Fiber Optic Cable

1

2

(FITL)

3

WHY FIBRE OPTICS

. DIGITALISATION OF LOCAL NETWORK

. MEETING FUTURE CUSTOMER NEEDS

(BOARD BANDWITH SERVICE)

. POTENIAL COST-EFFECTIVENESS

. BETTER QUALITY, RELIABILITY AND

MAINTAINABILITY

. WIDER COVERAGE FOR EXCHANGES

. INFORMATION SECURITY

. REDUCE CONGESTION OF UNDERGROUND FACILITIES

4

DISADVANTAGES

. DELICATE TO HANDLE

. CRAFT SENSITIVE

- SPLICING

- EQUIPMENT

. GENERALLY STILL EXPENSIVE

- EQUIPMENT

- TOOLS AND TEST EQUIPMENT

. REQUIREMENT FOR FIELD EQUIPMENTS POWERING

5

SYSTEM AND FACILITIES

REQUIREMENTS

. CABLE AND ACCESSORIES

. TERMINAL EQUIPMENTS

. EQUIPMENT SPACE AND RACKING

. POWER SUPPLY

. SKILLED MANPOWER

6

TYPES OF APPLICATION

i) FIBRE TO THE OFFICE (FTTO)

- FIBER IS TERMINATED DIRECT IN THE CUSTOMERS

PREMISES, CATERING TO DEMANDS OF COPPORATE

SECTOR.

ii) FIBRE TO THE STREET (FTTS)

- FIBER IS TERMINATED AT A POINT WHERE THERE IS A

CONCENTRATION OF DEMAND. THE DISTRIBUTION CABLE

WILL BE ON COPPER.

iii) FIBRE TO THE CURB (FTTC)

- SIMILAR TO THE FTTS BUT FIBRE IS BROUGHT

NEARER TO CUSTOMERS AND THE LAST

APPROXIMATE 100M IS UNDERTAKEN BY COPPER

7

TYPES OF APPLICATION

iv) FIBRE TO THE HOME (FTTH)

- FIBER IS LAID DIRECT INTO INDIVIDUAL HOMES.

v) FIBRE TO THE ZONE (FTTZ)

- FIBER IS TERMINATED AT A POINT WHERE THERE

IS A CENTRA .

8

MDF

PSTN

EXCHANGE

TUNNEL MAINHOLE

DUCT

JOINT BOX

SHOP HSE OR

LOW-RISE

APARTMENT

RESIDENTIAL

HSES.

MULTI-STOREY

BLDG.

LOCAL

EXCHANGE ‘A’ SDF

CABINET

AERIAL CABLE

DROP WIRE

DISTRIBUTION

POINT

U/G COPPER

CABLE

TYPICAL SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF ACCESS NETWORK

LOCAL

EXCHANGE ‘B’

9

MDF

PSTN

EXCHANGE

TUNNEL MAINHOLE

DUCT

JOINT BOX

SHOP HSE OR

LOW-RISE

APARTMENT

RESIDENTIAL

HSES.

MULTI-STOREY

BLDG.

LOCAL

EXCHANGE ‘A’ SDF

FIBRE

CABINET

(FTTS)

AERIAL CABLE

DROP WIRE

DISTRIBUTION

POINT

COT

RT

RT

(FTT0)

FIBRE

CABLE

TYPICAL SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF LOCAL NETWORK

LOCAL

EXCHANGE ‘B’

10

11

SYSTEM FOR OPTICAL TRANSMISSION

Optical transmission system are used for transmission of electrical signal via an optical fibre.

The component are:-

(i) electro- optic transducer as the light transmitter at the beginning of the route.

(ii) The fibre optic transmission medium.

(iii) Optic electric transducer as the light receiver at the end of the route.

12

Electrical signal from the Exchange is converted to

Optical (using light as carrier) by Optical equipment

(DLC) at the COT. From the equipment, the light

signal is injected into the optical fibre. The light signal

is guided by the fibre to its destination where it is

detected and converted back into electrical signal

again.

13

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR DIGITAL SIGNALS

Bit Rate (rounded Mbps) Number of 64 kbps channel

2 30

8 120

34 480

140 1920

565 7680

PDH System with higher number of channels transmit bit rates of 8, 34, 140, 565 Mbps signals of the PCM 30

multiplexing unit.

14

SDH

SYSTEMMAX.2M MAX. CHANNEL.

STM1 63 1890 (63X30C)

STM4 252 7560 (252X30C)

STM16 63 X 2M X 16 30240 (1008X2M)

SDH (SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERACHY)

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR DIGITAL SIGNALS

15

16

NETWORK TOPOLOGY

3 BASIC TYPES ARE:-

I) STAR

II) BUS

III) LOOP - STAR

TOPOLOGY ADOPTED BY TELEKOM

MALATSIA BHD. :-

I) STAR

II) LOOP - STAR

17

NON-REDUCTIONAL LOOP + SWITCH-STAR WITH SHARED RESOURCE

Practical way to change the configuration

EXCHANGE EXCHANGE

18

19

STAR NETWORK CONFIGURATION

EXCHANGE

EXCHANGE

20

LOOP NETWORK

CONFIGURATION

(1+1)

EXCHANGE

21

22

Basic Structure of an optical

fiber

23

THE CORE PERFORMS THE FUNCTION OF TRANSMITTING THE

LIGHT WAVES, WHILE THE CLADDING IS TO MINIMIZE SURFACE

LOSSES AND TO GUIDE THE LIGHT WAVES.

Basic Structure of an optical

fiber

24

OPTICAL FIBRE CONSTRUCTION

HIGH REFRACTIVE

INDEX

LOW REFRACTIVE

INDEX

25

Basic Structure of an optical fiber

Core 10 um

Cladding 125 um

Primary coating

250 um Secondary coating

26

TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBRE

TYPE REFRACTIVE INDEX

PROFILE LIGHT PROPAGATION

STEP - INDEX

MULTIMODE

GRADED -

INDEX

MULTIMODE

SINGLE -

MODE

100-200 50 - 100 LS

125 50 LS

125 LS

10

DIMENSION IN um LS = LIGHT

SOURCE

27

TYPE INPUT PULSE LIGHT PROPAGATION

STEP - INDEX

MULTIMODE

GRADED -

INDEX

MULTIMODE

SINGLE -

MODE

LS

LS

LS

OUTPUT

PULSE

OPTICAL FIBRE PULSE DISTRORATION

PULSE DISTRORATION DETERMINE THE BANDWIDTH OF OPTICAL FIBRES.

28

CONSTRUCTION OF SLOTTED CORE OPTICAL

FIBER CABLE

29

125um 190um 250um

Ultra Violet Curable Acrylate Coated Fiber

Silica Fiber

Soft UV

Hard UV

CONSTRUCTION OF SLOTTED CORE OPTICAL FIBER

CABLE

30

CONSTRUCTION OF SLOTTED CORE OPTICAL FIBER CABLE

Nylon Coated Fiber

Silica Fiber

Silicon

Resin

Nylon

125um 400um 900um

31

FIBER

NO.4 FIBER 6 FIBER 8 FIBER 12 FIBER

1 BLUE BLUE BLUE BLUE

2 YELLOW YELLOW YELLOW YELLOW

3 GREEN GREEN GREEN GREEN

4 RED RED RED RED

5 VOILET VOILET VOILET

6 WHITE BROWN BROWN

7 WHITE WHITE

8 WHITE WHITE

9 WHITE

10 WHITE

11 WHITE

12 WHITE

32

OPTICAL FIBRE

FILLING COMPOUND

SLOT

CENTRAL STRENGTH

MEMBER

WRAPPING

SHEATH

33

34

35

Cross-section of four (4) – fiber Ribbon

Optical fiber Primary coating Jacketing ( u v

cured material)

0.4mm

1.1mm

36

4 - FIBRE RIBBON

FILLING COMPOUND

SLOT

CENTRAL STRENGTH

MEMBER

WRAPPING

SHEATH

RIB IDENTIFICATION

MARKING

CROSS-SECTION OF COMPLETED

CABLE 24 FIBER RIBBON

37

CROSS-SECTION OF

COMPLETED CABLE

48 FIBER RIBBON

38

CROSS-SECTION OF 4 FIBER

RIBBON IN A GROOVE OF SLOT

TAPE A

TAPE B

TAPE C

TAPE D

FOR CORE NO.

1 - 24

FOR CORE NO.

25 - 48

FOR CORE NO.

49 - 72

FOR CORE NO.

73 - 96

39

LOOSE TUBE

FIBRE CABLE

AMOURED

FIBRE CABLE

40

Petroleum Jelly

Two Ripcords

Filler

Core wrapping

Strength member

Buffered Tube

Thixotropic Jelly

Fiber

Outer PE sheath

CONSTRUCTION OF LOOSE BUFFERED TUBE OPTICAL FIBER CABLE

6 core

41


Buffered Tube

PE Coating Stranded wire

PE web

36 core

42

Petroleum Jelly

Two Ripcords

PE Coating

Core wrapping

Strength member

Buffered Tube

Thixotropic Jelly

Fiber

Outer PE sheath


96 core

43

FIBER

NO.

FIBER

COLOUR

TUBE

NO.

TUBE

COLOUR

FIBER

NO.

FIBER

COLOUR

TUBE

NO.

TUBE

COLOUR

1 BLUE 1 BLUE 19 BLUE 4 RED

2 YELLOW 20 YELLOW

3 GREEN 21 GREEN

4 RED 22 RED

5 VOILET 23 VOILET

6 BROWN 24 BROWN

7 BLUE 2 YELLOW 25 BLUE 5 VOILET

8 YELLOW 26 YELLOW

9 GREEN 27 GREEN

10 RED 28 RED

11 VOILET 29 VOILET

12 BROWN 30 BROWN

13 BLUE 3 GREEN 31 BLUE 6 BROWN

14 YELLOW 32 YELLOW

15 GREEN 33 GREEN

16 RED 34 RED

17 VOILET 35 VOILET

18 BROWN 36 BROWN

44

FIBER

NO.

FIBER

COLOUR

TUBE

NO.

TUBE

COLOUR

FIBER

NO.

FIBER

COLOUR

TUBE

NO.

TUBE

COLOUR

1 BLUE 25 BLUE

2 YELLOW 26 YELLOW

3 GREEN 27 GREEN

4 RED 28 RED

5 VOILET 29 VOILET

6 BROWN 30 BROWN

7 PINK 31 PINK

8 GREY 32 GREY

9 BLUE 33 BLUE

10 YELLOW 34 YELLOW

11 GREEN 35 GREEN

12 RED 36 RED

13 VOILET 37 VOILET

14 BROWN 38 BROWN

15 PINK 39 PINK

16 GREY 40 GREY

17 BLUE 41 BLUE

18 YELLOW 42 YELLOW

19 GREEN 43 GREEN

20 RED 44 RED

21 VOILET 45 VOILET

22 BROWN 46 BROWN

23 PINK 47 PINK

24 GREY 48 GREY

RED

VOILET

BROWN

1

2

3

4

5

6

BLUE

YELLOW

GREEN

45

FIBER

NO.

FIBER

COLOUR

TUBE

NO.

TUBE

COLOUR

FIBER

NO.

FIBER

COLOUR

TUBE

NO.

TUBE

COLOUR

49 BLUE 73 BLUE

50 YELLOW 74 YELLOW

51 GREEN 75 GREEN

52 RED 76 RED

53 VOILET 77 VOILET

54 BROWN 78 BROWN

55 PINK 79 PINK

56 GREY 80 GREY

57 BLUE 81 BLUE

58 YELLOW 82 YELLOW

59 GREEN 83 GREEN

60 RED 84 RED

61 VOILET 85 VOILET

62 BROWN 86 BROWN

63 PINK 87 PINK

64 GREY 88 GREY

65 BLUE 89 BLUE

66 YELLOW 90 YELLOW

67 GREEN 91 GREEN

68 RED 92 RED

69 VOILET 93 VOILET

70 BROWN 94 BROWN

71 PINK 95 PINK

72 GREY 96 GREY

7

8

9

10

11

12

PINK

GREY

BLACK

LIGHT BLUE

WHITE

ORANGE

46

47

INSTALLATION OF SUB-DUCT

Two types of sub-duct :-

i) PVC Sub-duct 32mm X 6M length, one end side with

spigot for jointing purpose.

ii) Corrugated sub-duct 32mm X 600M length per coil

complete with nylon string.

48

Existing copper duct route (Main duct) :-

New duct route for 100% optical fibre cable can goes up

to 300M to 500M per section C/W concrete encasement.

180 – 220M

M/H M/H M/H copper duct route

49

SPECIAL CONDITIONS BEFORE INSTALLING A

CABLE INTO THE MAIN DUCT/SUB-DUCT

i) Cable must always be installed in an empty duct

ii) Under no circumstance may a second cable be

drawn into the duct later

iii) Max allowable only 60% of duct space use for cable

50

PURPOSED OF MAIN-DUCT

PVC Main - duct 100mm X 6M length, one end side

with spigot for jointing purpose.

i) For pulling cable

ii) Easy for maintenance ( cable breakdown)

iii) For recovery of cable (easy drawing in/out cables

without opening the ground)

iv) Additional duct space allow future cabling to be

drawn in without opening ground for new duct

installation

v) Manholes and joint boxes at interval of duct route

enable easier maintenance

100mm

51

PURPOSED OF SUB - DUCT

i) To increase the capacity of the duct route system inside

the main-duct.

ii) To provide the fibre cable with protection/safety

iii) Also provide the fibre cable with additional protection

from the environment

iv) Ameans for fiture cable installation and removal

v) To allow additional cables to be place in the same route

vi) Economical, to reduce the duct cost per cable

52

i) Should be at least at the second layer of the main duct

(to avoid possible damage due to cave in and etc.)

ii) For loop network configuration when using the same

duct route, chose the lowest and the second lowest

layer of the main duct route

iii) Can be installed in duct already occupied by existing

cables, only for short distance <50M

iv) Occupy the duct closest to the wall then work towards

the centre of the manhole at each level

SELECTION OF MAIN DUCT FOR

CARRYING THE SUB-DUCTS:-

53

2. Installation procedure

1. Preparation of duct

a. Cleared of obstruction

b. Roding- use rod sweep cane, pvc rod

c. Cleaning – mandrel cutting,brushes and cleaning disc

best mandrel is 457 mm long x 83 mm diameter and

cylindrical brush 108 mm in diameter

2. Preparation of sub duct prior laying

a. Jointing of sub duct

b. Bunches of sub duct

c. Cutting of sub duct

3. Laying of sub duct

Manually as sesame as cable pulling

54

4. Installation of corrugated sub duct

1. Preparation of sub duct – bunch together with 3 layer adhesive

tape at every 1.5 meter interval long

2. Fit 1 meter pulling rod to every sub duct

3. Hold the end of sub duct, tightly together – 800 mm

4. Pass the cable grip over + swivel

5. Laying of sub duct

1. manually pulling

2. Max.Pulling force 80 KN(8160kg)

3. Max pulling speed is 15 meter/minute

4. Use swivel to avoid twittering during hauling

5. 3 sub duct (34 mm )to be installed simultaneously in 107 mm duct

55

6. After pulling in

1. cut 60 mm from the sub duct mouth

2. Install “O” ring

3. Install flange holder (B plate)

4. Install another “O” ring

5. Make I “ slit to secure the nylon rope

6. Fit end cap

7. Marking of sub duct.

1 st sub duct – white

2 nd sub duct – yellow

3 rd sub duct – Green

8. Jointing sub duct

1. cut both sub duct perpendicularly

2. Remove all burr

3. Jointing sleeve – 250 mm piece of sub duct

4. Wrap 10-12 turn

5. Pull one of the sub duct 50 mm out of the jointing sleeve

6. Wrap another 12-15 turn

56

PULLING ROD TO BE INSERTED INTO SUB-

DUCT 1000mm

1000 mm pulling rod

57

Wrap the sub-duct with four turns of colour tape 100mm

from duct end.

1st Sub-duct colour white

2nd Sub-duct colour yellow

3rd Sub-duct colour green

58

Use of cable grip, swivel, “D” shackle and pulling rope

for pulling sub-duct into the main duct.

Bunching of three sub-ducts with adhesive tape

1.5m

59

Terminating corrugated sub-duct in

manhole

Sub-duct inserted into the PVC Plate

“B” 122mm X 122mm X 5mm

Bolt Expansion

(Iron Raw plug)

Rubber “O” ring

End Cap

Optic fibre cable 60mm

60

INSTALLATION OPTICAL FIBER

CABLE SUB DUCTS

61

Tool name Usage

1. Safety cones

2. Barrier & barricades

3. Flashing Light

4. Flag

5. Canvas Tent &frame GI

6. Manhole key

7. Gas detector

8. Water pump

9. Portable generator

10. Exhaust fan/blower

11. Cable jack

Safety/traffic warning




Provide shade for workman

For opening the manhole cover

To detect dangerous gases

To remove water in manhole

To supply electrical power

To ventilate manhole

For cable drum jacking

1. TOOLS AND MATERIAL

62

Tool name Usage

12. roding tools (PVC Type)

13. Cable cutter

14. Cable grip

15. Shackle D

16. Swivel

17. Pulling rope

18. Cable roller

19. Cable guide

20. Dynamometer

21. PVC Sheeting

22. Cable winch

23. Pulley

24. Cable trailer

For rodding or sub duct

To cut the cable

Grip cable for pulling

As a connector

To prevent cable twisting

For pulling the cable

To guide the cable into duct

To protect the cable against damage

To measure the pulling tension

Cable protection while forming F8

Pulling cable

To pull pulling rope out of manhole

To hold cable drum

63

Contract No of core Max.pulling force

TOMEN UP TO 48 CORE 1.7 KN(170kg)

MARCONI/HESFIBEL

UP TO 96 CORE 1.1 KN(110kg)

OPCOM

UP TO 96 CORE

2KN(200kg)

PERWIRA ERICSON UP TO 96 CORE

2.5KN(250kg)

2. MAXIMUM PULLING TENSION

64

2. LAYING SPEED : 15 METER / MINUTE 3. BENDING RADIUS : 10 D WHILE SETTING 20 D WHILE PULLING 4. LAYING MATHOD : 1. unidirectional pulling 2. Bi-directional pulling 3. Intermediate pulling 5. Diameter of figure 8 is min.1 meter

65

Cable drum

Manhole

Pulled in a continuous operation in one direction only ( < 1

km)

UNIDIRECTIONAL PULLING METHOD

In this case, the cable drum is placed at one of the manhole,

and cable is pulled in a continuous operation in one direction

only.

66

In this case, the cable drum is placed at one of the manhole,

and cable is pulled in a continuous operation in one direction

only.

BI - DIRECTIONAL PULLING METHOD

67

When it is difficult to lay the whole cable length in one continuous

operation due to geographical configuration of cable route bi-

directional pulling is used. This method is mainly adopted for

complicated cable route having curves or level differences of ducts

at pull-through manholes.

Bi-directional Pulling Method

68

Bi-directional Pulling Method This method is recommended for complicated cable routes having

curves or level differences of sub-duct at pull through

manholes and or cable lengths greater than 1km.

a) Place the cable drum at the midpoint of the section.

b) Pull the cable towards one directions until it reaches its

destination.

c) Uncoil the balance of the cable in the drum for the second

pull. A PVC sheet placed on the ground to protect the cable

while forming the Figure 8.

d) A suitable space measuring about 6m x 3m is necessary for

uncoiling the cable. This operation is shown in figure 8. Pull

the cable end of the uncoiled cable in the other direction.

69

As illustrated in figure 6. A cable is placed at the corner of the cable

route and the cable is laid in two steps. In the first pull, a longer

length is laid into duct in continuous operation. The remaining

shorter cable on the same cable drum is uncoiled for the second

pull. The cable should be coiled on the ground in the form of

‘figure 8’. This will be enable the remaining cable to pull in the

other direction easily. The diameter of figure 8 should be greater

than 1 meter. Fig 7 show the uncoiling of the remaining cable in the

drum.

70

Pulling a long cable with sharp bends.

Figure 8a and 8b shows how bi-directional pulling is used in route with

sharp bends.

a) Place the cable drum at the chosen corner manhole.

b) First pull in the direction indicated as (1)-fig 8a

c) Uncoil the balance of the cable in the drum in the form of a ‘

Figure 8’ at the position (2)

d) The second pull is in the opposite direction that toward (3) (Fig 8b)

and (4)-(Fig 8b)

71

BI - DIRECTIONAL PULLING METHOD

Manhole

2) Making of Figure

‘8’

1) Direction of first

pull

3) Direction of second

pull

Methods OF CABLE LAYING INTO SUBDUCTS

72

Intermediate Manual Pull This method is recommended for pulling cable in straight route

and with distance greater than 1 km.

a. Place the cable drum at the end of the cable length.

b. Pull the cable towards one of the splice location.

c. After pulling the cable through four or five manhole say 1

km, take the cable out of the manhole and coil it on the

ground to form ‘ the figure 8’. Continue this process until

the cable in the drum as completely uncoiled. Turn the coiled

‘ figure 8’ cable over to get the pulling end to continue with

the cable pulling process.

73

Here we have a number of pull-through manholes assistance is

needed in the intermediate manholes. A man is stationed in each

intermediate manholes. A manholes manually assisting in the cable

pulling process ( hand-over-hand) as it passes through. This reduce

the effective tail load at the manhole. As a result, the maximum

pulling tension is substantially reduced. Figure 9 shows the

intermediate manual assisted cable pulling.

74

INTERMEDIATE PULLING METHOD

2) Making of

Figure ‘8’ 1) Direction of

first pull

3) Direction of second

pull

4) The next drum of

cable

Greater than 1 km

METHODs OF CABLE LAYING INTO SUBDUCTS

75

Manhole

Colling Of Remaining Shorter Cable

Uncoil the balance of the cable in the

drum for the second pull. A PVC sheet

(6M X 3M) placed on the ground to

protect the cable while forming the

Figure 8.

Why figure 8..? To reduce pulling tension

76

CABLE FEEDING END ARRANGEMENT OF MANPOWER FOR

CABLE PULLING

Cable roller Cable Jack

Cable Protecting Bend

77

ARRANGEMENT OF MANPOWER FOR

CABLE PULLING

Cable feeder tube or

corrugated duct

Cable Jack

CABLE FEEDING END

78 The laying speed shall be less than 15 m/min.

CABLE PULLING END ARRANGEMENT OF MANPOWER FOR

CABLE PULLING

Cable roller

Pulley Block

Chains

Pulling rope

79 The laying speed shall be less than 15 m/min.


CABLE PULLING

After pulling the cable

through four or five manhole

say 1 km, take the cable out of

the manhole and coil it on the

ground to form ‘ the figure 8’.

80


CABLE PULLING

81

ARRANGEMENT OF MANPOWER FOR CABLE

PULLING AT INTERMIDIATE MANHOLE

Cable Protecting Bend Corrugated sub-duct to

replace the manpower.

82



83



84

STORING EXCESS CABLE

No Location Formula

1 Jointing manhole 3L+ 2w + H

2 Pull through manhole

2H+ L

3 Pull through manhole (potential growth area

3L+ 2w + 2H

85

SETTING CABLE IN JOINTING MANHOLE

MIN. BENDING RADIUS 10 x

DAI. OF CABLE

86

SETTING CABLE IN PULL-THROUGH MANHOLE


DAI. OF CABLE

87

6. When bending the cable the following cable length should be kept straight : - minimum 6 cm from duct inlet - minimum 6 cm from a cable joint end 7. All cable passing through manholes must be tied to the cable bracket by using cable tie no.3 8. At jointing manhole, four additional cable bearer Must be installed at end wall to support cable , 9. The space between the end of cable joint and the duct inlet – 60 cm

88

10.The jointing closure is tight to to supporting plate using cable tie no.6 11.To prevent the cable bearer bracket from floating install anti floating device. 12. In manhole constructed at both end of bridge, cable slack more than 100 cm – to absorb cable creep caused by expansion & contraction of cable laid. 13. Important cable must be protected –use helically coiled protector.

89

LABELLING

1. Should be fitted 7 cm away from the cable joint.

2. Labeling information a. Type and cable size b. Route name c. Contract Number d. Installation date e. Cable section code 3. Cable section comprises of : a. Network code b. Cable section number

90

TELEKOM MALAYSIA BERHAD

TYPE SINGLE MODE

SIZE 24 CORES

ROUTE NAME TAR – WISMA SEMARAK

CABLE SECTION CODE NO.2-8

CONTRACT NUMBER K1322/04

DATE OF INSTALLATION 20 DISEMBER 05

Sample of marking tag (label)

91

ERECTION OF AERIAL OPTICAL FIBER CABLE

92

Minimum clearance :

LOCATION MINIMUM CLEARANCE

1 Along road 4.5 Meter

2 At road crossing 5,5 Meter

3 At railway crossing 6.7 Meter (not relevant)

4 From power cables

a. Less than 600 Volt

b. More than 600 Volt

600 mm

2000 mm

93

2. The sag is 2% from span length (40 Meter-50 Meter = 1M)

94

CONTRACT NO.OF CORES MAX.PULLING FORCE

TOMEN UP TO 36 8 KN(800kg)

MARCONI/HESFIBEL

UP TO 36 1.1 KN(110kg)

OPCOM UP TO 36 15KN(1500kg

PERWIRA ERICSON

UP TO 48 9KN(900kg)

3. MAXIMUM PULLING FORCE

95

4. Termination of IB OFC a. Beginning and the end of route b. Distribution pole c. Angle pole – deviation of the route is greater than 400

d. All river and railway crossing e. Poles where two cables are jointing. f. Each end of isolated long span greater than 200 Meter.

96

1. The required grounding location : a. Dead end or terminal poles. b. Poles holding supporting wire for jointing

closures. c. At every interval of approximately 250 M 2. Type of openable jointing connector : a. HD 10 b.HD 12 A 3. The max.earth system is 1 ohm .

4. Earth wire size is 7/1.04 mm

6. Integral Bearer wire earthling system

97

PVC tape

Preformed grip

Thimble

Bracket tubular pole

Cable

Fig.1 Through Double Termination

98

L1 = Just sufficient to terminate bearer wire with correct size of

preformed grip + 200 mm

L2 = Just sufficient to terminate bearer wire with correct size of

preformed grip + 50 mm

99

100

Precautions

•When optical fibres are not handled properly, stress due to torsion and bending, will remain in the fibres. This stress may cause the fibre to break later.

•The presence of dust in splices will increase their losses. Keep the site where splicing is to be done clean and dry.

•To avoid contamination of the fibers while splicing keep your hands, tools and equipment clean.

•The optical fibre, which is very fine and fragile to avoid injury all fibre clippings must be gathered and place into plastic bag/box/tin, for safe disposal do not leave them around the work site.

101

Precautions

•The incident rays in the fibre are strong enough to damage your eyes, never look into the end of fibers.

•When cutting optical fibre cable, do not use a metallic saw, always use a cable cutter / bolt cutter.

•Minimum bend radius for fibre is 4 cm and minimum bend radius for optical fibre cable while setting is 10 D.

•Estimated splicing loss should be kept low,i.e within the recommended values of 0.01 – 0.05 db.

•All optical fibre cable equipment must be handled carefully.

102

NO TOOL NAME USE

1 Bolt cutter For cutting cable

2 Scissors For cutting wrapping

3 Optical Fibre Sheath Cutter For removal of cable sheath

4 Screw Driver Set For tightening screws

5 Tape Measuring For measurement

6 Allen Key For tightening nuts

7 Pliers Combination 8" For cutting tension member, etc

8 Knife Trimming Removing slot

9 Torque Wrench For tightening nuts

10 Adapter Spanner For tightening nuts

11 Fibre Cleaver For cutting glass fibre

12 Fibre Stripper To remove secondary coating

13 Buffer Tube Stripper

To remove PVC sheath of fibre

cord/buffer tube

14 SPLICING MACHINE For splicing fibre

103

NO MATERIALS LIST

1 Alcohol (Purity 95%)

2 Cotton Gauze/Lint free cloth

3 Cloth Abrasive

4 Cotton Bud

5 Methylated spirit

6 Cotton Waste

7 PVC Tape 20mm & 10mm

8 Fibre Protection sleeve

104

CUTTING OF CABLE AND REMOVING OF THE CABLE SHEATH

CABLE SHEATH CUTTER

105

Gauze soaked with Methylated spirit

Clean the cable and fibres with methylated spirit after

removing of cable sheath

106

Cut slot at the position of 55mm from end of cable sheath

and strip (shave by knife) the end of slot 30mm. Wrap the

end of the slot with pvc tape.

107

4. PREPARING FIBER FOR SPICING

1. Removing secondary coating – 35 mm

2. Removing primary coating – piece of gauge soaked

with alcohol.

3. Fiber cleaving –16 mm

108

CRACK

END FACE VIEW OF OPTICAL FIBRE

LIP

INCLINE

If the CLEAVE ANGLE function is ON, the end face angles are checked and an error occurs if either is more than 3 to 5 degrees.

109

MAX. ESTIMATED SPLICING LOSS

Estimated splicing loss should be kept low within the recommended values of:-

i) Fibre In The Loop (Local Cable) is 0.05 dB loss/splice.

ii) Junction Cable is 0.05dB loss/splice.

iii)Trunk Cable is 0.03 dB loss/splice

110

CRACK

OBSERVATION OF SPLICE POINT

BUBBLE

SEPARATION

TOO THICK

TOO THIN

111

BUBBLE

•Improper cleaving of optical fibre. Dust on fibre end face.

•Cleave the fiber again or change the cleaver.

TOO THICK (Barrel)

•Mulfunction of fusion splice main body.

•Adjust the splice programmed parameter.

TOO THIN (Necking)

• Abnormal discharge. • Mulfunction of fusion splice main body.

•Adjust the splice programmed parameter. (ARC POWER, etc.)

SEPARATION •Improper high racking power

•Change the arc power parameter

TREATMENT OF DEFECTIVE SPLICE RESULTS

112

Tighten the bolts of Bands further by a torque of 70Kgf-cm. After 10 minutes, tighten bolts again by same torque.

113

SPLICE CLOSURE KIT FOR OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FUJIKURA TYPE

114

1. Sleeve halves

2. Centre band

3. Side clamp

4. Cable clamp

5. Tension member clamp

6. Slack tray

7. End seal block

8. Cable adapter

9. End cap

10. Tension member protector

11. Sealing tape

12. Sleeve gasket

13. Fibre protection tube

14. Closure scal

SPLICE CLOSURE KIT FOR OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FUJIKURA TYPE

115

SPLICE CLOSURE FOR OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE

FUJIKURA TYPE

‘ST’ joint

‘Y or Tap’ joint

‘X’ joint

116

RAYCHEM FOSC 400 A4 Fiber Optic Splice Closure

117

RAYCHEM FOSC 400 TYPE Fiber Optic Splice Closure

118

119



DAI. OF CABLE

120

TESTING OPTICAL FIBER CABLE

121

http://www.gemini-inc.com/images/products/hp/8147big.htm

122

INTERCONNECTION LOSS

Light Loss

Light Loss

Core diameter mismatch loss

( Core diameter of the TX Fibre is larger

than the core diameter of the RX Fibre)

123


Numerical Aperture Mismatch Loss

124


Core 1

Core 2

Cladding

Concentricity and Ellipticity

( Alignment of the two cores connector loss)

125

ATTENUATION LOSS

Light Loss

Ray of light to

partially scatter

Rayleigh Scattering

Caused by microscopic non uniformities

in the optical fibre.

126

ATTENUATION LOSS

Obsorption

Caused by the molecular structure of the material,

impurities in the fibre, metal ions, OH ions (water)

and atomic defects (unwanted oxidized elements in

glass composition).

127

MICROBENDING LOSS

CHANGES OF THE CORE DIAMETER, ROUGH

BOUNDARIES BETWEEN THE CORE AND

CLADDING, MECHANICAL STRESS, PRESSURE,

TENSION OR TWISTING.

ATTENUATION LOSS

128

CHECK FOR MICROBENDING LOSS

129

FIBRE TRAY

CHECK FOR MICROBENDING LOSS

130 CHECK FOR MICROBENDING LOSS

131

MACROBENDING

LOSS

(i) Min. BENDING RADIUS OF CABLE

10 X DIA. OF CABLE

(ii) Min. BENDING RADIUS OF FIBRE

40MM

ATTENUATION LOSS

132

50cm

CHECK FOR MACROBENDING

LOSS

133

CHECK FOR MACROBENDING

LOSS

134



DAI. OF CABLE

CHECK FOR MACROBENDING LOSS

135

SETTING CABLE IN PULL-THROUGH MANHOLE


DAI. OF CABLE

CHECK FOR MACROBENDING LOSS

136

NO MEASURING EQUIPMENT USE

1OTDR (Optical Time Domain

Reflectometer)

For measuring the

splice loss, cable

loss, locate cable

fault.

2 Stabilized Light SourceUse for transmitting

light.

3 Optical Power MeterFor measuring the

optical output power.

4 Sensor Module

Connnected to the

power meter, serves

to convert light signal

to electrical signal.

5 Connector Adaptor

Use for terminating

connectors at the

FDF.

MEASURING EQUIPMENT REQURIED FOR

FIBRE OPTIC CABLE TEST

137

NO MATERIAL NAME USE REMARKS

1 COTTON BUD

For cleaning the

connectors and

optical detector.

2 ALCOHOL

For cleaning the

connectors and

optical detector.

Minimum

95% pure.

3 PACTH CORD

For pacthing at the

test eguipment and

Fibre Distribution

Frame.

FC type

connector

MATERIALS FOR FIBRE OPTIC CABLE

TEST

138

TESTING AND COMMISSIONING OPTICAL FIBRE

SCHEME

1. Testing Optical Fibre Cable

The test to be conducted shall be as follows:

a. Cable End to End Loss

Maximum allowable loss between sending and receiving

stations

= aL +bN +C

139

a = Cable Loss dB/km, which is 0.40 or 1300 nm region

and 0.25 for 1550 nm region

b = Average Loss per slice, which is 0.20 dB for RT and

0.1dB for Fokus and trunk lines.

C = Constant of 1 for Connector Loss (i.e 0.5 dB per

connector).

L = Cable Length (km).

N = Number of splice.

where,

140

When measured using the light source/power meter method, the

loss measured shall be less than that stipulated formula.

Cable End to End Loss

141

Splice loss

The maximum loss allowed shall be less than or equal to

0.20 dB for RT and 0.1dB for Fokus and Trunk lines. This

value shall be average value (measured from both sides of

the link using an OTDR).

http://www.gemini-inc.com/images/products/hp/8147big.htm

142

The measured value at 1550 nm region shall not exceed that

measured at 1300 nm region by 0.15 db. The rationale of this

requirement is to ensure that the macro-bending and micro-

bending loses at 1550 nm is not excessive as a result of poor

installation practices at a jointing closures.

Any splices failing to meet the above criteria shall be respliced.

The acceptance test format used is as shown in App.1.

143

Core Reversal Test

This test is to ensure that the correct fibre cores are

spliced together. It is to be tested at both sides of

the optical fibre link specifically at the FDF by

using Fibre Identifier.

144

Testing Method

i) Light source is sent from upper station and

lower station.

ii) Detect light signal in fibre cores starting

from the center fibres using Fibre Identifier. This is to

ensure fibre core numbers are matched and spliced

together at both ends of the link.

iii) If fibre core reversal is not detected, repeat the

same process ( I & ii) at first joint (FTB joint of upper station )

and last joint (FTB joint of lower station ) until signal is

detected at both FDFs.

iv) If signal is detected at the different core numbers from

DFD in the above procedure, this shows that there could be a

core reversal at any joint along the link. Repeat the above

process at all the joints until the error at the joint is rectified

145

Checking cable routing and connection

The Superintendence Officer (S.O) shall ensure that the

cables installed below are carefully inspected and checked

for acceptance and commissioning of optical fiber links:

i) On poles.

ii) In manholes, in cable chamber, in MDF room, is on

cable tray up to FDF.

iii) Fibre cords are neatly arranged from FTB to FDF.

vi) Collets are tagged onto fibre cables with complete

identification of link.

146

COMMISIONING

After testing have been successfully completed in the presence of

Superintendent Officer (S.O) or his appointed representative, test

results shall be certified by both contractor and TM’s S.O.

147

THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FROM

FDF TO FDF

CONTRACT NO: INDENT NO: STATE:

ROUTE: REGION: CORE:

ACTUAL DISTANCE: OTDR DISTANCE: NO. OF SPLICING: +(TB X 2)

WAVELENGHT: 1300nm / 1550nm

CABLE LOSS MEASUREMENT BY OTDR

CORE NO 1-2 LOSS (dB) REMARKS

1

2

3

4

5

6

PREPARED BY CONFIRMED BY TELEKOM MALAYSIA NAME

SIGNATURE

DATE

148

THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE

(EVERY SPLICING POINT)



ACTUAL DISTANCE: OTDR DISTANCE: NO. OF SPLICING: +(TB X 2)

WAVELENGHT: 1300nm / 1550nm

SPLICEP

OINT

CORE NO. TESTING

1 2 3 4 5 6 DATE BY

EQUIPMENT USED

PREPARED BY CONFIRMED BY TELEKOM MALAYSIA O.T.D.R.

SERIAL NO:

149

THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FROM FDF TO FDF



ACTUAL DISTANCE: OTDR DISTANCE: NO OF SPLICING:

CORE NO. 1-2 LOSS (dB) REMARKS

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

PREPARED BYCONFIRMED BY TELEKOM

MALAYSIA

NAME

SIGNATURE

DATE

CABLE LOSS MEASUREMENT BY OTDR

WAVELENGTH:

150

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 DATE BY

THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE (EVERY SPLICING POINT)

CONTRACT NO:

ROUTE:

STATE:

CORE:

CONFIRMED BY TELEKOM

ACTUAL DISTANCE:

INDENT NO:

REGION:

OTDR DISTANCE:

TESTINGSPLICE

POINT

EQUIPMENT USED

OTDR:

SERIAL NO:

PREPARED BY

WAVELENGTH: 1300nm/1550nm

NO OF SPLICING: +(TBX2)

151

BASIC TERMS - OTDR

152

The tests that an OTDR may perform on a fibre

cable are as follows:

• Distance measurement to an event

• Distance measurement of a cable length

• Loss measurement at an event

• Loss measurement of a cable length

• Recognitions of various trace events

• Return loss measurement of events

• Return loss measurement of cables

153

154

OTDR

SPLICE LOSS CONNECTOR LOSS FAR-END FRESNAL

REFLECTION

NEAR-END

FRESNAL

REFLECTION

155

The 'fibre' itself is produced by light that is backscattered as

the pulse from the OTDR travels along the fibre. This

backscatter is produced by (mainly) impurities in the fibres

material. The backscatter slopes down to the right due to the

pulse of light being attenuated as it travels away from the

OTDR.

OTDR

TRACES

156

157

Mechanical Splice or

Connector

AIR GAP

Fibre Crack

158

A reflection combined with a loss (as shown at the point of the bold

vertical bar labeled C) is usually either a mechanical splice or a

connector, but could also be a crack in the fibre. As the locations of

connectors and mechanical splices is normally known the

identification of the type of event should be easy.

159

This is a reflective feature that has no loss. This is due to a

double reflection, normally where light reflected back towards

the OTDR is reflected back into the fibre from the OTDR's front

connector, only to be re-reflected back to the OTDR by a

reflective event. 'Ghost busting' techniques are used by

experienced technicians to get rid of ghosts.

160

Fusion Splice

A B

Fibre Bend

161

A point loss which has no reflection is usually either a fusion splice

or a bend. Again splice locations should be known so

differentiating between splices and bends is normally easy. Note

that if a good splice is testing really bad it can mean that their is a

bend nearby and the OTDR is not able to split the two close together

events.

162

Backscatter coefficient

Fibre B > A

The real splice loss is

very small

A B

163

Here the level of backscatter before and after a fusion splice shows a

upwards trend, usually called a 'gainer splice' or simply a 'gain'. This is

not due to the splice having an actual gain but is instead a result of the

second fibre have a higher backscatter. If the OTDR was placed at the far

end of the fibre (so that we view from the higher backscatter fibre to the

lower one) then we would see a large loss through the same splice. The

actual splice loss is the average of the splice loss measured in both

directions.

164

Cleaver end or open connector

Perpendicular cut 90 dig.

165

The end of this fibre shows a strong reflection as it is

terminated in a polished connector. If the end was

shattered or immersed in water (as can happen in a broken

cable situation) then there may be a smaller reflection or

no reflection at all.

166

Broken fibre end

167

Mismatch of Fibre Types

Single Mode

Fibre

Multi Mode

Fibre

You can use the OTDR to locate features or breaks

for a larger fibre core diameter, but not to measure

loss accurately.

168


Attenuation and loss is

wrong!

Position of features is

OK

169


Single Mode

Fibre

Multi Mode

Fibre

You can use the OTDR to locate features or breaks

for a larger fibre core diameter, but not to measure

loss accurately.

174

SETTING LIGHT SOURCE & POWER METER

1. WARM UP THE METER SET AT LEAST 30 MIN.

2. SETTING LIGHT SOURCE:SET THE WAVE LENGTH

ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF FIBER LINK.

175

SETTING LIGHT SOURCE & POWER METER

- Press Mode Param then Modify to select the

right wave length.

- Press Mode Param to set Attenuation to 0.00.

- Press Mode Param set to ‘CW’ for complete

wave.

176

3. SETTING POWER METER:

- Set the wave length according to Light Source

setting.

- Press Param until you get ‘ T ’ to set Average

Time , press Modify to set 200ms.

- Press Auto to set into Auto.

- Press dBm to set Unit into dBm

- Press N Dig to place decimal point XX.XX

177

CALIBRATION OF TWO POWER METERS :

To make the two power meters same reading.

- Press Mode Param until you get ‘CAL’ ,

then press Modify soft key to do calibration.

178




WAVE LENGTH:

1ST

2ND

3RD

DEVIATION V (E=MAX - MIN)

REP. CALIBRATION VALUE

E+ (P1-P2)/3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

INPUT LEVEL P IN: (1)

OUTPUT LEVEL P OUT: (2)

REP. CALIB. VALUE "E": (3)

OPTICAL LOSS: (2)-(1)+(3)

(3) ALLOWANCE VALUE

NAME

SIGNATURE

DATE

THE LOSS DATA OF THE SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE FROM FDF

Core No. (unit:dB)DESCRITION

ALLOWANCE VALUE (dB)

AVERAGE VALUE (dB)

MAXIMUM VALUE (dB)

OPTICAL POWER METER AT UPPER EXCH:

OPTICAL POWER METER AT LOWER EXCH:

STABILIZED LIGHT SOURCE:

(2) OPTICAL LOSS OF END TO END

(1) REPRESENTATIVE CALIBRATION VALUE OF THE POWER METER

P1 PP2 E=P1-P2

FORMULA(4) ALLOWANCE

VALUE IS CALCULATED BY THE

FOLLOWING FORMULA :

ALLOWANCE VALUE dB

0.4L+0.2N+1.0(const)

dBm dBm

REMARKSDESCRIPTION

dBm

PREPARED BY CONFIRMED BY TELEKOM

179




WAVE LENGTH:

1ST

2ND

3RD



E+ (P1-P2)/3



P1 P2 E=P1-P2

dBm dBm

REMARKSDESCRIPTION

dBm

180




WAVE LENGTH: * 1300nm / 1550nm

1ST

2ND

3RD



E+ (P1-P2)/3



P1 P2 E=P1-P2

dBm dBm

REMARKSDESCRIPTION

dBm

181





1ST

2ND

3RD



E= (P1-P2)/3

dBm dBm

REMARKSDESCRIPTION

dBm

20.48

61.3

20.34

60.51


P1 P2 E=P1-P2

20.4 19.85 0.55


20.42 20.32 0.1

0.14

0.45

0.26

182


ROUTE:WERE RD. - IPK REGION: CORE:6

ACTUAL DISTANCE: 4.623km OTDR DISTANCE:4.624km NO OF SPLICING: 3+(TBx2)


1ST

2ND

3RD



E= (P1-P2)/3

dBm dBm

REMARKSDESCRIPTION

dBm

20.3 20.27


P1 P2 E=P1-P2

20.35 20.32


20.32 20.29

183


ROUTE:WERE RD. - IPK REGION: CORE: 6

ACTUAL DISTANCE: 4.623km OTDR DISTANCE:4.624km NO OF SPLICING:3+(TBX2)


1ST

2ND

3RD



E= (P1-P2)/3


20.32 20.29 0.03

0.03

0

0.03


P1 P2 E=P1-P2

20.35 20.32 0.03

20.27

60.88

20.3

60.97

dBm dBm

REMARKSDESCRIPTION

dBm

184

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

INPUT LEVEL P IN: (1) 20.30 20.35 20.32 20.30 20.35 20.30

OUTPUT LEVEL P OUT: (2) 23.65 23.55 23.70 23.58 23.71 23.54



(3) ALLOWANCE VALUE

NAME

SIGNATURE

DATE




FOLLOWING FORMULA :

aL+bN+C

ALLOWANCE VALUE dB

0.4L+0.2N+1.0(const)

Wlength 1300nm

AVERAGE VALUE (dB)


MAXIMUM VALUE (dB)






185

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

INPUT LEVEL P IN: (1) 20.30 20.35 20.32 20.30 20.35 20.30

OUTPUT LEVEL P OUT: (2) 23.65 23.55 23.70 23.58 23.71 23.54

REP. CALIB. VALUE "E": (3) 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

OPTICAL LOSS: (2)-(1)+(3) 3.38 3.23 3.41 3.31 3.39 3.27

(3) ALLOWANCE VALUE

NAME

SIGNATURE

DATE


MAXIMUM VALUE (dB) 3.41 coreno.3





ALLOWANCE VALUE (dB) 3.44dB




FOLLOWING FORMULA :

aL+bN+C

ALLOWANCE VALUE dB

0.4L+0.2N+1.0(const)

Wlength 1300nm

AVERAGE VALUE (dB) 3.33dB

186

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

INPUT LEVEL P IN: (1)

OUTPUT LEVEL P OUT: (2)



(3) ALLOWANCE VALUE

NAME

SIGNATURE

DATE




FOLLOWING FORMULA :

aL+bN+C

ALLOWANCE VALUE dB

0.25L+0.1N+1.0(const)

Wlength 1550nm

AVERAGE VALUE (dB)


MAXIMUM VALUE (dB)






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