TTD 102 Introduction To Textile Fibres

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Fibre Filament 10/6/10 3 Dr. Parul Bhatnagar

Cotton Wool

Silk 10/6/10 4 Dr. Parul Bhatnagar

Man-made Fibres Filaments 10/6/10 5 Dr. Parul Bhatnagar

Introduction

Textile fibres are hair-like substances with a high

degree of fineness, outstanding flexibility, reasonable strength, a

minimum level of length and cohesiveness.

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Staple fibres Filaments 10/6/10 7 Dr. Parul Bhatnagar

Based on their origin, the fibres may be classified as:

• Natural and • Man-made.

Classification of Fibres

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Natural fibres can be further classified according to their origin into the following three groups:

 Vegetable Fibres  Animal Fibres  Mineral Fibres

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Vegetable Fibres

Cotton

Jute Flax

Linen

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Ramie Coir

Sisal Hemp 10/6/10 11 Dr. Parul Bhatnagar

Animal Fibres

Wool

Silk

Protein Fibre 10/6/10 12 Dr. Parul Bhatnagar

Mineral Fibres

Asbestos 10/6/10 13 Dr. Parul Bhatnagar

Man-made Fibres are sometimes called artificial fibres or manufactured fibres .

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They may also be divided into the following three categories:

 Derived from natural feedstock

 Derived from manufactured feedstock

 Miscellaneous fibres 10/6/10 15 Dr. Parul Bhatnagar

Derived from natural feedstock

Viscose Rayon 10/6/10 16 Dr. Parul Bhatnagar

The cellulose fibres are made directly from a solution of cellulose —these are available under the trade names Lyocell and Tencel.

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Rubber Latex 10/6/10 18 Dr. Parul Bhatnagar

Derived from manufactured feedstock

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Polyamide Polyester

Acrylic Polypropylene 10/6/10 20 Dr. Parul Bhatnagar

Spandex

Lycra 10/6/10 21 Dr. Parul Bhatnagar

Miscellaneous fibres

Glass Fibre

Silver Gold 10/6/10 22 Dr. Parul Bhatnagar

Classification of Fibres and Filaments

Wool, Silk Asbestos

TEXTILE FIBRES

Natural Man-made

Vegetable Animal Mineral

Derived from Natural Feedstock Derived from Manufactured Feedstock Miscellaneous

Viscose Rayon, Lyocel, Tencel, Polynosic, Cuprammonium Rayon, Rubber

Nylon 66, Nylon 6, Polyester, Acrylic, Spandex, Lycra, Polypropelene

Metal, Glass

Cotton, Kapok: Seed

Jute, Hemp, Ramie: Flax

Sisal, Pineapple, Banana: Leaf

Coir: Fruit

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Natural Fibres

Cotton, wool and silk are the major natural fibres.

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Cotton boll Cotton boll burst 10/6/10 25 Dr. Parul Bhatnagar

Cotton 10/6/10 26 Dr. Parul Bhatnagar

Wool

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Wool shearing from sheep 10/6/10 28 Dr. Parul Bhatnagar

Silk

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Silk Worms

Cocoon

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Coccons in Solution

Collection of Filaments

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Polymeric Nature of Fibres

The polymeric nature of fibres explained a number of their properties, e.g. the ability of

the fibre to extend significantly on application of

load and its recovery on removal of the load.

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Schematic representation of the extension of a molecule on application of load

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Viscose Rayon

Polyamide 10/6/10 34 Dr. Parul Bhatnagar

Polyester

Acrylic

Polypropylene 10/6/10 35 Dr. Parul Bhatnagar

Nylon 66 Nylon 6

Polyester 10/6/10 36 Dr. Parul Bhatnagar

Man-Made Fibres

They are produced by polymerizing low molecular

weight chemical substances, usually at high pressures and temperatures in the presence

of catalysts.

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Melt spinning

Polyester

Nylon

Polypropylene 10/6/10 38 Dr. Parul Bhatnagar

Melt Spinning

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Solution spinning

• Wet spinning • Dry spinning

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Wet spinning

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As the fluid filaments are squirted out under pressure, precipitation occurs. The solid filaments are then washed, drawn in two stages, dried and wound.

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Viscose Rayon

Polyacrylonitrile Fibre

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The filament bundle falls into a drying chamber where the solvent is made to evaporate and the solidified filament are then wound. The drawing is done separately.

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Polyacrylonitrile

Viscose Rayon Spandex 10/6/10 46 Dr. Parul Bhatnagar

Natural Fibres Vs. Man-Made Fibres

The long molecules are oriented in both cases and show the presence of both order and disorder in the

way molecules are organized.

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Schematic sketch showing how molecules aggregate in a fibre

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Natural Fibre

Man-made Fibre 10/6/10 49 Dr. Parul Bhatnagar

Another important difference is the complex morphology (Study of forms of things) of natural fibres as opposed to the rather simpler morphology of man-made fibres.

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Natural fibres absorb a greater amount of moisture because they contain more water absorbing groups than the synthetic fibres.

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Viscose Rayon

Natural Fibre 10/6/10 52 Dr. Parul Bhatnagar

THANK YOU parulpb@gmail.com

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