THE CRUSADESFeudalism

The Crusades What were the

Crusades? Seljuk Turks

threatened Byzantium

1093, Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus asked Pope Urban II in Rome for help

1095, Council of Clermont calls for a crusade to recapture Jerusalem

1076 Seljuk Turks captured Jerusalem and began to restrict access of Christian pilgrims to the holy places.

1095 Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus, threatened by Muslim advances towards Constantinople, appealed to the pope for help against the Seljuk Turks. Pope Urban II proclaimed a holy war.

1096–99 First Crusade, led by Baldwin of Boulogne, Godfrey of Bouillon, and Peter the Hermit. Motivated by occupation of Anatolia and Jerusalem by Seljuk Turks.

1099 Capture of Jerusalem by the crusaders, accompanied by looting and massacre. A number of small crusader states established on the Syrian coast.

1147–49 Second Crusade, led by Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad III, failed to capture Damascus and Edessa.

1187 Jerusalem seized by Saladin, sultan of Egypt and Syria and leader of the Muslims against the crusaders.

1189–92 Third Crusade, led by Philip II Augustus of France and Richard I the Lion-Heart of England, failed to recapture Jerusalem.

1202–04 Fourth Crusade, led by William of Montferrata and Baldwin of Hainault. Originally intended to recover the holy places, it was diverted by its Venetian financial backers to sack and divide Constantinople.

1212 Children's Crusade. Thousands of children crossed Europe on their way to Palestine but many were sold into slavery in Marseille, or died of disease and hunger.

1218–21 Fifth Crusade, led by King Andrew of Hungary, Cardinal Pelagius, King John of Jerusalem, and King Hugh of Cyprus. Captured and then lost Damietta, Egypt.

1228–29 Sixth Crusade, led by the Holy Roman emperor Frederick II. Jerusalem recovered by negotiation with the sultan of Egypt.

1244 Jerusalem finally lost, to remain in Turkish hands until liberated by the British general Allenby in 1917.

1249–54 Seventh Crusade led by Louis IX of France.

1270–72 Eighth Crusade, also led by Louis IX of France.

1291 Acre, the last Christian fortress in Syria, fell to the Turks.

Causes

Muslims controlled the Holy Land and threatened Constantinople

Byzantine Emperor calls for help

Pope appeals to Christian knights

knight feel religious zeal and want land, riches, and adventure

Italian cities desire commercial power

Effects Byzantine Empire is weakened

Pope’s power declines

power of feudal nobles weakened

kings become stronger

religious intolerance grows

Muslims distrust Christians

Italian cities expand trade and grow rich

trade grows between Europe and Asia

Europeans adopt Muslim technology