Fiber and Spinning Properties of Cotton, With Special...

$Page 1: Fiber and Spinning Properties of Cotton, With Special ...ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/169998/2/tb931.pdf · Technical Bulletin No. 931 • December 1946 q\ • Fiber and Spinning$
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MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART ~ATIONAL BUREAU or STANDARDSmiddot1963A

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MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU or STANDARDSmiddot1963middotA

Technical Bulletin No 931 bull December 1946

q3

bull Fiber and Spinning Properties of Cotton

With Special Reference to Varietal and

Environmental Effects1

By n D BAItKI~It prindpal pathulogist and g E lhmKLl~Y culton tcchnologist

)illisiOlt of Gollun (tnll OUwr Pibar Crops and DiseasJs BUrc(w of Plant Indltstry

Joils anri Agricultural Rn(linccliny Arlricultural Research AU1IIinistraUon

CONTENTS PUC0Illge

2 (JUon libel and spinning tesls811mnHIY_~ bullbull middotmiddot_middot _ or the 1H3 crop_______ _ 13

lrrigIlLoc[llncnoniIigttlpd COLshy

bull Lons ____________ R __ bullbullbull 2 Hk(ill strenth ill relation to

lOmiddotla Irop __ _ _bullbull ___ bullbull 3 fibol Cl7~th ld strength_ 14liiller-length csLinllLtos ______ _ 26

Studio on coLLon gron in ilrishygoted tlncl nouilrigalOlI Fiber-strength estimates_____ _ 29

~ regions 1035 middot13 ________ Fibel finen~ss lind coli-willidevelopmcnt___________ _ 29

gtl Ixperitnental plocliliu ro____ -- 5~ Itosults ____________ ______ _ 6 Yarn-1LppellTllnce gmde lind

related fibor IIncl spinning bull IlltprprotnLion or resultl and proporLics _____________ _

dhCllssioll_ __ ____ bull __ _ 10 32 f1tsscr~nplc_____ _ __ _ 10 Fiber fi nonoss as related (0

R(IIIival~ staple ILlHleqlliv- skeill strongth of highor 32counts________________ _

~Llont sjaplc minus cll$s-Cl)lc ____________ _ ()oncusions_____________ bull __ _ 3511 ~1Ill-1 PllmllCl grade___ ~ 121Lnrd wob _____ _~ep 13 _ Pickor It mud atil(__ 13 ~

lt -l (I

EXIgt~MENlAL sLudies were lIlnugUlttted with the rcgionnl vnshy

rieLlll studies in 1)35 on fiber properties and spinning performiLIlce

of hmiddotlIlling vnlieties mHl sLrnins of cotton produced under vnrying COllshy

ditions Uuoughout tIw CoUon Belt lluough the coopemtive eflorts

of Uw YIIIioliS Statu ngriculturnl experiment sLntions of the cotton

111011 tllO Bureuu of Plant Industry Soils and Agricultural ]jjngineeishy

ing nnd lhe Cotton Bmllch of thn Prodllction and 1fnrketing Adminshy

isLrntion vnhablc dntn have bellt gltthcred and published in various

proclssld roports JIl order tlmt tl~es( dnta mny be viewed ItS it whole

and in prop(Jperspectivc c(rLain of them through 1943 nrn sumshy

rnarizNI hero together with datIL in the Bureau to emphnsize vnrietnl

bull ftlHl (IIVironllHlItlti (lIeets on the various fiber and spinning properties

1lIc8e sununnrics IHO divided inLo Lwo sections ono dealing with irri-

I Submittod for publicaLion January 14 1IH6 1

717(00- middot111

2 rEcHNICAL BULLETIN 931 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

gated and nonirrigated cottons and the other with the data reported from the fiber and spinning laboratories for the 1943 crop The report may he summarized ns follows

SUMMARY

IRRIGATED AND NONIRRIGATED COTTONS

A persistent prejudice lgainst cotton grown on irrigated lands of the Southwest has existed for many years Since irrigated and nonirrigated regions are usually c11aracterized by distinct commercial varieties it 11l1S been difficult to determine whether prejudice against irrigated cottons was cauSNi by environmental or varietal factors Coopemtivc agronomic fiber and spinning studies during the past few year~ haY( provided data for evuluating tll(~se influences These data indicate tlmt classers designation of staple length of varieties that werc eommOll to irrigated and nonirrigated regions averaged about one tldrty-second of an inch longer for the irrigated re~ion Tl1Cre was considelmiddotable mliation within eaell of tbe regions WIthin the irrigated area tlle staple from Sacatoll Ariz) tended to be shorter than that from Shafte Calif and State College N Mex

Environnl(gtlltfin~middot inductd fiber strength fiS evaluated by equivalent staple minus c1assrls stnple length reverses the trend noted for cllHscrs staplr liibtr strength trnds to be greatelmiddot in tlle so-called hard cotton (rgions of lexas and Oklahoma where staple lengthis frequen tly lrss Ulan nYrrage

Usually wIlen better-than-averngc lrngth Occurs within a variety it is oflset by reduced fibrr strength so that performance as measured by equivalent staple length is low rhese data confirm previous Rtudies in sllOwing that environmentally induced length is an unreshyliable basis for (vnluating cottons if fibC strrngtll finencss and other fi bpI properti(s are ignored

Iocations in til( nonirrigatcd aleas where both length and strength tend to hI nboye IWrllge ar( charncteriz(d by a good ground-water supply during the cndy flliting stage followed by a gradual lowering of this supply during Ule later flliting seaSOll A sugrrestion indicated by these datil is tlHlt illigation practices may be modified to produce fiber that is bOUI longer and stronger tlll1n is usually obtained fromrain-grown cotton

Tllese data 8rrlll to confirm previous studies in indicating tllat under existing conditions yarn-appearance grade is S01l1eWllat low(rneps in card web more numerous lUld percrntnge of picker and card waste slightly hight for varieties grown under irrigation

lhe most significant faeL reralrd by these data is tlwt hereditllry or varietal factors omiddoterslladow enyironmental factors Witll respeet to valuable flb(ll properties and spinning prrforll1allC( relationships Cotloll breeders Ill( meeting lIe dlallengr by dwloping Yariptis with superior fib(r qualities adapt(d to irrigatNI rtgions HtncC it srems rrasonfl ble t () expret that bu~nr8 eventually must 1(cognize that ill both tIll irrigated and nonirrigated l(lgiOIlS YIllieties haYing sl1gtrrior [ibrr proprrti(middots will giw brtter spinning performance than thr (middotlas5(rs gmcr nnd stnple indicatr

bull

bull

bull

3 FIBER AND SPINNING PROPERTIES OF COFrON

1943 CROP

bull Fiber and spinning meftSUIements or the 1943 cooperative agroshyHom ie fIbel and spinning studies are summarized in tables 4 to 11 Thrs( sumnll~ri(s list by varietal types and strains the effects of (nyiwnmcntal influences and efrects of vnlictal influences under certilin enviroruTl(nts insofar as these data prlmit The tlt~bular summary makrs fyidCnt SPV(llll ini(lreliltionships nIuong various 111)(1 propfltirs Jlnd jn thrir apparent nssoeiaUon with spinning pcrfolmlmC( The r)[in~ipal objCCtivc of this JtPOlt is to enable agronomists (~otton )[((cl(15 nJld others interested in the cottonshyimp[OYerlleltt plgrILm ill the p(dollI1mce of varieties or in the stu(ly of 10(atiol1lLl rffeets Lo i(w these diltn as a whole in proper p(lspeetiw lI1(gts( dlltn ilulitMe thnt skein strength of singles 22s yarn is lttlglly ddNminNl by filwr length nnd stlpngth By tiRing llp UPPPI 1ll1lf llwnn from the liilWOgl(1ph nnd the (onvcrtcd Chnncll(l tpllsil( SLl([gth flOIll til Pnsslpy shCl1gth index an nPPIoximiltp forrnllin is PICSfllt(( for pstirllt1ting skpin ttpngth of si Ilghs 22s YfLl[

bull

A (middotomrHllisOIl or fihlI-[Pl1gth (stimn(ps shows thnL tt( m(llU1 of ([afs(ls slup( for oJI vHrlttils (x(((d(d tIll UPPltl hnlf nW1111 by O()2 1mh I1S did Ill( l1Wt111 pquivolrnt slilplp psLirnnl(gt Ccltnin valiplttl lYIHS Wf[( lnthpl (onsisllntl 0([ 01 11ild(l stnplpd on Lhe basis of n(lIIlLi ftbet-Itngllt nWl1Stllpllll1l ts This tlIHl(H(Y s(lIlwd to be nss()(intpd with ytUl-ltPPI(UIllHmiddotC gLlIdt that I(stdtpd [lom spil1shynillg Although n eios tglPll11pnt is nPj)tl(nt (01 IIprwr hnli lll(tm iLlld TlI(fLll I(ngtil th(Ip is little obvious 1( atiol1 bptWPll tileirmtio to (ILlmiddot1 other thnt is lllliformitlntio and to sklil1 fltlrngtb of different v(Lrirmiddotti(s XOl docs it SpNl1 pid(lIt ill thNlP Iirnit(d dntl~ thnt rneLJ~shylpngtlt m(middotftSlIl(Ill(middotlIt~ would fJ( pl(f(mbh 10 01 itl fact would be ap pl((i Itb1 difl(ll(tlt f(olll UPPl( Iwlt 1fl(1l1l 0( plCdiding sk(lin stlPllgth

Tlrl l)tl((Intng of cl(Tintions from titt 1l1(llll fot (quivnlenL stnplc minus upprl IlIllf l1l(itn otlwids mOl( dOgtII with plus 0[ minus dlvintiom fo nss i IIdmiddotx lllnn wi th t hO(1 [0 X-lilV dmiddottClminntions Son1l inliltsling (x(pptions iudi(nt that both n1ti~sIlI(IllIllts alc vlllllltbll

fn gllIPflIl good ngIP(l)l(lIt is shown foJ lilwl inputss illgt Hl(I)SUINl by wpight pJ Inch lllld by SUJfiL(P 1))121 lsuillly low w(jght I)(r ilHh tLnd (Oll(spolHlingiy high AJ(loJiwtpJ llHIlsUlPJlIIll ts ehf1llL(tlJiz( Vpoundtli(liLs otlo(ntiolls lhal gin a low [Wl(pntngl or thiek-wnllpd fibCJS

A (lost lpluljOIlShip (xisls lHlw(PIl filHIllSS ILne YUIIl-t1PP(Illilnee gradl ltps in (f~1l1 w(J nlso nl( lplntld to yn[IHlpp(nlIUH( gltLde and ibN finlllpss rlw rltlalion of piekPl Itod (iII(l WMt( to fiber nIHlllS is 15s (vidpnt

bull Fil)(( (l1Hns is I) cl(silithl( PIOPNt for vHri(ties thfLt I~l( likplY to be

spun into filH (OHnt5 nlthough (xlpssi( filwr finI1NS tPPPIUS to bl nn uohmiddot-ill1lJll plOPlIl wlHle 11PlhiLltlOC( or (ttlt(d ylLlllf is importnnt nlIt it olltriiluts lial ()[ llothing to slpin stlCngth of eOlllsP tollnL sill~dls YllllS 1Ol IjOs singl ynllls nn npplOXinliLll IOITllUitt is giVl1lror l-llrrmting slwin str(nglh frOlll fibl I~llgth plus nblI stl(llgth plus fi 1)(1 w(igh l-PtI-IIlCh ll1(nSllllll(n ts

4 TECHNICAL BULLEIN 931 U S DEPT OF AGRICULlJRE

When the formulns derived fOm the 1943 crop were tested on the fiber dlltn from thp lD44 (rop 1t W1)3 possible to nccount fOl 83 to 84 percent of the v1Iiptl11 vltlinbility in the yarn strengths fhe fonl1ulas WNP Ipss tfrcctiv( foe evnltmting cllvironmentnl effects

STUDIES ON COTTON GROWN IN IRRIGATED AND ~OIRRIGATED HEGIONS 1935-43

RegimU(ss of its Otigil~ or cause a definite prejudice in the spinning hade here Ilnd ubrond has existed from mnny ycnrs ngninst cotton glOwnon terigllled lflnd~ rLwu sell-island prd~lction almost (lensed followl1g til( Itdvpnt of the cotton boll wPcvl1 on o lit ellstern const long-stnple SpillHIS wele forced to use Egyptian coltons rhe writers uncrlsUlIld that srriolls complaint ftom the spinners resulted but infonnntion is m(ng(L lUi to whrthfr slowcI opcrQtion increased IHppinpss nnd otlwr difficulties w(Ie nttlibutable llllgely to the nct thitt jijgyptian luirtics WlLr mlllkCdly inferior in spinning properties to sPl-isituul cotton Ot wh(th(I tl1( diflieulties found welp partly attrilmlilb)(I to production und(lt ilTigation eonditiolls

In [((rllt ~fPillS this pJrjudkc ItppeUls to hltvc disltpptltred but Ilgflin it is not tlCll[ whdhr[ this has bNn due plinuui1y to the dpvelopshyIllrnt of sup(liol ggyplhUl vltriolirs 01 11(lh(1 thr grow(1ls ginners Itnd rnftllufactur(IB hit 0 adopted pru(lips thllt t(lld to ovelcome the diflieulti(s

One praetier has d((lop((l thtlt may mtwit eXfuninILtion Ginn(ts of l~gypti[tn cotton cltl(1[ully (lean uncI tholOughly mix the cotton b(fole ginning cLllll priOl to hilling add it moliclI1to qunntity of moisture

In the AIl1(lira1l (oUon lllatk(t eOlllpllLints about irrigated eottoll hltv(~Iec(iVtrl eonidCrflble Ilttrntion ciuJing the past 25 YliL1S A mthtJ (xhnustive SUIV(V wns eondu(ted ill 1928 hI J S lownsrnd ItIHI OtlHIS tUtti WtlS llllmmarized in iln ullpublisht~d 1lpOIt2 From thr mlUlyinltlvirws it was appln(ut thllt thl spinncrs were in fltirly g(1UInl 1LI((mrIlL tlmt irricrated eotton was mu(h eoltlsel und morc ~vltsty Lhl~n simllnI stnpl(1 l~ngths from tho Mississippi Deltll region and it IU1( n distinet t(ndplHT to stik to the stel rolirls of the roving fmrn(s to slow up (ombing opNntions and to form neppy ynrns (he( WIlS SO 111( evidellcr that this difficulty WItS caused Pllttly by fnulty ginning 01 by Irtltk of pntie1we 0[ exp(li(nce in mnking suittlble ll1odifieutiolUl in spinning plllcticrs wh(n hflndling inigntrd cottons

~1Hny SUbsNlu(nt 1(lports on Illltnufn(tuling (xpCIi(llces with ilrignttd (ottou stress difIiclllty in dy(ing) rspeeinliy iC mixrd with nonirrigllttd growths thr o(cun(Il(( of Heps more Wllste It highp percrntage of sholl (j liNS flml (II-ytl(ss tlutt makes mOtp fly in the mill thall o((urs in using mi n-grown (ot ton As It result of these diflieulti(s whM(v(1 thrir (iJUSP (O[T(slQnding staples hny( poundre-

J L()XOlK1o0 r H t CUIl W B llll H rr (Ult Wl(l(~GTQ~ r T1o0TES (lArIlEIlEO IX I r~IlllWi WIIU COTIOo flIlOIOItK (OIrox 1111 IlnID~STS

SUIEIUXT~XDglT ID ()rU~]rtR ItlHTIYf NI TIlI~1It tXI~lIn]XCE WI1II IIIltiGATED COTTON O~ rilE HOtIIIEHr Conppmtiv( rrport of Burenu of Plant Tndll$try 11(1 tlw Bur(u of Aprkllltllrlli l~ololliH 27 pp 1)28 rCnpllbli~hed Copy in fillS of 1)hmiddoti~iln of Cot ton and Ofhcr Filler Crops and Dirll~ri Bureau of Plant ludmtry ~()ils ILnd Ari(uiturILl Ellil1C(ringj

bull

bull

bull

5

bull

bull

bull

FIBER AND SPINNING PHOPEHfIES Oli COTTON

quently sold [rom u fraction of 1 cent to 2 cents Il pound cheapcl fOI~ irrigatcd cottons thttn for corresponding lnin-glOwn stllpl(s fhis may pnrtlYllcCollllt for the fnet tlmt priol to the loss of Olll expolt trndc in LU41 mu(h of the irligLlcd cotton WIlS expoded to mills thnt did noli shiLle this pr(lj lldiee IU(I(JlsNl den)lllUs for 10ngcL taple COUOI since 1)41 hit f~ I(sulted in It gl(Illtcr demiLlld for ilriglltcd

colton in AmellcltIl mills RifleI 192() Lhl sllVcll11 eoopllLtivl nglneies of tlw Dcpartment of

Agri(ulllllC hlLve (ondulttlltI spinning tlSts of nbcls flom difflIpnt vtLliCtill gWWlllllldpl vIlIying conditions to dct(rmil1e moll ptccisly thpinflulJHc of IH((UUuy n1Hl NwilOlllllPntnL flttOIS in eontdbuting to spinning l)(lfolrnnlt((

In fI IlPOI hy ~L Ji Campwll issued lll lHl3 )Ils(d on spinning lestH frollt ((Hnposilt eOlllllwl(inl snmpl(middots it WllS (olllludpd thlLt Delln (ollons w(Ie mol( lInitotll in libN 1ltl1glh but WPI( slightly (OfUS(I 01 ~(iLi(1 ill [ibN w(middotight pll inh thnn W(I( tht ilrigillec growths lhtI( (1( no dilftI(rt((s betw((11 IWIctntng( of thinshyuH(( (i1HIS In tolal miLl~lIrlt(lllIN wast( tillt lI1igntcmiddotd nnd nOIshyillignl(d glowths difrAI(I d(pending upon gtu~pl( j(ngths In 1hl two sllol[(I 1lllgths lIl( 1)tltn (oltons PIP I(lSS WI)St) WhNN1S tht illigM(d (Oltons showNl L(ss nstp for til(gt longI slaplt l(n~ths III YIlllIlPPNIolHlI(( til J)pltil (ottons (1P on the aNugt nbollt Lwoshythird oi It ludl Iwlt(1 thnn yfttll from CnliIOlltin (otlons nnt nNdy II fllll gladl bNt(I lhlUl ~ri()li X(w ~ [(xi(o Tlxns and OldtlhomL cot [OilS lh ilJignlld (oUnns PIOdllNI fldwi with ft grlntel nV(IHg( lltlllligtlI of llPPS [hun lht lloninigttNI growths Xo outslnndshying dilrlIlIlNS W(I( lIoLed ill the tUH( (JI specd of mnnllfu(tllling OIWltlotlons

rIHs( L udiIS nHlti( on (oml1wl(ial Ham pips r(fC(t dilltI(ne(s tlwt lIliL) (C at t [ihl tit 1( partly or wholly to ltlitreIIII((S in VIIlidies grown in irlignlld lind Ilonirrigntrd llgiOIlH C0I1s((jll(ntly in the pr(twnt stlllllllitri7ILlion all n[tt(npt has b((ll nmd( to IlUphnsize vtlr[ptul difl()r(Il(PS that hlwP lslilNl fronl llw (ooIWIntiC ngtOJlOm1c fi)PI fwd tipinning studils (ondtldNi durin~ till PHst s(~lnl yPilS

011 vlui(tiPH glown ilt ilignlld lUll in nonirligittrcrtgiolls ilti well ns to Illnkf ~tldl (middotVnIUfttloItS 118 til( datil S((J)) to waJlllt 1gtpound11(11

o(niiti(H 1Cpl(ls(nling thls( Ilgion

1h( datu in titlt tables nnd (lind IH(s(ntpd in this 81([ iOIl nn th-nV1l nlgtly frolll Hi vtlritlil of sou (lHusl(lIl mi(l-Sou th ot Txtls nnd OklahollllL ori~in Lhnt PI( grown rOl 1 to 7 y(tlr ttt IlItllly o(ftlions throughout till Cotton 13lt11 nnd ftom valiotls sllIlins of ~(illll (ot(OIH grown in Ihl ilri~lItNII(gions luui in th 1middotxu-OklnhoIl11irHin-grown s((tion In S(III (IIoS(S dupli(ILll Slltnplps llpnSllllI1g diitPlPllt bI0(8 01 dinPI(nL picking poundllllis from t1llt lgt1l)1e blolks W(It~ SPUIl TI1(I (XlPIlSi(Il(s of tl1(s( datu is illlsll)NI by thl IHlln)(l of fibel Lnd spinning tpsts 1(I(old((( 101 (Ileh VtliPlY in tnbl( I-ft()Il (j to 1a5 tfsts for liHh of lh( ] () vltJi(ti(s jistId TIltSpound dfLtn iL willtH 1(IIliz((l aJl 1(PIISplltntiv( o[ till tgli(~ultult11 (xIWlinHllt slations in tw

1 (UtllItI 11lt TI-IrS Ot 1l1llJ(IATm) AJ) 1tlSmiddot(IlS Il~ltlrA II) COTro (1((Jr (W WJO r - Agr lIrkpL (n 38 pp i1i1l ])1 L [PW(~NIJ

6 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 931 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

locations where the cotton was grown rather than of the general region or the farming practices in that region Bence th~ results should be interpmted as not necessarily represQnting any locality State or region Since many more tests were conducted throughout the rain belt however the results are perhaps more nearly those that bull may be expected for tho commercial giowth in tho nonirligated than in the inigated arens

TAIIIE l-Nllllber of omervlItiollS at locations and for varieties from which data yiven hi tables 2 and 3 were derived

UESULTS

It is not believed that the data here presented will serve fully to define tho fiber and spinning properties of the irrigated flnd the rainshygrown cottons It is hoped however that they may serve to emphashysize tho Iclotiva importance of heritable or vorietal factors and of environmental factors and to develop leads that may be followed in obtaining maximum quality and market value for American irrigated and nonilTignted cottons

rhcse data nre summmized in three tables Toble 1 is of interest in showing thot considelllble confidence may be ploced in the trends shown by tho dnta presented in Lnblcs 2 and 3 Tnble 1 sltows the numbN of obsolvlttions that form the bnsis for environmentally induced diffelcnccs exhibited by varieties at diffelCntlocations Likeshywise it shows the number of obSelViltiolls fOl onch of the listed localities IIS a basis COl judging ns to sign ificnnce of differences in fiber quality or spinning pOlformltnce for thc sev(ml varieties under given cnvironshymen tILl cOllditions Rome of the ytlrieties were grown from 1 to 10 years Itt onch of the mnny locations The average performance for varieties or loealities summarized in tables 2 and 3 therefore should bull be considercd in Ielation to nUll1bCl of obsOvations from which such avclflgcs IUC dlawll ItS shown in table 1

bull bull bull llILE 2-Colllparuoll of eguitalent slaple O1ld clossers slaple length as affected by eTwirolllleTlal or herilablejactors

(rhe number of observntiQns (rOm which tIe means listed 0010 w~re obtained ar~ ghen In table IJ

Stations ill the irrigated regIon I rrolt111 the Ilonirrigated relioll I

I IVurlell1l 1lIJlIDS Shlter I Sacaton I State Colmiddot T(XllS I bull

i I r bullbull both regIons

CUIiI I cu eegeNMex anetal meaus ~~ MIlIsouth Southeast arletal m= ~ YlIrkty or strain ~

I - II I I j I - I i I i t- i_I Ii 8or lt0 - t_ C ~ - - - t B - - - - - t 1 Q f- shyl-])~J-1 ~-gt 1pound1 IQIsect~al _ ]0 ~ sect~fe ~c J-a -=gt-tO 2 oSJto igt - l- c- I - - 11- -- ~- - -- c1_ -- 1 ~- i e- Q- -- t c_ - 1-- ~l_ shy Co Co Co lt vC 1 bull 1 i I e Zt-s ~ we _C res -= ~~ _ij me I I--=- tn -5 1Il5 i-5 UlC l-~ 11)- I -Q -3 rnS ~ = t=n ~nI~ldctl =-3 C~l=tri =1ii ~ tC~ nl=tn cUI~ =Ih I lUl ~rt t1 cr- i- C - C - a - - c - - C - ~- C - shy~ 0 ~ 10 ~ () ~ lt ~ p ~ u ~ 0 f~ 0 ~O A~ It) fA til

_____________________________ I I I I I ~ ~ Ulllngrown type j ~3in~lii-13 inh~~ ill Hlill13illiHilll Hbull i1 h32i~~5jJliH illlH2jtlh3illl~hillIH2 illS illi H inllioinJH in

Stcmelle2U 1 337 137 j 3OsT3O0 2931323 1 313 320 1-07 I 330 3233291321330 32(1 310 323 +()t 321 3221 -01 Z 1 Stoncmiddotilleo bullbullbullbullbullbullbull 1322 321 3221312 296321 1313318 1 -51321310i3O43O1I316309 3IA30Il +5314314 0

I)QUos4(lIUssdel) i312 lilA 322 321 2gtIli339 305 f l31 -26123 1I2 i 330340 33L353 328 335 1 -7i31ti 333 -17 Z1 1 ol)dtapille 14 130 335 1

290 320 290 I 325 j 303 i 32 j I -24 311 320 1 31 9 31l I 311 I 315 316 1311 I -3310 323 -13 l1~lonne(QuIl1l1l) 325320 300 31deg1253153001315-15 1290 293292 3OS 315 320 299307 -8300311 -11 Loue Star(Startex)1 -~5 325 25 3152851315 29513181-23130 285130$ 304 1300 3051303 29S +5 2IlQ 308 -9 g

Locatlonsl means 13261-2111303131312gt1 i 1323 ~ 305 t 322 -17 L314J 308 I 314) 3161317 1321 13151315 I 0 l310 3191 -9 ~ lrrl~~~~gtsI~tcrstrnlls 1-3-4-21-3-4-rI--I-s11-3-2-51-30- - -1 ----5bull -1-33--01-~-2-21-33--41----2--33-8-r~-2-2-1---~Imiddot--J--I----1-J-8---2_-) -+-~-6--3-2-6 -33- ~ Acall15limiddotmiddot middot 1414 34 1388 3661321350 i 391354 +37 3993311 1 399 331 +)g 393 349 +4 t1AcalaN2S-5_ 355 330 325 310132533513351325 +10 j 336 325 +O UI caln QG 370 340 1365 325 340 t 340 358 1 335 +23 + I 35S 335 +23

o LocatlonuhnC8ns ~70 13411 34j332 j 336 jl39 352 j 33 1+15 36913271~middot1middot1middot_1369 32 7 1+42- 353 335 +18 l

CLocatlOllllnJeau~~tYlles 3U 133513261320 3U6 13291 32 4 1328 -i 1328131313141316131713211328 318 ~10 1327 325~ ~ -I A plus sign (+) indlcatcs thaI equivalent stBple was greater than the ~Iassers staille and conversely a minus sign (-) II1dicates Ihllt the eqtiialcnt staple was less than the oc1assers staple Z

~

8 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 9al U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

TABLE a-Comparison of yam-appearance grade neps andlJercentage of waste oj colton representi11g rain-growntvpe~ of lcaia cotion deveiolJed in the irrigated region

[The number ot observations tram which means Us~d were obtalnc are gcn In table I Bnd thn data on staple length are presented In table 2)

YARNAPPEARANOE GRADE I IN 22s bull Stations In the Irrigated Iilrens In the nonlrrlgatcd 0

reglon region 0

gg ~= -c ~ sect I 0

Vllrlcty or strain 0 -( g~ E E S1joS ~g

-~ -

tro= I lt5 - g ]

Ut~ ~Z lt ~5 secti ~ K ~ ~ lt- 0 J w w E- lt - ---------------- shy

nalnmiddotgrowll tY~)I Stollevllle_u l 87 80 77 81 I 1l21 85 87 85 83 Stonevllloo 1 83 70 89 83 83 87 01 87 85 Doltos4 (MlSsdCI) _bullbull 74 71 65 70 77 81 79 79 74 Deltllplno H 80 90 I 75 1 82 82 85 8 SmiddotI 83 Mebnno(Qunllll) 90 80 751 82 741 H5 100 86 84 LonoJtur (Starte~) bullbull_bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull S5 65 80 77 t Sa 92 100 91 84

JOllltlQlIllllllellllsbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull r83T77i77T791-80I-sGri-O ---sJ1--s2 Irrlgllted tY]IJ ~- 1= i~--_ -=== =-==I=~l-l=

ACIllnShnltcrstmlns 83 1 7ul bullbull 8 70111111811 80 Atllin 1517 S4 I 70 I i5 71l 741middotmiddot bull imiddot1 I 75 ACIlln N~S I 70 7~ I 75 73 middot1 7~ Acnll1 QO 6middot1 I 7 u O 5 ~ 67 j Obull---------------------

LocntlOnnl mealls 75 I 75 73 74 7slbullbullbullbullbullbulll 78 70

TocnfionnllJlcalls both types bull 17O==-_=W=~~M==ooI=S~Y=~ NEPS I IN 100 SQfJUU~ I--iCIJES OF CAlm WEB

Ralnmiddotgrown typo I I I bullStoncvlllo~U 1 123 1521283 251 179 199l15211771 15 8(onovIll05 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 700 f 170 405 142 225 100 156 310 Oetros 4 (MI$stcl) 1 gt 11 DeltnplnoI4 1 IS5J ItlO 205 IS31 2121191 2441 18fgt 184 Mcbllne (Quillin) -1- bull11 j Lono StIlr (Stnrtox) bullbullbull J __j

17Irrlgn~C~nl mctlllsmiddotmiddot bullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddot1_15middotI~( 219 300 11 bulls 205 i 165 18pound

CIlIllShnfOrstrollll j 21~ 3571 310 j 295 205 l1 205 250 Acalo 1517 212 455 372 3-1 6 302 302 324 Acnln N28+ Acolll Q6 1

LocntfonnlmenllsJ 215 (4o6I3WIil1 254 i-==i===l~ 288

LomtlonBlmcnns both (YllCs bullbull lUl7l~t2U)=raquooy2t~t2ti5tl65l~t264 lERCgNlAGE OF WASIg FRO~r l[CKPlt A--in CARD

Ralnmiddotl(rown type I 1 1 I middot---I--------~--Stollcmiddotllle21J 75 00 7 81 IIO 74 66 i 0bull 9 75 8tollcvlll 5 91 1 8 0 ~ 8 83 89 89 8 a 8 i 86 Deltosmiddot1 ()Issdel) i 100 ~71 bull 6 8~ I 121 IQ lO 7 I 110 99 DeltnplnllJ ia 3 09 7 67 u 1 67 70 Mebnno(Cunllll) 1 S6 98 77 871126 7i 871 96 92 10110 Star (Stnrt~) 1 96 I 110 I 81 I 96 140 S2 71 98 971

LOClltiODOI mcnnsi87-9t-sl84l~i~79sss6 Irrlgnted type ---1== 1=--= j- 1=

Acnlo Shutterstrnlns 71 781 701 731 bullbull 9 middot bull1 middotmiddotmiddot1 79 76 ACIlia 1517 74 75 651 711 (i5 1 05 68 AcnloN28-~ 85 93 68 82 + 82 Atllln QO 1 04 1 89 76 gO 86

middot--middot--I--middot~r --l-_--__-_ LOClltiOnnlmcnIlS 811 84 70 781=-_72J~== 72 75gt

Joclltlonnl menns both tmiddotJl(s 8middotJ S R i 72 8 I i 87 1 8 a 79 I 80 I 80 To (aeilltllto stlltlstlcnl trootment ynmmiddotappearance grode which Is usually lcsil(Dntcd by letters) waS

assigned Ilumerleal vlllu(s as tollows tl+=l~ =11 bull t-=I() B+=9 lJ=S B-=7 C+=6 u=5 bullC--4 It Is Usually considered that fJ (80) Is Ilvtrage tor 22s slll~les curded yarns

I to 15=low 16 to 25~nverage 20 to 40=hlgh IIbo~e 40=ery high

I

9 FIBER AND SPINNING PROPERTIES OF COTTON

Tuble 2 presents the classers staple length averaged for each variety

bull by 10ilations in the irrigated region and by thlee rather distinct areas in the nonirrigated reampion Staple length as determined by customary classing methods hits Deen defined (see footnote 8 p 13) as a designashytion which inaicntes the length of 11 typical portion of the fibers in a sample Uni formi ty of fib~I length I1S well I1S other fibeL properties problLbly influences to some extent the classers selection of the typical pOltion upon which staple lenyth desigcation is based In mILking Lhe sumnlluizntion given in table 2 consideration was given to inducling the Hctunl length measurements Such mensulements however were not illeiuded in view of the fnct that conversions would be req uiled In the earlie studies length wns obtlthed flOm I1rrays wh(I([ts in the later tlst it WitS determined by the librogmph

lnble 2 nlso shows spinning performnnce1s mcnsured by equivl1lent slttple length n tClln that WitS lldoptcd to indicl1te whether the skein str(ngth o[ the rlsllltimt ynrll WitS gLlntcr Ot less than would be (xlJPctpd in spinning ibll of the stnple length I1ssigncd by the chlssers II lhc skpin strelgth is gtliLler than is expected tom a given staple Ipoundn~th the (ltlIlivnlpllt staple excleds the cinssers staple Thus the compluison of stllpll length and equivaLent stnple length gives a llHtuiUlC of tll( ltonttibution to yltln stLength thilt is mnde by fiber PIoplIti(f OU(I l hltll sln pie length In otlHr words it becomes lwimnrilya IlWmWlp or till influlIlCC of ibN strength 1he equivalent

L 4 I Lf f I L 80-428GO+181420 hSliLP e IS laquo(IIV(( rom the ormu 11 = 214518 were

bull L=pound(jlliVltiPnt staple Sskein sLrpngth nnd O=ynrn count rhe pslill1lttcs summflriz((L lpplpsent thl ItYllnge strength index of the three COllnls of yallls that wer(~ spun

Hol the purpose of this study it is believed that the comparison of c1nsscts stnple and eqUiYitlent stnplpound may be used to detelmine whether th(~ buyer who is int(tpsted prinmdly in ynrn strength is getting less or mOIC thltll hl pays fOI from the colton of a pnrticular vltliety Ot from 11 given 10Cnlity of growth The values giYln in titblc 2 merit detailed exshylminntioIl lspecially ItS to the (onsistency of trpnds exhibited and as to thpound nlllnber of observnlions(ll1ble 1) from which the means wereobtnined

Tltbl( ~3 givs 11 sununnry of valietitl ltlld environmental effects influ(ndn~ yltlll-Uppenmnco gmdp nops in carel web nnd total I)(rcentngt of wastl The Yllrn-l1pptltlltlllle gmdes nrc meltHS for 22s only the neps itlt UH meitH found pel 100 square inches o[ elmL web ftnd pelecnlt~(gts of wfLsle 11Il 111lllIlS 101 till tottt witste from pickel and enllt1 rhe 11rfLn~en1lnt of Ow YlLrietics nnd stations is similnL to lithic 1 nnd ~ nnd lhp numbcl of obselYlltions 111so mp the sitllle except fOII1(P Xo IWP liMn WNO obttlin(d prior to 1941 There appenrs to be It slight lpndpncy wilhin vl1ieLy for ynrn-appcarance gmde to follow lCuhnlelll-stnple hngth A distinct inverse relation is eident beshytw(t1l the pNcenlage of wlLste and yalll-nppenllLnce grnde lS the coding 101 gmtip is 11(lc useo in other words the lower the percentttgo of waste th( highel thc Ylun-nppeltrnnce gmde

bull In (ollsidlring the dMn in tablls 2 and 3 it should be noted that

AeuliL X~~-5 and AcnlL Qu were not grown in the min belt Santan

I lilnjD -rvn U FOOlgt An~lliJTnATJOi C01TOi Fln~m A-Ill SIIIIING HRW(l R~HVtlt~ l t4 Wnr Foor Admin Ul pp 10middot1middot1 [Processedl

7Ii509 1i-2


Acala was included with Shafter at Sacaton Seveml selections from Acala 1517 wore included under Acala 1517 rhe data show that Acala (Shafter) and the six varieties of the nonirrigated type gave an equivalent staple that was inferior to dassers staple in the irrigamiddottelti region whereas in the nomrrigated region the equivalent staple length equaled or exceeded the classers staple bull Certain varieties particushylarly Acala 1517 showed an equivalent staple that was greater at all locations than wns the classers staple The records show nn occnsional sample from this vnriety to have t lower equivalent staple than claBsshyers staple but such examples are rare

In considering the detailed valietnl or environmental effects 1 variety of cotton was examined at the illdividuallocations throughout the Cotton Belt StoTl(Ivillc I) wns grown at 2310catiolls from Shafter Catif to l1lorenc( S C rhis Delta-bred yvxiety showed an equivalent staple thnl exceeded th( dnsstrs stnple nt thlee of the Jour irrigated loentions Certain stntions in the ireignted region as well as ill the rniu bdt show mnrkod difrt1rners betwcen the equivashylent staple nnd dnssers sULple At Stnto College N Mex the equivnlcnt slnplc wns lthout one-8ixteenth of nn inch less thnn the clnBstrs stnplt In til( Inin l)(11t it WftS rqual to or glIItttl thnn the cInssrrs staple at ftU hut fivn loeations Pftlticulal nttrntioll is enlkd to the low rquivnllut stnplo nt Baton Rouge Ln and PoplnrshyviU(gt 1vliss tho 2-yenrs lrsults at Poplnlvillc gftve It staple one-eighth of nn inch lrsfgt thnn the e1nssrrs sluplc the gJtatest eontlllst between equivalent and clnss(1s stnpIC 1his prrsumnhly is the Csllit of biologienl dot(liomtion ill tlw Hrld

I-ITEHIHETAIION OF REsurrs AND DISCUSSION

CLASSEns STPLE

As poilltrd out by BOIllH I nnd oth(rs5 tlIt serms clear thftt the 10n~-necrptcd stnndnrcl of gmde Ilnd staple length fiS the m(HSlIles of quality n(((ls to br slIpplrmCntNI hy information on vftriety (P 19)

1lole 2 shows lhnt with two exceptions (Dtlfos 4 ftnd Stoneville 2B) ft longer stnplcmiddot WfiS ploduerd undrl irrigntion tlum under Ilfttuml rainfall 1he avclnge fol thr six Ylwietits thnl extended across the two arrns WftS stapltd nhout one thirly-sNontl of nn ineh longer fOI the irrignted ]rgioll Within the illignted 111(11 the (otton fOIll Shafter Cftlif and Stftte College ~ ~ (x wns lnthel (ollsistently clnss(d longer thftn flolll Snellton fol 1111 10 vnrictirs In gellernl the Southtnst produerd slightly longpr stnple than did the mid-South and Texns-Oklahomn Irgions

Some of the stations in the luefts of low anIltHtl rainfnll showed a staple one-sixtp(nth of nn ineh short(I than mllll) of thr stfttions in the more humid mid-SOlI th nnd SOl tiWIlSt Irgiolls UlLin-grown stnple howrvel mny not hI drfinilrly elllssified on a meteoOlogical or geographiCIl1 bnsis Drspite low annunl rninfnil ample soil moisshyture-evidently subtNInnrnn-lcsultr( in n good fibrl I(ngth at Chillicothe nnd Brazos bottoms in till Yleinity of Collrge StnLion Trx At Chillieothr the optimum conditions thILt fftV9r fiber clongftshy

a T~lXAS Aam(lIJrfIH EXI~lIUIBXI ITNrIOX (11ltlXC TIUXAS COTTON TO Wt N~lrlDH T(x Agr ]xpL lta Hul 624 2middot1 pp ilills 1(Jmiddot12

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

FIBER AND SPINNING PROPERTIES OF COTTON 11

tion Clvidentlv persisted through secondary thickening and resulted in 1athm pOOl strength rho high equivlLlent stltple foJ BlllZ0S botshytoms indieat(ls that excellent jpitil11 soil moistme may have bec0me somewlmli lowm as the SOltson ploglesscci resulting in good environshyml~ntnlly induced length I1nd strength Even in tho more humid mid~80lth the influence of It good ~Iound~wl1ter supply is eVident at ~[I1lirmnl1 delLa (Ark) at HtonevilLe (~iss) I1nd elsewhere

EQUlVUNl STAPLE AN)) EQUIVALENT STAPLE lIINUS CLASSlllS STAPLE

As slIgglAfed ill It [H(c((ing paluglnph the lell1tion of equivl1lent stl1pl( tl) dlHlsers staple glvPs 1m inclltx of fiber stlfngth 01 lItthcl of skein stllng(h (hltt is d(riv(d from flb(I plopelties othol than fiber length A spinn~r who is pl1ttieulltrly intl~lNlted in ylt1ll strcngth esp(I(dlllly onl who mlLy not 1)(1 VfIy fnrnHifLI with llC(ntiy devcIoped mpid ((i(Nl fOl determining fiber stl(lngth may pI(fot to thinl of ycLtn Htr(gtngth in t(rms of stnplel(ngth of ttY(lflg(1 str(ngth that would bn J(ltlllil(d to gh( tlw ltIosil(d ylL1ll sll(nglh It is mOllov(I 11 conshyvrnicllt wny of lllCttHlIring spinning pelfolmanee to stimnt( wlHthol It vfli(ly 01 It lU(tLlity is plOdlleing It (otlon thnt will spin into ItYILI1 tllI~t is st IOllg(gtI 01 wpnkfll thtt11 tll Itytlnge 101 It ~iVIll stu pie Icngth Sill( lh bu)el is llquilpd to pny it pINnillm rot (xtm staple it ttJso may Iw eonsidlI(I(1 ns Q1H typr of index as to hethela VlIYN is getting 11l0lP 01 I(s- than h( pnyH 101 01 (0llV(lS(ly wheth(I the grower is l(c(living lllOI( 01 I1S8 thlln Ill h I(lllly lntiil((l io The ICfuivl11(nt 8tnpl( in ge-IWInl 1((IS(S lt(l 1I(11ltt lotN 101 (lnss(Is stllple equivrL~ lllll stnpl(l foJ ]njJ~gl()Wn (otton (qunls 01 (x(((ds till [tYCInge for till long(I illigltl(d llngths (0( tablc 2)

ShnJt(J Cnlif ploduC(s a high l(jllivnl(il( stnple tlHlt is 11bout equal to tIll ensS(Il stnpl( SnCnlOlI flpP(urs to giv I 80mewhltt shorter e(jllinlpnt stttplcmiddot lllllt is nboul (Cunl to (nsspls hllgth fol thc lnashyjolity of I hI vl1lilli(s Stall Col(g( ~ ) f(x while producing 11 good (Ins(I slttpl( shows It shnlp djo]) for cquh-nllnt slapl This is pnrtly nttributnble to a pOOrtr ibN slrllcturp us indicuttd by the (ompnl~Ltiv(ly InJg( X~jny Imglls find tht somewlmt 10(1 filwrshy8tnngth llHnSUrPIllll1ls Tht (middotquivnknt stuplp howeY(I nppetus to 1)( 10(1 than would 1)( tx()((tpcl on the bnsis of ItnticipntNI POOL sllultlllJl At high ullitllcIS (101 lxlllnpie ttt J~lIbbock lex) OJ n([11 (lip 1101thpIn Jonlc of (olton plodu(tion (ns KnoxYill( lCl1l1

lUllI Slnt(syi[( X C) POOl 8tlllCtlUP fl(q11Inlly l(StrltsI it po~ihh lhnt th(rl js some biologienl d(t(Iiolntion as It lCsult

of liNn dlws possibly aggllwntNI by mnintninillg It high lnt(shy8(aon soil moisllll(l ilL Stnl p Coll(gp [11 IIll mill l(gions the ((llIiYnlcllt SUlpJ( is slightly Jrigi1Cl for till SOlltillnst IlS also WHs the Clltss((s sl np 1( 111(1 nY((ng(ll1id~Sou I h PC[ ui middotn (lnt vnInts Wtre low(Ipd by tilt pOOl lsults from tlll(( 10(ltt ions until thc pqunkd the sliorl(1 T(xns~Oldn hOll1n nyetng(~ ILnd W(I(~ Rli~h tly inferior to tho Soutll(n-t 111( cCfuintlpHt stnpl(s fOJ Bilton Houge find St 1oslplt Lit and JlllrtiCulndy Poplnlril( ~liss lll ItS low Itgt til( Vllluls for tile- POOI(Ht ilrignlltd I()(ulioll Stnk Col(gl X )[(x OJ 10(1 111( (olllpn n tnmiddotply low YH ltus fOl lltllUYltllIl slnpll thnt nn g(lwlul along lh( Gulf oast tUPlt Upptllllltlr l(lilIlt 110111 biological dcctly in til( filId nnd ([1ll lo necount fol tlH fniIm( of Oil flYclng( ltquivnl(nt ctnpl( 111 thtcollon rllin lHlt to 1X((ltd tbM of thp dllss(~S stapw

12 lECHNICAL nUIJLElIN 931 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

FlOm the Icsults shown in thesc studies the buyer gets more extra vlllue from the rrexus-Oklahoma and upper delta legion where skeinshystrength perfolmnnce is medium or better and where the staple may be aV(fLgc Ot below This may account for the prefcrence buyers are said to exbibi t for the so-called hard cottons that are reputed to chaJncterizc theso regions It should be pointed out however that sevtlI1110cntions in the Southeast also show an approximatciy equal sUPltliOIity of (lquivnIPnt staple ovcr classcrs staple One noteworthy fltature of thes( dlLta is suvpml installers of f1ilule for the usunl tondency fOl (lIvilonnultnlly induced fiber length nnd strcngth to be comp(llsntol) Jil(quently whon be1t(tmiddot-thrm-nvemge lCngth occurs within IL VltliCty it is offset by rpdllcCcl fiber strength so that the ])ershyforlIuLllCc 01 plaquouivllient stnple is low As shown in these studies this do(s not invI1I1abiv OCCllr

rlle most SiflJlificnnt Jnct jlvNdpcl by thpsC studiCs however is thnt llClCditruy (varietal) factors overshadow ellvir01ll1cntal factors ill the Pquivnl(llt stltple Its l(IIntNI to eiassers stnple Varieties with lIlUSlIltlly slong fiht1s I1S Acnllt 1517 pC1folm much bettet than vltliptips of IWPtuglt stlCJlltth Itt nll JO(ntiolls tnd WCILk-fibpl varieties ItR I)pltos middot1 giVO lpllttiPly pOOL ])(rJOlll1ltll(( POOl lItvilOnmental conditions mnk( n wpnk vnlicty gin poorpl pCrfolmnncC but tboy rluply J)1o(nl n stlong YaricLy tlom PIlofolllUlllt bettCr thnl1 nu aVlrnge (otton whC1(l1s good lllvilonmClltnl (onditions greatly inclcnsp til( ~tnp IJ(ltwCpn ltltI UiVldCllt stnplC nnd clltss([s staple for stnmg vnlioti~s bu t l1l(Jy lCsult ill wfnk vnlielils pel1orming appreshyciably bettpj thnll lx]Jtcl(d em the basis of thC clnSSIlS stnple

Although vltlieliCs glown umier illigation I1ppear to lwernge nbout On( thi1ly-s(cond of Illl ir10h 10HIt( than tlw menn for the colton rnin belt tho [tdd(d Ilngth is not IlflectNl in spinnillg l)(r1ormnncl~ The Intter in fltCt l(gtIwlws its milximum nt (otlnin of the rnin-belt sULtions ThCse tilltn cOllfilm l)lpvious studks in showing thnt (llvilonmontnlly inti u(((l tngth is an ullloliable bnsis 101 ovalunting cottons if fiber strCllltrth is icrnoled

D(~pilC t~p tnlL L1mL It considClI1blC numbll of tests fl(e represented ill tlwS( dMi1 [01 Lho illiriLted lCgion they lOlLY not nccuIl1tely Tepleshysent the eommtcinl pln~ttings of the 1tlCn rhe influence of irrigashytion pm(tieo upon spinning pclfOlInmlCC is now being tCsted and noeds lxtcmding CoopellLtiv(l studiCs in AlizOJm indicnte the imshypOltump of nbu ndiLnt soil moisture n deep water tnble nt pliLnting timo ILllll during vrgptntive dCvelopl1llnt of the plant nnll n gladunl low(ting of soil moistule dUling the Inte [wiLing senson ItS It deili1ble l1llonomiu plllctic(~ rho datn presented here suggest thnt maximum fil)(l qlltiity ill tlw rllin belt is obtaineciundet somewhnt similar conshydiliom nnd thnt illigntlon pmclices in relntion to fiber properties mnrit (Llcful stldy

YHN-APPEAHANCE GHADE

Dnbt on ynrn-nppormtTlltc glnc1e would seem to confirm previous studirs in indicating that higher gllldc i c smoothCl ynln is morc likrly fol liIin-grown Gotton A distinct tend(gtnGY is nppnlcnt for some YfllieUrs LS Detros 4 1l1d Acnln N28 nnd ACltla Q6 to give low YlLlmiddotJl-npprlUlLn(( gllLltiPS IneidontnUy these threc vnricties arc chnrshyllelPlill((i hy longel than 11V(ngc staple They alC no longcr howshy

bull

bull

13

bull

bull

bull

FIBER AND SPlNNING PROPERTIES OF COIlON

eVil than Acala 1517 which in these tests gave as good average yam grade as the ~horter staple varieties rhese data indicate a slight positive relationship within variety between good varn appearance and long equivalent staple bull

NEPS IN CARD WEB

lhe data on nlps in curd web were not sufficiently complete in these studies to waITont definite conclusions Th(le was a strong indication that neps weo less freq uent in rain-grown cotton Sacaton was especiully high in the number of neps At Shafter Dnd State College the Acalns appearedmiddot to be more neppy than wmo the six varieties of the rain-grown type As the number of neps in the card web incrcnsed yarn gradl apparently was lower

PICKrm AND CAItO WASTE

roUtl wasle reported in thlse studies shows no appreciable differshyence 101 irrigated nlHl rainfLll growths One complication alises hO(V01 in mlLkin~ this eompfLrison CII1SS([S gllHle has been shown to influence waste and it has Llso hCln shown that clusslls gmde is hightr 101 irrigated cotlon7 The writers wish to suggest that these tendencies might then tend to eOllIltNfLct ellch other In fllct the data hero summarized show a mUlked inverse lllntionship within vltli(gtty b(gttwtln the yam-appenrance gmde as here coded ILnd the percentage of wILste Incidentally thorC is an iultiinntion of an invllse lPiationship within vnliety )ptween pelclutnge of wuste nnd equivllICnt staplC

rhus measmes of spinning properties-equivlllont stnplc ynrn nppcarOnec Itnd Wllsto-nrt interr(gtlated and fL fnvorable combination of the dCsirpd film properties to give n smooth strong ynlIl with little manufnltluring waste nppenls mOlp liklly to 1Psult in certnin localities of the rnin bplt where growers nmy gCt by with varieties thnt would be lITl1te(Cptable in other llgions It is equally Cvidtnt however that lhe deVltIopment of vltlietiCH with superior fibpl qUltlities adnpted to tht irligntN[ lPgion cnn plodllee eottons thfLt should stll for more Hum tlH dnssCls grade und sbtpie woulel inciicntt

C()TT()~FJBER AND SPINlJ~G TESTS OF TilE 1943 CROP

This report summfLlizes the eooperlttivc fiber ILnd spinning test results that hfLve been llport(~d prcviously by ltlCns for the 1943 crops

C COOK r M nnd IfrIs A y ht r1kFE(T OF CARD SPEEDS AXD PRODUCshyrIOX ItAIES OX IHl~ QUAIIrY OF YAU MAtrIACTUlUU FnO~ IHIOlS GRADES OF (OT1OX 1 S Food Distrib Admin ill (oop with (1(111011 A~I (01 1( pp illtl~ 10-13 [lroccRHed]

1 Hep footnote 3 p 5 a The n~(nci(f (hnt CoolHrntecl in lhcfl HttJeliPH lI~gtSliOIlH for intprpntntion

of tpHI rpilIlb (ogllhpr I itlt d(lnil(ti dntn WPrP givtn in proc(ss(I(1 ICPOltR prpshypnrrd in til( HNHnrch nnd TCRUng DiviHioll (OttOIl nnel Fibr BrunCh Omen of Di~triblltion Wnr Food Adl11inil1trlltion mSlrlTl1 OF FIBErt ANIl SPINIINO ~IfrS m H01lH1 COIlOXS GltOWN IX TIlE 1IIlDSOU11I AlmA (IWP Olo 19~3 0 pp 10014 (Iroc(HsCcl1 l1Esurrs 01 FIJIm AND SIINNIG rESTS Oi S01llE ror1ONA OHOWX IN nltXAR AXJl OKrlfOMI (ItoI Qloe ID~3 J pp J()14 [IIO((HIClt1] lllHIIIS O~ FrIHm ANI) HIIXNIXG rESTS Of S01l1 corIOH GHOWN IN IHg HOU1II

14 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 931 U S DEPr OF AGRICULTURE

In addition the fiber-spinning relationships of the 1943 crop were tested as to applicability to the 1944 crop Those connected with the cooperative Federal-State cotton breeding and improvement progrsms are interosted in the comparative contribution of varieties and of locations to observed spinning properties and in the consistency of behavior for valuable fiber properties

Since few of the 34 va~~cties thnt had at least two stations in common were grown at many of the 22 locations an average of the Iwithin variety or within station effects appeared to be the most valid estimate of Ioeational and varietal effects It sr uld be emphashysized thttt this is a rough ttpptOximation and is of value for indicating trends lathCl than fOl estiLblishing definitive relations for vttlieties listed 01 for locftliti()s where such vttrieties were growll It is also importlLnt to renliz(l thnt the objective 01 these tiber and spinning studies wns to determine comparative pedOlmanee 0f the leading vILlieties or of new strains 1l[lder difelNtt seasonal soil mid c1imntic conditions Consequently tbe speeific designation of a location does not indicate that the conditions under which these spinning sumples were grown itrC chltluctelistic of the locality or region in which the plantings WCIO made

SKEfN ST[ENGTff IN RELAllON 10 IiIBER LENGlH AND STHENGIII

Since fiber length i1nd fiber strength are the lliost obvious contribushytors to skein strength varietal and loeational deviations for skein stlength fiber length and nbcr strength are presented in tables 4 56 i1ud 7

1l1blo 1 shows bow Ioeational cffects for skein strength of weighted 22s are estimated as deviiLtions from the unndjusted varietal llie ans Thus for ShuJter CaliL the mcall of deviations for the six varieties tlu1t were grown there is -1 pound Since the mean skein strength for weighted 22s 101 all 34 valicties gives an avela~e of 96 pounds these datit are intetpreted as indicating thllt the aujusted mean for Shafter should be 96 minus 1 or 95 pounds to free Shafter from difTerNttial viLlietnl effects 01 to permit approximate environmental 01 locntional comparisons rhe WOIk sheet with the values for weigh tcd 228 fO CfLch variety and location is not shown here but it mny bo reconstructed from table 4 by adding to or subtracting from the observed varietnl mean the deviations recoIded for each station where the variety was grown ]01 example the value for weighted 228 for Acall) 1517 at Shafter is 119 minus 3 or 116

EAsr eHOI 01 1913 l pp 1)41 [Procc~Hedlj RESlJLlS OF FIBEH AND SPINNING rESlS OF SOME (orTONS GHOWN rN AfUZONA CALrFOHNIA AND NBW ~IEXWO CROI OF 1913 r S War Food Admin 10 pp 1914 [Processed)

The only detnilcd datn that are not available in Lhese reports nro the ArealshyOll1c-tpr IIIcl1suretnents obtained through the cooperation of K L Hortel and D M fiimpson at the Tcnnessee Agricultllrnl Experiment Station MeasureshylIenLS of the fHlrface nrCn or Arel1lorneter Inellsurelllents were mnde on the exporitnentalrnoclel dOHcribed by 8mIrvAN n H and IhmTEL K L SUHFACE PElt G1U~1 Ol eor1ON FfRltES AS A MEASUHE OF FIllItE FIN~mESS Textile Hes 11 30-38 illus 19middot10

bull

bull

bull

15 FIBER AND SPINNING PROPERTIES OF COIION

bull -VVeighted 22s-the average strength fQr yarns Qf the two CQarser

QunLs (22s and 36s)--were used to Qbtain a better sampling Qf spinshyning perfQrmance thun might llllve been Qbtained frQm the 22s Qnly The vnlucs fQr weighted 22s wore Qbtained by adding the repQrted values fQI 228 to the eQllvclmiddotted value fQI 36s and dividIng by 2 The regrcsiQn fOIIllula 101 Qbtaining equivalent staple (liven in the prQcessed reportD was used fQr constructing reOressionlines for 22s and 36s From these the ColTeSPQnding vnluesIgtQf 36s and 22s were Qbtained

The general eHect Qf weighting the 22s with the higher CQunts was to lower the average skein strength Qf all varieties by abQut 2 percent SQme varieties Yem lQwemd lllore than Qthers There appeared to be a tcndeney 101 the cQnverted values frQm 36s to be the same as actual 22s 01 abQut 1 percent lower 101 the varieties having a lQW weightshyper-unit length whereas the cQnverted values from 36s fQr varipties with greater-than~average weight pel inch were usually IQwered by 2 pmcent 01 mQre rhe relntiQn of fineness to skein strength especially in the higher counts is dis(ussed mQre fully on page 32

bull

rhe IigulCS in table 5 were obtained in such a way as to insure that they would not Teflect the efrect on varieties of environmental or IQcational effects on skein strength of weighted 22s Thus varietal responses at Shufter are estimated us deviutions from the udjusted stution meun (95) An uverage of the deviations within the 22 stutions where more than 1 vuriety occurs gives the meun varietal deviutions recQrded under Valietul means Since the oreeder may be especially interested in the cQnsistency Qf varietal behavior at different locations the detuiled divergences shown in this table for varietal effects are based Qn the deviatiQns from the adjusted instead Qf the unadjusted stnLion means

Table 6 shows detailed vurietal deviations fQr fiber length of the upper half menn at each IQcutiQn It cQrresponds to table 5 in that it represents detailed vulietal drrviations from adjusted statiQn means 1he detailed deviatiQns frQm varietal means as a basis fQr estimating 10catiQnu1 effects ns derived ilom table 4 are not shown however tab1rr 6 shows the udj us ted means fQr stutiQns at the fOQt of each CQIUllUl

luble 7 thQugh similar to table 6 deals with fiber strength reported as estimated fiber tensile strength This estimate is derived frQm the Pressley index 10 devised by E H Pressley for rapidly and accurately determining the relative strength of cotton fibers This index is converted to the mQre familiar tensile strength by the regresshysion fQrmula ll Estimated tensile strength = (108116 X Pressley index) -012

g See footnote 4 p 9 10 PHESSLEY E H A COTTON FlDEH SlHENGTH TESTEH Amer Soc for Testing

1aterials Bul 118 13-17 illus 1942 11 See pp 5 and 6 of reference given in footnote 4 p 9

bull

bull bull bull

~TABLE 4-Enviroltlllental effect 011 skein striligth of wlighled ~2S1 as determined by deviations withill varieties 0)

Slaliolls III Ih~ irelgnte I Teas m lIolllrrigatc( region t31reglOll -------- shy~ o1emsmiddotOklahollls stations UImiddot50Ulh statioll$ Southeast stations ~- -------1---_---- - - ----- --- -1----~---~- --- ---- -r-- ----- to

VarlNal tnoes and strains ~~ 08 iti) t g ()

g Ii -i 3 N ~E ~ sect j ~ o Z ~ o o a 0 E- E- ~] 53 -lt

o rli e s] gt

o 0 =- E wg- w~ E- r-o Ii Ul ~

o t Jlt ~ ~ 8

~ c

cZ 8 a ~ e - sect T C - Iii

o E g C ~ ~ 3 bl~ lt C - [j ~ 2 ~~ c c E i5 ~ ~ cis S 2 ~ cshy sect ~ ]~ a 75~ B t~

Ui UJ UJ ~ ~ o (3 o U E- ttt UJ iii ~ t4 e l lt CIl ~ __~ __~ --- __ ~_ _ 0 ~_ _ bull -- ~ _- ~ lj

Acnltl tn~ I Lb Lb Lb Lb fA) Lb Lb Lb Lb- f) rb 16 Lb_ Lb Lb lb lb 11i 1b_ La La Lb Lb _~cnllll51ibull bull __ -3 -10 -20 +2 +9 +11 +i +5 __ _ __ bull __ __ _o bullbullbull _ --- UQ Z ~~~l~ IW~~~ t~ ~~ =Z +ii -+7 ~ 1~ lt0

Coker 100 tmiddotpl Cogt 91 f~~~~ ~~t =~_=~ __ =~_ --+2 ~~_ ~~ +~~ 2 +4- -18 ~~ =~ 98

oklr IUU Will tn~ ~ 00gg~~~ 1~ ~~mL +7 -- --+3 ~ =~j ~ 93

J)clfos type l ~g~H~~~~l~ =~ ~ t~ tl =~ -- l~~ ttl

I)tllphw tYIl I l)cltnpln~ 14 -2 -3 -8 ____ +5 +5 +4 95 ])cltllplnc 4 (813) ____bull __ __ __ +6 _ 0 +1 +2 -3 -6 +6 -2 +4 +6 +1 0 +1 -8 -2 0 +1 98 ~

~ID~w~~)~ -i = ~I~ -~ = ~ ii i ~ J 5 ogtshyStOIl~middotIImiddotm bullbull -4 -7 -9 +10 -3 +2 +5 ___ +9 -1 -1 +3 -3 +9 +6 +1 0 +1 -9 -3 -3 0 97 S

101 101 89 00 m~~~IJ~j(~~~~ ~_ ~~~~imiddotj_~ -~l~~ ~-~~~i~middot~l ~~~ ~~~_ -~~l~ ~~ li ~~ ~~A ~~ ~ _~ ~-~ ~~---95 I

o

D3

-(~ fonlnnte Ill ent of tllble

bull bull bull 1~ Slg~~1~~~~i1middot1) LJLIJ --1 11111 -111 i +1 I+1 I 0 -middotlImiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotL1 91

~ S~OuewUt 3 l+ ~lII-- middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot+middotmiddotmiddotmiddot1middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot1middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot I -I +~ middotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot1 Samp8 nnnnmukH sSand ( ~i bull middot bullbullmiddotmiddotlmiddotmiddotI + 1 00 I lisrNlullClUS 1 i I Ii 1

r ~O~dC (llobShIWlUJ bullbull bullbull middotfmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotrmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotImiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotrmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot +7 -8 j ( bullbullbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot1middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot1 I~ 1

w hy~~l~0~=~~~~ E ~gt~i = flt~~ ~r~r ~~=~1~~fJ l~ LOllCslarnnl LUnkamprtI bull -2 bull +2 -- bullbull 1bullbullbullbull1 _ middot middotIbullbullbullbullImiddotmiddotmiddot ~ lt 00 ~ _lehlul~ HOund HI bullbull 1 -2 +2 +6 -1 -6 111 + --- Sl ~

OklnhuuUlrriullIPhll281 -2 -1 +3 _ bullmiddotmiddotmiddot1 middotmiddotmiddotmiddot1middotmiddotmiddotmiddot 1 middotmiddotmiddot amp~ Stallon 21-2~ gtoj= = =- == i tJ~-= bullJ ~ ~

I)

I Means for I l I

rJl~n[if~1~~ae~IWi~~~~middotImiddotmiddotmiddotimiddotmiddot7 middotmiddotij--+1i -i --+2 +3 j +2 r --2 +5 bull middot0middot +if +jjli +1 --+i 5 4tOmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddot(1middot 00 tI Stntlons ldJnstcd (001115

I demiddot) 95 ~91 8 1 102 95 IS 19 U5 U8 JI JI 101 00 102 9J 95 97 9 91 92 00 lUi ~ Z H

Weighted 22s=IIl(Il11 of 22s plus 3Gs cOllerlrlt11o 22s (formula cIted 011 119) Z DlfTer~Ctl b~twerll wclghl~d 2s from Acultl 151 at Shufler 8nd the unadjusted Bwrn~ or 116-119--3 Cl

g ~ ~

~ H

fh o l

g

o ~ ~

shy-r

18 TECHNICAL BULLETIN on U S DEPT OF AGRICULlURE

IlhIjsnrpV

1-------~middot-J--middotN--middot-IIl-I-S-middot~-lU-l-S-+--~-middot----~Q~I--~I~-------~+~i- + bullN

+ 1 t

1 M

I

bull J S l)U1J(II J bull l~

1 1 01

+

middotuo middotUOUL -0 I

I 01

+ M II

Q

1

01

I

bull

bull


bull 1 8 -- -~--~--=--I

-- -~-gt---+1-1 11 1

bull

bull

bull bull bull

TAIIIt U-ilwtrOTllllellul (llll vuieu effects 01 upper hull meall fiber lellgth 1 t) C---------------0------- -------

I Areas III nOllitrigaied rellon

StlltJOllS til th) lrrlHut~d _____________ _~ ___ _______bull__ urlNal 8 ~~full t bull OJ

middotImiddot~ns()kluhlmn stillOilS )1 hl~~outh stnt lOlls ()ut h~Isi stnti~n$ 11)1 nll~ C ~ --~--I- - c -ci-~---- ---- J-- ~

uktl tSIS nml slrulns d~ k ~ ~ -3~ ~ 8 ~ ~ g ~ g ~ g c

~ i tt E- 0 s~ =~ ~ lt f ~ ~ i - t u 1 l2 t

u lt~ ~ ~ ~ 5 W 5 W] ~ sect = f-o 8~ lt ~ 0 u ~ ol-Z i ~ 8 ~ ~- ~- ~ sect g ~ ~ ~ E - ~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0

~ 5 t _ A Ilt~ - c = _ ~ (l 0 ~ = j ~ ~ lot ~S - ~ a lt- ~ -= g ~~ ~ ~ g e a ~ sect e ~ ~ 5 g i c ~ - ~ r tI ~ 1 - ~ - - - - ~ r - _____ if m J _ __ _ t v ~ rr rn- u lt- _ t ~ l A ~ ~ ~

H Al1ln typo 11 III III 111 I 1 I Ill III I III 111 III Jr III 1111111111111 Ibullbull 111 ill IItl IIII 111 Z

-IClliIlJ517 +009+010+011 +008+011 +000 +010 +OQ5 +009 10Sj _

~iu 1517IH +08 +10 +12 - _bullbull I bull +JO 106 lt= ACtlin 118 +U6 +05 +iH +04 +QI +Ol 100 cgt

~~ I (olw 100middot6 l +02 +02 0 -001 +002 0 _ +001 +002 +003 +0) 97 tmiddotolwrJOOi _ +002 bull bull _- -06 0 +0031 +01 bull 0 96

(~~(~UfXf~~~fne 1 -O02-00 -03 -02 94 (uk(f lOOllUUf bull bullbull - - - bullbullbull -01 bullbullbullbullbull 0 I -03 -01 _ -01 95 Il

Delllls tYIW Deltos 5118 +06 +03 +02 +05 +06 + bull 01100 tl Ddfps05J _ bull ___ +02 +05 +03 _ bullbullbull bullbull +03 19 l1

~llellllJlino typo bull raquollllllineH +05 +02 +01 _ +02+01 +03 _ +0319 j)e Illllh~OH (83ll +02 bullbull +03 +02 0 0 -01 -01 -Ol+Ol +01 +Ol 0 +02 +01 +01 +02 -01 +01 97 AI~)t(Ar ulISl~l _ ___ -01 0 _ __ 0 tII o

HO ~II tY(l~ gtj (owti(llIA bull _ __ _bull +05-005 -06 -05 -05 ____ -03 93 Jlvwu(u 4J1J J j -Il5 -05 ogtshy-05 91

l~~(~M~jt~~~ ( middotmiddot middotmiddotTmiddot -03 0 -02 ot ~ waOllIc2B +03 +02 +02 +041 0 -03 +011 +0 -03 -021-00 0 +01 +03 +02 0 -OJ -03 +01 -02 -03 0 9t1 ()

lrJlllllfI1ll2B (827M 1-01 +02 +061+02 +01 +02 9~ c ~l()lI(lmiddottIllbull 2 - __ __ 1 I +05 +01 +02 _ +04100 ~ R~Ollremiddot1II~r2-1-1O 1 -Oli -05 -OIlj I -04 -00 90 lIlUrOOld f bullbullbull j

1 middot1 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotj middot fbull +021+02 +02 lJS

gllllU_ I 1 i -01 -- bullmiddot1 middot -05 0 -02 0 -0294 d ~ lobSlIImiddotI J -02 -02 -0291

h4(ArkIlIlSlls) I bull _ +02 -05 1+03 -1 +06j +02 98

)(c fpotnotes lit tm) of tnlllc


bull middotmiddot middot

o0+ middot middot

bull middot

bull

s~g~~~ ~ ~ ~ol ~ggiia~ 80 I middotmiddot middot

middot

(

Tl +++i J i J

middot

middotmiddot middot middot middot oN 0 middotmiddot middot

N1+ middot i 5middot as middot i++ middotmiddot

middot ~middot middot 8 middot middot I~1 middotmiddot middot f middot - middot 15

( 11 middotmiddot 011imiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot f bullmiddotmiddot middot i

middot 0 + g middotmiddot middotmiddot middot T middot IfS + middot

middot ~r-middot + middot ~middot middotmiddotmiddot

Imiddot

middot middot middot middotT~ middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddot middot middot ~ middotmiddot middotmiddot1 middot

~ middot middot middot I~8~ I 1 Imiddot middot middotmiddot TO middot middotmiddotmiddot

5 Itt)middot i 11

bull bull bull

11111- 7- E7IlIircJnIll(mial amlclrletal eDtcis (1 c$timated fiber tetlsile strength I ______u __ ___ _____ _J ~ ~ -tlt~~-_~ ~-gte~~~ ~~ ~__ __ __

I Areas In Ilollirriglt~l rellontitlltions In tbe Irrigutmiddot _____ _I Varietal

ed relloli I weaus ~ I rCJas-OkluboIllB slntlous f 1gtI1dmiddotSouth stntlons 1 Southeast stations ~ ---II---------t--l-r----j Z ~ I l gu ~ 4 v ~ _ fe J c j 1urMul t)lllsl1llti tmills ~ bull bull lt I =sectI 1 ~ 1- Q~ ej I C r~ bull- - ~ ~ e t t 0 -=e c ~ - ~ - bull gt ji ~ f~ lt-- I I tf~jOCQ ~ l s ~ - ~~ ~ Ii I c rh ~ ~ t

IXIilglili~lii amp1jl~III~ ~l~ ~1~i~~~Isect ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c ~ E sect ~ ~ a ~ l~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t g t ~ jsect - I ~ ~ ~ g ~ ~ 0shyj cZ lw ~ to t c t(- ~ C ~ u it ttl lt ~ f-o - lt tC a lt -~ --middot------1--middot -1~-j------I-~rj-~J --1--1-----1---1middot--middot__1__--1--- ~ I iI I I

OOO 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1 000 IOW 1000 1000 1000 100010001000 10001000 10001(00)000 1000 10001000 1000 Z11 rol typO lib I lb jIb II lb I lb lb lb 1 I lb lb fib j lb I lb I lb lb I lb lb J Ibllb I lb lb lb I lb

Alallll~l7 bullbullbull bullbullbull +11 +9j +IO +j5 +H +IG +14 bull +O imiddot ---T 14 95 ltC ~Acala IMi W29-1 bullbull - bullbull _bullbullbullbull1 +15J +16 +13 middotmiddot middot1middot middot - J -1 L bullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot1middot t15j 96

ck~llJlt~igto bull 1-11 -Jl -~i -5- -- -3j bullbullbull 1 1 1 r middotmiddotrmiddotjmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot -- -8 73 CokcrlO(Hi -1 -2 -3 bull - - j +3 -4 -4 1 _bull -4 -2 -3 -2 79

((~~~middot[tiJ~Titmiddoti)-p __ eo -3 -I t +~ _2-2 tbullbullbullbull r- -3 _ -I so ~ bull - bullbull 1 1 -6 middotmiddot1middotmiddotmiddot 1 roCokerH)OWllt2bull bullbullbullbullbullbull _bullbullbullbullbull -4 -5 -5 76l)~fO~C[)I~Wlt3 - bullJ -2) -2 _ - -1 -4 -2 79

t1 Del(05 5310 _ 0 01 +2r -31 -31 bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull -1 80 IJ

lgt~~~i~l~~tYJ middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot - f middotmiddotmiddot 1 -3i -2 -2 - bullbullbullbull -2 79 ~ lJellllpinc 14 bullbull -7 -2 -3 - __ bull -21 -41 -2 -3 78 DellaXine H (amp1) _ -i -6 -4 -4 -I -2 -31 -~ -2 -5 -2 -6 -4 -8 -4 -4 -7 -4 77 o

Jl~5Jnt~~)middot middot- I -21 011 - -1 80

R~~~ l~ ~~ ~~ ~J t~ tkI ~ ~~ ogt SI~e~tJ~~~middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot -middotmiddot - deg1 +6 -1 ~ +3 84 is

Cl Slonevlllu 2D_ -I -2 -I -I +6 +4 +2 +2 +6 +51 +2 0 +1 0 0 -1 - -2 -3 +2 +2 +1 82 c Stoneville 2D (8275 _-- deg-- +1 _ 0 +3 +1 bullbull +1 82 Stoneville 20__ -3 +2 +1 bullbullbullbullbull 0 81 S Wo~evlJl6 62-1-10 _ +3 +4 +2]bullbull____ 1 -1 +2 83 d

E~I~~~~~~ -+i --+2 ~ =~l -g 2 -gl ~r ~ Dobshaw 1_ bullbullbull j) 1j_ +7____ _ 0__ +4 85 E4 ArklUlsas 0 -2 -2 - bullbullbullbullbull -2 79 8ee (ootnotes at end of tubl

bull bull bull St~~~e~wrI I1bullIJI 11 -4 -4 -3 -7 bullbullbullbullbull -4

Stonewllt 3-1 bullbullbullbull 1 1 -8 -10 bullbullbullbullbull -1Mllumuus Sand 0 1bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull1 bull bullbull -3 -4 bullbullbull -4 shy

1~tlrB~poundSllBW 16) - 1 1)11rmiddot +6 +2 bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbull +4 851 IM~~~~~ i tC~~F~t j If ~=~ ~~ ~=~ ~ ~ =i II 1onestar and Lanknrt 1 I +5 +8 1- +6 S7 til

1lcballt 140 and HI bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull1 -4 +81 +21bullbullbull -8 +4 -- bullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull 0 81 ~ OkiallOUl8 lrlumpb 1128

1 -2 -5 -It I -3 78 =

gtZ~~~~~I~~~~~~middot~~~~~~~~~~middot~~ -~-~~ -middotmiddot~-middot~1-middot=-~ middot-middot~-middot- 1 ~-middot~-middotmiddot~-middot - ~-~ middotmiddot~1-middotmiddot~-middot~- ~-~middot1--middotr=1-- =~I-middotmiddot~-middotl- middot-~~-middotI-middotmiddot~-middot~l- ~-~- ~-middot~1-middotmiddot~-middot1middotmiddot~1- ~-middotI-middotmiddot~-middot- = Stations adjusted 52 0 SOl SO 54 871 SO 82 76 bi 83 58 SO 9 65 78 18 52 75 18 52

___------~---------------- I I Converted froUl Pressley Index (formula cited on p 16) bull 81000 Ills plusmn devlatloll ot varietal means bull AdJustmeut made as shown In table 4

en _ t Imiddot _ Id Z Z Z Q

Id

~ ~ t en o I

sect Cl

o Z

t) ~

24 TECHNICAL BeLLEfIN 031 V S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

luoh 8 SUIlUlIluizes in (olumns 2 und 3 the perceutng( of devitLshytions for itrictic) find lo(ntions shown in tltbles 6 and 7 Imiddotespeetively Column 4 snmlllltlizes tile percentllge of dcvintions obtoincd tLS In bull titbles (j Itnd 7 fOt equiviLien t staple minus thc upper hllif melln lhc cquivnllnt stiLple wus tlLkcll from the spinning reports nnd converted to equiTllhnl decimfLI fmctions Since the estimnt() fOl cquiullnt stilpl(middot is balwd ou average fiber strlngth the equivnlcnt staph minus the upper hnlf meitH should give thnt purt of skein strength thnt mny be fltLlibubible to llbnolmnJ iibel strength 01 to fiber prOlwrties other tlum length thlLt (Onllibute to skeln strength 1he close i1glcellHnt for til( pel(entuge of dcvilltions shown in columns 3 und 4 is intclpl(tcd flS indiILting thlLt sklin stIength of (OUISl eounts thnt is not nllribushytahl( to mgllt is lilrgely tt(colllltCd fo hy plusmn deitdions from 11(gtluge fibclslr(nglh lher(sllJigt pl(sentCd in columns 5 (length ([evin tions + slt(ngth ItvintioHs) nnd (j (dcyiutions for shin SllPlIglh) further )ubslnntillte tho nSlumption that thlse (fflClS alP (ulllulnlke

1 1I1~ S (tlflliml oj tflriela and (mtirrmllllll(lllffett~ Oll jillfr leIfiliI lnd lIinTt fl lh IInrl Olt sktmiddotin strengtlt

YAlUWrAL gPFJoCTS

Devlntfons

bull Acul(l tyP(

-Icllln 117 ACfllfi 1511 W~H A~~lln 118

(okr HXl trill (uhr l00-fl (ok~r IO(1

C(lkior 100 Wilt tYPI (oker lX) Wilt - -Ii +1 -s -1 t -0f(oklr H~) WJJI -I +) +0- -2 I -3 95 2~- rIgtetros 1)1)( I hlfls 511 ( bull H -I II +1 +oi IIJ()

-1 100J)(lros liSI bull +1 -2 +[ +1 +5 19 -2 100I)OlttlplM tYPl~ )

lillUlphu 14 +1 -j -2 - 1)lt1 -middot1 Ii1)(111111111 H (113) +1 -fi 0 _ +gt )( -fl 97A 12 IArknl1lIS) 0 -I -21 -I I(l-21 -1 9jnowl~1I tYIl I

ItUWt11 -ItA -l +l -i +2 -11 111 +5Hnwdon 1I1l -~ ~ II

-0 -9 III +fgt11-1 fA rkansas) -2 +4 +11 +2 +10 11middot1 +-1101111110 (YIlt Ston~iU(~ 2pound1 0 +l +-2 +1 +2 ~l +1 OiItQO(l1lt f (ST51 1-2 +l +1 1 +11 liS +1 JOIf)I1~ilI(2( +1 n (I +1 +3 100 (I liS~hmllIh 62--o1 tu -li + -a _ -1(1 llO +2 88Whit( (Joll ~r -ft -1 -1 0 lIS -5 HIgtmpltt -~ 0 -2 -2 -1 11 (I 92lIohshlw I -2 +5 -2 -4 Oil +i 112~l 1 rkISj 1-2 -2 -t (I -~ liS -2- 92StomIHlt tIW 810llPwilt 2 -1 -n -2 -0 -3 H5 t -t4tmwwtlL3 +2 -It -s -H -II IS -JIWtltUlfilllfiklrS llllli ( ~ +middot1 -Igt -0 -1 1m -j-~

HI( fO(ltl1otr nt Nul of thle

-- -

25 FIBEIl AND SPINNING pROPERTIES OF COlrON

TAIILE S-Relation of lurietal arid enviro1l11lflTlial effect8 011 fiber lenyth awl strl1lgthand on skein slrength-Continued

bull VARI~lAL g~FECrS-Contlnucd

Skelll strengthDcvilltl()DS predicted (romshy

Irrlgn(1 tlrln gtlhnh-r (uliC -0 -1 -2 lOll -s 05 00I+1

f

-middot1HUMtOll Arh -2 +i -0 -1 -3 1H +1 o~ SS SlaW (ol(~li X~ lot lX I +4 -4 -15 -10 100 -4 sn SO-u

kflttc-o P(i +6 -1 0 +5 +0 102 -1 101 J02 TCXIISmiddot()klllltOll1lll1r(~I

fuhlmck [-x +2 -1 -2 -1 OS I -I 07 06 ChlilicolhlY 1r]f +1 +4 -l +2 0-1 +4 101 00 Chlrkllshll Okltl -3 +7 +5 +1 +1 03 --1 lOll 100

bull tjCOII(IItgt Stuon r(~~ (uplllndgt bull -I -I --1 - 0 05 -1 H 96 Collego lttltlun I~~ (bUUvIllS) +2 +1 -1 --3 +2 98 +1 99 00 rlUlt1r( ~t(iX --I -4 -1 3 -2 Oi -4 03 94 (Jrll~l1vlll Tex -3 +4 -2 03 +i 100 94

+1 +1 lI1dmiddotSonth nr(II

lnrilllllI Ark -3 -1 +h 91 +2 95 102 JfI~kiOJI rull bull -7 +0 +2 -2 SO +8 07 00t~ I+9

St(JII(IIII Miss bullbullbull +1 -I +ti II +7 uri -I m 103 St_ JoStj)h l1L +3 - +1 +1 +4 IlII -2 117 00 Stlltl) (t)lIc~ loflss -I +5 +1 +4 () I 05 +5 100 00

SQuthtlS~ nrl~l

Auburn h +2 -4 -2 -2 +1 08 -0 0middot 17 JotJ)(-rllwllt 011_ gt ~ bull

() -4 0 -4 0 Oil -4 02 97 111(11011 wbullbull - 3 +1 -2 -2 -Ii 111 +1 11- 02 Imiddotlorl-III( S C - ~ ~ - -I -7 -5 -8 -5 15 -7 88 02 KIlClXIlC 1-111 _ - +6 -I -tl +2 0 102 -4 OS 90 StIISVIII - C -2 +1 +2 -1 0 94 +1 05 06~ ~ ~ lt

I lPlltlS I(r ptlirollfll~lltlll Clr mrltlll ltlellntiolls as ghcl In tabl tl wero convcrttll to percellt o( 000 luchthQ nVCrngl uPlwr hnl( InNlI1 Icngth lor nit IlIrlctics lind locntlons

fclIlIs IQr ~llirQlIllllU(I1 or vnriltlll d~fntlQlts lIS given 111 tnhlo 7 w~ru comcrtcd to percent o 81000pounds th~ tl(lil~~ e~tltullt~d tln$lJ~ str~nlth lor nil varieties lIId IOCllthltl~

1 1)lIIion5 for ~Jllintent sUlplu 1llgth llIitltl~ thtl upper haH mellll Icngth weru obtained 1Iy subtrnctlngtho uflP~r 111l11mcillllcngtll from the lIluhIlIilll stnple tubulnrJng tllII lltIlJer~llccs alld CJjtlmaUng dov(II tlons flr NlVirQlIm~nh1 or Irlctal ~t1ccts in thl) 1IlllllWr shown In tllbles 4 lind 5 bull

[mus tor nlronnwntul or urletlll d(JdlltlollS lIS gilen In colullI 2 plus tlose gIven lnCq]UllIll 3 s V -IIS tor ~nvlrollmentlll or vllrietlll d~middotlolols (or w~lghtcd 225 lIS glvln ill table ~ ami 5were converted

Co p~rclllt Of 00 POllnus tho ilvCnlu skein strength (or nil vnri~tll-S amllocatonS bull bull On thQ hfsls O( thsl) 111111 siUln strength Imputed to fiber length wOlllli hc 000 Inch for avcrngc upper

ltnlf 111~1II t1b~r IcugthOO PllIlllIIs for Iwcrngo skein $lrenglh for welgh((lt1 2~ or Increments o( O)l Inch for llbcr INllth=h)(r~IlINlt~ o 1 pound lor ~kcill strength or ulJP~r lUllf mml IIIIKthXIOOIX)lcctcltl skein Strltlgth II th~ Ilher [s of 1Icrngll strlllgth

bull r 011 t1w 1J~t~ of thc$~ lt11111 SlO(j(i pounds ror n~nlge cstmltcil tenslJe strength =00 JOunds (or IlIcrnge

sk~instr(fllth (or wciglltcltl 22S or IncrClll~nts 011000 IJOums (pr fiber telsll~ strtngth= ncrements of 1IM5 pounds lor skNn Stf(-Ilgth

I Tho vfllU~ JlI Column 7 plus those in column S bull As showlIln t(lhl~ 5

26 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 931 U S DEPT OF AGRICULlURE

In view 01 the good agreement of columns 3 and 4 and of 5 and 6 the writers were tempted to make approximate predietions for skein strength of weighted 22s on the basis of simpll stlfLight-line fibershylength and strength valuls

Column 7 gives the predicted skein strength of weighted 22s that bull would bl lxpcctld on the basis of adjusted YlIuls for fibe[llngth for Ntch of thl 34 varieties that WllC grown nt more than one location and for cach variety at different locations The p[Nliction was based on tbl assumption that sinel nil nvemg( UppCl huH n1(f111 length of 096 in(h gnrC un avCrngl wCighted 22s shin str-ength of 96 pounds lCngth incrNTlcnts of 001 ineb would cqunl (ightNl 22s skliu strlngth incrcrrwnts of 1 pound j or multiplying ndj tlstld fibfl length for ([tell vitriety by 100 giVlS the sk(in stwngth thnt would he lxl)(ctNI on the basis of flbef llngth of nv(rage str(llgth

In coLumn 8 til(gt dlvintions plus OI~ minus tlilt W(I( usltl to (orrect hf predietrd sk(lin sllpngth of weighttd 22s fol rHcli vHli(tr nne locnLion ar( shown Theslt strength TH((lktions ngnin W(1( 011 the assumptiOIl thllt sinea nn lWe[ngp pstimntrd fihtI ttnsilt strength of 81000 pou nels PlOdU(NI skcin stllllgth of wrightld 22s of gn pounds inCrNJ1(nbi of 1000 pounds estirnntcd nb(l tCnsil( stllngth should r(sult in illelllllrllls of ] 185 pounds sktin iltllngth of w(ighttd 22s

Column fJ sllrnrnnrizrs til( plrdictpd stI(nglh that would b( nttlibshyubtbl( to fibpI sUtngth und lcngth In column 10 lht OhS(IIVNI ~ight(d 22s ncljust(d for location 01 101 YILli(y mny he eompnrtdWIth thl pI((lictrd vnlues in column 9

FIBER-LENGTH ESTr~IATES bullIn th( discussion of the l(lntiOll of lIbl[ lrngth to skcin strength

givrll ill tnbl( 8 it was shown tlrnt th( UPP(I hull lllltan of thC Fibro~ gllph fUlllislHs n vnlunble npproxirnntf bnsis fo[ predicting skein strength of w(ighted 22s Conseqnntly it s((mNI desirnble to summnliz( in tablr 9 thr pllc(ntnge of dCyintiOl1s for lcngth mlasUl(shyIl1tllts bnSNl on tIt uppel hulf menn tIl( meftn Ipllgth fiber-length uniformity (rHlio of uppcr half mean to m(ftn tngth) and ch1ssers stnple minus llPPC[ half nl(an

In eompllling eolumns 2 and 3 for YHIietn1 (stirnntes of length d(vifLtioTl flont til( m(un of nil 34 vnlicti(s it nppCnTS that in gentrnl thCIt is TPl1sonably good ugl(emrnt httw(tll UPP(I hnlf l1lCnn nnd rnlnn lrngth and it clors not nppcnr flOrn th(sl dntn that plpclictions bnsed Oil nWf1n Itngth would give nny bttt(o[ 01 nPPlecinhly diflpllnt resulLs

Ttes( data indknte little appnrtnt l(lntionship betw(Pll uniformity and sk(in strellgth For whnt intcl(llt 01 signifieHlIee it may hnvr the rnPltn of nn vnIittits fOl dnls(IS staph (xClNl(( the UPI)(gtI half mean h )()2 inch as did till equivalPllt stuplt In gen([nl thp vnlietnl d(vinliolH-l laquo(lnssp[S staph minus UPPPI huH n1(lnn) WP[l smnll but luthlI (ollsist(ntlr minus fo til( 1(n1nbull D(lfos nnd D(ltllpine types nnd plus for till Howdpn ane Stollfvill( tYPNl rIhis appnIlIlt OYPI 01 l 1It1 I stnpling nlso tllldil to n~[r( witll ynIIHLpppn[UllP gmde 101 (lVilOIlIlllntrd (rlCis tilt nClllld d(yinliolls fIom the ll1(tLtl dif)NPI1(( (+002 illCh) wrr( llsunlly 0 01 plusmn I

bull

bull

bull

FIBER AND SPINNING PROPERTIES OF COTTON 27 TABLFl 9-SU1lI1MTl 01 fiber measurements (length strength and jincnesiJ) picker

and card waste nep8 in card web and ]lam-appearance grade shown as the pershycenage 01 deviation from the means anll varieh6s and locations

VAlHElAL EFFECTS

Flbcr flnene5~ Wasto nepsFiber length tneosmiddot Flbermiddotstrength and cellmiddotWall nnd yarn apmiddotUretncnl$ Illdexes deeloptnent pearance

Varletlll typcs anll stmlns Bud location

(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)

-------------- - -- -------------- - shyAtllla typ~ ru~~~Lru~ Nru~L~~Lru~~ A~ll 1517 +0 +11 +1 -2 +12 +17 +17 +11 +11 -4 +3 +57 -10 At1111 1517 W20-1 +11 +17 +r -3 +12 +18 +22 +2~ +5 0 -11 +100 -0 AtllilI118 bull +1 +7 +3 -2 -22 -10 -8 +1 0 +~ -0 +10 -7

Coker 100 typeCokrr 100-0laquolaquo0 +1 -3 -4 +1 -3 -2 -5 +11 +10 -7 -6 +52 -24c

Coker 100-7 o -1 -4 0 -3 -I 0 +13 +12 -0 +0 +43 -9 Coker 100 Wnt type

Cnker 100 Wnt 2 -2 +1 +4 +1 -0 -0 +1 -4 -3 +1 0 -14 +35 Cnk~r 100 wm I -I 0 + 1 +1 -3 -2 +2 0 +4 -1 -a 0 +

DoUos lYIle D~lfos o1lC 1 -k -I -5 -2 -0 -1 0 +15 +12 -4 +11 +2middot1 -200lt

DeICes 651 1 +3 +1 -I +1 -9 -2 +5 +11 +0 -1 +6 +76 -20 Dilltnpine type

Dcltnplno 1middot __ bull ++~ +~ +g 0 -0 -I -2 0 -4 +3 -4 -10 +1 Deltnplrl~ H (8ll) I (Arkansas o +0 0 -~ -g f -~ +5 +~ t~ ~ tt8 J

rtowdcn tYIIC Howden middotIIA +U -52 +8 Rowden 41H__ bullbullbull~ ~ ~ +1 +~ +~ + ~ ~~ ~~ plusmn~5 +0 -57 +11 D4 (Arkul1sns)_ __ bull -2 0 +3 0 0 +4 +9 -4 -4 =1= -1 -38 +16

Stonovll1~ typeStonevlIlQ 211 bullbull -1 -I -3 -4 -5 +3 Stoneville 211 (8276) o -3 -a t 30 +10 0 St0l1ClIle 2( _ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull -1 -5 -5 +10 -12 Stollol11~ 02-1-10 ~3 +1 +1 -2 -31 +ll Whltl) (lolll +1 +1 -3 -6 0 +8 EltIvlrc -3 -1 -0 -3 +5 0 1I0h$hawl bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull -I +1 +3 o -29 +131 (ArkunsnL bullbull __ -3 -4 -3 +8 0-1

Stonowllt type Stnucwl1t 2 lt -I -2 -10 +7 Stonowllt3 -5 -11 +10 -3 WUllllanlllklr~ S nnd C 4 bullbullbullbullbullbull +4 -14 -10 0

MlscelltUllollS JJobdcl (lIobstlllw 16) +11 +67 -11 Coker 200-1 -4 -20 -12 Cokerf In 1-5 -11 -5 -1 lllbrld +17 -62 +23 J-oncstor nnll Janknrt__ -3 +10 -5 )orebano 1-10 nnd 141 -20 +11 Oklnhonlil lrlllmph 112~ +~ -14 +4 StIllion 21-24 -3 -76 +19

Jrr~~Cd urcn I jShnft(r (nIlL ___ bullbull +1 -10 -6 Sacaton Art1 bull bullbullbull -2 +43 -16 SIMa ColI(g( N )kc + +5 -12 1n~slnc() rex +6 o -4

SN footnotes at end or table

--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------


TABLE 9-Summary of fiber measurements (length strength and fineness) I picker and card waste neps in card web and yarn-appearance grade shown as the pershycentage of deviation from the means of all lJaneties and locations-Continued

ENVIRONMENTAL ~FFEOTS-Oontlnued bull

I Fiber fineness Waste neps Fiber length measmiddot Fibermiddotstrength and cellmiddotwall and yomBP urements indexes development pCBrance bull

= I ~ J~ g ~ co 9 ~a - l = Varleta tYfes and strains 113 ~ - g l and ocotlon 0 ~ S ~e 0d tiS 0 - S Ul~

5 - = ltII ~ b - O~ ~~ gJ OLE Cothsect ~ a j g8 ~ ~ ~ - = s Co i ~~ Soot a - 5rr 8

c~ s ~~ sectt _gtCo of Z A ej 1 ~o 0 ~ 0 ~ gt s 0 - ~ 1 ~ = ~ Ul 8 ~ Z gtlt

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)

r~xlmiddotOklflh()lIln nrea Pct Pel Pct Pct Pct Pct Pct Pct Pct Pct Pel Pet Pd ruhbock I~x bull_bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull +2 +3 +1 -I -6 -1 -2 +4 +5 -1 -18 0 -4 Ohillicothn rex _bullbullbull +1 +3 +1 0 -1 +1 -2 -4 -8 +5 +2 -J 0 Chlckllsha Oklo -I -I 0 0 +0 +7 +5 -2 -I +3 +2 0 +5Colle(c Station rex (uplllncl)_ -I -3 -1 0 0 -1 +1 +15 +20 -0 -2 +33 -3 Colloge Stutton rex (hoLmiddot

tOIllS) bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull +2 middotH +1 -2 -3 +J -1 -2 -3 +3 0 +19 -1rcrnplc ~leX _ ____ +1 0 -I -I -6 -4 -3 +6 -5 -1 -2 -14 -1 OrecnvHlc roX_~ __ 8_ -3 -u 0 +1 +6 +7 +1 -4 -2 +5 -2 -10 +3~ ~ ~-

MldmiddotSouth nroll Mnrlannn Ark -I -6 -3 +1 +3 +2 +n +6 +6 -8 +18 +14 +1Jackson rlonn 8__ __ ~ __ __ bull -7 -7 -1 +(1 -ll -120 +9 +0 +1 0 -52 +10 Stoneville Miss bull +1 0 -I +3 -I +6 +4 +6 -3 -6 +10 -4 St Josepb La +3 0 -3 t~ 0 -2 +1 +2 -3 0 +4 0 +JStnto College Mlss __ bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull -I -3 -1 -I +0 +5 +1 0 -3 0 +0 -19 +5

Sou thenst area Auburn Ala bullbullbullbull __ bullbullbullbullbullbull __ +2 +4 +1 _0 -3 -4 -2 -2 +1 +1 -8 -5 0 Experiment Oa 0 +3 +1 +i -3 -4 0 -2 +1 +3 -12 -14 +5 bullrifton Oa -3 -6 -3 +1 +3 +1 -2 +4 +5 -3 +12 +24 -7 Flownce S 0 -I +1 +1 -1 -12 -7 -5 0 +3 -3 -2 +24 -1 (noxvl11e renn +ti +7 0 -6 -6 -4 -6 -2 +2 +l -3 -5 -3 Statesville N C -2 0 +3 0 -6 +1 +2 -4 +1 -10-31-20 +8

I Dcvintlons ns percenta~e 01 the menn value 0961reb I Deviations as percentage of the lIlenn Ynlue 072 in1h bull Deviations llS percentngo of tho mcnn vnlue 75 percmt I Devlntlons as percentago of 098 Inch -006 iuch the averages lor clnssers staple and upper half menn

respectively I Devilltions as percentago of the mean value 321deg to facilitate comparisons deviations were mul

tiplied hy-1bull Deviations as percentnge of the monn vnlue 81OOOpounds 1 Devhlttons us percentage of 008 inch -006 Inch the ayerages lor equivalent staple and upper half mean

respcctively Devlatlons 11lt percentage of the mean value 46 micrograms per inch bull bull Dovlatlons as percclltnge of the mean value 293 square centigrams per milligram of fiber 10 Deviations US p(reentage of the mean Yalue 73 percent of thickmiddotwallcd fibers II Deviations as Ilcrcentoge of the mean value 06 percent of total picker and curd waste Dovlatlons as perccntago of tho mean value 21 Deps per 100 squnre inches of card web I Deviations as percentage of the meal value 75 grades wore aSSigned numerical values as follows

A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull

FIBER AND SPINNING PROPERTIES OF COTTON

FIBEU-STItENGTll ESTIMATES

Previously published reports have indicated that the X-ray angle may be used as an index of inherent fiber strength It has been observed that stren~th degmdntion by photochemical action or by biological deteriOlutlOn causes little or no appreciable effect on the X-ray angles Hence the X-ray index for fiber strength is of little value in prcdictirg skein strength wlwre the fibers have been subshyjected to prolonged exposure to weathering in the field or to biological decay prior to or after harvest

On the other hand fiber-strength index as determined from Pressley index may be of little value to the breeder in determining which stltin might have been superior in strength if degradation (lspecinlly differontial degllldntion lias occurred Pable 9 also sumshymnrizcs vurictnl fiud locutiollnl devintions for stre1gth as estimated by tlJ() X-my anglo by tllC estimnted Ohandler melillOd12 aIld from spinning tests as the cquivalpnt- staple length minus the uppet half menn lJw latte as was pointed out in discussing table 8 is here used as un index of fiber strength that is better or poorer than average streJJgth

FmErt lI-poundSES8 ASD CELL-WALL DEVELOPMENT

In columns 9 and 10 of table 9 n comparison is given of the pershycentage of deviaiions for varietal fineness as measured by weight per inch [mel as surface area determined by the Arealometcr summarized from the detailed data presented in table 10 In general a good relashytionship is secn for the valietal [md the locational deviations given in columns 9 and 10 Both measurements for fineness are obviously in good agreement with fiber-wall development given in colunm 11 as pereentllge of deviation for mature fibers In exceptional cases where low weight per incll OCCllIS with average or greater-than-nvemge percrutngc of tlliek-wuJlecJ flbels deviations for surface-llrea measureshyments nrc lower than for those for weight per inch or conversely whel(~ high weight PCL inch occnrs with low maturity the Arealometer fails to follow weight fineness Low weight-per-inch and high surIaceshyarea values genelally however cLa1llcterille varieties or locations that give rt low percentage of thick-walled fibers

J2 HlCHMWHOv H H BAILfll T L V Jl~ tJuel CovrL~lJ C ~r METHODS FOH lH~J IEAS(TlnnllNl OF CERTALN CIlA HACTElt PHop~mTIE8 OF HAW COTrON U S Dept Agr Tech Bul 515 77 pp iJIus 1J37

bull bull bull

TA ELl 1O-Data 071 surface area or fiber fi11ene88 as determined by the Arealomeler and summary of deviations and adjusted means by lIariety ~ oand location

VarietalStations ~ means ~----------------~-- ----------~~----~------

I~ d c o z

VllrlNU L)J)tmiddot nutl Cgtl ~ ~ ~~ ~II ~ sect I lti ~ d

pound )0( ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ Z ~~trnll1s -- -- ~ - - E-o0 8 r CI- mg ~ ~ t _ c~ -lt s d toltc lt c~ f i ~ ~ ~ t ~ aS ~ 1 ~ ~ S

c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j

e ~ a ~ =~ ~~ ~ 1 ~ 2 ~ ~ E ~ s o -pound ~ $ ~ 0en ~ ~ ~ D 5 ~E-- ~~ t g- ~ ~ ~ f ~ ~ ~ ~ J 4 w A ~ lt

i Cmfi Cm1 Om Cm1 Cm1 cl cmll Crnl c1IIICll~II~ll ~1I~ ~1II1 ~~~ ~11middot~1 ~JI~ - ~11I1 ~ ~l-middot~ C1II AClIlll tYIJe 1 1110 I mq 1IIU 1110 1110 mg 11Ig 11IfI mg mg middotmg 11Ig 1IIU 11Ig 11Ig 11g mg mg mg mg mg mg 11Ig mg z

AcalIl1S17bullbullbullbull l 2941 310 296 312 312 350 321- 340 +031 324 lt)

wc~J~~~~~~~~I~ ~WI ~~ ~8~ 282 2~S2 t 15 ~gg CokarJOO-6 2SS 300 330 354 280 352 342 344 317 +30 323 Coker 100-7 330 bullbullbullbull 372 3OS 316 ____bullbull 333 +34 327 ~ (oker 100 Wilt type Coker 100 lit 2 273 3n 280 -10 283 1lCokcr1ooWilt3 314 27S __ 333 322 +11 SltK

l)ello$ typ~ llE~l~~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ ~gg ~~ g~ - +~ g~ tI

Deitallirw trpc I ~ Dcltapillc 14 bull _ 200 268 301 _ _ _ _bullbullbull _ 280 272 2 75 ____ -13 280 offJt(e~~~~n~3~ -- ~~~ ~~ __~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~~ ~~ _~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~L~~ ~~~ +~ ~g~ lUowden trpe

nowdef(~LL _ 228 321 __ 230 2201 24811_ 1 1 -53 240Howden UB 2 14 253 __ ____ __ -65 228 sectB4 (Arkanslls) - 270 304 __ __ -12 28 Stonci1le t~pe Cl

Stoll(-iIle 2B 278 289 311 331 300 268 288 290 288 297 330 263 3OS 2~ 305 200 281 309 298 3_OS 302 +05 298 cStoneville2B(82i5) 292 200 349 3_11 307 _ +22 315 Stoncville2C 332 314 300 +25 3J8 SStoneilll 62middotmiddot10 __ __ 242 252 349 282 -20 273 WhUe UOid __ __ __ 299 283 -01 292 ~ ~~~~~k~~ii) ~~ 1 i~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ --~~~ ~~[ ~~~~ t~ ~~

bull bull St~~~(~~~~lli~bullbullbull1 __ 1J_1middot bullbullbullbullbull1bullbullbullbullbullbull1bullbullbullbullbullbull1bullbullbullbullbullbull 1middot bullbullbullbullbull 1_bullbull _ 1 1bullbull 1bullbullbullbullbullbull1bullbullbullbullbullbull 1 middot _

StouewUt 3bullbullbullbullbullbullbull WtulllllllJIlkcrs S

ud C~ )iscdlanoous

Bubdel (BObshuw 10)bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull1 bullbullbull 333 315

(01(r2OO-l bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull 314 bull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull (Ok~f ~ lu 1middot5 bullbull 324 bullbullbull 292 bullbull ~~i~~dsilral(r 218 22Ii

bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)

bullbullbullbull 292 289 -05 288 bullbullbullbull bullbull 328 302 +11 304

275 -41 252 ~

)I~~~~rjomiddoti~idmiddot -_ 300 - 282 --- bull middot middot1 middot +05 298 ~ IlL__bullbull 281 214 230 258 _ __ H -39 2M gtshy

OklahoUlIl 1rlmiddot ~I = ]I~~~II~middot -~ ~~ ~~ ( 238 256 ~ ~~g rJl

Stltionltlevilltion~ -10 -0 +00 +17 middothl~ -24 -10 +00 -10 -14 -00 +17 -34 +18 -lO -04 +15 +08 +07 -091 +02 StatlonsadJusted 277 280 29J 310 307 269 283 353 283 279 287 310 259 311 283 2lH 295 2821 308 301 300l t

1 293 cmmgilIcvlations 01 varlctal mean Adjustment made as shown In table 4

tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

Cl

~

~

32 rECHXlCAL BCLLErIN 031 C S DEPT OF AGRICULTUUE

YAItN-AIPEAIlANCE CnADE ANtgt RELATED Fum AND SPINNING PIlOlEHTIES

It has bern Ilhown by Plnrson13 Cook and Wi llis 4 and others bull thCLt ynrn-nppcnrltnN grade Itnd H(ppiness is related tofiber mnturity MId finCIwss as (11 liS to poundibN lelgth and gla(e It hiLS nlso been Ilpparent in prcviol1sly published llports thut neps per 100 square inches of eurd wcgtb nrc [cllited to YluJl-I1PPCI1IfLTHe gmde fable 9 consequenlly l)J(Scnts It SUlllHIU of 1)(Icentnges of (tvitliolls for fin(Il(SS Its l11(fl$UIpd by the AnlllomrtN ILIlt by w(ight Ill [neh and mnLulity for allY appnnnt lih1Lionilips that thls( 1l11l) IlllY( with lleps ill (nn[ w~h 111l1()Ultt of ([Ird wnstt 0 YMn-npprnlnIHl glmiddotnd( For (ol1(ni(Il(( in ctLttulllting dtirLlions fomiddot yaLl1-Uppellmn(t gmcil nunwrienl nws WPJ(1 nssign((l 1lt jnciirlttld in JootTlol l~ fOt tlLbl D

Fnit ngrlll1rnt for fin(l(ss fll1l1 mntUlitv IUlll fOl Y(lrn-npPltlunI1CC gradr is r(lldily nppmmiddot(nt 111(1( is an nPPIL1Pllt lelnJiollship Iwt((l1 fiber l(lngth and ynlIl~iLpp(Ilrnne( grlde hut sillep tlll VMilti(s hning a shotmiddott stnpip W(Il llsUlLlly Itbo(middot jLVl~rnge for (ight-pl~tlniL [Pllgth and P(I(Nltnge of ITmtllily it is diflieult to int(rlll(t stwh U(l(s On tlw bltsi~ of thlsl ltintlL In thp vnrious titbIts it may Ill HoLld thnt with tilt (x(lpliOll or fiher-llnglh unirormily nil nllgp of d(inlions for vttriCli(s Wit nppLOximnllti twic( tlutt obsp(d rOl (llirol1111jgtlItnl pflplts hill tltis ItpproxillU1ll dilrpl(Il(( (olllilllll~ to hold for filt(IllsS in tnlllP ) it mny bt not((I that til llLngt of d(inliolls f) malurity for lPPS per 100 sqwu( illch(s of (111d web for pick() nne card wnsLP and for ynrn-upprltln let glmiddotitte is abou t lqunl for yitritttl bull and envirollll1lnlttl pcrl ts

Film FlI~E1S AS HgtTIn 10 SK In STH I~GTII (w IIGII Elt Coe~TS

lIt tilt for(going dis(usion it was indielLlld lhot finPIHss u In(IlSshylHld IJY wligh tplr-u nit lCngl h is Il[ntld to ynll-ilppNIlltIlC( ~Iilde U(Pl in (ltrd w(b and to prtltin filHl plOplrtips shown ill uhlc 9 In diseussing tltbltsmiddotl to S it wns pointtlt out thltt fiulllrss nppruCnlly had Ii tU( infllllIH( on sk(~in Sltlngth or 22s Itnd thnt while it son1Pwhnt alT(ctpd ((Htvpled 22s dlrind from 3f)s it did not npprl)1 lH(lssllry to takl lillCIlSS into iLceoulIt for approximnte weightrd 225 skCinshystrClIcr lh prNiicliollS Th(se and otll(l dlltlt howe(I indicate that tlll s)(jn strngth for ~lis singles is som(whitt afI(etec by extreme vlLrilLtiollS in filw finCIlls Finenes5 VltIOY (oIlsistcnLly influell(ls skein strength of (01illts highlr than 30s 101 this rellson (ounts finer thlLIl 30s were Cxeiutrd from COIlYPltrd or weightpd 22s 111( r(feet of fiblr frnrurss in itdditioll to fibCr length plus strcngth on skeill strength of HI( higiI(r counts is siiown in Lable 11

13 ItAf(go~ X L SEIS IS (01r()N YM(NS AS In Ll~~ TO middotAHl~TY l()(TIONMill InS(jN (n (ItOWTIl l~ U(pt ~r Tpeh Bul HiS 18 pp iIlll~ 1l44

r

11 ~(( footnotc Ii p 13

bull

33

bull

bull

bull


TABLE It-Varietut and enltir07melltal effects on skein strength of 60s singles carded yarn8

VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength

Prcdlctotllrotn-Vnrloty or tocBtlon

ldovIB ldevill Fiber Observed II IFiber tlon lor tlon lor length+ lungth 1 tiber tiber strengthtIstrength I weight I Iwulght

---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)

ACIIIII typo bull0111111517 bullbull bull CIIIIII517 W2H bullbullbull A(~llIl118

(okl-r 100 Wpt(oklr 100-0 Cokr 100-7

Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20

Coklr 100 Wflt tYIltgt (oklr 100 Wflt 2 (oker 1Il0 Wilt 3

Dl-lIM (yp~Dlros [11( (Mro~(I51 bullbullbullbull

01(111111 tYPI JttnpIM 1middot1 lgt~ltllplnl 1-1 (811) 12 (ArktlnSlli)

Howdell tYIl(HowIIlm -11 llowtIHI II _ III ArklllISI) __

Stonuvl lu tYl(81OIlOlIIl 211 $tollllIIl 211 (S27fil bullbull bullbull ll(nnlwill~ 2( Slomvlllo ti2middotJmiddotHl Whitt (01lt1 Empln Hobshaw I gmiddot1 Lrkansrul

to[J(wilL tgtl)( StOllwilt 2 StOlllwllL a nllnruunkr find ( middot1

llstolllIlII1I1S Hobdll CBobshllw Iii) (ok~r 21)1)1 bullbull bull bullbullbullbull Coki-rmiddotl In 1 5 ~ ~ Ilbr~d bullbullbull Ion(-~tllr Ilud LllnkllrL _ ~Ihflll JlO lIlIIl 1-11 Okillholllll Irlulllph 1118 bullbullbull llttltlOIl 21-2middot bull bullbullbullbull

-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll

Irrlgntltd nr~lI I Shlllttr (IIC bullbullbullbullbullbull -1 t 21 3 SnCaloU jriz _ ~ -I 2a 20 Stnto Collegl N Mex O 22 21 Weslnw LI- 27 26+11Texl~middotOklnhomn nrllI (ubbock Itx +1 2middot ChflUcotho Imiddotcx -1 j 25 (htcklhll Oklu 21 (oUgolltlltIQn [middotx (lI(1lund) dmiddot 25 Cullcg( Stlltlon lIx (bottoms) bull 24+~Il

1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3

Sec (ootnotes at end ot tllble


TABLE 11-Varietal anti envir01lmental effects OTI skein strength of 60s singles carded yarns-Continued

ENVIRONMENrAL EFFECTS-Continued ------------------------~--

Skein strength bull lredlcted from- I

Vllricty or location

I I ldomiddotIII codclnl FIber lobservcd I Fiber tlon for tion for f lellgth+ I length I fiber fiber IstrCUgth+

-----------------l---~ weight I weightmiddot ___

m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00

MltlmiddotSouth IIreu ----I----r-------I---MnrllUlnll Ark 3 +1 + ~~i 26 Jackson [cnn I ) I +~ -I 1 1 Stonllvltle Msa I 7 I ii I +1 25 27 St Joslph Ln _ 25 -lOt 21 I 26 StlltO (ollege M LIs _1 24i +1 0 251 24

SllIthlML (lron Auhnrn Iu 21 -1 0 2 I 24 gX(lcrhll~llt 011 24 i -1 0 i 24 Tifton G( 3 0 +1 2middot1 22Flor~IIt S (Knoxville 1on ~~ ~ g i~ ~~ Stllt(yllllmiddot N (~ 2middot1 0 -1 21 24

I Sk~tn str(fl~th IIttrihUlnbh to Upptlr hull mellll on tIto bn~ls of these dntll lpper hllJr IIleno of 000 inch kelrl slnllgth of 21 [KlIInlls the uvcrngo for ynrietlos nnlliocations or allMX25=skeln strength irnplIW 10 Ilhr hmiddotu(th or IIYIrlll stflllgth nmillueness

I l( SIO(l() pounds ror cstltnulcl nber hllsllo slrcngtn for Ilvrngc lellgth nnd lIucncM=24 pounds for skein strength lncwm~IIt~ o( 1000 pounds (or tiber strell~thmiddotlneltNllents of 0200 oUnd lor skein strength

I [( fiber filllmiddotII(S~ Il~ ru(middotI~uCd by wllght per Inch of 41l IDlcrogrnnLltske n strength 0121 pounds InerushylI1lnlS of Olllllcro~rtuJliJlcnIll(nts 01 1l521 Ilound ror skein strength bull

bull ~1I1ll Qf COhUllllS 2 3 lind or (is tieriv(d from the formUla for pClldlcted SktllI stnngth o[(lOs fl 9) I (11(1 meons for observed valul~ for nrlcUls or lOL-atlon5 were ohtuiJlcd by (tiJllllting collolations ror

loclltions or arlptils in the Illllnlllr tI$crllll In tnblolt J nnd 5 Wlllfl the flncst count wus conrser thtUl 60s convcrslons to 1)01 wer (uIdtl h) ttl forllluia cIted 011 p U

In table 11 Ilctwll60s wete used where the samples were spun into 60s Where the highest coun t WIlS coarser than 60s the regression formula (see p 9) was used to convert the highest count to 60s While it is true that 60s is mwt too fine to be pll1cticable or possible for many of these lengths lhi eOllversion as would allY other equivshyalent count puts the lengths 011 a theoretically comparable basis For obvious reasons the weight-per-unit length deviations in micrograms that Were greatcr Ot less ( Or -) than the 1l1(iIl for the 34 varieties (40 pg) were multiplied by minus 1 to change the sibll of the increshyments rccorded in column 4 and 10

This of course becOllles a needless step if instead of subtructillg the mean from the observed value fLS for length or strength where the relationship to skein ltrength i direct the observed weight-per-unit length is subtracted from the mean For simplicity of table construcshytion the figUles giVOll in table 11 are rounded ofl to the nearest whole num bel rilis ob iously results in a considemble (tTor in dealing with such small vlllues as for 60s skein strength

These results in conj ullction with unpublished studies of similnt results obtained in an 11Ilidysis of 1400 spinning testH indicate that skein strength of singles yam not finer than 3Us elLll be predicted with considerable nccurIlcy on the bnsi of fiber length aud strength but that in predicting skein strength ()f counts finer than 36s fiber fineness bull must be taken into (onsicl(~lI1lion The procrdule outlined aho~r for

35

bull

bull

bull

FIBER AND SPINNING PROPERTIES OF C01~rON

obtaining predicted skein strength may be simplified by condensing the steps into tho following COrIllUlns

(a) Skein lltrcnth of sinlc clLrdcd 2iJ (or counts not finer than 36s converterl to 22$)= 100 (UIlM)+O0012 (TS--81POO) where TIlM=upper half mcan Icnth of thc Fibromph and 1S=(stinllled fiber tClIsile stren~lh

(b) Skein ltrcngth of singles cnrded 66$25 (CIlM) +00003 (TS-81OOO)+ 5 (46middot-lVI) when T7l and 7S are delilled ILS iu forlllula ILbo and lV=fii)erwcighL per inch

It is npPIreiatcd of course that the 1943 dntn nlorw nrc inadequate for conskucting IOllT1ulns for tCCUIfl t( skein-stnngth predictions In ol(icI to test how well the formulas thnt (11 ci(ljvcd from the 1043 datn would predict vfLriptai pelfOIIllIU(C from dntn oth( thnn that from which the formulas wen deri((l lll( fi bel and spinning dnLa of the 1)14 crop wele tested TIl( results 1111 shown in figuIp L

1)0 -091

o ) 110 i

70 90 110 J)O 20 2 2 32 OBSERVEO (POUNOS)

FIf nn 1 middot111( prCt1irtlltlaud (JbsCr~((1 kcin lt1 rplI~1 h~ of 37 vllri(1 iCs from thl 1i- rrop 1 TIi( prpdi(ICI kpin 1r(n~1 It of 22s ~11rIl plot(d Ilgninst the oigtsrvd slwin Inuglh uf 22s ightpd hy tilpound (()JlprtCI kpin strllIgth of 36 H Ill prNlit(1 skfin tr(lI~lh of no yurn plnthd ugain tl( olgts(fld skeiu gtHICllgth of 00 Or of tIl higllCst (Ollllt (11 or 50) (oTlNINI to UOs The forlJlulllS ginlI Oil this PUg( for prlie[iug skpill str(llgth (re dCri(gt(1 from thc Itlmiddotla (rop

The pl(IdieLpd vnlu(s for th 104middotmiddot1 (TOP UglCNI as eloselv with those 01gt5(1(( n~ did the imJ)utd values from ttllt [943 ditta For th( most pfLrL th(s( prediction RPe1l1 to fldl within til( limits of the spinningtpehniql1( as Slt fortlt by CoJllpbcll 16

CONCItIO~i

11t( (odlicien t of (oIT(ll1lion [01 pIldi(lrd und 01gt)(middot1(gt( sk(in Rtlcn(rth for 22s WitS OS7S for Llll IIJJ crop from wlli(h tll( fMtnuln WllH (l(lh(d Ilnd noos for tht H)middot14 jmiddotol tlw pltc1i(lpd nnd obsCIv((1 (iOs till eO(fJici(lll of (olrpllttiol Wll (n~~ for lIl Hlla (IOP flnd 092J fol tILt H14middot1 (OlllPCIIltnlly it is Rugg(slpd lIml foJ 1IIOH( who IUC

(OIl(PIllNI with tllp (olton imprOnl1lln t PJ()glill11 L1H followmg Untnshytin ollllusiolls 1ll11Y )( of vl1lue

IS (UIlmiddotlfII 1 E IHf) POHlltrllllorns ASI) 11~Inrr()ss 0 Irn S~SJ( TI~I l ~nmiddot~l IH OKnUMIIXC (orortls (ItlIll ((xlillt Up s 2fi 2ml J13H

36 TECHNICAL DULLEf1~1I3 t S DEPl OF AGRICULlUUE

Singles yarn stlength (If conIS tv medium counts mny be inClellsed by jncleosin~ fiberlength or atret~~th If short fiber is pro(ssed more cnsily thnn lOng the $pinllcr nUl ~~wentulIlly pay U bTl Mcl premium bull for fiber strength thun for llngth

Fiber fineIcss 01 lowweigllL-pmiddottmiddottmit length mllY ho fUl ulldesirablo fiber property wh(l(~ curdul Yltt- PP(IUtlIWC glll(t IS highly lmporshytl~nt (Sp(I(iltlly in lengths thn~t nr~ liSl1i~l1y lOIlSIIUlNJ in (Ilorded singles Yiuns of (oalS( to mfdium (ounts

For eotloll lhltt is likely to bt spun into COUllts finN tlmn 3us filHlleslt is IL Y(IT d(sinblt fib(I raquoI01gtltIty thut in ftLlue approximately (quiLls 111)( 1Ilglil Lnd slI(lnglh

Ulltil R mOI( 1(lilLbl( Imsis (01 pI((li(Lion is lsti1blhihClI from 11 much lIugel aud fII()(C (epnPrttlttin sample than WIlt iWltillthlc from Lho 1)43 ttill5 UH (oLton brNmiddotdPl nllLY lind the following fOlll1ulns llseful in (lstI1blhlting 1PItLiv( spinnillglHlfOllUltlH( from fib(I dl1tlL

w) klill llnIlJ(lh of jUg (ardld 2lt tnt (lUll HO fill(r than 3us cOIlYlrtod to 221H tOU tUIlJlj H)00l2 I 1S SlOOO~ wlllr( Llfoll IlPP(r Imlf menu lCIlJ(th of till FiIJrogrilph IUlII Is ((inultld fih(middotr tmiddotn iltgt stnllgth

(b) k(iu ( rPllgt It of inghmiddot clrdld no~ 25 l L [(JIlt ooooa ([S SIOOOH 5 (-In UI wlllrI C IfJI fLnd [S ILt 1I1middotlined 1 ill fOrJIll1a lL)O( and WI =fibcr wmiddotjght per ill(h

bull

Ir SIll hy 11 ~JlhrlllllIkn lr r melita G S (Jocrnllent Printing Ottlce bullWllllhlJ)ltlll In I t Irlcl 10 C(lIts

Technical Bulletin No 931 bull December 1946

q3

bull Fiber and Spinning Properties of Cotton

With Special Reference to Varietal and

Environmental Effects1

By n D BAItKI~It prindpal pathulogist and g E lhmKLl~Y culton tcchnologist

)illisiOlt of Gollun (tnll OUwr Pibar Crops and DiseasJs BUrc(w of Plant Indltstry

Joils anri Agricultural Rn(linccliny Arlricultural Research AU1IIinistraUon

CONTENTS PUC0Illge

2 (JUon libel and spinning tesls811mnHIY_~ bullbull middotmiddot_middot _ or the 1H3 crop_______ _ 13

lrrigIlLoc[llncnoniIigttlpd COLshy

bull Lons ____________ R __ bullbullbull 2 Hk(ill strenth ill relation to

lOmiddotla Irop __ _ _bullbull ___ bullbull 3 fibol Cl7~th ld strength_ 14liiller-length csLinllLtos ______ _ 26

Studio on coLLon gron in ilrishygoted tlncl nouilrigalOlI Fiber-strength estimates_____ _ 29

~ regions 1035 middot13 ________ Fibel finen~ss lind coli-willidevelopmcnt___________ _ 29

gtl Ixperitnental plocliliu ro____ -- 5~ Itosults ____________ ______ _ 6 Yarn-1LppellTllnce gmde lind

related fibor IIncl spinning bull IlltprprotnLion or resultl and proporLics _____________ _

dhCllssioll_ __ ____ bull __ _ 10 32 f1tsscr~nplc_____ _ __ _ 10 Fiber fi nonoss as related (0

R(IIIival~ staple ILlHleqlliv- skeill strongth of highor 32counts________________ _

~Llont sjaplc minus cll$s-Cl)lc ____________ _ ()oncusions_____________ bull __ _ 3511 ~1Ill-1 PllmllCl grade___ ~ 121Lnrd wob _____ _~ep 13 _ Pickor It mud atil(__ 13 ~

lt -l (I

EXIgt~MENlAL sLudies were lIlnugUlttted with the rcgionnl vnshy

rieLlll studies in 1)35 on fiber properties and spinning performiLIlce

of hmiddotlIlling vnlieties mHl sLrnins of cotton produced under vnrying COllshy

ditions Uuoughout tIw CoUon Belt lluough the coopemtive eflorts

of Uw YIIIioliS Statu ngriculturnl experiment sLntions of the cotton

111011 tllO Bureuu of Plant Industry Soils and Agricultural ]jjngineeishy

ing nnd lhe Cotton Bmllch of thn Prodllction and 1fnrketing Adminshy

isLrntion vnhablc dntn have bellt gltthcred and published in various

proclssld roports JIl order tlmt tl~es( dnta mny be viewed ItS it whole

and in prop(Jperspectivc c(rLain of them through 1943 nrn sumshy

rnarizNI hero together with datIL in the Bureau to emphnsize vnrietnl

bull ftlHl (IIVironllHlItlti (lIeets on the various fiber and spinning properties

1lIc8e sununnrics IHO divided inLo Lwo sections ono dealing with irri-

I Submittod for publicaLion January 14 1IH6 1

717(00- middot111



SUMMARY








bull

bull

bull


1943 CROP


bull

















bull

bull

bull

5

bull

bull

bull














UESULTS

















~





reglon region 0

gg ~= -c ~ sect I 0


-~ -

tro= I lt5 - g ]



















I












7Ii509 1i-2





CLASSEns STPLE





bull

bull

bull

bull

bull















bull

bull

13

bull

bull

bull



NEPS IN CARD WEB


















bull

bull

bull





bull






bull

bull bull bull





o rli e s] gt


o t Jlt ~ ~ 8

~ c











o

D3







I)

I Means for I l I




g ~ ~

~ H

fh o l

g

o ~ ~

shy-r


IlhIjsnrpV


+ 1 t

1 M

I


1 1 01

+


I 01

+ M II

Q

1

01

I

bull

bull


bull 1 8 -- -~--~--=--I

-- -~-gt---+1-1 11 1

bull

bull

bull bull bull






~ i tt E- 0 s~ =~ ~ lt f ~ ~ i - t u 1 l2 t




-IClliIlJ517 +009+010+011 +008+011 +000 +010 +OQ5 +009 10Sj _















o0+ middot middot

bull middot

bull


middot

(

Tl +++i J i J

middot







Imiddot



5 Itt)middot i 11

bull bull bull



















1 -2 -5 -It I -3 78 =




Id

~ ~ t en o I

sect Cl

o Z

t) ~




YAlUWrAL gPFJoCTS

Devlntfons

bull Acul(l tyP(









-- -






f








SQuthtlS~ nrl~l





















bull

bull

bull



VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull








bull bull bull



I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











ud C~ )iscdlanoous



bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

Cl

~

~








r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull




SUMMARY








bull

bull

bull


1943 CROP


bull

















bull

bull

bull

5

bull

bull

bull














UESULTS

















~





reglon region 0

gg ~= -c ~ sect I 0


-~ -

tro= I lt5 - g ]



















I












7Ii509 1i-2





CLASSEns STPLE





bull

bull

bull

bull

bull















bull

bull

13

bull

bull

bull



NEPS IN CARD WEB


















bull

bull

bull





bull






bull

bull bull bull





o rli e s] gt


o t Jlt ~ ~ 8

~ c











o

D3







I)

I Means for I l I




g ~ ~

~ H

fh o l

g

o ~ ~

shy-r


IlhIjsnrpV


+ 1 t

1 M

I


1 1 01

+


I 01

+ M II

Q

1

01

I

bull

bull


bull 1 8 -- -~--~--=--I

-- -~-gt---+1-1 11 1

bull

bull

bull bull bull






~ i tt E- 0 s~ =~ ~ lt f ~ ~ i - t u 1 l2 t




-IClliIlJ517 +009+010+011 +008+011 +000 +010 +OQ5 +009 10Sj _















o0+ middot middot

bull middot

bull


middot

(

Tl +++i J i J

middot







Imiddot



5 Itt)middot i 11

bull bull bull



















1 -2 -5 -It I -3 78 =




Id

~ ~ t en o I

sect Cl

o Z

t) ~




YAlUWrAL gPFJoCTS

Devlntfons

bull Acul(l tyP(









-- -






f








SQuthtlS~ nrl~l





















bull

bull

bull



VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull








bull bull bull



I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











ud C~ )iscdlanoous



bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

Cl

~

~








r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull



1943 CROP


bull

















bull

bull

bull

5

bull

bull

bull














UESULTS

















~





reglon region 0

gg ~= -c ~ sect I 0


-~ -

tro= I lt5 - g ]



















I












7Ii509 1i-2





CLASSEns STPLE





bull

bull

bull

bull

bull















bull

bull

13

bull

bull

bull



NEPS IN CARD WEB


















bull

bull

bull





bull






bull

bull bull bull





o rli e s] gt


o t Jlt ~ ~ 8

~ c











o

D3







I)

I Means for I l I




g ~ ~

~ H

fh o l

g

o ~ ~

shy-r


IlhIjsnrpV


+ 1 t

1 M

I


1 1 01

+


I 01

+ M II

Q

1

01

I

bull

bull


bull 1 8 -- -~--~--=--I

-- -~-gt---+1-1 11 1

bull

bull

bull bull bull






~ i tt E- 0 s~ =~ ~ lt f ~ ~ i - t u 1 l2 t




-IClliIlJ517 +009+010+011 +008+011 +000 +010 +OQ5 +009 10Sj _















o0+ middot middot

bull middot

bull


middot

(

Tl +++i J i J

middot







Imiddot



5 Itt)middot i 11

bull bull bull



















1 -2 -5 -It I -3 78 =




Id

~ ~ t en o I

sect Cl

o Z

t) ~




YAlUWrAL gPFJoCTS

Devlntfons

bull Acul(l tyP(









-- -






f








SQuthtlS~ nrl~l





















bull

bull

bull



VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull








bull bull bull



I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











ud C~ )iscdlanoous



bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

Cl

~

~








r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull












bull

bull

bull

5

bull

bull

bull














UESULTS

















~





reglon region 0

gg ~= -c ~ sect I 0


-~ -

tro= I lt5 - g ]



















I












7Ii509 1i-2





CLASSEns STPLE





bull

bull

bull

bull

bull















bull

bull

13

bull

bull

bull



NEPS IN CARD WEB


















bull

bull

bull





bull






bull

bull bull bull





o rli e s] gt


o t Jlt ~ ~ 8

~ c











o

D3







I)

I Means for I l I




g ~ ~

~ H

fh o l

g

o ~ ~

shy-r


IlhIjsnrpV


+ 1 t

1 M

I


1 1 01

+


I 01

+ M II

Q

1

01

I

bull

bull


bull 1 8 -- -~--~--=--I

-- -~-gt---+1-1 11 1

bull

bull

bull bull bull






~ i tt E- 0 s~ =~ ~ lt f ~ ~ i - t u 1 l2 t




-IClliIlJ517 +009+010+011 +008+011 +000 +010 +OQ5 +009 10Sj _















o0+ middot middot

bull middot

bull


middot

(

Tl +++i J i J

middot







Imiddot



5 Itt)middot i 11

bull bull bull



















1 -2 -5 -It I -3 78 =




Id

~ ~ t en o I

sect Cl

o Z

t) ~




YAlUWrAL gPFJoCTS

Devlntfons

bull Acul(l tyP(









-- -






f








SQuthtlS~ nrl~l





















bull

bull

bull



VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull








bull bull bull



I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











ud C~ )iscdlanoous



bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

Cl

~

~








r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull


5

bull

bull

bull














UESULTS

















~





reglon region 0

gg ~= -c ~ sect I 0


-~ -

tro= I lt5 - g ]



















I












7Ii509 1i-2





CLASSEns STPLE





bull

bull

bull

bull

bull















bull

bull

13

bull

bull

bull



NEPS IN CARD WEB


















bull

bull

bull





bull






bull

bull bull bull





o rli e s] gt


o t Jlt ~ ~ 8

~ c











o

D3







I)

I Means for I l I




g ~ ~

~ H

fh o l

g

o ~ ~

shy-r


IlhIjsnrpV


+ 1 t

1 M

I


1 1 01

+


I 01

+ M II

Q

1

01

I

bull

bull


bull 1 8 -- -~--~--=--I

-- -~-gt---+1-1 11 1

bull

bull

bull bull bull






~ i tt E- 0 s~ =~ ~ lt f ~ ~ i - t u 1 l2 t




-IClliIlJ517 +009+010+011 +008+011 +000 +010 +OQ5 +009 10Sj _















o0+ middot middot

bull middot

bull


middot

(

Tl +++i J i J

middot







Imiddot



5 Itt)middot i 11

bull bull bull



















1 -2 -5 -It I -3 78 =




Id

~ ~ t en o I

sect Cl

o Z

t) ~




YAlUWrAL gPFJoCTS

Devlntfons

bull Acul(l tyP(









-- -






f








SQuthtlS~ nrl~l





















bull

bull

bull



VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull








bull bull bull



I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











ud C~ )iscdlanoous



bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

Cl

~

~








r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull





UESULTS

















~





reglon region 0

gg ~= -c ~ sect I 0


-~ -

tro= I lt5 - g ]



















I












7Ii509 1i-2





CLASSEns STPLE





bull

bull

bull

bull

bull















bull

bull

13

bull

bull

bull



NEPS IN CARD WEB


















bull

bull

bull





bull






bull

bull bull bull





o rli e s] gt


o t Jlt ~ ~ 8

~ c











o

D3







I)

I Means for I l I




g ~ ~

~ H

fh o l

g

o ~ ~

shy-r


IlhIjsnrpV


+ 1 t

1 M

I


1 1 01

+


I 01

+ M II

Q

1

01

I

bull

bull


bull 1 8 -- -~--~--=--I

-- -~-gt---+1-1 11 1

bull

bull

bull bull bull






~ i tt E- 0 s~ =~ ~ lt f ~ ~ i - t u 1 l2 t




-IClliIlJ517 +009+010+011 +008+011 +000 +010 +OQ5 +009 10Sj _















o0+ middot middot

bull middot

bull


middot

(

Tl +++i J i J

middot







Imiddot



5 Itt)middot i 11

bull bull bull



















1 -2 -5 -It I -3 78 =




Id

~ ~ t en o I

sect Cl

o Z

t) ~




YAlUWrAL gPFJoCTS

Devlntfons

bull Acul(l tyP(









-- -






f








SQuthtlS~ nrl~l





















bull

bull

bull



VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull








bull bull bull



I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











ud C~ )iscdlanoous



bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

Cl

~

~








r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull
















~





reglon region 0

gg ~= -c ~ sect I 0


-~ -

tro= I lt5 - g ]



















I












7Ii509 1i-2





CLASSEns STPLE





bull

bull

bull

bull

bull















bull

bull

13

bull

bull

bull



NEPS IN CARD WEB


















bull

bull

bull





bull






bull

bull bull bull





o rli e s] gt


o t Jlt ~ ~ 8

~ c











o

D3







I)

I Means for I l I




g ~ ~

~ H

fh o l

g

o ~ ~

shy-r


IlhIjsnrpV


+ 1 t

1 M

I


1 1 01

+


I 01

+ M II

Q

1

01

I

bull

bull


bull 1 8 -- -~--~--=--I

-- -~-gt---+1-1 11 1

bull

bull

bull bull bull






~ i tt E- 0 s~ =~ ~ lt f ~ ~ i - t u 1 l2 t




-IClliIlJ517 +009+010+011 +008+011 +000 +010 +OQ5 +009 10Sj _















o0+ middot middot

bull middot

bull


middot

(

Tl +++i J i J

middot







Imiddot



5 Itt)middot i 11

bull bull bull



















1 -2 -5 -It I -3 78 =




Id

~ ~ t en o I

sect Cl

o Z

t) ~




YAlUWrAL gPFJoCTS

Devlntfons

bull Acul(l tyP(









-- -






f








SQuthtlS~ nrl~l





















bull

bull

bull



VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull








bull bull bull



I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











ud C~ )iscdlanoous



bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

Cl

~

~








r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull






reglon region 0

gg ~= -c ~ sect I 0


-~ -

tro= I lt5 - g ]



















I












7Ii509 1i-2





CLASSEns STPLE





bull

bull

bull

bull

bull















bull

bull

13

bull

bull

bull



NEPS IN CARD WEB


















bull

bull

bull





bull






bull

bull bull bull





o rli e s] gt


o t Jlt ~ ~ 8

~ c











o

D3







I)

I Means for I l I




g ~ ~

~ H

fh o l

g

o ~ ~

shy-r


IlhIjsnrpV


+ 1 t

1 M

I


1 1 01

+


I 01

+ M II

Q

1

01

I

bull

bull


bull 1 8 -- -~--~--=--I

-- -~-gt---+1-1 11 1

bull

bull

bull bull bull






~ i tt E- 0 s~ =~ ~ lt f ~ ~ i - t u 1 l2 t




-IClliIlJ517 +009+010+011 +008+011 +000 +010 +OQ5 +009 10Sj _















o0+ middot middot

bull middot

bull


middot

(

Tl +++i J i J

middot







Imiddot



5 Itt)middot i 11

bull bull bull



















1 -2 -5 -It I -3 78 =




Id

~ ~ t en o I

sect Cl

o Z

t) ~




YAlUWrAL gPFJoCTS

Devlntfons

bull Acul(l tyP(









-- -






f








SQuthtlS~ nrl~l





















bull

bull

bull



VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull








bull bull bull



I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











ud C~ )iscdlanoous



bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

Cl

~

~








r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull













7Ii509 1i-2





CLASSEns STPLE





bull

bull

bull

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(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

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33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

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++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

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+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

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VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull








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I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

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bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

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r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

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1 -2 -5 -It I -3 78 =




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VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

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33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

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1 -2 -5 -It I -3 78 =




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VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

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300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





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bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

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bull






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1 -2 -5 -It I -3 78 =




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VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull








bull bull bull



I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











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bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

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r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

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1)0 -091

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1 -2 -5 -It I -3 78 =




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bull



VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull








bull bull bull



I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











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bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

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~

~








r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






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1 -2 -5 -It I -3 78 =




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bull

bull



VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull








bull bull bull



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c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











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bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

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r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

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bull

bull bull bull






~ i tt E- 0 s~ =~ ~ lt f ~ ~ i - t u 1 l2 t




-IClliIlJ517 +009+010+011 +008+011 +000 +010 +OQ5 +009 10Sj _















o0+ middot middot

bull middot

bull


middot

(

Tl +++i J i J

middot







Imiddot



5 Itt)middot i 11

bull bull bull



















1 -2 -5 -It I -3 78 =




Id

~ ~ t en o I

sect Cl

o Z

t) ~




YAlUWrAL gPFJoCTS

Devlntfons

bull Acul(l tyP(









-- -






f








SQuthtlS~ nrl~l





















bull

bull

bull



VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull








bull bull bull



I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











ud C~ )iscdlanoous



bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

Cl

~

~








r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull







I)

I Means for I l I




g ~ ~

~ H

fh o l

g

o ~ ~

shy-r


IlhIjsnrpV


+ 1 t

1 M

I


1 1 01

+


I 01

+ M II

Q

1

01

I

bull

bull


bull 1 8 -- -~--~--=--I

-- -~-gt---+1-1 11 1

bull

bull

bull bull bull






~ i tt E- 0 s~ =~ ~ lt f ~ ~ i - t u 1 l2 t




-IClliIlJ517 +009+010+011 +008+011 +000 +010 +OQ5 +009 10Sj _















o0+ middot middot

bull middot

bull


middot

(

Tl +++i J i J

middot







Imiddot



5 Itt)middot i 11

bull bull bull



















1 -2 -5 -It I -3 78 =




Id

~ ~ t en o I

sect Cl

o Z

t) ~




YAlUWrAL gPFJoCTS

Devlntfons

bull Acul(l tyP(









-- -






f








SQuthtlS~ nrl~l





















bull

bull

bull



VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull








bull bull bull



I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











ud C~ )iscdlanoous



bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

Cl

~

~








r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull



IlhIjsnrpV


+ 1 t

1 M

I


1 1 01

+


I 01

+ M II

Q

1

01

I

bull

bull


bull 1 8 -- -~--~--=--I

-- -~-gt---+1-1 11 1

bull

bull

bull bull bull






~ i tt E- 0 s~ =~ ~ lt f ~ ~ i - t u 1 l2 t




-IClliIlJ517 +009+010+011 +008+011 +000 +010 +OQ5 +009 10Sj _















o0+ middot middot

bull middot

bull


middot

(

Tl +++i J i J

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Imiddot



5 Itt)middot i 11

bull bull bull



















1 -2 -5 -It I -3 78 =




Id

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YAlUWrAL gPFJoCTS

Devlntfons

bull Acul(l tyP(









-- -






f








SQuthtlS~ nrl~l





















bull

bull

bull



VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull








bull bull bull



I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











ud C~ )iscdlanoous



bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

Cl

~

~








r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull



bull 1 8 -- -~--~--=--I

-- -~-gt---+1-1 11 1

bull

bull

bull bull bull






~ i tt E- 0 s~ =~ ~ lt f ~ ~ i - t u 1 l2 t




-IClliIlJ517 +009+010+011 +008+011 +000 +010 +OQ5 +009 10Sj _















o0+ middot middot

bull middot

bull


middot

(

Tl +++i J i J

middot







Imiddot



5 Itt)middot i 11

bull bull bull



















1 -2 -5 -It I -3 78 =




Id

~ ~ t en o I

sect Cl

o Z

t) ~




YAlUWrAL gPFJoCTS

Devlntfons

bull Acul(l tyP(









-- -






f








SQuthtlS~ nrl~l





















bull

bull

bull



VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull








bull bull bull



I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











ud C~ )iscdlanoous



bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

Cl

~

~








r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull


bull bull bull






~ i tt E- 0 s~ =~ ~ lt f ~ ~ i - t u 1 l2 t




-IClliIlJ517 +009+010+011 +008+011 +000 +010 +OQ5 +009 10Sj _















o0+ middot middot

bull middot

bull


middot

(

Tl +++i J i J

middot







Imiddot



5 Itt)middot i 11

bull bull bull



















1 -2 -5 -It I -3 78 =




Id

~ ~ t en o I

sect Cl

o Z

t) ~




YAlUWrAL gPFJoCTS

Devlntfons

bull Acul(l tyP(









-- -






f








SQuthtlS~ nrl~l





















bull

bull

bull



VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull








bull bull bull



I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











ud C~ )iscdlanoous



bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

Cl

~

~








r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull




o0+ middot middot

bull middot

bull


middot

(

Tl +++i J i J

middot







Imiddot



5 Itt)middot i 11

bull bull bull



















1 -2 -5 -It I -3 78 =




Id

~ ~ t en o I

sect Cl

o Z

t) ~




YAlUWrAL gPFJoCTS

Devlntfons

bull Acul(l tyP(









-- -






f








SQuthtlS~ nrl~l





















bull

bull

bull



VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull








bull bull bull



I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











ud C~ )iscdlanoous



bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

Cl

~

~








r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull


bull bull bull



















1 -2 -5 -It I -3 78 =




Id

~ ~ t en o I

sect Cl

o Z

t) ~




YAlUWrAL gPFJoCTS

Devlntfons

bull Acul(l tyP(









-- -






f








SQuthtlS~ nrl~l





















bull

bull

bull



VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull








bull bull bull



I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











ud C~ )iscdlanoous



bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

Cl

~

~








r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull






1 -2 -5 -It I -3 78 =




Id

~ ~ t en o I

sect Cl

o Z

t) ~




YAlUWrAL gPFJoCTS

Devlntfons

bull Acul(l tyP(









-- -






f








SQuthtlS~ nrl~l





















bull

bull

bull



VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull








bull bull bull



I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











ud C~ )iscdlanoous



bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

Cl

~

~








r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull





YAlUWrAL gPFJoCTS

Devlntfons

bull Acul(l tyP(









-- -






f








SQuthtlS~ nrl~l





















bull

bull

bull



VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull








bull bull bull



I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











ud C~ )iscdlanoous



bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

Cl

~

~








r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull


-- -






f








SQuthtlS~ nrl~l





















bull

bull

bull



VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull








bull bull bull



I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











ud C~ )iscdlanoous



bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

Cl

~

~








r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull











bull

bull

bull



VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull








bull bull bull



I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











ud C~ )iscdlanoous



bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

Cl

~

~








r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull


bull

bull

bull



VAlHElAL EFFECTS



(I) (2) (3) (Il (5) (Q) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)














--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull








bull bull bull



I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











ud C~ )iscdlanoous



bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

Cl

~

~








r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull


--------

--- ----------

--

--

----------------------------








(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)









A+~12 11=11 middot1-=10 I1+=0 I1=8 I1-=7 0+=6 0=5 0-=4 D+=3 D=2 D-=1

bull

29

bull

bull

bull








bull bull bull



I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











ud C~ )iscdlanoous



bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

Cl

~

~








r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull


29

bull

bull

bull








bull bull bull



I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











ud C~ )iscdlanoous



bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

Cl

~

~








r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull


bull bull bull



I~ d c o z



c 1$ == ~ tl0

Iz s Z 8 0 t) c ~ tC - 0 Ir~ - -g j











ud C~ )iscdlanoous



bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

Cl

~

~








r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull




ud C~ )iscdlanoous



bull 205 2911 -051 2883J 2861 3021

300( 1middot +08 301

2821 289 1 -101 263

+26 311)


275 -41 252 ~





tl +04 ~ 297 Z

Z Cl

~ ~ rJl

o I

Cl

~

~








r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull









r


bull

33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull


33

bull

bull

bull



VARIETAL EJoFECTS

Skein strength



---middot----(-1-------1 (2) 1_(_3)_1_(_4_1 (5) (6)



Lb 20 26 25

-I o

Lb+4+51-1

+a+3

Lb 34 15 2-1

Lbbull

24 20








-I -l

o -I

-I -I o

++1 o 0 o i

+11 -II

Omiddot +1 -1

-I - -I

+1 -I -

o +g +1

- o

+1+3

o o o

-5 -Ii -1

+1+1+2 -2

o o

-2+1

+ ~ 1 +~-71

=~I-

10 18 2-

30 21 2i 12 211 18 10 ~O

21 25

27 27

24 25 22

18 10 2

25 28 20 20 24 3 3 3

3 20 22

31 22 2U IS 21i 17 IU ~Il

ENvmONMENIL HnE(Tll


1-2 216~~~~~~~t1~l1~cx ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ t - 3









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull









m ~ I 00 I 00 I ~ I 00











35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull


35

bull

bull

bull






1)0 -091

o ) 110 i




CONCItIO~i











bull









bull



Date post:	20-Mar-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	phamnguyet
View:	218 times
Download:	4 times

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