Field Manual on Common Aquaculture Practices in Lao Pdr

7/30/2019 Field Manual on Common Aquaculture Practices in Lao Pdr

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CHAPTER IV (Contd.)

C. SAVANNAKHET PROVINCE

1. District : Khanthabuly

2. Sub-district : Xok

3. Village : Ban Yangsung

4. Name of farmer : Mr. Sya

5. Main farming system : Rice-cum-fish culture

6. General information : He is a poor farmer with 7 members in the family. He practices rice

cultivation with fish culture in 0.2 ha area and owns 2 ponds (0.07 ha in size). In additional2.73 ha area he grows corn, vegetables, paddy & fruits. The total family income comes

from the above farming practices plus rearing of livestock.

7. Project activities : The national and international staff of project LAO/89/003 firstcontacted him in August 1992 when the above informations were collected. Mr. Sya and

other farmers of the village never did proper fish culture in pond or rice field. Only somenatural local species where harvested by him every year. From August 1992 the project

got involved and motivated him to start fish culture on scientific lines. In February 1993Mr. Sya received a 3-day training organized by the project which included actual field

work and video film show regarding fish culture. In May 1993 the project supervisedpreparation of his rice field having an area of 2000 Sq m and supplied 450 fingerlings oftilapia, puntius and common carp in July and August 1993 at stocking rate of 2250/ha.

The average stocking size was 46 cm and 3.55 g. The fish were harvested after65118 days. The average survival of fingerlings was 93 % with an average size of 1725

cm and 41.5200 g and the total fish production was 32 kg/0.2 ha (160 kg/ha/118 days).He made the trenches inside the rice field. This is the first time he used this technique in

the village for fish culture. The frequency of monitoring by the project staff was on anaverage one time in a month.

8. Economic evaluation : The total annual income of the farmer was around K 2,500,000 in

1992, the income from wild fish being negligible and K 2,596,000 in 1993. The 1993income of K 2,596,000 included K 256,000 from sticky rice (3200 kg) + K 60,000 from

fish (32 kg from rice field and 8 kg from local species from 2 ponds) + K 2,280,000 fromlivestock (cows-7, buffaloes-3, chicken-20, ducks-2) vegetables, fruits, corn etc. Whilehis 1994 income of K 1,372,500 include K 350,000 from 3.5 tonnes rice + K 82,500 from

55 kg fish + K 940,000 from livestock. However it is evident that both the nutritional andfinancial condition of the farmer's family improved by the adoption of improved fish culture
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activities.

9. Comments : Mr. Sya is a progressive farmer who followed the technical advice given bythe project carefully. He has shown sustained interest in aquaculture activities and

shared his experience with other farmers. He is also the chief of the village. It is expected

that he would serve as a model farmer particularly for rice-cum-fish culture system. Hisperformance, attitude and continued technical advice by the project in future years shallhelp in refining the technology package as well as assessing the future needs of the

farmer in terms of funds and facilities.



3. Village : Yangsung

4. Name of farmer : Ms. Khamla

5. Main farming system : Pond fish culture.

6. General information : She is a poor farmer with 8 members in the family. She practices

pond fish culture in 0.20 ha area fish pond. In additional 2.80 ha area she grows corn,vegetables, fruits and paddy. The total family income comes from the above farming

practices plus rearing of livestock.

7. Project activities : The national and international staff of project LAO/89/003 first contacted

her in August 1992 when the above general informations were collected.

Mrs. Khamla started aquaculture since 1990. In 1991 she produced 14 kg fish in her 0.2 hapond (70 kg/ha). In 1992 she produced 18 kg fish from the same pond. The species of fish

grown were mostly tilapia, common carp, puntius and local species. From August 1992, theproject got involved in organizing the fish culture activities for her pond. In February 1993 her

son in-law (on behalf of her) Mr. Nugeng received 3-day training organized by the projectwhich included actual field work and video film show regarding fish culture. In the 4th week of

May 1993, the project supervised preparation of the pond (0.2 ha) and supplied 550fingerlings of common carp and bighead carp and she herself purchased 60 Indian carps (10

cm and 15 g) for her pond, the stocking rate was 3050/ha. The average stocking size was

3.54.5 g and 410 cm. The fish were harvested partially after 183 days. Partial harvestsmade comprised fish of average size 250600 g and 2540 cm and total no. of harvested

fishes were 120 and bighead-110 and indian carps 10) and weighing 57.4 kg/0.2 ha 9287kg/ha/183 days). She integrated the pond fish with livestock (2 pigs + cows 8 + buffaloes 3 +

chicken 50). The frequency of monitoring by project staff was on an average of two times in amonth.

8. Economic evaluation : The total annual income of the farmer was only around K 645,000 in

1992 being K 27,000 from 18 kg fish produced from the pond and K 716,100 in 1993. The1993 income of K 716,100 included K 440,000 from sticky rice (5500 kg) + K 86,100 from

fish (57.4 kg) + K 80,000 vegetables + K 110,000 from livestock specially from chicken and

eggs + K 20,000 from fruits. While her 1994 income of K 1,569,000 include K 525,000 from5.25 tonnes rice + K 669,000 from 446 kg fish in pond + K 310,000 from livestock and K


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65,000 from vegetables. However it is evident that both the nutritional and financial conditionsof the farmer's family improved by the adoption of improved fish culture activities.

9. Comments : Ms. Khamla is a progressive farmer who follow the technical advice given by

the project carefully though only partially. She has shown interest in aquaculture activities and

shared her experience with other farmers. It is understood that she is an old lady and widowthat's why she can't follow all the advice in time. It is expected that she could serve as ladymodel farmer in future particularly for the pond fish culture system. Her attitude and

continued technical advice by the project in future shall help in improving her performance.


2. Sub-district : Phonsavanh

3. Village : Naseng

4. Name of farmer : Mr. Khamma

5. Main farming system : Pond fish & rice-cum-fish culture

6. General information : Mr. Khamma is an educated and enlightened farmer of upper middle

income group with 7 members in the family. He owns a total of 5 ha land area ; pond area 1.0ha which includes 10 small ponds in 0.1 ha and the other 0.5 ha is a natural depression in the

shape of a pond. He has 1.0 ha rice field. He also maintains livestock ( chicken and pigeons).He started fish culture since 1989 and cultured only tilapia, puntius and common carp. He

also produced fish seed of these species in his farm and sold to farmers. The ponds used tobe weedinfested, mostly lotus and were shallow. The total family in come came from theabove farming activities and raising of livestock.


him in July 1992 when the above informations were collected. In 1992 project advised him todo rice-cum-fish culture in the field (without any trench) and from this field. (1.0 ha) he

harvested 250 kg fish + 30 kg fish from 2 ponds (0.055 ha in area). In addition to this heharvested 231 kg fish/ 0.95 ha, managed by himself. The species of fish grown were mostly

tilapia, common carp, Puntius gonionotus & local species. In February 1993, Mr. Khammareceived a 3-day training organized by the project, which included actual field work and film

show. From April/93, the project supervised preparation of trenches in the rice field having an

area of 1.0 ha and fish culture in two ponds having an area of 0.055 ha. Project supplied 139fingerlings of big head and Indian carps (BH 91 + IC 48) and he released by himself 63common carp and 30 puntius fingerlings in the ponds (0.055 ha) and 6090 fry (2000 commoncarp + 1700 Tilapia) into the rice field at his own expense. The average stocking density was

4364/ha for the pond and the size of fingerlings was 5.0 g and 5.0 cm. The fish wereharvested from the pond after 175 days. The survival of fingerlings was 75 % with an average

size of 350750 g and 2540 cm and total fish production was 112 kg (2036 kg/ha/ 175days). The average stocking size of fish in the paddy field was 27 g and 2.56.5 cm and

stocking density 6090/ha. The fish were harvested after 170 days. The survival of fingerlingswas 54 % with an average of 125200 g and 17 23 cm and total fish production was 580

kg/ha/170 days.

He made piggery house over the rice field and kept 9 pigs there. But the production of paddy


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was not satisfactory because Mr. Khamma did not want to clean the bushes from the field inorder to prevent poaching. The paddy field is only rain fed. Project staff advised him to

produce fry in his farm. In 1994, Mr. Khamma stocked fingerlings of in his ha fishpond ( ha) at an average stocking size of ha. After months, he harvested kg fish

( kg/ha) with percentage recovery of %. He also stocked fingerlings of in his /ha

rice field ( /ha) at an average stocking size of g. After months, he produced kg fish (/ha) with percentage recovery % ( pcs). The frequency of monitoring by the projectstaff was on an average two times in a month.


1992 (K 160,000 from 2000 kg sticky rice + K 766,500 from 261 kg fish from ponds, 250 kgfish from rice field + K 400,000 by sale of 20,000 fingerlings). The 1993 income of K

2,236,000 included K 48,000 from sticky rice (600 kg) + K 870,000 from fish from the paddyfield + K 168,000 from the demonstration ponds (112 kg) + K 600,000 from the sale offingerlings (30000 fry) + K 525,000 from 350 kg fish from other ponds (managed by himself)

+ K 25,000 from coconut, pigs, and others. His 1994 income of K 5,530,500 include K 56,000from sticky rice (700 kg) + K 5,254 from fish (1,570 kg from pond + 845 kg from paddy field

and K 1,390,000 sale of 55,600 fingerlings) + K 220,500 from livestock. However, it is evidentthat both the nutritional and financial conditions of the farmer's family improved by the

adoption of improved fish culture activities.

9. Comments : Mr. Khamma is a progressive farmer who followed all the technical advicegiven by the project carefully. He has shown sustained interest in aquaculture activities and

shared his experience with other farmers. It is expected that he would serve as a modelfarmer both for the rice-cum-fish culture and pond fish culture systems. He is an educated

farmer who maintained field records carefully. His performance, attitude and continuedtechnical advice by the project in future years shall help in refining the technology package aswell as assessing his future needs in terms of funds and facilities.


2. Sub-district : Sunantha

3. Village : Sebounheuang

4. Name of farmer : Mr. Souk

5. Main farming system : Pond fish and Rice-cum-fish culture

6. General information : He is a middle class farmer with 3 members in the family. Hepractices rice cultivation with fish culture in 0.269 ha area and owns fish pond 0.053 ha in

size not used for fish culture. In additional 0.2 ha area he grows vegetable, paddy, coconut,guava, other fruits and with another small pond (0.035) being used for fish culture by himself.

The total family income comes from the above farming practices plus rearing of livestock anda small shop.


him in August 1992 when the above general informations were collected.

Mr. Souk started aquaculture since 1990. In 1991 the production obtained was 8 kg fish in his


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small pond (natural and tilapia). From August 1992 the project got involved in organizing thefish culture activities, he stocked fry in the rice field without trench, stocking density of

fingerlings of selected species (tilapia and puntius) were 160 fry given by the project (size35 cm and wt. 23 g). He harvested 4.5 kg fish from his 0.04 ha rice field (112.5 kg/ha/85

days) and only 15 kg fish (local species + tilapia) from 0.035 ha fish pond (342 kg/ha/year). In

February 1993 Mr. Souk received a 3-day training organized by the project, which includedactual field work and film show regarding fish culture. From April 1993 the project supervisedpreparation at his rice field (extended than last year), Mr. Souk made the trenches on the side

of the rice field and enlarged the area to 0.269 ha and stocked 2700 fingerlings (commoncarp-200 + tilapia- 2500) by his own expense. The average stocking size was 34 cm and

23 g. The fish were harvested after 95 days. The survival of fingerlings was 81 % with anaverage size of 1520 cm and 33.3159.5 g and the total fish production of 85 kg/0.269ha/ 95

days (316 kg/ha/95 days). In 1993 Mr. Souk was given technical advice on pond fish cultureas well. Species stocked in the 0.053 ha pond by the project were common carp 60, big head

84, Indian carp 84 and puntius 42 (270 pcs mixed) and he integrated with livestock(buffaloes- 5 + chicken - 35 and geese- 6) and vegetables including chillies. The fish harvestup to 4.2.94 was 98 kg/0.053 ha/ 215 days (1849 kg/ha/215 days). Survival of species was

between 7085 %. The frequency of monitoring by the project staff was on an average 3times in a month.

8. Economic evaluation: The total annual income of the farmer was K 1,740,000 in 1992

being K 29,250 from 19.5 kg fish (15 kg from pond and 4.5 kg from rice field) and K 2,104,500in 1993. The 1993 income of K 2,104,500 included K 280,000 from sticky rice (3500 kg) + K

274,500 from fish (98 kg from fish pond and 85 kg from rice field) + 1,550,000 from livestock,vegetables, fruits, coconut and income from the shop. While his 1994 income of K 2,423,000

include K 336,000 from 3.36 tonnes rice + K 665,000 from 410 kg fish in ricefield and pondand sales of fry + K 410,000 from livestock and K 1,012,000 from fruits, vegetables, sales

from shop and other sources. However, it is evident that both the nutritional and financial

conditions of the farmer's family improved by the adoption of improved fish culture activities.

9. Comments: Mr. Souk is a good progressive farmer who followed the technical advicegiven by the project carefully. He has shown sustained interest in aquaculture activities and

shared his experience with other farmers. It is expected that he would serve as a modelfarmer particularly for the rice-cum-fish culture and integrated pond fish systems. His

performance, attitude and continued technical advice by the project in future years shall helpin refining his technology package as well as in assessing the future needs in terms of funds

and facilities.


2. Village : Sebounheuang ; Sub-district : Sunantha

3. Name of farmer : Mr. Phoumet

4. Main farming system : Pond fish & Rice-cum-fish culture

5. General information : He is a poor farmer with 4 members in the family. He practices pond

fish culture in 0.09 ha and rice cultivation with fish culture in 0.3 ha area (he got rice field on

lease from the owner). In additional 0.2 ha area, he grows corn, vegetables, lemon, fruits,and flowers. The total family income comes from the above farming practices plus rearing of


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pigeons and chicken.

6. Project activities : The national and international staff of project LAO/89/003 first contactedhim in July 1992 when the above general informations were collected. Mr. Phoumet started

aquaculture in pond since 1990. In 1990 he produced 8 kg fish in his 0.09 ha pond. In 1991 he

produced only 15 kg fish in his pond. In 1992 he produced 40 kg fish in his 0.09 ha pond (444kg/ha) and 2.5 kg fish in 0.1 ha of rice field. The species of fish grown were mostly tilapia,common carp, Puntius gonionotus and local species. The project got involved in organizing

the fish culture activities in August 1992 which included fixing proper screens at inlets andoutlets, stocking fingerlings of selected species in his rice field. That was a trial activity. In the

beginning of 1993 project advised and explained how to produce fry in the pond and oftensupervised preparation of the pond and rice field as well. The project supplied for pond fish

culture 123 silver carp, 50 common carp and 50 Indian carp fingerlings in April-October 93.Stocking rate could not be assessed properly because he did not dewater the pond andretained it to irrigate the vegetable crops. The average stocking size was 4 cm and 3 g. Mr.

Phoumet released separately fingerlings of common carp 200, Puntius gonionotus 50 andtilapia 1000 into his rice field (0.3 ha) by himself from his experience of 1992. The average

stocking size was 5 cm and 6 g. The fish were harvested from the rice field after 118 days,the total number was 440, the average size was 16.5 cm and 106 g and total fish production

was 53 kg/0.3 ha (176.66 kg/ ha/118 days).

From the fish pond of (0.09/ha) he harvested 90 kg fish (7 only big head and common carpbut Indian carps were not yet harvested).

By the help of the project he produced 7500 common carp and puntius fry and sold for150,000 kips. He integrated pond fish culture with vegetables and livestock (chicken 20 +

pigeon 30). He has started catfish culture also in another small pond. The frequency ofmonitoring by the project staff was on an average 23 times in a month.


1992 being K 63,750 from 42.5 kg fish (40 kg from pond + 2.5 kg rice field) and K 1,144,500in 1993 which included K 125,000 from sticky rice (1666 kg) + K 650,000 from vegetables,

flowers, livestock, corns and fruits + K 214,500 from fish + K 150,000 from fingerlings (7,500from the rice field). While his 1994 income of K 1,445,000 include K 545,000 from 250 kg fish

and 8,500 fingerlings + K 50,000 from livestock and K 850,000 from vegetables and fruits.However it is evident that both the nutritional and financial conditions of the farmer's family

improved by the adoption of improved fish culture activities.

8. Comments : Mr. Phoumet is a progressive and hard working farmer who followed the

technical advice given by the project carefully. He has shown sustained interest in

aquaculture activities and shared his experience with other farmers. It is expected that he

would serve as a model farmer particularly in pond fish culture system. His performance,attitude and continued technical advice by the project in future years shall help in refining the

technology package as well as in assessing his future needs in terms of funds and facilities.


2. Sub-district : Phonsavanh

3. Village : Phonsavanh


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4. Name of farmer : Mr. Phosye

5. Main farming system : Integrated pond fish culture and Rice-cum-fish culture

6. General information : He is a middle class farmer with 13 members in the family. He

practices rice cultivation with fish culture in 0.12 ha area and owns fish pond 0.8 ha in sizeintegrated with livestock. In additional 1.3 ha area he grows vegetables, paddy production,raises pigs, chicken, goats and turkey etc. He also prepared the local liquor lao Lao and has

a small rice mill. The total family income comes from the above sources.

7. Project activities : The national and international staff of project LAO/89/003 first contactedhim in July 1992 when the above general informations were collected. Mr. Phosye started

aquaculture in ponds since 1990. But the production was not satisfactory up to 1992. Fromaugust 1992 the project got involved in organizing his fish culture activities which included

fixing proper screens at inlets and outlets, stocking 480 fingerlings of selected species(common carp, puntius, tilapia) in his rice field (0.12 ha) and gave technical advice for the

benefit of the rice crop and fish culture as well. The average stocking size was 35 cm and23 g and stocking density was 4000/ha. The survival of fingerlings was 80 % with anaverage size of 1025 cm and 95369 g. The total fish harvest was 45 kg/0.12 ha/80 days

(375 kg/ha/80 days). In addition, he produced 250 kg fish from pond (0.8 ha). The exactstocking density and duration of culture in the fish pond were difficult to determine due to

continuous practice of fish stocking and harvesting for which he did not keep records. InFebruary 1993 Mr. Phosye received 3-day training organized by the project which included

actual field work and video film show regarding fish culture. In May 1993 project supervisedpreparation of his rice field with trenches in an area of 1000 sq m and he released by himself

2000 tilapia, the average stocking size was 3 cm and 3 g. The fish were harvested after 86days. The survival of fingerlings was 87% with an average size of 10 cm and 35 g and total

fish harvest was 61 kg/0.1 ha/ (610 kg/ha/86 days). In 1993 Mr. Phosye was given technical

advice on integrated pond fish culture as well. His pond area is 0.8 ha. Species stocked werecommon carp 200 + silver carp 430 + Indian carp 100 and 200

Puntius gonionotus (930 pcs mixed with some previous stock) and he integrated pond fish

culture with livestock (pigs 40 + chicken 100 + turkey 57 ; and 1 buffalo and 12 goats raisedaway from the pond and manure collected for the pond). From November 1993, fish harvest

was 250 kg/0.8 ha/200 days (partial harvest). The frequency of monitoring by the project staffwas on an average two times in a month.

8. Economic evaluation : The total annual income of the farmer was around K 956,000 in

1992 being K 405,000 from 295 kg fish (250 kg from pond + 45 kg from rice field), K

2,266,500 in 1993. The 1993 income of K 2,266,500 included K 200,000 from sticky rice(2500 kg) + K 466,500 from fish (250 kg from fish pond and 61 kg from rice field) + K 700,000from livestock + K 600,000 from rice mill + K 300,000 from others. While his 1994 income ofK 5,423,000 include K 400,000 from 4.0 tonnes rice + K 1,171,800 from 837 kg fish in pond

and ricefield + K 2,472,000 from livestock + K 1,380,000 from rice mill and local production oflao alcohol. However, it is evident that both the nutritional and financial conditions of the

farmer's family improved by the adoption of improved fish culture activities.

9. Comments : Mr. Phosye is a progressive farmer who followed the technical advice givenby the project carefully. He was awarded by the provincial authorities the certificate of Best

Farmer in 1993. He has shown sustained interest in aquaculture activities and shared hisexperience with other farmers. It is expected that he would serve as a model farmer

particularly for the rice-cum-fish and integrated pond fish culture systems. His performance,attitude and continued technical advice by the project in future years shall help in refining his


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technology package as well as in assessing his future needs in terms of funds and facilities.


2. Sub-district : Thaseno Eai

3. Village : Thaseno

4. Name of farmer : Mr. Khampian

5. Main farming system : Pond fish culture and Rice-cum-fish culture.

6. General information : Poor farmer with 13 members in the family. The total family incomecomes from paddy production, vegetables and business practices. Have small pond 0.052

ha but never did proper fish culture in the pond or paddy field upto 1992.


him in the beginning of January 1993 when the above general informations were collected.Mr. Khamphian started fish culture since 1990, but upto 1992 he could harvest even 20 kg

fish in three years. In January 1992 Provincial Authorities suggested to the project to do fishculture in the dry season paddy field area. The project supervised preparation of a portion of

his rice field (by digging trench in an area of 0.17 ha and supplied 300 fingerlings of commoncarp, Indian carps Puntius gonionotus and tilapia. The average stocking size was between

5-18 cm and 10-50 g. The fish were harvested after 90 days. The survival of fingerlings was59-100 with average size of 60-160 g and 16-23 cm and total fish production of 52 kg/0.17 ha

(305 kg/ha/90days).

He transferred some Indian carps, common carps, puntius to the pond. He sold also 500

tilapia fry from the rice field for K 4000. On 27 June 1993 he again released 200 tilapiafingerlings in the rice field at his own expense and harvested 16.2 kg fish of an average size

of 17 cm and 90 g after 150 days of culture (95 kg/ha/150 days). He transferred to the fishpond 20 common carps, 83 indian carps and 272 Puntius gonionotus and project released

25 bighead. Production from the pond was 67.5 kg/0.055 ha (1350 kg/ha/172 days). Survivalrate was between 80 90 %. The frequency of monitoring by project staff was on an average

two times in a month. In February 1993, Mr. Khampian received 3-day training organized bythe project which included actual field work. In 1993 Mr. Khampian was given technical

advice on pond fish culture as well.


1992 being K 9,000 from 6 kg pond fish. The 1993 income of K 2,327,550 included K 120,000from sticky rice (1500 kg) + K 106,300 from fish of rice field + K 1,01,250 from fish pond + K

2,000,000 from livestock, vegetables and business. While his 1994 income of K 2,914,500include K 171,000 from 1.9 tonnes rice + K 243,500 from 95 kg fish in pond and 59 kg fish in

rice field + K 250,000 derived from business practices. However, it was evident that both thenutritional and financial conditions of the farmer's family improved by the adoption of

improved fish culture activities.

9. Comments : Mr. Khampian received again one day fish culture training by the project staff

organized by NGO through Education service. He appeared to be a progressive farmer in thebeginning but later he did not follow the technical advice given by the project carefully. He had


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shown interest in aquaculture activities but did not share his experience with other farmers.However project would continue to give him advice in future but it is felt that he may not come

up to the standard of a model farmer.


2. Sub-district : Sunantha

3. Village : Nounsavath

4. Name of farmer : Mr. Yam


6. General information : He is a poor farmer with 10 members in the family. He practicespond fish culture in 0.27 ha area with 2 fish ponds under his own management and he hasgiven for project's management. In additional 2.0 ha area he grows vegetables, flowers, fruits

and paddy. The total family income comes from the above farming practices, rearing oflivestock and from business. Mr. Yam is retired teacher and is a hard worker as observed so

far.

7. Project activities : The national and international staff of project LAO/89/003 first contactedhim in July 1992, at that time he did not show interest in fish culture ; next August 1993

project contacted him again. At that time project got involved in organizing the fish cultureactivities in his ponds. He liberated 6000 fry in 0.55 ha ponds (4 ponds) in 1990 and after 3

years he harvested in total 50 kg fish from all the 4 ponds (0.55 ha). He did not join thetraining course of the project. In August 1993, the project supervised preparation of his twoponds (0.27 ha) and supplied 1420 fingerlings of common carp and Indian carps in

September 1993. Mr. Yam also purchased 1000 Puntius gonionotus for the same ponds,thus the stocking rate was 8963/ha. The frequency of monitoring by project staff was on an

average of one-two times in a month.

8. Economic evaluation : The total annual income of the farmer was around K 1,200,000 in1992 being K 12,000 from 8 kg fish harvested from the 0.27 ha pond and K 1,250,000 in 1993

which included rice and from vegetables, livestock etc. It was noted that still he did not wantto harvest the fish from his pond but the estimated fish will be 324 kg and the value will be K

486,000. While his 1994 income of K 5,097,400 include K 113,400 from 1.26 tonnes rice + K

573,000 from 382 kg fish in pond + K 264,000 from chicken + K 4,147,000 from flowers,salary (pension) and sales from shops. However it is evident that both the nutritional andfinancial conditions of the farmer's family improved by the adoption of improved fish cultureactivities.

9. Comments : Mr. Yam is a progressive farmer and who followed the technical advice given

by the project carefully. He has shown interest in aquaculture activities and shared hisexperience with other farmers who visited his ponds. It is expected that he would continue to

serve as progressive farmer for the pond fish culture system. His performance and attitudesare very good. In future this farmer can become a good model farmer.


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3. Village : Yangsung

4. Name of farmer : Mr. Soufoum

5. Main farming system : Rice-cum-fish culture.

6. General information : He is a poor farmer with 10 members in the family. He practicesrice-cum-fish culture in 0.20 ha area and has a small fish pond 0.02 ha inside the rice field. Inadditional 4.80 ha area he grows paddy, vegetables, fruits etc.. The total family income

comes from the above farming practices plus rearing of livestock (Pigs-3 + Cows-8 +Buffaloes-5 + chickens-50).


him in 1992. Mr. Soufoum started aquaculture in 1990. In 1991 he produced 8 kg fish fromthe same pond. From July 1992, the project motivated him to do fish culture in a scientific

way and he agreed to do so. In February 1993, Mr. Soufoum received 3-day trainingorganized by the project which included actual field work and video film show regarding fish

culture. In June 1993, the project finally supervised preparation of the pond inside the field inan area of 2000 sq m and supplied him 200 fingerlings (common carp + Indian carp +

Puntius gonionotus + tilapia on two occasions June and August 1993) at stocking rate of1000/ha. The average stocking size was 4 cm and 3.5 cm at 1.5 g. The fish were harvestedafter 187 days. The survival of fingerlings was 95 % with an average size of 20-45cm and

200-1300 g and total fish harvested were 80.9 kg/0.2 ha (404.5 kg/ha/187 days) including14.0 kg of miscellaneous fish. The frequency of monitoring by project staff was on an

average of 23 times in a month.

8. Economic evaluation : The total annual income of the farmer was only around K 980,000 in1992 being K 1,200 from 8 kg fish from the pond inside the rice field and K 1,166,350 in 1993.

The 1993 income of K 1,166,350 included K 320,000 from sticky rice (4000 kg) + K 121,350from fish + K 725,000 from livestock, vegetables, fruits, corn. While his 1994 income of K

1,106,000 include K 635,000 from 6.35 tonnes rice + K 120,000 from 80 kg fish in rice field +K 245,000 from livestock and K 106,000 from Vegetables, fruits and coconuts. However it is

evident that both the nutritional and financial conditions of the farmer's family improved by theadoption of improved fish culture activities.

9. Comments : Mr. Soufoum is an average farmer who followed the technical advice of theproject rather slowly. He has of course shown interest in aquaculture activities and shared

his experience with other farmers. It is expected that he would improve his performance innear future, particularly for the rice-cum-fish culture system.

1. District : Champhone

2. Village : Kengkokneua

3. Name of farmer : Mr. Bounlam


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4. Main farming system : Pond fish culture

5. General information : He is an old and poor farmer with 9 members in the family. He

practices fish culture in 0.15 ha. In additional 0.25 ha area he grows vegetables, fruits andpaddy. The total family income comes from the above farming practices plus rearing of

livestock (ducks-7 and chicken-15).


him in September 1993 when the above general informations were collected. Mr. Bounlamstarted aquaculture since 1989. From 1989-1992 he estimated that about 60 kg fish were

harvested. Stocking density and culture days of fish in fish pond were difficult to determinedue to varying dates of fish stocking and harvesting for which he did not keep any records. In

February 1993 Mr. Bounlam received 3-day training organized by the project which includedactual field work and video shows regarding fisheries. In August 1993 the project supervised

preparation of his pond and he released fingerlings by himself, he did not estimate thenumber. The project supplied 35 Indian carp fingerlings to the pond, Average size 4 cm and

3.5 g. The fish were harvested after 105 days of culture. The survival of fingerlings could notbe properly estimated. Average size of the fish was 1417 cm and 83.5-175 g and the fishharvest was 43 kg/0.15 ha (278 kg/ha/105 days). The frequency of monitoring by the project

staff was on an average 1-2 times in amonth.

7. Economic evaluation : The total annual income of the farmer was only around K 20,000 in1992 being K 22,500 from 15 kg fish produced in the pond and K 264,500 in 1993. The 1993

income of K 264,500 included K 200,000 from livestock, fruits and other sources + K 64,500from fish (43 kg). While his 1994 income of K 780,000 include K 480,000 from 560 kg fish in

pond + K 300,000 from pension benefit and other sources. However it is evident that both thenutritional and financial conditions of the farmer's family improved by the adoption of

improved fish culture activities.

8. Comments : Mr. Bounlam followed the technical advice of the project only partially. He has

interest in aquaculture activities but so far not able to share his experience with otherfarmers. It is expected that he may improve his performance and the project will continue to

give him technical advice as often as he needed.



3. Name of farmer: Mr. Phonsavath


5. General information: He is a poor farmer with 12 members in the family. He started fishculture in 0.07 ha fish pond. In additional 1.95 ha area he grows vegetables, fruits and paddy.The total family income comes from the above farming practices and rearing of livestock.

6. Project activities: The national and international staff of project LAO/89/003 first contacted

him in October 1992 when the above general informations were collected.

7/30/02Mr. Phonsavath did not want to do fish culture when the project staff met him first.


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Later he got interested and requested the project for technical advice. He started aquaculturesince 1990, but the production was unsatisfactory. He did not maintain any records of

fingerling stocking and harvest. In February 1993 Mr. Phonsavath received 3-day trainingorganized by the project which included actual field work and video shows regarding

fisheries. In June 1993 he released 1000 fingerlings by himself to the unprepared pond with

an area of 0.07 ha. The average stocking size was 6 cm and 5 g of common carps, Indiancarps, Puntius gonionotus and tilapia. Harvest was made several times for familyconsumption and he did not maintain any records. He reported only about 10 kg fish were

harvested from the pond, water level in the pond was low when he released the fingerlings tohis pond. The frequency of monitoring by the project staff was on an average one time in a

month.

7. Economic evaluation : The total annual income of the farmer was only around K 280,000 in1992 (the income from fish was not reported) and K 295,000 in 1993. The 1993 income of K295,000 included K 100,000 from sticky rice (1250 kg) + K 15,000 from fish + K 180,000 from

other sources. While his 1994 income of K 980,000 include K 200,000 from 2.0 tonnes rice +K 40,000 from 30 kg fish in pond + K 80,000 from livestock and K 660,000 from vegetables

and income from the market. However, it is evident that both the nutritional and financialconditions of the farmer's family improved by the adoption of improved fish culture activities.

8. Comments : Mr. Phongsavath is not a progressive farmer as he did not follow the

technical advice of the project carefully. He has interest in aquaculture activities but so farhas not shared his experience with other farmers. It is expected that he would improve his

performance though slowly, and the project shall continue to provide him some technicalassistance as necessary.


2. Sub-district : Bak

3. Village : Phousy

4. Name of farmer : Mr. Buane


6. General information : He is an old and poor farmer with 2 members in the family. He

practices pond fish culture in 0.049 ha in size. In additional 1.95 ha area be grows paddyvegetables and fruits. The total family income comes from the above farming practices +rearing of livestock ( cows-2, buffaloes-2, chicken-5 and horses-2 ).

7. Project activities : The national and international staff of project LAO/89/003 first contactedhim in October 1992 when the above general informations were collected.

Mr. Buane started aquaculture since 1990. But he produced 12 kg fish from 1991-92. The

species were mostly local species. His pond is seasonal, full of bushes and aquaticvegetation and the colour of the water was blackish. The farmer was interested not to do fish

culture in his pond. Project staff motivated him and started to do fish culture. From November

1992, the project got involved in organizing the fish culture activities. In February 1993 Mr.Buane received a 3-day training organized by the project which included actual field work and


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video shows regarding fish culture. In June 1993, the project finally supervised thepreparation of the pond for fish culture having an area of 490 sq m and supplied 175

fingerlings of common carp and tilapia at stocking rate of 3571/ha. The average stocking sizewas 4 cm and 2.5 g. The pond is located a little far from the house, but there was no fear of

poaching of fish. The fish were harvested after 160 days when the water level of the pond

was fast going down Average fish size at harvest was 1522 cm and 125250 g and totalfish production was 79 kg (included 5 kg local species/0.049/160 days. He produced 1750tilapia fry from his pond and sold for K 7,000 at the rate of 4 kip/fry.

The frequency of monitoring by the project staff was on an average two times in a month.

8. Economic evaluation : The total annual income of the farmer was only around K 540,000 in1992 being K 9,000 from 6 kg fish produced from the pond and K 685,500 in 1993. The 1993

income of K 685,500 included K 360,000 from sticky rice (4500 kg) + K 200,000 from others+ K 118,500 from fish and K 7000 from sale of fish seed. While his 1994 income of K

1,455,000 include K 300,000 from 3.0 tonnes rice + K 150,000 from 100 kg fish in pond + K505,000 from livestock and K 500,000 from personal services as a village herval doctor.

However, it is evident that both the nutritional and financial conditions of the farmer's familyimproved by the adoption of improved fish culture activities.

9. Comments : Mr. Buane is a progressive farmer who followed the technical advice given by

the project carefully. He has shown keen interest in aquaculture activities but has not sharedhis experience with other farmers so far. It is felt that he would not serve as a model farmer

for pond fish culture system at this stage. However, the project will continue to provide himtechnical advice. His performance, attitude and continued technical advice by the project mayhelp him to come up as a good target farmer.


2. Sub-district : Nakhu

3. Village : Nakhu

4. Name of farmer : Mr. Samlane


6. General information: He is a poor farmer with 11 members in the family. He is working withthe Government as chief of the subdistrict. He practices fish culture in his 0.03 ha pond. In

additional 5.91 ha area be grows corn, vegetables, paddy, fruits. The total family incomecomes from the above farming practices plus rearing of livestock ( pigs-3, cows-4,

buffaloes-3, goat-7 + ducks-15 + chicken-110 ) and salary from the govt. job.


Mr. Samlane started aquaculture since 1990. He reported to have produced 8 kg fish in 1991

and 11 kg fish in 1992 in 0.09 ha pond ( 122 kg/ha). The species of fish grown were mostly

local species. From 1992, the project got involved in organizing his fish culture activities andmotivated him. In February 1993 Mr. Samlane received 3-day training organized by the


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project which included actual field work and video shows regarding fisheries. In August 1993the project finally supervised preparation of the pond for fish culture having an area of 0.09 ha

and supplied 150 fingerlings of Puntius gonionotus-75 and tilapia-75 at stocking rate of1666/ha. The average stocking size was 3 cm and 2.5 g. The pond is located in an isolated

area and the farmer stayed usually 4 months at the site during the paddy harvest period. The

fish were harvested partially after 150 days. Average size of the harvested fish was 1214cm and 120135 g and partial fish production was 42 kg/0.09 ha/150 days (466 kg/ha/150days). Estimated fish still in the pond were about 25 kg. The frequency of monitoring by

project staff was on an average one time a month.

8. Economic evaluation : The total annual income of the farmer was only around K 990,000 in1992 being K 16,500 from 11 kg fish produced in the pond and K 1,093,000 in 1993. The

1993 income of K 1,093,000 included K 680,000 from sticky rice (8500 kg) + K 350,000 fromlivestock, vegetables and others + K 63,000 from fish (42 kg). While his 1994 income of K2,387,500 include K 850,000 from 8.5 tonnes rice + K 112,500 from 75 kg fish in pond + K

425,000 from livestock + K 1,000,000 from government service salary and other sources.However, it is evident that both the nutritional and financial conditions of the farmer's family

improved by the adoption of improved fish culture activities.

9. Comments : Mr. Samlane is a semi progressive farmer who do not follow the technicaladvice given by the project very carefully. He has shown interest in Aquaculture activities but

could not share his experience with other farmers so far possibly due to heavy work load onhim. It is expected that he would improve his performance in future, and the project shall

continue to help him through technical advice.



3. Name of farmer : Mr. Walakhon

4. Main farming system : Pond fish culture and Rice-cum-fish culture.


cultivation with fish culture in 0.1 ha area and owns fish pond 0.03 ha in size. In additional2.57 ha area he grows vegetables, corn and paddy. The total family income comes from the

above farming practices, rearing of livestock and other works. Mr. Walakhon and his wife

also go to work outside to support the family.


Mr. Walakhon started aquaculture since 1990. In 1991 he got 5 kg fish in his 0.03 ha pond

(167 kg/ha), in 1992 he produced 6 kg fish in the same pond (200 kg/ha) but did not do fishculture in the rice field before. From October 1992, the project got involved in organizing the

fish culture activities and motivated him to do fish culture in paddy field and in pond. InFebruary 1993 Mr. Walakhon received 3-day training organized by the project which included

actual field work and video shows regarding fish culture. In the 4th week of May 1993 the

project finally supervised preparation of his pond with area of 300 sq m and supplied 180fingerlings of common carps 45, bighead 54, Indian carps 54 and Puntius gonionotus 27 at


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stocking rate of 6000/ha. The average stocking size was 2.54 cm and 2 2.5 g. The fishwere harvested partially (upto mid February 1993) after 260 days. The survival of fingerlings

was about 80 % when project checked the fish at the monitoring time with the Vice Governorof the province ; average size of the fish was 175 g-1000 g and 25 cm-45 cm and the partial

production was 90 kg/0.03 ha (3000 kg/ha/260 days).

In 1993 Mr. Walakhon was given technical advice on rice-cum fish culture in paddy field aswell. This is the first time project tried rice-cum-fish culture in the district. He prepared the

rice field as project advice. In the 4th week of August 1993 project supervised preparation ofhis rice field having an area 0.09 ha and supplied 250 fingerlings (Puntius gonionotus 150 and

tilapia 100) at stocking rate of 2777/ha. The average stocking size was 2 g and 2.5 cm. Thefish were harvested after 90 days. The survival of fingerlings was encouraging, tilapia were

also seen multiplying. The average size of fish during harvest was 15 cm and 100160 g andthe total production was 51 kg/ 0.09/90 days including 39 kg cultured fish and 20 kgnatural/local species (344 kg/ha/90 days). The paddy production was less than last year due

to poor rainfall, and fish production considerably contributed to the family diet and income. Healso made the compost pit in a corner of the pond and heaped the manure from his livestock

(cows-2 + buffaloes-1 + chicken-60 and pigeon-25). The frequency of monitoring by projectstaff was on an average 23 times in a month.


1992 being K 9,000 from 6 kg fish from the pond and K 1,801,500 in 1993. The 1993 incomeof K 1,801,500 included K 40,000 from sticky rice (500 kg) + K 211,500 from fish (90 kg from

fish pond and 51 kg from rice field) + K 1,550,000 from livestock, vegetables and othersources. While his 1994 income of K 1,844,496 include K 232,500 from 2.325 tonnes rice +

K 250,000 from 110 kg fish in pond and 57 kg from rice field + K 120,000 from livestock andK 1,241,996 from husband and wife's salary and small business income. However, it isevident that both the nutritional and financial conditions of the farmer's family improved by the

adoption of improved fish culture activities.

8. Comments : Mr. Walakhon is a progressive farmer who followed the technical advicegiven by the project carefully. He has shown sustained interest in aquaculture activities but

could not share his experience with other farmers due to heavy family responsibilities. It isexpected that in future he shall share his experience with others and he can serve as a

model farmer particularly for the pond fish and rice-cum-fish culture systems. Hisperformance, attitude and continued technical advice by the project in future years shall help

to develop him as a model farmer & in refining the technology package best suited in hisarea.


2. Village : Sephaluang

3. Name of farmer : Mr. Sytha

4. Main farming system : Integrated pond fish culture.

5. General information : He is a prosperous farmer with 5 members in the family. He

practices fish culture in his pond 0.11 ha in size. In additional 4.39 ha area he growsvegetables, fruits, paddy and corn. He has a rice mill and tractor and all agriculture


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equipments for cultivation. He has wood business too. The total family income comes fromthe above farming practices and business plus rearing of livestock as well.


him in September 1992 when the above informations were collected. Mr. Sytha started

aquaculture since 1992. In 1992 he produced 4 kg fish in his 0.11 ha pond (54 kg/ha). Thespecies of fish grown were mostly local species. From September 1992 the project gotinvolved and motivated him to start fish culture in a scientific way in his pond. His pond is

surrounded by palm trees and the pond was covered with lotus, bushes and shrubs. He wassuggested to cut most of the palm leaves, clear the weeds including lotus and clean up the

embankments. In February 1993 Mr. Sytha received a 3-day training organized by the project,which included actual field work and video film show regarding fisheries. In June 1993 the

project finally supervised preparation of the pond (area 1100 Sq m) and supplied 720fingerlings including common carp (310), silver carp (200), Indian carps (14) and Puntiusgonionotus (130), stocked at the rate of 6500/ha. The average stocking size was 4 cm and

2.5 g. He integrated pond fish culture with livestock (pigs 10 + cows 10 + buffaloes 3) andmade a chicken house over the pond with 30 chicken. The fish were harvested partially 21.15

kg on 4 January 1994 after 190 days in presence of Vice Governor of the province(programme was telecast through national TV and broadcast by radio), and rest of the fish

were released back into the pond. The survival of fingerlings was estimated at 80 % with anaverage size of between 120900 g and 2143 cm. Fish estimated to be still in the pond

were more than 177 kg (total production estimated at 1818 kg/ha/190 days). The frequency ofmonitoring by the project staff was on an average 23 times in a month.

7. Economic evaluation : The total annual income of the farmer was K 7,640,000 in 1992

being K 6,000 from 4 kg natural fish and K 8,480,000 in 1993. The 1993 income of K8,480,000 included K 680,000 from sticky rice (8500 kg) + K 7,500,000 from livestock, ricemill, wood business + K 300,000 from fish (about 200 kg). While his 1994 income of K

8,553,500 include K 700,000 from 7.0 tonnes rice + K 535,500 from 357 kg fish in pond + K500,000 from pigs and K 6,818,000 from rice mill, furniture and other sources. However, it is

evident that both the nutritional and financial conditions of the farmer's family improved by theadoption of improved fish culture activities.

8. Comments : Mr. Sytha initially took little interest, but later changed into a progressive

farmer who followed the technical advice given by the project carefully. He has shownsustained interest in aquaculture activities and shared his experience with other farmers. It is

expected that he would serve as a model farmer particularly for the integrated pond fishculture system. His performance, attitude and continued technical advice by the project in

future years shall help in refining the technology package as well as assessing the futureneeds of the farmer in terms of funds and facilities.



3. Name of farmer : Mr. Don


5. General information : He is a poor farmer with 2 members in the family ; other 5 children


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18/24

3. Village : Bak

4. Name of farmer : Mr. Nuane


6. General information : He is a poor farmer living near the forest with 10 members in thefamily. From 1993 he started rice cultivation with fish culture in 0.01 ha area and owns a very

small pond near rice field (0.012 ha). In additional 5.91 ha area he grows vegetables, fruitsand paddy. The total family income comes from the above farming practices plus rearing of

livestock ( pigs-4, cows-4, buffaloes-3, ducks-11 and chicken-20 ) and from own forest area.

7. Project activities : The national and international staff of project LAO/89/003 first contactedhim in November 1992 when the above general informations were collected. He produced 3kg fish from his small pond in 1992 ; the species of fish grown were mostly local species.

The project got involved in organizing the fish culture activities and wanted to motivate himbut he did not appear active and did not follow the technical advice properly. In February 1993

Mr. Nuane received a 3-day training organized by the project which included actual field workand video shows regarding fish culture. In June and the beginning of September 1993 the

project and the owner released 300 fingerlings into the rice field and the small pondconsisting of common carp and Puntius gonionotus at stocking rate of 3061/ha. The average

stocking size was 3.5-4 cm and 2.5 g. The fish were harvested after 150 days. Average sizeof the harvested fish was 1220 cm and 60220 g and total fish production was 5 + 15 = 20

kg (pond + rice field/ 0.02 ha or 2000 kg/ha/150 days). The frequency of monitoring by theproject staff was on an average two times in a month.

8. Economic evaluation : The total annual income of the farmer was only around K 608,000 in1992 being K 4,500 from 3 kg fish produced in the rice field-cum-small pond and K 704,000

in 1993. The 1993 income of K 704,000 included K 424,000 from sticky rice (5,300 kg) + K250,000 from vegetables, fruits, livestock + K 30,000 from fish (pond 5 kg + 15 kg in rice

field). While his 1994 income of K 1,624,000 include K 350,000 from 3.5 tonnes rice + K300,000 from 200 kg fish + K 150,000 from livestock and K 824,000 from fruits, vegetables

and other sources. However, it is evident that both the nutritional and financial conditions ofthe farmer's family improved by the adoption of improved fish culture activities.

9. Comments : Mr. Nuane is not real enthusiastic farmer who did not follow the technical

advice given by the project carefully. He has shown limited interest in aquaculture activitiesbut shared his experience with other farmers. Project expects that in future he may improve

his performance and interest in aquaculture.



3. Village : Bak




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cultivation with fish culture in 0.03 ha area. In additional 4.97 ha area he grows vegetablesand fruits and has some forest area. The total family income comes from the above farming

practices plus rearing of livestock ( pigs-3, cows-4, buffalo-1, goat-7, ducks-10 andchicken-30 ).

7. Project activities : The national and international staff of project LAO/89/003 first contactedhim in September 1992 when the above general informations were collected.

Mr. Sytha did not do fish culture before. From 1992, the project got involved in organizing the

fish culture activities and motivated him to start fish culture. In February 1993, Mr. Sythareceived a 3-day training organized by the project which included actual field work and video

shows regarding fisheries. In June 1993, the project supervised preparation of his rice fieldhaving an area of 0.03 ha and supplied 275 fingerlings of common carp and tilapia at stocking

rate of 9166/ha. The average stocking size was 4 cm and 2.5 g. The fish were harvestedafter 153 days. In the rice field there were so many leeches which caused some problems.

The survival of fingerlings was 33 % only with an average size of 1020 cm and 200408 gand total fish production was 59 kg/0.03 ha. (included 30 kg local species) which worked outto 1967 kg/ha/153 days. He has constructed a new pond for fish culture. The average

frequency of monitoring by the project staff was on an average one time in a month.

8. Economic evaluation : The total annual income of the farmer was around K 1,180,000 in1992 (no income from fish) and K 1,308,500 in 1993. The income at K 1,308,500 included K

520,000 from sticky rice (6,500 kg) + K 700,000, from vegetables, and livestock etc. + K88,500 from fish (59 kg fish from the paddy field). While his 1994 income of K 1,925,000

include K 700,000 from 7.0 tonnes rice + K 105,000 from 80 kg fish in pond and ricefield + K345,000 from livestock and K 775,000 from fruits, vegetables and other sources. However, it

is evident that both the nutritional and financial conditions of the farmer's family improved by

the adoption of improved fish culture activities.

9. Comments : Mr. Sytha is a progressive farmer who partially followed the technical advicegiven by the project. He has shown some increasing interest in aquaculture activities and

sometimes shared his experience with other farmers. It is expected that he would improve asa model farmer in future after gaining more experience on rice-cum-fish and the project shall

continue to provide him technical advice.


2. Village : Kengkok

3. Name of farmer : Mr. San

4. Main farming system : Pond fish culture & Rice-cum-fish culture

5. General information : He is a middle level farmer with 10 members in the family. He started

rice + fish culture from 1993 in an 0.081 ha area and owns a fish pond 0.031 ha in size. Inadditional 2.89 ha area he grows corn, vegetables, paddy and fruits. The total family income

comes from the above farming practices plus rearing of livestock and business practice.



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him in October 1992 when the above general informations were collected. Mr. San startedaquaculture in the pond since 1990 but not practised in the rice field up to 1992. In 1992 he

produced 4 kg fish in his 0.03 ha pond (133 kg/ha). The species of fish harvested weremostly local species. In February 1993 Mr. San received a 3-day training organized by the

project which included actual field work and video film show regarding fish culture. From

March 1993 the project supervised preparation of his rice field having an area of 0.08 ha andsupplied 100 fingerlings mostly of Puntius gonionotus at stocking rate of 1250/ha. Theaverage stocking size was 2 g and 2.5 cm. The fish were harvested after 145 days. The

survival of fingerlings was 73 % with an average size of 100600 g of puntius and also 20Indian carp ( 20 cm about 100 g) + 3 common carp ( 28 cm about 600 g). The total fish

production was 11.8 kg/0.08 ha (147.5 kg/ ha/145 days). In 1993 Mr. San was given technicaladvice on pond fish culture as well. He cleaned and prepared the pond as project advised.

Project supplied the fingerlings for his 0.031 hapond. Fish stocked were 190 ( common carp- 48 + big head 57 + Indian carp 57 and Puntius gonionotus 28), stocking rate was 6129/ha

and he integrated pond fish culture with vegetables (chilli, onion, lettuce etc.). He haslivestock (buffaloes 5 + chicken 50) and put the manure in the compost pit located on thecorner of the pond. The fish harvested was 66.9 kg/0.03ha/195 days (2158 kg/ha/195 days).

Survival rate was 97 %. The frequency of monitoring by the project staff was on an average23 times in a month.


1992 being K 6,000 from 4 kg pond fish and K 2,738,550 in 1993. The 1993 income of K2,738,550 included K 600,000 from sticky rice (7500 kg) + K 118,050 from fish (66.9 kg from

fish pond and 11.8 kg from rice field) + K 10,500 from vegetables grown on the dykes + K2,010,000 from livestock, paddy, corn, fruits and others. While his 1994 income of K

4,110,000 include K 600,000 from 6.0 tonnes rice + K 220,000 from 100 kg fish in pond and47 kg fish in ricefield + K 930,000 from livestock and K 2,360,000 from vegetables, salary and

other sources. However, it is evident that both the nutritional and financial conditions of the

farmer's family improved by the adoption of improved fish culture activities.

8. Comments : Mr. San is a progressive farmer who followed the technical advice given bythe project carefully. He and his family has shown sustained interest in aquaculture activities

and shared his experience with other farmers. It is expected that he would serve as a modelfarmer particularly in the integrated pond fish and rice-cum-fish culture systems. His

performance, attitude and continued technical advice by the project in future years shall helpin refining his technology package as well as assessing the future needs of the farmer in

terms of funds and facilities.


2. Sub-district : Nakhu

3. Village : Nakhu



6. General information : He is a poor farmer with 6 members in the family. He practices pondfish culture in three ponds (0.22 ha). In additional 3.28 ha area he grows vegetables, paddy,


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corn and fruits. The total family income comes from the above farming practices, rearing oflivestock and rice mill.


him in September 1992 when the above general informations were collected.

Mr. Sytha is an old man and he started aquaculture in two ponds (0.13 ha) since 1989 withlocal species and tilapia, and in another pond (0.09 ha) though good in shape, yet was not

maintained ( full of weeds, branches of the trees, lotus etc. and he did not do fish culturethere ). He sold some fishes in 1990 and 1991 but did not kept any harvest records. In 1992

he harvested 50 kg fish from the above 2 ponds (0.13 ha). After that project got involved inorganizing the fish culture activities and motivated him to do fish culture in his derelict pond(0.09 ha) pond. In February 1993 Mr. Sytha received 3-day training organized by the project

which included actual field work and video shows regarding fish culture. In June 1993 theproject supervised preparation of derelict pond (0.09 ha) and supplied 720 fingerlings of

common carp, silver carp, Indian carps and Puntius at stocking rate of 8000/ha. The averagestocking size was 2.5 cm and 2 g. The fish were harvested partially on 4.1.94 after 205 days

in the presence of the Vice Governor and Chief of Agriculture and Forestry of the province(programme was telecast by national TV). The survival of fingerlings was assumed at 60 %

with an average size 1661350 g and 1848 cm and the total fish production was estimatedat 110 kg/0.09 ha/205 days (43 kg harvested and 67 kg estimated (1222 kg/ha/205 days).

The frequency of monitoring by project staff was on an average 23 times a month.

8. Economic evaluation : The total annual income of the farmer was around K 1,710,000 in1992 being K 75,000 from 50 kg fish harvested from the pond and K 1,875,000 in 1993. The1993 income of K 1,875,000 included K 480,000 from sticky rice (6000 kg) + K 240,000 from

fish (50 kg from two ponds 0.13 ha and 110 kg from 0.09 ha pond) + K 1,170,000 from,vegetables, fruits and rice mill. While his 1994 income of K 3,550,000 include K 600,000 from

6.0 tonnes rice + K 500,000 from 333 kg fish in pond + K 950,000 from livestock and K1,500,000 from rice mill and other sources. However, it is evident that both the nutritional and

financial conditions of the farmer's family improved by the adoption of improved fish cultureactivities.

9. Comments : Mr. Sytha is a semi-progressive farmer who partially followed the technical

advice given by the project. He has shown growing interest in Aquaculture activities but wasslow in following the project's advice and so far has not shared his experience with other

farmers. It is expected that he may not serve as a model farmer at this stage. Hisperformance and attitude so far are not encouraging but the project shall continue to give himtechnical advice to improve his performance.


2. Village : Kadan

3. Name of farmer : Mr. Lang


5. General information : He is a poor farmer with 14 members in the family. He practicesculture of local fish in a 0.318 ha pond. In additional 9.68 ha area he grows vegetables,


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paddy, fruits, corn etc.. The total family income comes from the above farming system plusrearing of livestock ( pigs -3 + cows-5 + buffaloes-8 + ducks-10 + chicken-30 + goats-5).


him in December 1992 when the above informations were collected. Mr. Lang started

aquaculture since 1990. In 1991 he produced 5 kg fish in his 0.31 ha pond. In 1992 heharvested only 8 kg fish from the same pond (26 kg/ha) it is noted that all the fish grown werelocal species. From the beginning of 1993 the project got involved in organizing the fish

culture activities including preparation of the pond. In February 1993 Mr. Lang received a3-day training organized by the project, which included actual field work and video film show

regarding fisheries. In the 3rd week of June 1993 the project supervised final preparation ofhis pond having an area 3180 Sq m) and supplied altogether 1800 fingerlings in June &

September 93 (common carp 540, silver carp 200, Indian carp 600 and Puntius gonionotus460 at stocking rate of 5660/ha. The average stocking size was 3.5-4 cm and 2.5 g. The fishwere partially harvested after 180 days (147 kg = 77 kg cultivated fish + 70 kg Pa seu). The

Honorable Vice-Governor of the province visited during the monitoring time was telecastthrough national TV. The survival of fingerlings was estimated at 60 %. The total estimated

fish still remaining in the pond is 324 kg, the production of cultivated fish worked out to 1261kg/ha/ 180 days. The estimated fish production is based after actual harvest, so it is included

in the total production of pond fish, which the wild fish production of 70 kg pa sew is notincluded in production or income. The farmer did not want to sell all the fish at one time. In

addition he harvested 70 kg Pa sew from the same pond. The average size of the harvestedfish varied between 1501000 g and 18 45 cm (10 common carp, 21 cm, 200 g + 60 silver

carp, 45 cm, 1000 g + 100 puntius 18 cm 150 g). The frequency of monitoring by the projectstaff was on an average 23 times in a month.

7. Economic evaluation : The total annual income of the farmer was only around K 860,000 in1992 being K 12,000 from 8 kg pond fish and K 1,551,500 in 1993. The 1993 income of K

1,551,500 included K 400,000 from sticky rice (5000 kg) + K 601,000 from fish (401 kg fromfish pond) + K 550,000 from livestock, vegetables, fruits, etc. While 1994 income of K

2,845,000 include K 600,000 from 6.0 tonnes rice + K 650,000 from 433 kg fish in pond + K495,000 from livestock and K 1,100,000 from fruits, vegetables, furniture and other sources.

However, it is evident that both the nutritional and financial conditions of the farmer's familyimproved by the adoption of improved fish culture activities.

8. Comments : Mr. Lang is a progressive farmer who followed the technical advice given by

the project carefully. He has shown sustained interest in aquaculture activities and shared hisexperience with other farmers. It is expected that he would serve as a model farmer

particularly for the pond fish culture system. His performance, attitude and continuedtechnical advice by the project in future years shall help in refining his technology package aswell as in assessing his future needs in terms of funds and facilities.



3. Village : Phousy

4. Name of farmer : Mr. Pheuk


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6. General information : He is a poor farmer with 8 members in the family. He practices

natural fish production in his pond fish in an area of 0.147 ha. In additional 4.853 ha area, hegrows corn, vegetables, fruits, paddy and some areas are covered by forest. The total family

income comes from the above farming practices plus rearing of livestock.


him in October 1992 when the above general informations were collected.

Mr. Pheuk started aquaculture in pond since 1990. Actually his pond looked like a ditch not atall shaped (without any embankment) + full of weeds and branches of trees. Production

obtained from this pond was 4 kg in 1990, 6 kg in 1991 and 5 kg in 1992 (34 kg/ha/year). Thespecies of fish grown were mostly local species. In february 1993 Mr. Pheuk received a

3-day training organized by the project which included actual field work and video film showregarding fish culture. In March and April 1993 the project advised him to prepare the pond.

He followed most at the advice given to him. The project supervised preparation of the pond(area 0.147 ha) and supplied 300 fingerlings (common carp-75 + big head- 90 + Indian carps+ Puntius gonionotus- 45) between 4th week of May and early June 1993 at stocking rate of

2041/ha. The average stocking size was 4 cm and 2.5 g. The fish were harvested after 205days. The survival fingerlings was 74 % with an average size 2540 cm and 300 800 g and

total fish harvest up to 4.1.94 was 121 kg/ 0.147 ha (823 kg/ha/205 days). It is expected thatabout 15 18 kg fish are still in the pond. Mr. Pheuk has 2 cows, 2 buffalos, 6 ducks and 60

chicken, and he put manure in the compost corner as advised. This year (1994) he willprepare the pond in a better way as he had some difficulties in doing so last year. The

frequency of monitoring by the project staff was on an average 23 times in a month.


1992 and K 869,500 in 1993. The 1993 income of 869,500 included K 136,000 from stickyrice (1700 kg) + K 208,500 from fish (121 + 18 kg = 139 kg fish) + K 525,000 from livestock,

vegetables, woods, fruits and others. However, it is evident that both the nutritional andfinancial conditions of the farmer improved by adoption of improved fish culture activities.

9. Comments : Mr. Pheuk is a progressive farmer who followed the technical advice given by

the project carefully. He has shown sustained interest in aquaculture activities and shared hisexperience with other farmers. He is also the chief of the village. It is expected that he would

serve as a model farmer particularly for pond fish culture system. His performance, attitudeand continued technical advice by the project in future years shall help in refining his

technology package as well as assessing the future needs of the farmer in terms of funds

and facilities.



3. Village : Phousy

4. Name of farmer : Mr. Phoune


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5. Main farming system : Rice-cum-fish culture.

6. General information : He is a poor farmer with 5 members in the family. He has started rice

+ fish culture in 0.4 ha area. In additional 0.4 ha area he grows vegetables, paddy and fruits.The total family income comes from the above farming practices plus rearing of livestock (

pigs-1, buffaloes-3, ducks-5 and chicken-20 ) and owned forest area.


him in September 1992 when the above general informations were collected.

Mr. Phoune did not do fish culture before. In February 1993 Mr. Phoune received a 3-daytraining organized by the project which included actual field work and video shows regarding

integrated farming pond fish and rice-cum-fish culture. In the beginning of August 1993 theproject finally supervised his rice field preparation checked the trenches and dykes and fixing

of proper screens at inlets and outlets. Mr. Phoune made small pit inside the rice field whichgot filled up with underground spring water. Project supplied 175 fingerlings in the beginning

of August 1993 to his rice field (having an area 4000 sq m) consisting of Puntius gonionotusand tilapia at stocking rate of 437/ha. The average stocking size was 4 cm and 3.5 g. Thefish were harvested after 125 days. Tilapia bred naturally in the rice field so the survival of

fingerlings could not be assessed properly. Altogether 340 fish of average size 1522 cm and80110 g were caught weighing 39 kg/0.4 ha (97.5 kg/ha/125 days. The frequency of

monitoring by the project staff was on an average 23 times in a month.

8. Economic evaluation : The total annual income of the farmer was only around K 504,000 in1992 but nothing from fish culture and K 582,500 in 1993. The 1993 income of K 582,500

included K 224,000 from sticky rice (2,800 kg) + K 58,500 from fish + K 300,000 fromvegetables, fruits, and livestock. While his 1994 income of K 1,345,000 include K 300,000

from 3.0 tonnes rice + K 80,000 from 57 kg fish in ricefield + K 445,000 from livestock and K

520,000 from salary and other sources. However, it was evident that both the nutritional andfinancial conditions of the farmer's family improved by the adoption of improved fish culture

activities.

9. Comments : Mr. Phoune is an interested farmer who followed the technical advice givenby the project slowly but carefully. He has shown interest in aquaculture activities and shared

his experience with other farmers. It is not expected that he would serve as a model farmerat this stage, but in the near in future he may improve his performance.

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Field Manual on Common Aquaculture Practices in Lao Pdr

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