in a progressive direction
Can be influenced by: the organism, its attributes, the relationships of the system elements & the environment
Babies develop personality
characteristics based upon impulse & emotions hunger, sad, fear, discomfort
Personality develops across life stages based on experiences & interactions esp. with the socio-cultural environment
Different types of personality make people unique
Styles of interactions with family,
friends & others are highly influenced by one’s personality preference
According to Jungian Theory, each individual has 4 pairs of personality preferences
Extrovert vs. introvert Sensing vs. intuitive Thinking vs. feeling Judging vs. perceiving
Personality preference depicts genetic influences as well as earlier life experiences.
It refers to the concept that ONE personality style is more prominent in a person.
EXTROVERTED (E) INTROVERTED (I)
Talks first, think later Thinks & rehearse before speaking (“I’ll think about that”
Knows many people, counts many as close friends
Anjoys a small number of good friends
Likes varieties & action; can tolerate noise, distraction
Likes quiet for concentration; enjoys peace & quiet
Dominates conversation A good listener, often feels Taken advantage of
Apprachable & easily engagedBy friends / strangers
Appears quiet, reserved &reflective
EXTROVERTED (E) INTROVERTED (I)
Likes to talk a lot; at any timeOften gets suspicious if people
praise them; or repeating things that have been said
An individual may have both orientations; but one is > prominent
EXTROVERTED (E) INTROVERTED (I)Likes parties, enjoy
talking to many peopleLikes 2 share special occasions
with selected friends
Prefers generating ideas with a group
Thinks of ideas, reflects on them & wishes to get them out > forcefully
Listening is > difficult than talkingLikes to be “THE FOCUS”
Likes to state ideas without interruptions
Talks way through things; “I lost my books, has anyone seen them?”
Thinks through where misplaced items & looks 4 them on own
Needs affirmation; enjoys feedbacks about accomplishment “Recharges alone”
SENSOR (S) INTUITIVE (N)
Prefers specific answers; detailsThinks about several things atonce; “absent minded”
Concentrate on “the doings”; prefers doing than thinking
Perceives the future as intriguing; Excited about his/her future than
other’s
Finds satisfying jobs that yield tangible results.
Details are perceived as boring & redundant
If s’thing is not broken, it does not have to be fixed
Enjoys figuring out how things work
Prefers to work with concrete facts, not theories or concepts
Does not engage in fantasies
Reads from front to back
Takes things literally See details easier
than overall picture “Seeing is
believing”; evidence is important
Tries to connect & interrelate things, do not things at face value
Reflect, think, imagine; analyze “what does that mean”
Reads anywhere interesting
Sees the BIG PICTURE thinks about
possibilities; What could be
Time is relative; it is not late unless s’thing has started without you
THINKER (T) Do not show emotions;
uncomfortable dealing with people’s feelings
Calm, cool, collected when others are upset
Settles disputes based on fairness, truth rather than what makes people happy
Likes to proof a point; argues on both sides
> firm minded; < gentle hearted
> objective; “cold hearted”
Makes difficult decisions
FEELER (F) > aware of other’s
feelings A good decisions is one
that takes other’s feelings into account
Over-extends self to others in considering
Prefers harmony; avoid conflicts
Can easily take back what has been said that offended s’one; indecisive
Takes things personally
It is more important
to be right than liked; it is unnecessary to like people in order to work with them & do a good job
Impressed with scientific/logic things; remembers numbers & figures better than faces & names
Wonders if people care;
although it is not easily said
Over extends self in meeting other’s needs
People & feelings are more important
JUDGER (J) Waits for others Puts everything in
place “knows” that if
people would do what they are supposed to when they are supposed to, things would be much better – Things are decided
Does not like surprise, make this well known. Structured
Keeps list & uses them.
PERCEIVER (P) Is distracted easily &
gets “lost” between activities
Loves to explore the unknown
Does not plan tasks, waits 2C what the demands are; often perceived as disorganized; things are pending
Very last minute Believes creativity,
spontaneity & responsiveness are > important than order & neatness
Turns work into play - FUN
Thrives on order; has a system to keep everything in place
States opinion emphatically; often accused of being angry when merely stating opinion – forcefully
Completes things & get them out of the way - closure
Does not have a system; changes conversation frequently on any topic
Keep options open Does not like to be pinned down about most things; would rather keep options open
Make things less than definite.. openness
Personality types constitute combinations of preferences (ways of perceiving & interacting with the environment)
ISTJ = introvert, sensing & thinking, judging preference toward the outer world
ENFP = extrovert, intuition & feeling; perceiver of the outer world
There are many areas in life when personality types are considered important
Sensing = to establish facts Intuition = to suggest all
possible solutions Thinking = to determine all
probable consequences of actions
Feeling = to weigh desirability of each outcome
Variability in personality types is an advantage; learn to appreciate the differences
APPLICATION – ON CHOICE OF OCCUPATION OR PROFESSION
Preferences Occupations/ProfessionThinking jobs using inanimate objects
Feeling dealing with peopleSensing + judging more structured jobs with well
defined proceduresIntuitive + perceptive
Less structured; less initiative
Sensing Deals with factsIntuitive Look for possibilities; creativity=
architects; writers; mathematicians; research scientist
Interpersonal Environment-
Communication
Communication is critical for family adaptability, cohesion & functionalityThere is a common communication pattern in each culture; each family develops its own communication patternPeople develop communication skills within the family system; learning both the cultural patterns & the specific family styles & rules
A symbolic transactional process involving creating & sharing meaning through consistent patterns.
Assumptions: COMMUNICATION is transactional
(exchange of information/thought / ideas)
It is impossible to not communicate
The structural elements of communication The communicatorThe messageThe mediumThe recipient
Technology is an adjunct to one or more of these elements.
More focus on the message & the medium; often neglecting the communicator & the reaction of the receiver.
Figure: Parts of communication process system
The Communicator The Recipient
The message
The medium
THE MESSAGE Is the heart of communication Units of information transmitted between
sender & receiver. May contain feelings, thoughts, ideas,
suggestions or commands After preparing (encoding) the message, the
sender decides whether the message needs to be: Explained, disguised, censored, or made
appropriate to the receiver / situations. Message is sent to the receiver who will
decode the info as an input for the individual system
Messages are thought of in terms of words
Words are actually signs or symbols We are now in a more semiotic age
== visual symbolic communication (image symbols)
？ &
THE MEDIUM
Is the WAY a message is presented to the receiver
Influences the “meaning” TV ads. Are costly; messages are short;
aiming for quick impressions through sounds, colors, movements, images, few words which are normally “powerful”
THE RECIPIENT The receiver of the message. Communicator must understand the receiver
& be aware of the context of the message being received.
Different words or gestures can give different meanings to recipients who have different perceptions from those of the sender.
“Interpretations” lead to reactions. Example: table manners; “specific jokes”, slangs
etc Responses to communication are either
visible physiological appearances or through technological devices (i.e. testing biofeedback - body temperature, brain waves, stress levels etc)
Our cultural background influences our perceptions; so do our socializations agents & contexts (family, friends, teachers)
Place & space add to contextual meanings & influence our interpretations & understandings of a message (whispering = scared or shy?)
COMMUNICATION PATTERNS INFLUENCE FAMILY MEANINGS
Meanings come through continuous interpretations of and response to messages.
The sensitivity of our basic senses serve as the first filters in communication.
Our perceptions are also filtered through our family system & social system through:
Language.Accepted ways of seeing & interpreting things.
All socially-agreed upon conventions that standardized our world.
Through the filtering process we assign general meanings to verbal and nonverbal symbols.
General experiences are shared with many people we encounter.
Specific and unique experiences are gained within one’s family.
The language that we use often limits the shape and meanings we can ascertain.
Individual characteristics can uniquely influence one’s interpretations.
After functioning in a family system - comfortable with ability to handle the language symbols, can interpret them at all levels for their systems “pattern”
Communication pattern:
Is both verbal and nonverbalIs specific to the relationship within the systemIs reciprocal & interactiveIs often predictableContain both content & feeling messagesDefines relationshipsMay be changed by forces within the systemsMays stimulate changes in that system
Factors that influence the creation of meanings in communication:
Family of origin influences.Family communication rules.Gender and communication.Communication framework.
FAMILY OF ORIGIN
The family that we are “born into” – known as “family of orientation”.
Family as our first socialization context - specific experiences within the family reflect a unique combination of personalities.
Will influence later experiences in life - one’s own “family of procreation”i.e. “family secret”, “in the honor of the family”
FAMILY COMMUNICATION RULES
Rules are relationship agreements that prescribe and limit a family’s behavior over time.
Family system has its own “administrative” system that forms a structure which serves as guidance for the family.
We may not realize some of the rules since many are not told but are learned through repeated interactions (a range of explicit implicit rules).
Family rules developed over time. It set predictable patterns that
regulate behavior. It involved expectations.Unknown rules may create conflict.Communication rules: what, how, to
whom
GENDER & COMMUNICATION
GENDER may influence:the way people communicatemeaning of the messages perceived and received by people involved.
Socio-cultural influences dictate which behavior is gender appropriate.
- big boys don’t cry.. Contextual influence:
- office setting vs. non-formal setting- male-female in private vs. in public
FAMILY COMMUNICATION FRAMEWORKS
Family members communicate in order to form a group that can share information.
This is arranged through a communication framework.
Family members establish certain channels for information flow, share the meanings through interactions & by a prescribes path through the family communication framework
Vertical vs. horizontal communication
The family communication framework reflect power structure in the family.
Some structures promote dominance, others encourage sharing.
It helps to maintain the roles and rules operating within the system.
COMMUNICATION PATTERN
Show flow of information and verbal exchanges within one’s family.
All patterns have their strengths and weaknesses.
may work well for one family at one specific timewhile for others it may not work at all
Types of communication pattern: horizontal chain, vertical chain, Y pattern, wheel pattern, gap pattern and all channel network.
COMMUNICATION PATTERN
Horizontal chain – negotiable rules
Vertical chain – non-negotiable
rules
Y pattern Wheel pattern
Gap pattern All channel network
Chain pattern:Show hierarchy of power.There is an authority figure.Members rely on one person for information.
The Y & Wheel patterns:There is one pivotal person who monitors the information flowWheel allows more exchange of information.
A gap pattern depicts lack of info exchange. All channel network pattern:
Describes a 2-way communication channels between members.Communication flows in every direction.Members have equal chance to discuss issues.
UNIT 7INTERACTIONS AND TRANSACTION WITHIN THE FAMILY ENVIRONMENT
HUMAN DEVELOPMENTFamily is the most critical system for human development (other systems are also important)Human development occurs through-out life cycleCan be influenced by & may influence the environment / other systems
FAMILY FORM & STRUCTURE
Family formRefers to parts of the system that involves memberships of individualsVarious formsEach form may function differently and has unique characteristics
Nuclear: parents & their children
Conjugal: the forming of a nuclear family throug marriage
Extended family parents, children, other family members (grandparents, uncles & aunts; may involve 3 generations or more)
Consanguines extended family that are based upon blood realtions
Intact family = members are both parents & children.
Single parent family led by a parent (father / mother) with children due to divorce, death, separation, never married
Remarried families formed when one or both partners have been previously married
Step family one or both married partners have children from previous marriage; Blended family (both have children??)
Family of orientation: the family that we were born into
Family of procreation: the family that we form upon marriage
STRUCTUREThe system perspectve defines family structure as the interrealtionships between the elements in the familyIt refers to the interactional patternsIt involves positions as Husband, wife, children, sibling, parentsEach of these positions govern specific roles that are expected to be fulfilled
FAMILY ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS5 basic family functions that are common across cultural contexts:
ReproductiveLegalized sexual activities between married partnersSocialization of childrenEstablishing reciprocal economics activities with the community/societyProvision of (unconditional) emotional support to members
Family functions for the development of individual family members:
1. Protection2. Economic3. Nurturance4. Mediation5. Education6. Adaptation7. Continuity
Family is known as an ecological system which governs individuals who are living organisms that interact with and within the environment.Individuals interact within the family --sharing values, resources, goals, responsibilities and commitmentsFamily and individuals must interact to obtain resources, materials, energy and information to survive
1. Family ecosystem as a social system
Every part of the family interacts with each other and with the environment forming an ecosystemInterrelated / interdependentFamily fulfills physical and biological maintenance activities and reproductive activitiesFamily tasks includes socializations of the off-springsFamily well-beings may be influenced by the “world” well-being, vice versa
Family is a semi-open system, has its own goals, dynamic & adaptiveFamilies respond, change, develop, grow, act , react and adjust in the environmentAdaptation is a continuous process in any family systemAll parts of the environment are interrelated & influential of each otherFamily as a system, use materials and transform energy to:
sustain and generate life function
2 sets of rules influence family – environment interactions:
Natural physical and biological laws - such as thermodynamic rules of matter-energy transformationValues and rules that are constructed by the human beings
Factors that need to be considered in studying families:
Components (size, age, gender, life cycle)Structure (intact, single-headed (divorce/ death/ never married)Environment (other living / non-living organism)Processes that take place between family & the environment
studied as a system
The environment does not DETERMINE human behaviour: but it does provide boundaries or sanctions and opportunities for family growth.
Families do have certain degree of controls & freedom over some interactional aspects in lifeDecision making process (DMP) is a basic controlling mechanism
DMP guides human behaviour towards achieving individual and family goals which in turn will influence the other environments.
Some basic concepts:
Family:is a basic unit of the society comprises interacting organisms.By definitions, a family covers memberships of individuals who are blood related or related through marriage; or adopted as members.Members are:
interdependent, and independent to certain extendshare common goals & resourcescommitted towards each other
Needs:Conditions that need to be fulfilled in order to survive and behave adaptively.3 categories of individuals and family needs:
The need to own/obtain resources (materials or information)The need to interact (sense of belonging, love & care, communicate)The need to exist (growth & development; to excel)
Family needs must be considered based upon the socio-cultural contexts.
Values:
Individual and family values must be understoodMay influence decision making process; actions & interactions within the socio-cultural environment
Goals:
Individuals and the family share common goal(s) goal orientationGoals (and values) motivate family to functionGoals are influenced by time:
short termlong term
Families pursue goals; may be shifted depending upon situations
Resources
Used by families to pursue goals, expectations & demands2 types: human & materials (tangible & non-tangible)Human resources include personal characteristic (knowledge, skills, emotions, health, energy, time)Materials: natural or man-made (money, asset
Management:A comprehensive process that involve achievement, discovery, coordination & usage of resources to obtain goals & for values realizationIt covers interrelated processes of determining goals, planning & implementationIt involves decision making process
DECISION MAKINGServes as family controlling systemIt reflects family interaction patterns; is based on values, goals & standardsIt helps family to adapt in the environmentA decision situation exist when conflict & alternatives occur
COMMON CHARACTERISITICS OF DECISION MAKING
Is considered to be universalInvolves information processingInvolves a choice among alternativesInvolves conflict managementReflects family member’s perceptions, needs, valuesReflects family dynamics (interactions, communication, power, authority)Reflects a stylePast & future relatedReflects a commitment to a course of actionsIs basic to all family functions
Basic requirements in making a decision:
1. Aware that a decision is needed2. Identifying & comparing
alternatives3. Making a choice from the
alternatives
Family decision making is a complex process:
Families make numerous decisions in life: social, technical, economics, legal, political.
Most of the times decisions are made when families are faced with uncertainties / risks
Some of the decisions involved group / whole family members
Outcomes of decision making:
3 kinds of decision making patterns:
1. Consensus,2. Accomodation3. Defacto
1. Consensus discuss the issue to be decided until agreement is reached; requires compromise, flexibility, negotiation.time consuming
2. Accomodationone person consents to a decision not because of total agreement, but because of the belief that further discussion will not resolve the issue;it encourages dominant behaviour; may disturb family connectedness
3. Defacto
made without direct family agreement; only made to keep family functioning; may cause complaints by members; dominant members are victorious, others are suppressed.
FAMILY FORMATION - Choosing a life partner
In Islam, marital partner is advised to be chosen based on 4 elements: wealth, beauty, family history/genetic factors, and on top of all: RELIGIONEach individual may have different ideas of his/her IDEAL partner
CHOOSING A LIFE PARTNER
4 basic processes:1. Know oneself 2. Know one’s potential partner (self
observation or middle person)3. Know his/her family background4. Study the effect of the relationship supposed
there is going to be a marriage
THEORIES RELATED TO CHOOSING A LIFE PARTNER
Homogamy vs. heterogamy People marry those of the same kind (similar characteristics) The concept of KAFAAH/ kufu (ethnic, SES, religion, values) Homogamy; more commonThose who marry “outside” the similar territory or those of opposite characteristics are known as heterogamy; may face greater challenges
endogamy: marrying within one’s own social group vs. exogamy – outside the group)“Complementary” = characteristics that complement each other
Filtering TheoryFiltering process to minimize the size of the ‘pool’ of the potential candidates (Kerckhoff & Davis, 1962)Filter 1 = propinquity (distance, time factor, physical space; geographic closeness)Filter 2: Social background (ethnicity; SES)Filter 3: Attractiveness (similar or more or less about the same)Filter 4: Matched (personality, interest, values)Filter 5: “balanced sheet filter” – analyzing benefit & loss ; if balance; proceed to commitment stage marriage
All eligible candidatesFilter 1 – propinquity
All eligible candidates that one knows ofFilter 2 – social background
Candidates that have similar background characteristic
Filter 3: AttractivenessPartners get attracted to each other
Filter 4: matchingPersonality, interest, values
Filter 5: balance sheetcommitment
MARITAL PREPARATION / READINESS
SpiritualFaith, religion as way of lifeKnowing the rights/wrong; rights & responsibilitiesA clean start
PhysicalHealthy: physical, mental, emotionsFree from diseases FertileSexual
Socio-culturalThe WeddingRelationships with families of orientations; in-laws; neighbours; friends (yours, mine, ours)Work & family
Socio-emotionalThe importance of being in-love; staying in-love through-out; marital QParenting
Socio-economyNafkahResponsibilities towards family of procreationResponsibilities towards families of orientation
FAMILY DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS
Basic family tasks; specific for each level of the family life cycleInvolves responsibly, roles that are shaped and in accord with biological needs, cultural influences, values and family aspirationsOccur simultaneously and parallel with individual development
Success in fulfilling the tasks: satisfaction; happiness; recognition from society; ease the accomplishment of the subsequent tasks
Failure??? May limit growth (various aspects) May interfere with later stages May create conflict
BASIC FAMILY TASKS:Provision of basic needs: shelter, food, clothing, safety etcFulfilment of living cost through distribution of resources (time, space, energy); & facilities Division of household tasks such as “breadwinner”; “family manager”; maintenance of home & family membersEnsuring the “success” of the socialization processProvision of the “know how” of interactional processes (communication, expression of feelings, sexuality etc
Give birth, nurture, bring-up the children, launch them Establishment of good relationships with the outside world (neighbours, friends, school, community, religious institutionNurturing value system; morale behaviour, motivations, positive conflict management; strategizing life goals and honesty (“basic life skills)
Every member holds specific tasks pertinent to his/her position in the family (husband/father; wife/mother; siblings; children)
FAMILY TASKS ACCORDING TO STAGES ACROSS THE FAMILY LIFE CYCLELevel I: Early stage Newly wed, lasts for 1 – 3 years; high marital QFamily life tasks: Forming roles both in marriage and family;
discuss expectations; adapt to meet own, partner’s and marital needs; planning for children; parenting
Provide emotional support for each other (love, emotions, self identity & “married person” identity; sexual responsibilities
Establish interaction patterns, communication, expression of love & other emotions etc
Personal adaptations – give & take, tolerance of personal habits / likes-dislikes / hobbiesTolerance of gender role in accord with personalities, skills, needs, interest, justice & fairnessFamily first – managing work-family conflict, balancing work/family goals; recognizing unpaid labour; sharing of household tasksImprove communication skills; sharing of problemsFinancial management; short vs. long term goalsEstablish & strengthen family relationshipsInvolvement in neighbourhood activities; mutual friends, own friends Strengthen religious beliefs; nurturing morale values
Level II: Child bearing / rearing stage Forming a family; expecting birth of a child; family
with 1-2 children; decreased marital QTasks:
Adaptation of parental rolesEstablish family stability – all members are learning “the new roles”Learn about child development – practice smart rearingFinancial management (current & future)Strengthen relationships with extended family members – the grandparentsAdjust to new roles as couples with children; family routines & rituals, holidays & festivals
Safety first – for the little ones; arrange home furniture accordinglyFamily planningStrengthen religiosity; nurturing morale values
Level III: Family with pre-schooler Child’s age – 2.5 – 6 yrs. old. Nurturing &
subsequent birth; takes about 3 – 4 yearsTasksProvide enough & suitable space, facilities, other things to fit the expanded familyPrepare for both expected and unexpected costMore matured ; remain “warm”; Nurture & raise children with love and positive stimulation
Strengthen good relationships with extended familiesIdentify additional resources from outsideMotivate family membersStrengthen religiosity; nurturing morale values
Level IV: Family with schooling childrenFirst child ages 6-12; takes 6-7 years to completeTasks:
Provide enough & suitable space, facilities & other things for schooling children; maintain couple’s privacyFinancial management – to meet extra demandsExpanding family socialization processImproving communication Q; Strengthen relationships with outside systems; Strengthen religiosity; nurturing morale values
Level V: Family & Adolescent 1st. Child ages 13-20; takes about 7 years to
complete
Tasks: Space & facilitiesFinancial managementSharing of household responsibilitesRe-focus on marital relationshipImprove intergeneration communication Q Strengthen relationships with extended families & other systems outside the familyInvolve in the adolescent’s activitiesStrengthen religiosity; morale values; ethics
Level VI: “Launching” stage 1st child leaves home; ends when the youngest
child leaves. Takes about 8 yrs. Marital Q has high potential to improve or or… fail
TasksRearrange household arrangement Preparing to launch the childrenTransfer some responsibilities to adult childrenAdapt to new roles as parents of the adult childrenMaintain open communication; expand relationships through child’s marriage; Strengthen religiousity; morale values; ethics
Level VII: Middle age Family Begins when the youngest child leaves home,
ends when couples retire – “Empty Nest stage” or the boomerang generation starts
TasksPrepare facilities for well-being; comfort & health needsDistribute resources taking into account retirement planEstablish interaction pattern of “mutual fulfilment of needs”; improve marital QIncrease meaningful social roles; family relationshipReligiosity, values, ethics
Level VIII: Family during the golden years Couples are economically inactive; death of
one or both partnersTasks:
Arrange for meaningful life Adapt financial needs with limited resourcesSet comforting routines; healthcare, stengthen marital relationshipIncrease social role; family relationshipsReligiosity, values, ethics; searching for meaning of life?
VARIATIONS IN FAMILY LIFE CYCLE
Family life stages is experienced uniquely by each family; in accord with formation; time; duration; age of first child; subsequent children; family types
Transitional from one to the next level produce changes that can influence family relationship; adaptation is need
Various social changes influence the trends / form / functions of the family
Examples:Post-poned marriages; postponed child-bearing, all other stages are being postponedCareer first?Families without children? Adopted children?
Fewer children may shorten the span of life cycleBirth of special childrenDivorced families? Single parent families; step – families? Blended families?Some singles -- adopted children (trendsetter = artist?)Pregnancy out of the wedlock; homosexual couples? The shoot off of the launching stage is debatableImproved life expectancy – demands for children to provide care for their elderly
THINK TWICE… He who is unable to live in society or
who has no need because he is sufficient for himself, must be either a beast or a god
Aristotle
UNIT 8-
INTERACTIONS & TRANSACTIONS WITHIN THE COMMUNITY
ENVIRONMENT
Individuals & the family are basic units of the society (community); influencing each other
Society/community – the concept Society = a social community Community = all the people living in a
specific locality (a Latin word = fellowship) More than 1 person interacting within one
geographic location & have social bonding / relationship
involves local functions: social control/ social sanctions; social involvement; socialization; productions; distributions & economics consumptions
The characteristics of a society are highly influenced by:
• historical & geographical factors;
• local authorities; • its members & other macro
influences (i.e., economic trends; weather; politics)
5 FUNCTIONS OF A COMMUNITY1. Production, distribution, consumption.
Community provides means to make a living for its members (agric, industry, services)
2. Socialization Through which norms & values are instilled
(tradition, modelling, formal education)3. Social control
Means to enforce adherence to community values (group pressure or formal law)
4. Social participation (involvement) Community fulfills the need for companionship
(neighbourhood, publlic place, religious institutions, business etc)
5. Mutual Support enables cooperation among & between members
Social change 1.Is a product of transitions of the era ==
from the pre industrial to post industrial eras
2.Toffler (1980) categorized the social change into 3 classifications:1. 1st wave2. 2nd wave3. 3rd wave
Each wave has its own characteristics
During the pre industrial era: • Family depended on the natural
environment for food Family ecosystem was highly
adaptive doing agricultural activities & hunting
Extended family; big size == free labour for the farms
Family living pattern was based upon the patrilocal or matrilocal trend (living with one spouse’s family of origin)
Arranged marriage; divorce was rare
During the industrial era:• The nuclear family system • Live in one’s own home; own rules &
responsibilities• Men were head of households,
breadwinners; women were the home manageress
• Reduced family size – usage of contraceptive method by the women; women got involved in out of home economic activities
• Moderate divorce rate
Post Industrial Era • Family at the junction of industry &
info-techno era • Existing of various family forms• Smaller nuclear families• Average number of children = 3 (vs
6 before)• Later age of marriage ; divorce rate
is high• Many remain singles• Vague gender roles (shared roles
between H & W)
• The role of childcare centers; maids = VERY important; esp. with > 50% involvement of women in the economic sector
• Family faces the issues related to caring for the elderly
• Life is centered around communication – information & technology (ICT)
Community & Human Development Reciprocal relationships between individual;
family & the community
1. Community Economy Highly influential Types of job; consumerism; housing;
employment (i.e Damansara heights; Country Heights vs. Sg Besar; vs. Kuala Pilah; vs Baling; Gua Musang??)
Poverty, Recession; infra-structure; pollutions; migration
“specific culture”; class & status
2. Geographic Locations Urban/rural/sub-urban; marginalized society
Q of life is determined by the environmental Q
Seen through the natural, human constructed & socio-cultural environments
i.e Urban = natural environment has been transformed; rural? Sub-urban?
Rural: 1.Agric activities = small scale? Small scale industries” Food processing; improved facilities
2.Support system; family relationships; kinships system is still upheld.
3.Idle land; old folks are left behind
3. Social Density
Community contains diversed roles for children to learn from & for parents to draw upon
Homogeneity vs heterogeneiry (pluralism)
Multi generations family provide > social density roles (homemaker; provider; organization officer) as compared to families with one adult generation
Parents in multi generations family have better chances to receive social support from the system
Children who live within (smaller) environment with adults of various age groups are blessed with enriched “social environment”
Social intensity of a given community determines the availability of support that can be received by the family
Environmental Stability
Stability of a context determines the richness of a child’s and parent’s social experience
Instability: Difficult to recreate a social landscape that has been ruined by war / disaster
Tough to rebuild social network
Family-Community Interface
Family-Local government Provision of enough &
conducive space & infrastructure/amenities for human dev.
Protection/ reservation Restoring, Licensing Rules / regulations - Legal /
policy
Family-workplace Community may help to
sensitize the needs of dual career families
child-care facilities at the work place
Transportation Housing Economics effect Unemployment
Family - School a strong home-school mesosystem will
benefit the child ( > academic achievement)
PTA Class size; teaching method = curriculum? Maths & Science in English (no more … Can encourage & discourage child’s success Issue of dissegregation? Streaming?
Democratization of education? Vocational training
School-related issues=== gangsterism? Truancy?
What is EXCELLENCE???
Child care An indicator of the quality &
quantity of the community support Informal vs. formal settings Malaysians? Live-in maids;
neighbours; family members; nurseries; preschool; after-school transits; at-work settings vs. HOME ALONE
THE NEIGHBOURHOOD & SUPPORT SYSTEM
40 houses surrounding us Rights of neighbours Functions: the helper in times of need Happy vs sad occasions Maintain social control & standards Good neighborhood = one that provides positive
learning context of life (strong & healthy)
Community Ecology & Family Social Pathology
• Social Pathology = problems & dysfunctions related to Q of social environment
• At risk versus protective Environment
• Mortality rate of infants• Juvenile delinquency• Child abuse / domestic violent• Poverty? Crime related incidents
UNIT 9-
INTERACTIONS & TRANSACTIONS WITHIN THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
According to the ecological perspective; the global environment is a macro system that serves as a mold for human behaviour
Various family life style exist depending upon different geographical locations in the world
Communication pattern, language, foods, custom, values, ideology etc differ accordingly
Economic challenges, disaster, political climate etc that took place in various parts of the world may influence individuals & family all over the world
Globalism = human’s membership in the global community where interactions between & among the global environment exist; thus impacting individuals & family
1.Globalisation & Human Development The DIFFERENCES will always exist; - the
geographical borders Issues & challenges faced by the people cut
across the nations We need to be aware of the process &
impact of globalization on our lives It influences the future of this world It is a challenge to nurture global
awareness – the notion that considers the impact of individual’s decisions & actions
Any decisions made will determine the extend in which resources will be consumed, hopefully in the direction that preserve & supportive of the environment ecologically
In the ICT era, 2 l important global resources are knowledge & information which provides POWER
Using them properly / accordingly will improve Q of life
VV will create disaster for self & others
2. POWER THAT PROMOTES CHANGE Exposure to knowledge & information
produces power to change 3 types of powers that are interrelated in
shaping the world: The fragile environment The balance between power & Control
of weapon Population growth
The fragile environment Overall human’s living environments are fragile Many destructive human’s behaviour are uncontrolled Environmental pollutions; waste / toxic disposal; logging,
neglect all which are destructive for the natural human environment
The ecological ethics demand that human beings act within his global environment in such a way that considers the short / medium & long term effects
Everyone has to be accountable for his/her own deeds The balance between power & weapon control Nuclear weapon usage / production serve as a threat for
the world’s wellbeing Planning for a peaceful world demands high commitment &
responsibilities from the big POWER Abolishing nuclear weapon Identify potentials new area for producing nuclear weapon
Population growthOverwhelming / uncontrolled growth will create many problems> demands for resources food, protection, clothing, space & safetyCreates competition / abuse of power, a threat for safetyAll 3 powers are interrelated, must be managed properlyOther issues that may promote changes: biotechnology, health, communication, cultural behaviour, justice, human rights, belief systems, group identity & collective decision making
3. Biotechnology Use of high technology (devices etc) –
fiber optic, telecommunication, computer, laser technology, nano technology etc
Geographically, natural resources that aids in developing techno development are available in tropical & subtropical countries
However, these countries are left behind in terms of advancement in info & knowledge in developing the biotechnology
4. Health, Nutrition & Well-beingFood & nutrition as bases for healthy life / well-beingMajor problems for many under-developed (poor) countries: POOR food distribution system; not enough domestic supply For some highly developed countries, the advanced medical technology are very costly; many of the people can not afford it Health care model for many countries == still deal with treatment / cure (aftermath == SARS/ bird flu?)A more productive health care system is the one that focuses on healthy life style to prevent diseases & promote balanced & healthy livingAdequate & quality food intake, stress management, & physical activities are necessary to prevent diseases.Globally, sharing of information & knowledge through research, distributions of supply, availability of health care may improve quality of life
5. Communication & Cultural Behavior
Electronic communication encourages exchange & sharing of info & knowledge; provides opportunities & choices for peopleThe people can learn different language, thus communicate verbal & non-verbally across cultureThe goal of global communication is to establish a community that can communicate with each other with the authority focuses on education & well-being of human life
6. Justice & Human RightsJustice is a function of human rights & developmentThe basic gap of justice is between those WHO have accessibilities to modern knowledge & techno and those who don’t
7. Belief System / Trust Justice demands beliefs; a difficult concept to nurture in a global communityThe interdependence of trading system among countries demand for the belief element from all parties involved to generate an economic status that can benefit all
Believing / trusting is needed in many aspects of interdependence such as power and weapon controlThe war between the big power may be un-ending dispute which in turn may be harmful for the rest of the world
8. Group Identity High number of world population may create the feeling of “No IDENTITY” unless they have a group identityKnowing one’s own root and cultural identity may nurture the sense belonging within one’s community Global technology attracts people to reunite as a homogeneous group, while allowing for individual cultural growth & uniqueness (practices, languages etc)
the homogenous & heterogenous characteristics (variability & pluralism) if taken positively may serve as a source of energy to create a productive power
leadership that are based on collective decisions (musyawarah) are more acceptable as compared to authori tarian or dictatorship leadership styles.
new merging leaders who have global visions, thinking ecologically & appreciate differences of the country needs vs. its people; able at using creative problem solving methods are highly sought after
these leaders encourage the involvement of people in all level to participate in decision making processes (individuals, family, community)
9. The Interrelationships between Global Issues & Problems
May determine safety & quality of life in general Some issues cut across nations; which may attract others to be involved especially when safety & mankind are the main agenda
- issues pertinent to civil war, may attract many outsiders to be involved in ensuring human rights are to be preserved; health related services etcMemberships in numerous bodies such as the United Nations, Commonwealth, ASEAN, NAM, OIC etc will create concerns of many other members of those bodies on events & issues happening in the member countries. Major world problems may dissolve a nation, may impact other countries, families & individuals Ecologically, using preventive approach is highly applaud, more economical in order to manage any problems
Prevention of diseases through immunisation & health care at reasonable costEncouraging / promoting healthy lifestyle through information & facilities
– Poverty eradication / improve quality of life– Encourage students to obtain actual potential by
providing resources for the needyProviding housing facilities - especially the needyPrevent children from getting infections/ malnourishment; provide rehabilitation programs; food & nutrition Maintaining healthy environment; clean from pollutionsManaging any conflict strategically, for the benefit of the world
