Fetal Pig

pleuroperitoneal cavity

pericardial cavity within pleural cavity

peritoneal cavity pleural cavity

peritoneummembrane lining the abdominal cavity, supports and protects viscera

Respiratory and Circulatory

Systems

respiratory system: responsible for the movement of air in and out of the lungs to allow for gas exchange.

inspiration

expiration

diaphragm contractsintercostals move ribs up and out

intercostals move ribs indiaphragm relaxes

negative pressure breathing:

inspiration creates low pressure, causing air to be drawn in;

expiration creates high pressure, causing air to be forced out

air enters nares

air enters trachea

air enters mouth

air passes through nasopharynxpassages superior to the hard and soft palates to enter trachea

hard and soft palates removed to reveal nasopharynx passages

Two air pathways…

air enters larynx

passes through vocal cords

travels through remainder of trachea to lungs

reverse pathway for expiration

Lobes of the Lungs

1 1

7

6

5

3 4

26

73

2

5

1. right apical lobe

2. right cardiac lobe

3. right diaphragmatic lobe

7. left diaphragmatic lobe

4. intermediate lobe

5. left apical lobe

6. left cardiac lobe

trachea bronchii bronchioles

alveoli

gas exchange

Mammals: four chambered heart allows for double loop closed circulation

pulmonary circuit• heart-lung loop• gas exchange

systemic circuit• heart-body loop• delivers O2 to

body• removes CO2

left ventricle left atrium

right ventricle

right atrium

superior vena cava

arteries

pulmonary trunk with ductus arteriosus

aortic arch

aorta

pulmonary vessels

left ventricle

right ventricle

right atrium

inferior vena cava

ventral view dorsal view

from body

to body

from body to body

to lungs

from lungs

BloodPlasma• non-formed liquid• ~92% water and ~8% solutes

• solutes include urea, glucose, proteins, hormones, enzymes, etc.

Formed elements• erythrocytes: red blood cells, non-

nucleated, contain hemoglobin• leukocytes: white blood cells,

immune response• thrombocytes: platelets, clotting

Spleen• phagocytize (recycle) old

blood cells, platelets, and bacteria

• initiates immune responses

• stores blood cells

Digestive System

alimentary canaldigestive “tube” that goes from the mouth to the anusfood is ingested, broken down mechanically and chemicallynutrients are absorbed, waste is eliminated

organs in placeliver

small intestine

large intestine

few organs clear…remove viscera in order to properly study each

pleural organs removed to reveal path of esophagus diaphragm removed

liver

esophagusmoves food from mouth to stomachcomposed of smooth muscleends at cardiac sphincter

Liver • 5 lobes• metabolizes carbohydrates• produces bile to digest fats• detoxification• stores and regulates:

- glycogen- minerals- vitamins

gall bladderstores bile, delivers to duodenum via bile duct

1

23

4

5

1

23

remove remaining alimentary tract

leave kidneys in place

remove spleen, retain for later study

pancreas

small intestine

large intestine

stomachspleenesophagus

carefully dissect away mesentery to uncoil tractnote prevalence of vessels within mesentery for distribution of absorbed nutrients

esophagus

pancreas

stomach

small intestine large intestine

pancreas• digestive enzymes secreted into duodenum

breakdown sugars, starches, lipids, proteins

• hormones to regulate sugar levels and metabolism of fats and carbs

esophagus

duodenum

fundus

cardiac end

pyloric end

cardiac sphincter

pyloric sphincter

meconium(chyme)

rugae

esophagus interior

villi

small intestinechemical digestion and nutrient absorption

large intestinedigests bacteria, reabsorb water, produce feces

cecumcontains bacteria to aid digestion of plant material

colonrectumformation, storage, transportation of feces to anus ileocecal valve

Urogenital System

Urogenital System: excretory and reproductive systems together

excretory: removes liquid waste from the body in the form of urea.

reproductive: organs of sexual reproduction, differ between sexes

*note how kidneys have changed over the course of specimens

kidneys

inferior vena cava

aorta

ureter

renal pelvis

bladder

cortex(contains nephrons)

medulla

Female Genital System

ovaryoviduct

uterine horn

vagina

Male Genital System

scrotal sac removed

testes epididymis

vas deferens

Cowper’s glands

penis

seminal vesicles

prostate gland