Fiber Optics & Electronics

Security

Speed

Automatic Source Transfer < 8 Cycles < 150ms

Build an asset

• Fiber has a 20 year + life• Any excess fiber can be leased or sold

Multimode Fiber◦ Large Core most common 62.5um◦ Only good for < 4KM

Single Mode Fiber◦ ITU-T G.652-Zero Dispersion around 1310 nm\◦ Supports CWDM and DWDM and Standard Ethernet

Dispersion Compensated Fiber◦ ITU-T G.655-Zero Dispersion around 1550 nm ◦ Supports DWDM and Standard Ethernet @1550 nm◦ Support Long Spans 50 KM+

Fiber Optic Glass Types

Loose Tube Fiber◦ Commonly used in lashed or under ground

deployments.◦ Has very little internal support.◦ Fiber loose in buffer tubes to allow for

temperature and moisture change.

Armored Fiber◦ Loose tube fiber with corrugated steel Armor◦ Must be grounded

Fiber Optic Types

◦ADSS(All-Dielectric Self-Supporting) Support and span length engineered into fiber No grounding requirements Installed using Pulleys

Fiber Optic Types

Dead End with Slack

ADSS Minimum Bend RadiusTo arrive at a working bend radius for cable installation, multiply 20 times (20 x) the cable outside diameter.

Cable Diameter = 0.46 in (11.8 mm)

Example:

20 x 0.46 in = 9.2 in (177 mm)

Minimum Working Bend Radius = 9.2 in (17.7 cm)

To find the minimum diameter requirement for pull wheels or rollers, simply double the minimum working bend radius:

ADSS Tensions

• As temperature increases ADSS tension will also increase.

• This is opposite of ACSR (conductor)

• Incorrect tension can damage fiber over time

ADSS Flat Drop Options

Single mode starts at $.25/foot

Ribbon Fiber Efficient packaging of higher fiber counts Lightweight and easy to handle during installation Specialized Splicers to splice 12 Fiber

simultaneously

Fiber Optic Types

Optical Ground Wire (OPGW)

◦ Fiber optics engineered into ground wire(Shield)

◦ Wire and Fiber must be Pre-engineered for access of fiber optics( No access mid span)

◦ Lower cost than underground

Fiber Optic Types

Core Alignment SplicerFiber Optic Splicers

• Uses Servos and Camera to align core• Very precise low loss splice• Electrical Arc fuses Glass• Must be cleaved

V Groove Splicer• Less Precise • Lower cost to purchase and maintain • Must be cleaved

Splice EnclosuresDome enclosures

• High Capacity enclosure• Customizable using grommets• Splice trays separate• Typically used for butt connections

Low Count enclosures• Compact Size• Low splice capacity• Inline or Butt splices

Fiber Optics Attachment Methods

Fiber Optics Attachment MethodsADSS

Dead Ends

• Used to make high angle turns• Must use for slack storage• Creates Shear points

Tangents• Supports fiber between dead

ends• Line angle limitation < 20

degrees• Some models can be used in

pulling short spans

1. Keeper2. Cushion Inserts (With or Without Grit)3. Captured Bolt and Washer (Captured with Grommet)4. Lock Nut5. Anchor Shackle with Eye-nut (Optional not shown)6. Structural Reinforcing Rods (optional, not shown)

Lashed FiberFiber Optics Attachment Methods

• Fiber lashed to steel carrier• Must be grounded • Can not be installed in power space

Fiber Optic ConnectorsSC (Subscriber Connector)

• Square connector• Push-Pull snap

LC (Lucent/little connector)• Small high density• Snap fit• Used on

Lasers(XFP/SFP)ST (Straight Tip)• Round• Twist lock• Common in Sub Stations

UPC (Ultra Physical Contact) polish style of fiber optic ferrules• Standard for most applications

APC (Angled Physical Contact)• Has Lower lightwave reflectance• Used in RF optical applications

Fiber Optic Architecture

Passive• One Fiber 32 to 64 Customers• Requires optical Splitters• Bandwidth is Shared

Active • One Fiber One Customer• Bandwidth not shared• Requires high fiber counts

Non PoweredOptical splitter

Sonet (Synchronous Optical Network) Based on older Time Division Multiplexing T1-T3 Technology Poor bandwidth Efficiency(Protection Path No bandwidth)

Limited bandwidth sizes Sub 50ms protection High Deployment cost

Fiber Technologies

Active Path Reserved path No activity

Ethernet◦ Low Cost Deployment◦ Flexible bandwidth rates◦ Sub 50ms protection without stranding bandwidth◦ Mesh and Ring Topologies◦ Easily Scalable

Fiber Technologies

Active PathSecondary pathActive Path

DWDM(Dense Wavelength division multiplexing)

DWDM• Multiplex up to 160 channels of bandwidth on 2 fibers• Capable of long distance communications• Wavelength sizes up to 100Gb• Can use a digital wrapper(OTN) to encapsulate many

types of data and maintain packet quality • Most systems do not have protection

Standard Ethernet

Fiber TechnologiesDWDM

TX RCV

TXRCV

Layer 2 (Facts)1. Switching determined by MAC address database2. If Packet Collision occurs, packet randomly retries

3. Packet Broadcast transverses all switches on domain4. Vlans provide segmentation of domain5. Vlans also allow for security and network traffic flow

management

Ethernet Network Design

Network Design Layer 2(Hybrid)Example

A

BC

D

Layer 3 Router

Layer 2 Switch

Vlan 10 Sub AVlan 20 Sub BVlan 30 Sub CVlan 40 Sub D

Ethernet Ring BlockG. 803.2

IPs terminated on RouterVlan 10=192.168.10.1/27Vlan 20=192.168.20.1/27Vlan 30=192.168.30.1/27Vlan 40=192.168.40.1/27 29 usable IPs per Vlan

192.168.30.2/27

192.168.30.4/27

192.168.30.3/27

Ethernet Protection 1. ITU G.8032 provides a method of ethernet protection

while preventing loops.

2. Master node blocks traffic on one interface of ethernet ring

3. Failover achieved in less than 50ms

4. Many derivatives of this technology that are proprietary(Nodes must be of same Manufacture and same Firmware)

Layer 3 (Facts)

1. Network Control by routing IP address2. No problems controlling Broadcast domains3. Control Services and bandwidth based on IP subnets4. Ring and Mesh redundancy available 5. Traffic flooding and storming easy controlled6. Most Layer 3 devices support layer 2

Ethernet Network Design

Network Design Layer 3

A

BC

D

Layer 3 Switch/Router

Ethernet Ring BlockG. 803.2

IPs terminated on RouterVlan 10=192.168.10.1/30Vlan 20=192.168.20.1/30Vlan 30=192.168.30.1/30Vlan 40=192.168.40.1/30 2 usable IPs per segment

192.168.50.2/27

192.168.50.4/27

192.168.50.3/27

Layer 2 Ring

Traffic controlled by static or Dynamic routing

MESH Topology

MPLS packets transverse fiber node based on shortest path and label

MPLS allows transport of ATM, Sonet and Ethernet

VPLS (Virtual Private Lan Service) allow for layer 2 type connectivity with layer 3 controls

While running MPLS switch processor and QOS are easily controlled per vpls instance

Availability of complex traffic engineering

MPLSMulti-Protocol Label Switching

MPLS

A

BC

D

Layer 3 Switch/Router

Ethernet Ring BlockG. 803.2

Layer 2 Ring

Traffic controlled by LabelsVPLS creates layer

2 connectivity

Fiber Cut

MPLS Restore

s Path

Test EquipmentOTDRoptical time-domain reflectometer

• Used to test quality and length• Shows projected fiber loss• Find fiber optic breaks

Test EquipmentOTDR Output

Test EquipmentSingle-mode/Multimode Loss Test Kit• Measure true loss of fiber• Fiber identification• Certify Fiber for Sale/IRU

Optical Fiber Identifier• Fiber Identification• Power Meter and Direction

Benefits of IEC-61850•Features no other SCADA protocol has had before... •Self-description and browsers •Structured data •Device models, not data points •Capability for access security •Fast peer-to-peer communications •Dramatic reduction of necessary wiring •Powerful reporting features •A wide choice of lower layers

What is the Purpose of the Network ? What is the necessary capacity ? How critical is the DATA transport ? What types of DATA do I wish to transport ? What is the future plans for the Network ? Will We transport public DATA ? What security levels do I need ??

What to consider ??

Questions ?

Thank YouBilly Wise