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FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS IN
Siddhartha Ghosh* and * Assistant Professor, ** Research Scholar (PhD Student )* Assistant Professor, ** Research Scholar (PhD Student )
Department of Civil EngineeringDepartment of Civil EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology, BombayIndian Institute of Technology, Bombay
ELEMENT ANALYSIS IN ABAQUS
Siddhartha Ghosh* and Swapnil B. Kharmale** * Assistant Professor, ** Research Scholar (PhD Student )* Assistant Professor, ** Research Scholar (PhD Student )
Department of Civil EngineeringDepartment of Civil EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology, BombayIndian Institute of Technology, Bombay
ABAQUS : General
ABAQUS is a highly sophisticated, generaldesigned primarily to model the behaviorexternally applied loading.
�Salient features of ABAQUS
�Capabilities for both static and dynamic
�The ability to account all types of nonlinearities
and geometric non-linearity
�A very extensive element library, including
beam elements, shell and plate elements
�A sophisticated capability to model contact
�Capabilities to model a number of
vibrations, coupled fluid/structure interactions,
and so on.
(From:www.abaqus.comand and www.engin.brown.edu/courses/en
ABAQUS : General
general purpose finite element program,behavior of solids and structures under
dynamic problems
nonlinearities viz. material non-linearity
including a full set of continuum elements,
elements
contact between solids
of phenomena of interest, including
interactions, acoustics, buckling problems,
www.engin.brown.edu/courses/en175/abaqustut/abaqustut)
ABAQUS : General
The ABAQUS suite consists of three core products:
• ABAQUS/Standard,
For traditional implicit finite element
thermal, all powered with the widest range
options
• ABAQUS/Explicit
For transient dynamics and quasi-staticFor transient dynamics and quasi-static
appropriate in many applications such
manufacturing processes.
and
• ABAQUS/CAE (Complete Abaqus Environment)
It provides a complete modelling and visualization
analysis products. It has direct access
and visualization
ABAQUS : General
The ABAQUS suite consists of three core products:
analyses such as static, dynamics,
range of contact and nonlinear material
static analyses using an explicit approachstatic analyses using an explicit approach
such as drop test, crushing and many
nvironment)
visualization environment for ABAQUS
access to CAD models, advanced meshing
ABAQUS : GeneralHere we focus on ABAQUS/Standard
Command Line
Solver Structure
ABAQUS STANDARD
Now we will model and analysis a single storyABAQUS/CAE
(Note that it could be possible to create thediscussed later)
ABAQUS : General
ABAQUS CAE
Solver Structure
ABAQUS STANDARD
story Steel Plate Shear Wall (SPSW1) through
the model through command line which will be
ABAQUS/CAE Layout
Title bar
Context bar
Tool bar
You can start ABAQUS CAE from the STARTabaqus cae in a Command window. Following figure
Message area
Canvas& Drawing
areaToolbox Area
ABAQUS/CAE Layout
Menu bar
Tool bar
START menu or with a command line by typingfigure shows how an ABAQUS/CAE looks
View port
Message area
Prompt area
ABAQUS CAE modules
I)PREPROCESSING
• Part – Create individual parts
• Property – Create and assign material properties
• Assembly – Create and place all parts instances
• Step – Define all analysis steps and the results you want
• Interaction – Define any contact information• Interaction – Define any contact information
• Load- Define and place all loads and boundary conditions
• Mesh – Define your nodes and elements
II)ANALYSIS
• Job – Submit your job for analysis
III)POSTPROCESSING
• Visualization- View your results
ABAQUS CAE modules
Create and assign material properties
Create and place all parts instances
Define all analysis steps and the results you want
Define any contact informationDefine any contact information
Define and place all loads and boundary conditions
Define your nodes and elements
3-Dimensional FEM Problem(Pushover Analysis of SPSW)
�To start learning ABAQUS CAEsingle story Steel Plate Shearincludes geometric nonlinearityduring fabrication). The specimenload (Non-linear static pushover analysis)
�Problem Statement
To find the ultimate load carrying
story steel plate shear wall (SPSW
analysis.
Dimensional FEM Problem(Pushover Analysis of SPSW)
we will work through modelling aWall (SPSW1) specimen which(initial out-of-plane deformationsis subjected to monotonic lateral
analysis)
carrying capacity (Lateral load) of single
(SPSW1) by non-linear static push over
Selection of Element for Modelling SPSW
Infill Panel Element
Boundary Element By using
Selection of Element for Modelling SPSW1
By using 3-Dimensional Shell
By using 3-Dimensional Beam Element
PART MODULE− Create a new part as Infill_Panel
� 3-D planar
� Type : Deformable
� Basic feature: shell
� Approximate size: 6x6(Note :- ABAQUS follows consistent unit so be specificto keep same unit. Here we kept SI units i.e. m for length
N for force etc)
PART MODULE
Part:- Infill_Panel
The following picture shows how a Part Infill_Panel
Infill_Panel
Infill_Panel look
− Create another new part as Boundary_Element
� 3-D planar
� Type : Deformable
� Basic feature: wire
� Approximate size: 6 x6
Part:Boundary_ElementBoundary_Element
� We will add the material Steel and give it valuesStress = 2.0E+08N/m2,Plastic strain=0 (Note thatsteel)
� We will create section called ShellsectionShell/Homogenous and assign a thickness of 0.0025
� Assign material to this section
Property Modulevalues E= 2.0E+11N/m2 Poisson's ratio ν= 0.3, Yieldthat elastically-perfectly plastic relationship is used for
Shellsection and give it category of Shell ,Continuous0025m with thickness integration point 5
Property Module
� Also create section called Boundarysection_colBoundarysection_bea and give it category of Beam
� Create profile namely Columns and Beamsshaped cross section
� Assign same material to this section also
Property Module (Continued)
I-Section profile for Columns I-Section profile for Beams
Boundarysection_col andBeam
using I-
Section profile for Beams
Boundarysection_col
� Assign Shellsection to part named Infill_Panel
� Assign Boundarysection_col and Boundarysection_bea
to part named Bounary_Element
Property Module (Continued)
Assembly Module
�Now we will create two independent instances using parts Infill_Panel and Boundary_Element
�Its easy to mesh the assembly as a whole using
independent instances
Infill_Panel
Boundarysection_bea with Columns and Beams profile
Property Module (Continued)
Assembly Module
Now we will create two independent instances using Boundary_Element
Its easy to mesh the assembly as a whole using
Step Module�By default there is a Initial Step in Abaqus (i.e.Boundary Conditions
�We will add a step after system made initial step
�The procedure type is General and type is
nonlinearity is on to account for large deformations
�Keep the Output Request as preselected (By Default)
Step Module. System made step) which is used to define the
called Transverse load
is Static. The nlgeom=Yes means geometric
deformations
Default)
Step Module (Continued)
After step called Transverse Load create a next
The procedure type is General and type isgeometric nonlineaarity is on to account for large
Step Module (Continued)
next analysis step Lateral Load
is Static Riks . Again nlgeom=Yes meanslarge deformations
Interaction Module
�In this module we will define the contact between two independent part namelyand Boundary_Element
�Create surface Infill_Panel_Master in part Infill_Panel
Interaction Module
In this module we will define the contact between two independent part namely Infill_Panel
Infill_Panel
�Similarly create surface Boundary_Element_Slave
�Once these surfaces are created we can provide contact between them through Interaction module
Selection of Master surface
Boundary_Element_Slave in part Boundary_Element
Once these surfaces are created we can provide contact between them through
Selection of Master surface
Interaction between two parts namelyInteraction between two parts namely Infill_Panel and Boundary_Element
Creating Boundary Conditions in Initial Step
�Create boundary conditions in Initial step (System made step)
�There are two type of Boundary conditions for this problem namely
�Bottom extreme nodes are fixed (U1=U2=U3
�Edges are restrained in z-direction (U3=0)
Creating Boundary Conditions in Initial Step
Create boundary conditions in Initial step (System made step)
There are two type of Boundary conditions for this problem namely
3=UR1=UR2=UR3=0)
Mesh Module�Now we will mesh the assembly
�Before that we will assign the shell element to Infill_Panel
�Also assign the beam element to Boundary_Element
Mesh Module
Infill_Panel part. The shell element is S4R
Boundary_Element part. The beam element is B31
Mesh Module (Continued)
�After assigning proper element to each of part next�Here we are using mesh of 20x20 for Infill_Panelelement into 20 parts. So for whole assembly mesh
Mesh Module (Continued)
next step is seeding.Infill_Panel part and we will discritize each boundary
mesh density will be 20x20.
Load Module STEP:- Transverse Load :- Apply a concentrated load (named as node in negative z-direction (i.e. Along 3-axis)
Load Module Apply a concentrated load (named as CFORCE-1)of 2N at middle
Load Module (Continue)�STEP:- Lateral Load :- Apply a concentrated load (named as TOPNODES in positive x-direction (i.e. Along 1-axis). �Remember here we kept the displacement controas load control during initial part of analysis
Load Module (Continue) Apply a concentrated load (named as CFORCE-2)of 1000N at the
axis). trol thus load magnitude mentioned above is used
Job Module
�We will create a job called SPSW1
�Once this has been created just submit the job.
�The analysis should only take a couple of minutes.
Job Module
Once this has been created just submit the job.
The analysis should only take a couple of minutes.
Here you have an option toselect analysis viz Fullanalysis or Explicit analysisor Restart
Submitting job after elapsedtime
Visualization Module (Post processing)− Once your analysis is complete we want to
− First we will see the deformed shape(Remember this step is created to have initial outdeformed shape is somewhat similar to buckling of
Visualization Module (Post processing) to see the results.
shape of SPSW1 in Step Transverse Load.out-of plane deformation (due to fabrications). So theof plate )
− Now we will see the deformed shape(This step is static push over . Here out of plane deformationsload, and the buckling along the compression diagonalshape of SPSW1 at the end of analysis)
Visualization Module (Continued)shape of SPSW1 in Step Lateral Load.
deformations start increasing with increase in lateraldiagonal can be very clearly seen from the deformed
Visualization Module (Continued)
Visualization Module (Continued)− If we look at Von Mises stress distribution
Visualization Module (Continued) stress distribution we see
Visualization Module (Continued)
�Here we will create X-Y plot�First plot is of Horizontal component of Totalincrement
Creating X
Visualization Module (Continued)
Force developed at bottom extreme node vs
Creating X-Y data
Visualization Module (Continued)
Selection of bottom extreme nodes to create X
Visualization Module (Continued)
Selection of bottom extreme nodes to create X-Y data
Similarly create plot of Horizontal displacement (U1) of top node
Visualization Module (Continued)
Horizontal displacement (U1) of top node vs increment
Visualization Module (Continued)
− Now we will create a plot of Base shear (whichforce developed at extreme bottom nodesdisplacement of Top node
Visualization Module (Continued)(which is sum of horizontal component of totalnodes (which are fixed support)) and lateral
Visualization Module (Continued)
About ABAQUS Command line use (Input file creation )
Note:-
�All models are called input files.
•An input file has two sections; Model and
•The Model section contains all the information
the history section.
•The History section is what you do to the•The History section is what you do to the
•Input files have a .inp extension and can be
Now we will discuss how to create thefile and then we will run it throughthrough ABAQUS CAE
About ABAQUS Command line use (Input file creation )
History
information about the model and comes before
model. You work on the model in Steps.model. You work on the model in Steps.
be created in any ASCII (text) editor.
the model SPSW1 through an inputthrough windows command prompt or
Simple Input File (Model Section)**The lines starting with ** (2 asterisks)
**ABAQUS solver. Other lines beginning with
******************************************************************************
*Heading
SPSW1
*Preprint, echo=YES, model=YES, history=YES,
******************************************************************************
**The *PREPRINT key controls what information
**SPSWl.dat. Here, we have asked ABAQUS
**SPSWl.dat file is rather large as a consequence
**you can set all the options to NO to reduce
******************************************************************************
** (Creating geometry of model)
************************************************************************************************************************************************************
** PARTS
*Part, name=PART-1-1
******************************************************************************** (Defining the control node coordinate)
******************************************************************************
*NODE
1, 0., 0., 0.
21, 3, 0. 0.
*NGEN, nset=bottom
1, 21, 1
********************************************************************************(nset=bottom is a node set which contains
**interval of 1)
******************************************************************************
*NCOPY, CHANGE NUMBER=420, OLD SET=bottom,
0, 3, 0
Simple Input File (Model Section) asterisks) commented and are ignored ** by the
with a single * denotes an ABAQUS keyword.
******************************************************************************
history=YES, contact=YES
******************************************************************************
information is printed to the file named
to print out absolutely everything. The
consequence. Once the input file is correct,
reduce the size of the file.)
******************************************************************************
************************************************************************************************************************************************************
******************************************************************************
******************************************************************************
******************************************************************************contains node started from 1 to 21 with an
******************************************************************************
SET=bottom, SHIFT, new set=top
*NFILL
bottom, top, 20, 21
*Element, type=S4R
1, 1, 2, 23, 22
21, 22, 23, 44, 43
********************************************************************************(Generating the intermediate shell elements
******************************************************************************
*ELGEN, elset=bottom
1, 20, 1, 1
*ELGEN
21, 20, 1, 1, 19, 21, 20
******************************************************************************** (Creating master elements by using *Element
******************************************************************************
*Element, type=B31*Element, type=B31
500, 1, 2
1000, 421, 422
1500, 1, 22
2000, 21, 42
*ELGEN, elset=beam
500, 20, 1
1000, 20, 1
1500, 20, 21
2000, 20, 21
********************************************************************************(By using *Elset command one can made
**will be helpful while assigning material
**etc.)
******************************************************************************
******************************************************************************elements in increment through *ELGEN command)
******************************************************************************
*******************************************************************************Element command.)
******************************************************************************
******************************************************************************different set or group of element which
material properties,boundary conditions,loading
******************************************************************************
*Elset, elset=BEAM
500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506,
513, 514, 515
516, 517, 518, 519, 1000, 1001, 1002
1009, 1010, 1011
1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018
1505, 1506, 1507
1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514
2001, 2002, 2003
2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010
2017, 2018, 2019
*Nset, nset=_PICKEDSET2, internal, generate
1, 441, 1
*Elset, elset=_I1, internal, generate
1, 400, 1
*Elset, elset=_I5, internal, generate
500, 519, 1500, 519, 1
*Elset, elset=_I2, internal, generate
1000, 1019, 1
*Elset, elset=_I3, internal, generate
1500, 1519, 1
*Elset, elset=_I4, internal, generate
2000, 2019, 1
** Region: (Section-1-_I1:Picked)
*Elset, elset=_I1, internal, generate
1, 400, 1
** Section: Section-1-_I1
*Shell Section, elset=_I1, material=Steel
0.0025, 5********************************************************************************(*Shell section command will create shell
no. of integration point)
******************************************************************************
, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512,
1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008,
1018, 1019, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504,
1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 2000,
2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016,
generate
******************************************************************************section having thickness =0.0025m with 5
******************************************************************************
** Region: (Section-2-_I5:Picked), (Beam
*Elset, elset=_I5, internal, generate
500, 519, 1
** Section: Section-2-_I5 Profile: Profile
******************************************************************************
** (*Beam section command will create beam
******************************************************************************
*Beam Section, elset=_I5, material=Steel,
0.0381, 0.0762, 0.059182, 0.059182, 0.006604
0.,0.,1.
** Region: (Section-3-_I2:Picked), (Beam
*Elset, elset=_I2, internal, generate
1000, 1019, 1
** Section: Section-3-_I2 Profile: Profile
*Beam Section, elset=_I2, material=Steel,*Beam Section, elset=_I2, material=Steel,
0.0381, 0.0762, 0.059182, 0.059182, 0.006604
0.,0.,1.
** Region: (Section-4-_I3:Picked), (Beam
*Elset, elset=_I3, internal, generate
1500, 1519, 1
** Section: Section-4-_I3 Profile: Profile
*Beam Section, elset=_I3, material=Steel,
0.0381, 0.0762, 0.059182, 0.059182, 0.006604
0.,0.,-1.
** Region: (Section-5-_I4:Picked), (Beam
*Elset, elset=_I4, internal, generate
2000, 2019, 1
(Beam Orientation:Picked)
Profile-1
******************************************************************************
beam of I-cross section)
******************************************************************************
material=Steel, temperature=GRADIENTS, section=I
006604, 0.006604, 0.004318
(Beam Orientation:Picked)
Profile-2
material=Steel, temperature=GRADIENTS, section=Imaterial=Steel, temperature=GRADIENTS, section=I
006604, 0.006604, 0.004318
(Beam Orientation:Picked)
Profile-3
material=Steel, temperature=GRADIENTS, section=I
006604, 0.006604, 0.004318
(Beam Orientation:Picked)
** Section: Section-5-_I4 Profile: Profile
*Beam Section, elset=_I4, material=Steel,
0.0381, 0.0762, 0.059182, 0.059182, 0.006604
0.,0.,-1.
*End Part
******************************************************************************** (Used to assemble the different individual
part is used.)
******************************************************************************
** ASSEMBLY
*Assembly, name=Assembly
*Instance, name=PART-1-1, part=PART-1-1
*End Instance
**
*Nset, nset=topnode, instance=PART-1-1
431431
*Nset, nset=_PICKEDSET11, internal, instance=PART
421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428
441
*Nset, nset=_PICKEDSET13, internal, instance=PART
221,
*Nset, nset=_PickedSet8, internal, instance=PART
1, 21
*Nset, nset=_PickedSet9, internal, instance=PART
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
18, 19, 20, 22, 42, 43, 63, 64,
168, 169, 189, 190, 210, 211, 231, 232,
336, 337, 357, 358, 378, 379, 399, 400,
428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435,
Profile-4
material=Steel, temperature=GRADIENTS, section=I
006604, 0.006604, 0.004318
******************************************************************************individual parts here in current problem only one
******************************************************************************
instance=PART-1-1
428, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440,
instance=PART-1-1
instance=PART-1-1
instance=PART-1-1
10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17
84, 85, 105, 106, 126, 127, 147, 148
252, 253, 273, 274, 294, 295, 315, 316
420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427
436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441
*Nset, nset=_PickedSet10, internal, instance=PART
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
18, 19, 20, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426
434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441
*End Assembly
******************************************************************************** (With this Geometry of model ends)
******************************************************************************
** MATERIALS
******************************************************************************
** (*Material command is used to define
**different component of model It include
**material)
******************************************************************************
*Material, name=Steel
*Elastic
2.0e+11, 0.32.0e+11, 0.3
*Plastic
2.50+08, 0.
******************************************************************************
** BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
******************************************************************************** (*Boundary command is used to create appropriate
******************************************************************************
** Name: Disp-BC-1 Type: Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre
*Boundary
_PickedSet8, ENCASTRE
** Name: Disp-BC-2 Type: Displacement/Rotation
*Boundary
_PickedSet9, 3, 3
*Boundary
_PickedSet10, 2, 2
instance=PART-1-1
10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17
426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433
******************************************************************************
******************************************************************************
******************************************************************************
define material which has been used to
include all engineering properties of
******************************************************************************
******************************************************************************
******************************************************************************appropriate boundary **conditions)
******************************************************************************
Antisymmetry/Encastre
Displacement/Rotation
** STEP: Transverse load
******************************************************************************
** (*Step command is used to create
**General, Static Riks, Dynamic, Dynamic
one can define corresponding loading on model)
******************************************************************************
*Step, name="Transverse load ", nlgeom=YES
******************************************************************************
**(nlgeom=YES means geometric nonlinearity
**deformations)
******************************************************************************
*Static
1., 1., 1e-05, 1.
** LOADS
Simple Input File (History Section)
** LOADS
** Name: CFORCE-1 Type: Concentrated force
********************************************************************************(*Cload command is used for concentrated
node i.e._PICKEDSET13 in negative z-direction
plate )
******************************************************************************
*Cload
_PICKEDSET13, 3, -2.
**
** OUTPUT REQUESTS
*Restart, write, frequency=0
********************************************************************************(*Restart command in ABAQUS allows multi
**frequency=n that means saving the output
**directly give output at end of step without
**frequency=0 means to save output for each interval)
******************************************************************************
******************************************************************************
different analysis step like Static
Explicit etc. In each analysis **step
model)
******************************************************************************
nlgeom=YES
******************************************************************************
nonlinearity is on to account for large
******************************************************************************
Simple Input File (History Section)
force
******************************************************************************load. A load of 2N is applied at middle
direction to initiate initial imperfection in
******************************************************************************
******************************************************************************multi step analysis. Here one can use
after n interval,frequency =overlay means
without saving intermediate increment result,
interval)
******************************************************************************
** FIELD OUTPUT: F-Output-1
*Output, field
*Node Output
CF, RF, TF, U
** FIELD OUTPUT: F-Output-2
*Element Output, directions=YES
E, ESF1, MISESMAX, NFORC, PE, PEEQ, S, SE,
** HISTORY OUTPUT: H-Output-1
*Output, history, variable=PRESELECT
*End Step
******************************************************************************
** STEP: Lateral load
*Step, name="Lateral load", nlgeom=YES,
******************************************************************************
**(In “Static Riks” step 0.1 indicate initial
**period of step 1e-10 indicate minimum**period of step 1e-10 indicate minimum
**maximum time increment allowed 20 indicates
**topnode, 1, 0.05 indicates the displacement
**x- directional displacement reached up
******************************************************************************
*Static, riks
0.1, 100., 1e-10, 1., 20., topnode, 1, 0
** LOADS
** Name: CFORCE-2 Type: Concentrated force
******************************************************************************
**(A load of 10000N is applied at
**positive x-direction for static pushover
******************************************************************************
*Cload
_PICKEDSET11, 1, 10000.
SE, SEE, SF
******************************************************************************
inc=10000
******************************************************************************
initial time increment 100 indicate time
minimum time increment allowed 1 indicateminimum time increment allowed 1 indicate
indicates load proportionality factor,
displacement control means stop analysis when
up to 0.05m)
******************************************************************************
0.05
force
******************************************************************************
top edge nodes i.e._PICKEDSET11 in
pushover analysis.)
******************************************************************************
** OUTPUT REQUESTS
*Restart, write, frequency=0
** FIELD OUTPUT: F-Output-3
*Output, field
*Node Output
CF, RF, TF, U
** FIELD OUTPUT: F-Output-4
**************************************************************************
** (Field output will give the selected
**************************************************************************
*Element Output, directions=YES
E, EE, ESF1, IE, MISESMAX, NFORC, PE,
** HISTORY OUTPUT: H-Output-2
*Output, history, variable=PRESELECT
*End Step
To run ABAQUS Input File on Command Prompt
• At the command lineabaqus job=filename int (say SPSW)
**************************************************************************
selected output)
**************************************************************************
PEEQ, S, SF
ABAQUS Input File on Command Prompt
(say SPSW)
Output Files created during running an Analysis
Following files were created during runningC:\Temp\Tutorial\SPSW1)
SPSW1.odb:-Out put database file which contains allfor given job.
�SPSW1.dat:-This file contains all kinds of informationIn particular, if ABAQUS encounters any problems duringwill be written to this file.
�SPSW1.log:- You will see some information aboutexecution. You should also see that the file ends with
ABAQUS JOB SPSW1 COMPLETEDABAQUS JOB SPSW1 COMPLETED
�SPSW1.res:-The file named SPSW1.res is called afile contains full information about the analysis. The restartelement mesh, or contours of stress, displacement, etc
�SPSW1.sta:-This file is continuously updated by ABAQUScomputation has been completed.
�SPSW1.msg:-The file named SPSW1.msg containsused, the iterative process, and the tolerances thatsolution has converged.
�SPSW1.fil:-The file named SPSW4.fil is called a `resultsfile contains data that were specifically requested in the
Output Files created during running an Analysis
an analysis in a directory of job file (say
all requested field output and history output database
information about the computations that ABAQUS has done.during the computation, error and warning messages
about the time it took to for ABAQUS to completewith
`restart file’ (the file always has .res extension). Thisrestart file is most useful if you want to plot the finiteetc
ABAQUS as it runs, and tells you how much of the
contains much more information concerning the incrementsthat ABAQUS has applied to determine whether a
`results file’ (the file always has a .fil extension). Thisthe ABAQUS input file.