Field Report - Climatelinks · Authors: Dr. J.S.Pet1,Dr....

Field Report

Fishing Grounds and Supply Lines inIndonesia Fishery Management Areas 573, 713, and 714

Part 2: Lombok

April 9, 2012This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development.It was prepared by Chemonics International (www.chemonics.com) andPeople & Nature Consulting International (www.people-nature-consulting.com).

Version 0.1

Authors: Dr. J.S. Pet1, Dr. Peter J. Mous2, Chairul Sasongko3, and M. Ziaulhaq4

1People & Nature Consulting International, Bali, Indonesia, [email protected] International, IMACS office, Jakarta, Indonesia, [email protected] International, IMACS office, Jakarta, Indonesia, [email protected] International, IMACS office, Jakarta, [email protected]

TNC contributed to these surveys and reports in the context of its fisheries program

through financial contributions from its Indonesia and California programs.

This document is optimized for double-sided printing

Contents

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Survey period, spatial coverage, and target fisheries . . . . . . 1

1.2 Objective of this survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.3 Study area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 Materials and methods 5

3 Results 9

3.1 Description of fisheries by landing site . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.1.1 Seriwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.1.2 Awang and Ekas village at Ekas Bay . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.1.3 Gerupuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

3.1.4 Kuta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3.1.5 Selong Belanak and Pengatap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3.1.6 Sepi and Blongas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3.1.7 Bangko Bangko and the Lombok Strait tongkol fisherywith outrigger canoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3.1.8 The beach from Lembar and Cemara up to Endo, Ker-anji and Ampenan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

3.1.9 Ampenan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

3.1.10 Northwest Lombok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

3.1.11 Tampas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

3.1.12 The Northeast coast of Lombok . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

3.1.13 Labuan Lombok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

3.1.14 Labuan Haji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

3.1.15 Tanjung Luar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

3.2 Maps of fishing grounds and supply lines . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

3.3 Google Earth survey of coastal fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

4 Opportunities for development of sustainable supply lines 104

iv

Bibliography 106

A Local resource persons and data gathering events 109

B Contact details 113

C List of Indonesian, English, and scientific fish names 114

D Acronyms 116

List of Figures

1.1 Fishery Management Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2 Map of Lombok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.1 Lombok in Google Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.2 Tanjung Luar and Awang in Google Earth . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.1 Seriwe, village scenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.2 Seriwe, fishing vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.3 Seriwe, wahoo and Eastern little tuna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.4 Awang, village and harbour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.5 Awang village, trader and canoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153.6 Ekas village . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.7 Awang village, lobster culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173.8 Awang village, man carrying traps for juvenile lobster . . . . . 183.9 Awang, new fishing port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.10 Gerupuk village . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.11 Gerupuk village . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243.12 Gerupuk village, trader pak Bukit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253.13 Gerupuk village, grouper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253.14 Kuta village . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273.15 Kuta village, taking fish from a gillnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293.16 Kuta village, grouper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303.17 Kuta village, mahi-mahi and baitfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313.18 Selong Belanak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323.19 Selong Belanak, canoe returning from fishing trip. . . . . . . . 333.20 South coast of Lombok: Returning fishers. . . . . . . . . . . . 343.21 Selong Belanak, longline catch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353.22 Pengatap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363.23 Pengatap: Seaweed collector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363.24 Sepi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373.25 Sepi, demersal fish on ice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

vi

3.26 Sepi, various fish species on ice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393.27 Bangko Bangko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403.28 Bangko Bangko, fishing vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423.29 Lombok Strait: Longlining canoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433.30 Cemara beach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443.31 Keranji and Tanjung Karang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453.32 Ampenan beach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473.33 Ampenan, gillnet repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483.34 Ampenan, Pak Alun’s facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493.35 Ampenan, Pak Zunaidi’s cold storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503.36 Ampenan, tuna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513.37 Tanjung, Pak Sahdi’s facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533.38 Tanjung, gillnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543.39 Montong Pol, beach seine operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553.40 Montong Pol, beach seine catch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563.41 Lepek Loang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583.42 Tekalok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593.43 Meroak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603.44 PPP Labuhan Lombok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623.45 Labuhan Lombok, landings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633.46 Recorded catch at PPP Labuhan Lombok . . . . . . . . . . . 643.47 PPP Labuhan Lombok: Orange-spotted emperors . . . . . . . 653.48 Labuan Lombok, fishing vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663.49 PPP Labuhan Lombok, main hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673.50 PPP Labuhan Lombok, fishing vessels and landings . . . . . . 683.51 Labuhan Lombok, CV Versace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693.52 Labuhan Lombok, storage facility of Pak Apeng . . . . . . . . 713.53 Labuhan Lombok, cuttlefish and coral trout . . . . . . . . . . 723.54 Labuhan Lombok, Ibu Sumi’s facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743.55 Labuhan Lombok, Ibu Sumi’s facility: Spanish mackerel and

skipjack tuna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753.56 Labuhan Lombok, Ibu Sumi’s facility: Various fish species . . 763.57 Labuhan Lombok, Pak Supardi’s facility . . . . . . . . . . . . 773.58 Labuhan Lombok, Kampung Baru, Pak Haji Kadir’s facility . 793.59 Labuhan Lombok, Kampung Baru, Pak Haji Saidok’s facility . 803.60 Tanjung Luar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823.61 Tanjung Luar, fishing vessels and catch . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843.62 Tanjung Luar, large pelagics and rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853.63 Tanjung Luar, sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863.64 Tanjung Luar, processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873.65 Tanjung Luar, selling gurnards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

vii

3.66 Tanjung Luar, facility of CV Versace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903.67 Tanjung Luar, facility of Pak Hayyi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913.68 Map: Fishing grounds and supply chains of demersal fisheries

around Lombok. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933.69 Map: Fishing grounds and supply chains of Spanish mackerel

(tenggiri) and shallow-water demersal species. . . . . . . . . . 943.70 Map: Fishing grounds and supply chains of small pelagics

caught by mini purse seines around Lombok. . . . . . . . . . . 953.71 Map: Fishing grounds and supply chains of Lombok Strait

tongkol fisheries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963.72 Map: Fishing grounds and supply chains of Lombok Strait

tongkol fisheries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973.73 Map: Fishing grounds and supply chains of demersal fisheries

operating on remote fishing grounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983.74 Map: Fishing grounds and supply chains of demersal and

pelagic shark fisheries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993.75 Map: Concentrations of fishing vessels in Google Earth. . . . . 101

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Survey period, spatial coverage, and tar-

get fisheries

This report covers a 5-day field survey to Lombok, conducted on 27 February- 2 March 2012 and 11 March 2012 by consultants from IMACS and PNCI,together with Mr Anang Wahyudi and Mr Manawir Ramli, fisheries extensionofficers from the Fisheries Service (DKP) of Lombok Tenggah. This surveyaims to map fishing grounds, fisheries resources, supply chains, and infras-tructure in Fisheries Management Areas 573, 713, and 714 (Wilayah Pen-gelolaan Perikanan or WPP) in Central Indonesia (Fig. 1.1). This surveyfocuses on three groups of exported species. The first group is export size andquality demersal fish from fishing grounds between 30 and 200 meter depth,including snappers, groupers, emperors and sea breams of various species andsize groups. Fish from this group are mainly caught with bottom hook-and-line and bottom longline. The second group that the survey team lookedat comprises large pelagics, including mostly yellowfin tuna and in someplaces mahi-mahi, with a small part of bigeye tuna. The fishery targets fisharound Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) as well as free-swimming schoolswith small-scale hook-and-line vessels. The third category that the surveyteam looked at is the combination of skipjack tuna, juvenile yellowfin tuna(commonly referred to as baby tuna) and Eastern little tuna that is landedmostly with purse seines and pole-and-line boats. The purse seine boats thattarget these fish also land varying quantities of schooling jacks and trevallies,Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta), scads and other small pelagics.

This survey is the fourth in a series of surveys; the three earlier sur-veys focused on Sumbawa (December 2011), Kupang and Maumere (26-30December 2011), and West Flores (6-10 January 2012).

2 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.2 Objective of this survey

The objectives of this survey are to provide information on fishing groundsand the supply chains starting from these fishing grounds. This informationmay be used by:

• KKP, for planning of Fishery Management Areas and for developmentof fishery management plans;

• private sector partners, for development of sustainable supply chains;

• aid agencies and NGOs, for development and planning of fishery andmarine conservation projects.

Whereas this survey collected most information from interviews at landingsites and fishing harbors, this survey aims to describe complete supply chains,starting from fishing grounds, and leading to exporters through a networkof traders and fish processing plants. In this respect, this survey differsfrom studies that describe fisheries in terms of landings at a certain landingsite or stretch of coastline. The focus on fishing grounds and supply chainsis an interpretation of the Ecosystem Approach of Fisheries Management(Garcia et al., 2003; Pikitch et al., 2004), as it takes a holistic perspectiveon the fishing sector, starting from the marine ecosystem instead of harbouror administrative unit (village or desa, municipality or kecamatan, district orkabupaten, province).

1.3 Study area

The south coast of Lombok (Fig. 1.2), including the Southeastern and South-western tips, has an undulating coastline, with many sheltered bays andsandy beaches. There are various small-scale fish landing sites along thesouth coast from Tanjung Ringgit in the East to Bangko-Banko in the West,and the fishers usually make day trips, rarely going further than 30 nauticalmiles from their landing sites. The west coast’s dominant fishery is for smallpelagics using hook-and-line, mini purse seines, and gill nets, mostly usingdouble-outrigger canoes operating in the waters between Bali and Lombok.The east coast features Lombok’s most important fisheries centers: LabuanLombok and Tanjung Luar. The fisheries of Labuan Lombok target skipjacktuna, yellowfin tuna, and some demersal species, whereas Tanjung Luar hasa longline shark fishery (both for deepwater and pelagic species), as well asfisheries for demersal fish species and small pelagics. Some of these fisherieswork remote fishing grounds, including the Sumba Strait and the patch reefs

1.3. STUDY AREA 3

Figure 1.1: Fishery Management Areas or Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan (WPP)573, 713, and 714

.

up to Taka Bone Rate. The North coast of Lombok lacks significant landingsites or fishing harbors.

Other important uses of coastal areas in Lombok are artisanal gold miningin the Southwest (Sekotong area), and tourism around Kuta on the Southcoast and Senggigi on the West coast, as well as in the Gili Islands in theNorthwestern part. The defining landscape feature of Lombok is the second-highest volcano of Indonesia, Mount Rinjani (peak at 3,726 m above sealevel). Lombok has a population of 2.536 million people1, and it is one ofthe two large islands forming the province Nusa Tenggara Barat (the otherlarge island is Sumbawa). The capital of Nusa Tenggara Barat is Mataram,which is near the West coast of Lombok.

1Wolfram Alpha Knowledgebase 2012

4 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

Figure 1.2: Topographic map of Lombok, indicating major roads and the sites thatthe survey team visited.

.

Chapter 2

Materials and methods

The survey team selected Lombok as a survey area because it is situatedwithin the area of interest for this series of surveys, nl. WPP 573, 713, and714.

The methodology that the survey applied during this survey is compa-rable to a Rapid Rural Appraisal or reconnaissance survey, facilitated bylocal experts who are often from the provincial fisheries service (DKP). Thesurvey team asked the local experts for the locations of the most importantfisheries centres, after which the survey team prepared an itinerary. For thissurvey, the team traveled by road from Awang in the southeast clockwisealong the coast up to Tanjung Ringgit. The survey team obtained infor-mation from traders and landing sites along the coast of Lombok and fromLombok’s three important fishing centers: Ampenan on the West coast, andcoastal fishing port (Pelabuhan Perikanan Pantai) Labuhan Lombok and fishauction (Tempat Pelelangan Ikan) Tanjung Luar on the East coast. The sur-vey team interviewed fishers, traders, and fish processors at each site, oftenasking for contact details of other local exports or resource persons. Wherepossible, the survey team inspected storage facilities of traders and catchesof fishers to determine species composition.

At each site, the survey team aimed to get a comprehensive overview ofthe local fisheries. The team first contacted people at the landing site askinggeneral questions on the fishery to figure out which people were knowledge-able on local fisheries. Once a knowledgeable person was identified, the teamascertained the role of that person (fisherman, head of a fishermen’s group,aggragator, processor, trader, cold storage owner, fisheries service official,etc.). Questions focused on:

• Scale of the fishing fleet (i.e. average size of the boats);

• Types of fishing gears;

6 CHAPTER 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

• Number of boats by fishery type;

• Dominant species in the catch;

• Fishing grounds;

• Fishing seasons;

• Use of Fish Aggregation Devices;

• Prices of fish;

• Destination markets of fish.

Questions varied somewhat depending on the role and the expertise of theperson being interviewed. For example, fishers usually have accurate knowl-edge on fishing grounds, but they do not always know in which markets theirfish end up. Fish traders, on the other hand, do not always know whereexactly the fishing grounds are. The survey team found that traders andaggregators who work with fishers (often by advancing operational expensesor by providing loans) have the most accurate knowledge of a large part ofthe supply chain.

The survey team used nautical charts (DISHIDROS) at a scale of 1:200,000or 1:1,000,000 to describe fishing grounds, using a template map at a scale of1:500,000 with shoreline and 200m depth contours to sketch fishing grounds.The survey team used a GPS receiver (Garmin eTrex) to confirm position oflanding sites.

The survey team did not use forms—This turned out to be impracticalbecause each interviewed person usually had knowledge on a small part of thesupply chain only, and because miscommunications often resulted in inconsis-tencies in answers between respondents, which had to be resolved by askingquestions again to other respondents. In essence, each visit to a landing siteresulted in a single narrative based on various interviews covering different oroverlapping parts of supply chains. This method of data gathering can onlyyield accurate results if the interviewers are experts on the technicalities ofcapture fisheries in Indonesia and if they speak Bahasa Indonesia. For thisreason, the core survey team consisted of highly experienced personnel: Dr.J. S. Pet, Dr Peter J. Mous, and Mr Budi Sasongko each have between twoand four decades of experience in tropical fisheries, mostly in Indonesia.

In addition to the field survey, the survey team also used Google Earth toscan the coastline of Lombok for concentrations of fishing canoes and fishingvessels, which can be recognized easily for those areas where the quality ofthe imagery allows zooming in to a height of c. 500 m (Fig. 2.2). Most of

7

Figure 2.1: Output from Google Earth (center at 8◦36’38.32”S and116◦15’21.71”E, “Eye altitude” at 173 km), with superimposed the area whereresolution was too low to discern individual fishing vessels.

.

the imagery was of sufficient quality, only in the southwestern part imageryresolution was too low to discern individual fishing vessels (Fig. 2.1).

8 CHAPTER 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Figure 2.2: Output from Google Earth, showing Tanjung Luar (top) and Awang(bottom). The larger boats on the jetty in the lower left corner of the top image areshark longliners. The beach in front of the village has many double-outrigger canoes.In the bottom image, the fish cages in front of Awang are clearly recognizable.

.

Chapter 3

Results

Section 3.1 presents descriptions of fisheries by landing site, starting fromthe Southeast corner of Lombok and moving clockwise around the island.Maps of fishing grounds and supply lines are in section 3.2), where each maprelates to various landing sites. The last section in this chapter (section 3.3)presents results of the Google Earth assessment.

3.1 Description of fisheries by landing site

3.1.1 Seriwe

Seriwe (8◦53.343’ S 116◦30.406’ E) is a small fishing village at a shelteredbay near Tanjung Ringgit in the Southeastern corner of Lombok. Some 50small boats are based here, including small vessels with inboard engines andcanoes with outboard motors. All boats here fish fairly close to shore and outto the edge of the continental shelf. The largest boats were equipped withmini bottom longlines and were reported to catch small quantities of exportquality demersals which are locally collected for transport to aggregators likePak Alun in Ampenan. Local collector Ibu Aji Zainab also sends fish totraders in Tanjung Luar who supply the local market there. Several smallerboats were observed to be equipped with hookah compressors, which mayindicate blast fishing or cyanide fishing. Gillnets are common in Seriwe anda few mini purse seiners were anchored in the bay. Villagers culture seaweedin this bay. Only low quantities of fish seem to be collected by local traders.

Seriwe does not have an ice factory, and ice for cooling is produced withhousehold refrigerators.

10 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS

Figure 3.1: Seriwe, beachfront (top) and village square for dryingseaweed (bottom).

3.1. DESCRIPTION OF FISHERIES BY LANDING SITE 11

Figure 3.2: Seriwe fishing vessel with ice box (top), and canoes withhookah compressor (bottom).


Figure 3.3: Contents of ice boxes at one of the traders in Seriwe:Wahoo and Eastern little tuna (top) and mixed reef fish with crabs(bottom).


3.1.2 Awang and Ekas village at Ekas Bay

Awang (8◦52.900’ S 116◦23.700’ E; Fig. 3.4, 3.5) is a fishing village on theWest coast of the Ekas Bay (Teluk Ekas), which is the largest bay on theSouth coast of Lombok. This bay is well protected in all seasons. There areabout 300 small fishing boats based in Awang, mostly with outboard enginesand several dozen with inboard engines. Awang fishers reported another 150active fishing boats to be based in the North of the bay at Kelongkong, aplace which was not visited during this survey. Awang fishers reported similaractivities and supply lines to exist in and from Awang and Kelongkong. Fishfor local consumption is moved from Awang to Kelongkong and the otherway around, depending on supply and demand.

On the East side of the Ekas bay, at the village of Ekas (8◦52.606 S116◦27.182 E), there is cage culture of grouper and lobster, fed with smallfish caught in gillnets and lift nets. There is little fishery at Ekas otherthan the feed supply for the lobster and grouper cages. At Awang there isalso an important grouper and lobster grow-out industry, including manyfloating cages where lobsters are fed with locally caught small pelagic fishfrom lift nets and gillnets. Juvenile lobsters are caught from the wild as theysettle in locally made traps (Fig. 3.7). These juveniles are then grown outin cages in the bay. Most local fishers at Awang combine capture fisherywith activities on the lobster grow-out cages and catching feed-fish for theirlobsters. About 50% of the fishing households in Awang are now involved,part-time or full-time, in lobster or grouper culture.

Local fishers with small boats and outboard engines at Awang mainlytarget demersal species like groupers and snappers with bottom hook andline and mini bottom longlines, or switch to tongkol and Spanish Mackerelwhen these species are abundant. They also fish with nets for scads (layang,Decapterus spp.), sardines (lemuru, Sardinella longiceps), cutlassfishes (vari-ous members of Trichiuridae, locally known as “layur”), and for larger scadswith hook-and-line (multiple small hooks). During the Southeasterly winds,from May through October, local fishers work close inshore and in Ekas Bayitself, targeting scads, squid, scabbards (layur) and mixed demersal catcheswith set bottom gillnets. Demersals for the local market fetch IDR 15,000/kg.December is the peak season for lemuru. Local fishers go out and fill up theirsmall boats up to 6 times per day (24 hour period), and sell the sardines atIDR 50,000 per basket of 20kg. Each canoe can land up to a ton (1,000 kg)in a 24 hour period during the peak of the season.

Out of the 300 local boats in Awang, about 100 were said to specialize inhook-and-line fishing (including mini bottom longline) while the remaining200 specialize in fishing with nets. Around 100 local boats were said to go


Figure 3.4: Awang village, house (top) and village harbour with fishingcanoes (bottom).


Figure 3.5: Awang village: fish trader Nurhadidja (the woman to theright) (top), and fishing canoes (bottom).


Figure 3.6: Ekas village: Beach front with canoes (top) and fish cages(bottom).


Figure 3.7: Awang village: Fish and lobster culture cages in from of thevillage (top) and fish nest with “artificial habitat” (the white material)for catching juvenile lobsters (bottom).


Figure 3.8: Awang village: man carrying nets with “artificialhabitat” (the white material) for catching juvenile lobsters.


out each day, weather allowing. For hook-and-line fishing, October throughJanuary is the season to troll for Spanish mackerel (tenggiri), at least duringthose days or weeks when these fish are found to be abundant. During thisseason, about 50% of the fleet would troll for tenggiri, catching 1 to 4 fish perday, weighing 7 to 12 kg per fish. The remaining boats set bottom long-linesor uses hand lines to fish for snappers and groupers, whenever they have baitand whenever they can go out. Many of them also switch gears dependingon season and abundance of specific species.

Larger outrigger canoes working from Awang have up to two engines,each 16.5 HP (“ketinting”). Smaller canoes typically measure 6 m length,0.7 m width, and 0.6 m depth, using a single 5.5 HP engine. Fishers workingfrom Awang are mostly from Lombok Timor and Ampenan.

Snappers and groupers are caught on the shelf area outside the bay, indepths around 100-150 meters, mainly from October through April, whenthese waters are not affected by Southeasterly winds, and while they areprotected from the Northwest. Up to 50 boats can go out from Ekas Bayon a single day, catching between 10 and 70 kg of deep water demersals perboat per trip, including snappers and groupers. Catches per trip now averagearound 50 kg—Before 2007, a single boat typically caught about 100 kg pertrip. One trip would be close to 20 hours, including the crossing to and fromthe fishing grounds; sometimes up to two nights if the fishers go to Sumbawa.They take ice from local home freezer production and sell their export qualityfish to one of the 5 local collectors in Awang. Local fishers sell snappers of4-5 kg individual weight at IDR 30,000 to the local collectors (including HajiYunus and Ibu Nurhadidja, who was interviewed by the survey team duringthis field visit). Every morning the fish is packed on ice by the collectors andsend on mini vans either to the Tanjung Luar market (and collectors there)or to Pak Alun in Ampenan. Fish for local consumption goes to the marketsof Kuta, Sengkol, Tanjung Luar, as well as other nearby population centersin Lombok.

A small demersal longliner typically works from a canoe with a singleengine, setting about 300 hooks, using lemuru or tongkol as bait. Operationalcosts amount to IDR 100,000-200,000 per trip, mostly depending on costsof bait. Species in the catch include red snapper, goldband snapper (locallyknown as kurisi), and various grouper species. A demersal longliner typicallytakes about 10 kg of ice per trip. According to local fishers, bottom longlinecatches have been decreasing since 2007, therefore some switched to trollingfor tuna with Rapala lures. Fishers only revert to demersal longlining if baitis available and if current is strong.

The Ampenan-based Chinese-Indonesian trader Pak Alun is the mainaggregator of export quality demersals from Awang and from most other


locations in Lombok (except Labuan Lombok on the Northeast coast). Minivans from Awang go either directly to Ampenan, when quantities allow, orgo to to Tanjung Luar to be combined with fish from there, also destined forPak Alun in Ampenan. Fish for local consumption is sold in Tanjung Luarwhen supply exceeds demand in Awang.

When large tuna are abundant and within reach of Awang fishers, about15 boats with their crews specialize in hand line fishing for large tuna atFADs and around surface feeding tuna schools (including aggregations withdolphins) up to 30 miles out from the village. Local fishers mention that thearea south of their village holds up to 100 tuna FADs, placed there by largertuna boats operating out of Benoa, Bali. The season for tuna fishing herewas reported to peak from January through May. The tuna are transportedand sold to Tanjung Luar from where they might go further to LabuhanLombok and enter export supply lines there (via CV Versace or UD Baura),or get sold for local consumption. Tuna fishers catch yellowfin tuna of 50-80kg each, bigeye tuna of 40-50 kg, cakalang of 1-4 kg each. They sometimescatch Spanish mackerel while trolling to or from their fishing grounds, eachfish weighing c. 15 kg. The fishers once caught a big marlin of 400 kg. Thefishers reported the following prices: Yellowfin tuna IDR 20,000/kg, Spanishmackerel > 7 kg IDR 40,000/kg, and skipjack tuna IDR 8,000-9,000/kg.

Tuna boats from Awang go out for up to 2 or 3 nights, depending on howfast they catch fish. They take ice to pack their fish, sometimes from localhome freezer production and sometimes purchased as blocks from TanjungLuar (at IDR 10,000 per block of ice). From the fleet of 15 tuna boats, ona daily basis about 5 were reported to catch 2 to 3 fish each (size range 20to 100 kg), when they all go out. This results in a landing of 10 to 15 largefish every so many days, during the season. During the tuna season, tunaare landed on average 3 or 4 times per week by different boats. Operationalcosts amount to IDR 300,000 per trip.

Awang also features a new fishing port (Fig. 3.9), but this facility wasnot yet operational at the time of the visit, and there was no indication thatit would become operational in the near future.

3.1.3 Gerupuk

Gerupuk (8◦54.697’S 116◦20.748’E; Fig. 3.10) is a village at a small shelteredbay just west of Ekas Bay on the South coast of Lombok. This village usedto have many fishermen but most have shifted activities to seaweed farming(Fig. 3.11), grow-out of lobsters, groupers, and pomfret (ikan bawal), guid-ing backpacking tourists, and taking out surfers to the waves at the mouthof the bay. One fisher specialized in taking visiting recreational fishers out to


Figure 3.9: Awang village: New, but not yet operational, harbourfacility.


sea. About 90% of the households in Gerupuk are now involved in tourismor mariculture. Local fishers / lobster farmers use gillnets and seine nets tocatch small pelagic like sardines and scads to feed the lobsters in the manygrow-out cages in the bay. Remaining local fishers mostly land fish that aredestined for local markets, with some export quality demersals going to 2local collectors and some fish being collected by buyers from Tanjung Luar.There are still some 50 boats equipped for handline and longline fishing atGerupuk, but it seems that not more than 10% to 20% of these are active onany given day. These boats fish with mini bottom longlines and bottom han-dlines for snapper and grouper and with trolling lines for Spanish mackerel.CPUE in the mackerel fishery is only about 1 to 2 fish per day. Common de-mersal species are groupers (mostly Epinephelus spp.), kakap putih (variousemperors and snappers, including Robinson’s seabream, sweetlip emperor,spangled emperor), kurisi perak (small-toothed jobfish), guntur (green job-fish), and amberjack (mainly Seriola dumerili and S. rivoliana). The mainfishing season is February - October. Longliners and handliners usually fishfrom 4am - 1pm, taking about 4 kg of ice for cooling. Operational costs forasingle trip amounts to about IDR 100,000 per trip. Average size of boatsoperating from Gerupuk: length 7 m, width 0.7 m, depth 0.6 m, using asingle 15 HP outboard engine.

Local demersal fish collector Pak Bukit collects for his “boss” Pak Alunin Ampenan, at least whatever he can get that is good enough. Pak Bukitcurrently still collects small amounts of groupers and snappers (includinggold band snapper) and Spanish mackerel from Gerupuk fishers. Pak Bukitbuys up to 40 to 50 kg per day in total, with amounts fluctuating between10 and 100 kg per day. Pak Bukit sells up to 300 kg per week to Pak Alunin Ampenan, averaging 100 kg per week. He used to collect up to 500 kgof export quality demersal fish from local fishers in Gerupuk, only about 10years ago. There are now only about 5 to 10 boats going out on a daily basisfrom Gerupuk, specifically targeting export-quality fish. They normally landtheir fish mid-day, around 1 to 2pm. These boats each catch around 20 to 30kg fish per trip (per day) of which about 10 kg goes to Pak Bukit (the exportquality fish) while the rest goes to local market, usually via another localcollector. Fishers receive IDR 45,000/kg for grouper (depending on species),IDR 15,000/kg for snapper, and IDR 35,0000/kg for tenggiri > 7 kg.

3.1.4 Kuta

Kuta (8◦53.584’ S 116◦16.642’ E; Fig. 3.14) is the main tourism destinationon the South coast of Lombok. Kuta is mainly a destination for backpack-ers and surfers, but mid- and high-end hotels have also been developed in


Figure 3.10: Gerupuk village: Beach front (top) and main street (bot-tom).


Figure 3.11: Gerupuk village: Harvesting seaweed (top) and group ofwomen and children processing seasweed (bottom).


Figure 3.12: Gerupuk village: Local fish trader pak Bukit.

Figure 3.13: Gerupuk village: A low-value brown grouper speciesstored at the facility of fish trader pak Bukit.


the area. Kuta also still has an active fishing community, with some 100small boats involved in hook-and-line fishing, and 50 non-motorized canoesinvolved in gillnet fishing. The gillnet fishery targets small herrings (lemuru)for home consumption or bait; lemuru sells for IDR 5,000/kg. Most fishersin Kuta do have family members working in or around the tourism industry,contributing to family income and reducing the need for fishers to go outfrequently. Not more than 40 boats go out on any day.

Mini bottom longlines and handlines are used for demersal fishing on theshelf, at depths of 100 to 150 meters, while trolling lines are used for Spanishmackerel inshore. The season for demersal fishing is from October throughApril, when the wind is coming from the Northwest. Snappers (includinggoldband snapper), groupers, amberjack and other jacks are the main speciesin the demersal catches. One-day trips start early morning and landings arein the afternoons. Common catches are only around 10 kg per boat per trip,typically with 3 fish of 2-4 kilos caught. Better catches range up to 50 kg perboat per trip.

Handlines are used by Kuta fishers to catch skipjack tuna, yellowfin andmahi-mahi around FADs further offshore (to about 20 miles off shore). Theoutrigger canoes used for this purpose are fitted with twin 16.5 HP “ket-inting” engines. About 10 FADs were reported to be within reach of Kutafishers, supposedly placed there by purse seine boats from Pekalongan (cen-tral Java) who mainly target skipjack and baby yellowfin there. The tunaseason, which is the season to fish around the FADs, was reported here tobe April to September / October, with a break in August when the South-easterly winds are too strong. This tuna season is opposite from what wasreported further East, for example at Awang. Local boats from Kuta go outon trips of about 24 hours (one day and one night) to the FADs which are15 to 20 miles off shore (3 hours by local boat), where they catch yellowfintuna (with common sizes around 15 kg), skipjack tuna, mahi-mahi and smallmarlin. The main season for mahi mahi is January-March. About 20 boatswould go out to the FADs on a good day during the peak season, catchingaround 30 kg of pelagic fish per boat. Such days constitute peak landings inKuta.

Boats from Kuta take ice from local freezer production and the high-quality fish are collected by 2 local collectors in Kuta village, each collectingnot more than about 100 kg of fish per day. Groupers, snappers, and Spanishmackerel (over 7kg) are sent by the local collectors to Pak Alun in Ampenan.Quantities are small. Mahi-mahi and smaller Spanish mackerel are mostlydestined for local hotels in and around Kuta. Skipjack goes to the localmarket (e.g., Kuta, Sengkol, and Praya), often for processing as ikan pindang(salted and boiled fish). The tuna are sold to traders like Pak Hamzah in


Figure 3.14: Beach of Kuta village, South Lombok.


Labuan Lombok and in Tanjung Luar. Local collectors buy snappers at IDR30,000 per kg, tuna at IDR 12,000-15,000 per kg, mahi-mahi at IDR 10,000per kg and skipjack at IDR 8,000 per kg.

3.1.5 Selong Belanak and Pengatap

Selong Belanak (8◦52.439’S 116◦09.735’E; Fig. 3.18) is a village on a nicebeach in a sheltered bay at the South coast of Lombok (Fig. 3.18). Tourists,both foreign and domestic, visit this beach. There are about 80 small fishingboats here using mini bottom longlines and handlines to catch various speciesof demersals. Of these 80 small boats, about 20 specialize in bottom longlin-ing, usually at depths between 50 and 100 m, up to 150 m. Using about 150hooks, these longliners catch about 10-15 fish per trip, and one trip is usuallyless than 24 hours. Some of the boats use gillnets to catch tongkol and mixedreef fish (including threadfins Nemipteridae, small groupers, and eel). Part ofthe catch is locally prepared to cater for tourists. One vendor, Ibu Hasanah,sells 5-10 kg fish per day, and up to 20 kg on Saturday and Sunday. Up to80% of households are now involved in the tourism industry, either part-timeor full-time. Fish for local consumption goes to Kuta, Songkol, and nearbyvillages.

There are two collectors in Selong Belanak, who sell fish to Ampenan andTanjung Luar, using a car or motor cycle.

Pengatap (8◦52.182’S, 116◦06.046’E, Fig. 3.22) does not have major fish-eries. At the time of the visit, some villagers were harvesting wild seaweedthat was washing up ashore (Fig. 3.23).

3.1.6 Sepi and Blongas

Sepi (8◦51.081S and 116◦03.346 E; Fig. 3.24) is a small town at the Westernend of the South coast of Lombok, situated in a large and well protected bay.Sepi has a good road connection to Lembar and Ampenan to the North, onthe West coast of Lombok. There are about 60 hook and line boats operatingout of Sepi, with about 15-20 being somewhat larger and equipped for mul-tiday trips, some targeting deep water demersals and some targeting tuna.Many of the smaller local boats in Sepi (about 30% of them) are equippedwith hookah compressors and were said to be used mainly for catching lob-ster. There were rumors about cyanide use in the lobster fishing. The lobsterwere said to be collected by a Lembar-based trader, while other collectorswere also said to visit Sepi to buy lobster.

The larger boats - both bottom fishing and tuna boats - seemed to bemostly owned by Ampenan bosses and the higher quality fish from these


Figure 3.15: Kuta village: Fishers remove small pelagic fish froma small-meshed gillnet.


Figure 3.16: A large brown grouper species, probably Epinephelusmalabaricus stored at the facility of the fish trader at Kuta.

boats is collected from Sepi and transported to Ampenan in mini vans ona daily basis. A number of collectors source fish from Sepi. Four of thesecollectors are from Sepi, but all the larger ones work with vans from Amp-enan. During the short visit, the survey team could not find out how manycollectors in total source their fish in Sepi.

Collector Pak Marwi from Ampenan, who picked up fish from his boatsat the time of the survey team’s visit, works with 4 Ampenan boats thatcatch demersals with mini bottom longlines and handlines on the edge of thecontinental shelf outside Sepi. These boats commonly do 3-day trips, as farWest as Nusa Penida and as far to the East as Teluk Ekas. They produceat least 75 kg of export quality demersals (ruby snapper, Malabar snapper,deep water groupers) per trip, often more, plus a considerable amount ofsmall bottom sharks as by-catch. All fish from these boats are taken toAmpenan by Pak Marwi, and he grades and sorts there for export and localmarkets.

Another fairly large collector—Pak Zunaidi—sources tuna and other pelag-ics from Sepi-based boats, which are originally from Ampenan, and that nowfish in Southern waters. The survey team visited Pak Zunaidi at his miniplant in Ampenan where he stores tuna and skipjack for local markets (seesection 3.1.9). Pak Zunaidi does not trade in export quality tuna.

Local collector Ibu Muhassan and her husband Ahmad have been buying


Figure 3.17: Kuta village: A catch of mahi-mahi destined for localrestaurants and hotels (top) and icebox with baitfish (bottom) for mahi-mahi, tuna, and other large pelagic species.


Figure 3.18: Selong Belanak: local fishing canoe with twin engines(“ketinting”) (top), and women barbecuing fish for visitors (bottom).


Figure 3.19: Selong Belanak: Local fishing canoe returning froma fishing trip.


Figure 3.20: South coast of Lombok, at sea: “Ketinting”-stylecanoes returning from a fishing trip. Picture taken on 23 Novem-ber 2011

fish in Sepi since 1984. She collects fish from 10 canoes (“ketinting”), andshe advances operational expenses to her fishers. Her fishers make trips ofup to three nights, and each trip takes about 10 L of fuel; total expenses pertrip are about IDR 250,000. Per day, she collects c. 50 kg. Occasionally,she buys fish caught by the crews of large purse seiners from Banywangi,who handline in their spare time. According Ibu Muhassan, fishing effortdecreases during the months July - September because of the Southeasterlymonsoon winds. Ibu Muhassan sells to Pak Alun in Ampenan, or she sellslocally. Fish for local consumption, often processed as ikan pindang, goes toPelangan, Sekotong, and Lembar.

No significant fisheries were found in Blongas.

3.1.7 Bangko Bangko and the Lombok Strait tongkolfishery with outrigger canoes

Bangko Bangko is a fishing village of mostly huts with thatched roofs (Fig.3.27) on the beach at the most Western tip of the peninsula of South WestLombok. There are some 50 outrigger canoes with “ketinting” engines per-manently based here with varying (and large) numbers of canoes arrivingand migrating with fish schools throughout the Lombok Straight. It is notuncommon for more than 500 outrigger canoes from Lombok, Nusa Penida,


Figure 3.21: Selong Belanak: Longline catch, including a shovelnose ray (probablyRhinobatos typus (brown fish in the left picture) and a pennantfish Alectis ciliaris(silver fish on in the picture on the right). The other large fish in the catch was along-nosed emperor, Lethrinus olivaceus, see picture on the front page of this report.


Figure 3.22: Beach front of Pengatap village. The people onthe shore are collecting seaweed.

Figure 3.23: Pengatap: Seaweed collector.


Figure 3.24: Sepi: Village harbour (top), and pick-up truckcollecting various demersal fish (bottom).


Figure 3.25: Sepi: deepsea scorpion fish Setarches guentheri (top) anda deepwater jobfish (bottom).


Figure 3.26: Sepi: Fish in the storage of Ibu Muhassan (man-grove jack Lutjanus argentimaculatus at the top, oriental bonitoSarda orientalis (bottom left), and a midnight snapper Macolormacularis (brown fish at the bottom, right).

and Bali to use Bangko Bangko as a temporary base. Thousands of theseoutrigger canoes can be found along most if not all of the beaches of EastBali, Nusa Penida and West Lombok, from Bangko Bangko in the South toTanjung in the North of Lombok.

The Lombok Strait outrigger canoes mostly target “tongkol” (Easternlittle tuna Euthynnus affinis, frigate and bullet tunas Auxis spp.) in vari-ous sizes, and Indian mackerel (local name kembung) Rastrelliger kanagurta,simultaneously using gillnets (2” mesh size) and trolling lines with smallfeathered hooks. Each canoe has a few sets of drift gillnets with flags. Aftersetting the nets, the canoes will troll for a few hours around their marker flags(see Fig. 3.28), then they lift the nets and land the fish. They sometimesmake 2 short trips a day when possible, one early morning (5 am - 10 am)one more in the afternoon (3 pm - 8 pm). The early morning trips are themost common ones. Catches of tongkol are highly variable, but a commoncatch is between 200 fish or about 60 kg. A large catch may amount to 500fish of c. 30 cm long per trip or up to 2,000 fish of c. 20 cm long. Fishersmigrate with their canoes when fish densities change and often land theirfish at distant locations when they are far from home. Tongkol is sold lo-cally, usually for processing into ikan pindang (salted and boiled) or smokedfish for local markets. There are about 30 pindang processors working in


Figure 3.27: Bangko Bangko


Bangko Bangko. Ibu Sarti, one of the pindang processors, sells between 5and 200 baskets (each containing 3 kg) to a buyer in Ampenan each day.When there is no tongkol around, local fishers target demersals with bottomhook-and-line and vertical drop lines, typically catching between 1 and 5 kgper trip. Most of these demersals are for local markets only, and fishers getbetween IDR 15,000/kg and 25,000/kg for these fish. Some export-qualityfish goes to local collectors, who bring the fish to aggregation centers in Am-penan. Quantities of export-quality demersals from these outrigger canoefleets seem to be relatively small.

Off Bangko Bangko, at the seamount between Lombok and Nusa Penida,a fleet of about 12 larger (up to c. 100 GT) Benoa-based dropliners fishesin deep water for export quality demersals like deep water snappers andgroupers. These vessels often anchor and rest in front of Bangko Bangko,where local collectors visit them to buy the non-export fish for local marketsin Lombok. These larger drop-lining vessels land their quality fish exclusivelyin Benoa, Bali. Sometimes, local fishers work as crew (“njawi”) on the largerfishing vessels. The same fishing grounds are also used by small-scale fishers,mostly from nearby Nusa Penida, using hand winches to ease hauling ofdroplines from deep water (Fig. 3.29).

3.1.8 The beach from Lembar and Cemara up to Endo,Keranji and Ampenan

At Cemara beach (8◦43.273’S 116◦03.522’E), just North of Lembar, outriggercanoes are used for tongkol fishing just like in Bangko Bangko, but a demersalfishery dominates here. This demersal fishery uses the same outrigger canoesto fish with handlines and set gillnets in waters up to 75 meters deep. Variousspecies of jacks are important in this demersal fishery, especially in the gillnetfishery, with lobsters, marketed as live product to Bali, forming an importantby catch. Fishers sell lobster at IDR 350,000 per kg to a local collector.Fishers bring their fish to a local collector, or they sell their fish themselveson the Lembar market. Other local fish markets of importance are Bertais inMataram, and Kebon Roe in Ampenan. During weekends, fishers sell theircatch to food stalls on the beach who cater for visitors from Lembar. Localfishers also target small spotted Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus guttatus)when these are abundant. Some of the fishers at Cemara are organized infishermen groups or “kelompok nelayan”. There are four fisher’s groups inCemara, with a membership of 19, 15, 15, and 10 fishers.

Cemara beach has about 300 outrigger canoes, of which at least 40 weredonated to local fishers by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries in


Figure 3.28: Bangko Bangko: large dropliners (top) and small-scalefisher returning home (bottom). Note the marker buoys in the bow ofthe canoe.


Figure 3.29: Lombok Strait: Double-outrigger canoe using a handwinch to haul a dropline. Picture taken at sea in the Lombok Strait on22 November 2011.


Figure 3.30: Cemara: Outrigger canoes donated by the govern-ment to small-scale fishers of district Lombok Tenggah.

collaboration with the local fisheries service (government support to fisheriesdevelopment) in the framework of Pengembangan Usaha Mina Perdesaan(PUMP) program (Fig. 3.30). The survey team found these PUMP canoesalong the entire West coast, and most of them appeared to be operational.There are four fisher’s groups in Cemara, with a membership of 19, 15, 15,and 10 fishers.

From the beaches between Lembar and Ampenan, thousands of smalloutrigger canoes are operating, in a fishery similar to the fishery operatingfrom Bangko Bangko. Interviews and observations in Keranji (8◦37.945’S116◦04.336’E, Fig. 3.31), Tanjung Karang (8◦35.522’S 116◦04.454’E), andEndo showed the same pattern all along this coast line, and according tolocal fishers the small-scale fishery for tongkol with drift gillnets and trollinglines takes place throughout the Lombok Strait with thousands of outriggerscanoes on the Western beaches of Lombok and the Eastern beaches of Bali.At Keranji, the survey team found seine nets on many of the canoes, usedto catch small pelagics according to local fishers, who also use set gillnets onreef areas which are situated around 3 miles off the coast of Keranji. Mostfish landed here is bought by small local collectors who sell their fish at localmarkets.


Figure 3.31: Keranji (top) and Tanjung Karang (bottom) on the Westcoast of Lombok, between Lembar and Ampenan.


3.1.9 Ampenan

The beach of Ampenan is fully occupied by double-outrigger canoes of thesame type as found over the rest of the West coast of Lombok. There arealso some purse seiners.

A number of larger collectors and aggregators are based in Ampenan,even though this town does not have a proper harbour (just a beach) andeven though there is no ferry from here to Bali. Fish for export markets,aggregated in Ampenan, after grading and re-packing, is sent by truck overthe road to Lembar from where it goes on the ferry to Bali. The largestaggregator of demersal fish here is Pak Alun, who receives fish here from allover Lombok.

Pak Alun works together with fish collectors all over Lombok, except theEast coast, buying groupers (coral trout, rock cods, and brown groupers,mostly of the genus Epinephelus) and some snappers (Fig. 3.34). He reportsthat grouper is available along the coast of Lombok, except on the Northcoast. According to Alun, grouper stocks are small in coastal waters ofNorth Lombok because there is not much suitable habitat. Furthermore,fishers there are not as professional as fishers from other parts in Lombok,and they cannot advance operational expenses themselves. The total catchdepends on weather (which determines how far and in which direction fisherscan go out), current (if current is weak, fish do not take the bait), andavailability of bait. According to Pak Alun, availability of bait is the mostimportant factor determining fishing operations. Before 2007, Alun collected1.5 - 7 t per two days; since 2007 this has been less than 1 t. Alun sells tothree exporters in Bali, who export to Singapore and Taiwan. Pak Alun alsonotes that red coral trout species (sunu) from shallow waters are darker incolor than sunu from deep waters. Lighter, redder sunu fetch a better price.

Pak Marwi (see also section 3.1.6), who has been buying fish since 1999,works together with 18 fishing units in Teluk Awang, Sepi, and LabuhanLombok (6 units in each place). His fishing vessels troll for Spanish mackereland other species, and they use bottom longlines for demersal fish, includingblack jewfish (Protonibea diacanthus, goldband snapper (“anggoli”), grouper,and threadfin bream (mostly notched threadfin bream, Nemipterus peronii).Pak Marwi’s fishers use small outrigger canoes (“ketinting”) with a 6.5 HPengine, operating in waters up to 7 nm away from their home base. Themaximum depth for longlining is 250 m. Peak season for Spanish mackerelis March - May, and peak season for bottom longlining is February-March.Like Pak Alun, Pak Marwi also noted a strong decline in catches of demersalfish in 2007. Pak Marwi pays fishers IDR 35,000/kg for Spanish mackerel< 7 kg body weight, and IDR 48,000/kg for Spanish mackerel > 7 kg body


Figure 3.32: Ampenan beach, fully occupied by double-outrigger ca-noes (top) and a couple of mini purse-seiners in front of the beach(bottom).


Figure 3.33: Ampenan: Fisher repairing a gillnet.

weight.Pak Zunaidi (son of Haji Saleh) has a cold storage in Ampenan (Fig. 3.35)

where he processes tuna (large and juvenile), as well as skipjack tuna andtongkol, for local markets. Pak Zunaidi does not work with export-qualitytuna but receives rejects from various areas, including from Labuan Lombok.

Pak Zunaidi cooperates with 40 tuna and skipjack handline boats, whichland at CV Versace’s facility in Labuan Lombok, and he owns 8 rumpons.Furthermore, he collaborates with fishers in Sape and Bima. His handliningboats each have a crew of 3-5 persons. The fishing grounds of the boats heworks with are off South Lombok and South Sumbawa. The fishing seasonis March-July and September-December. Handlining takes place near FishAggregating Devices, but also on open sea for free-swimming tuna. Besidesyellowfin tuna, bigeye tuna, and skipjack tuna, Zunaidi also receives Spanishmackerel and some giant trevally. Zunaidi notes there was a strong decreasein catches over 2010-2011. The catch of Zunaidi’s vessels is graded at CVVersace, and export-grade tuna (fish of > 20 kg) is marketed by CV Versace,whereas the remainder goes to Zunaidi’s facility in Ampenan. Besides the40 handline units, Zunaidi owns four purse seiners, which are each poweredby a 4-cylinder, 120 HP, marinized truck engine. Each of the purse seinershas a crew of 8-12 people. The purse seiners are equipped with a winch forhauling the purse line. The purse seine has a length of 600 m, a depth 50-60m. The purse seiners fish between Lombok and Bali and off the North coast


Figure 3.34: Ampenan, Pak Alun’s storage facility (top), and iceboxcontaining snappers and groupers (bottom).


Figure 3.35: Ampenan, cold storage of Pak Zunaidi.

of Lombok. Transit to the fishing grounds takes max. 6 hours. The fishingseason for purse seining is March - July and September - December.

Zunaidi’s cold storage has been operational since 2008. It has 2 air blastfreezers (ABF), and it can freeze 6-8 t of fish in 20 hours down -40◦C (thestandard for premium quality is to achieve -40◦C in 6 hours). Each ABF hasone single machine. Zunaidi’s cold storage comprises two units, with a totalcapacity of 200-300 t, refrigerated at -25◦C.

3.1.10 Northwest Lombok

From the beaches of Ampenan towards the North, via Senggigi, Nipa, Peme-nang, and Medana (8◦21.909’S 116◦07.779’E), the density of outrigger canoeson the beaches decreases towards Tanjung on the North coast—Around Sen-ggigi, fishing activity is relatively low due to the tourism industry. Fishingalso shifts from tongkol and small pelagic to more demersal species betweenMedana and Tanjung. Here, local fishers in small boats target demersals onthe shelf area and around the reefs and islands in front of the coast. Therewas not much activity in the area in early March, although the weather


Figure 3.36: Ampenan, bigeye tuna (left) and “baby tuna” (right) at Zunaidi’scold storage. In good quality, bigeye tuna is an important export commodity. Thepictured bigeye tuna, however, is of low quality, and therefore only suitable for thelocal market.


was calm. Reasons were offered ranging from the Northwest Monsoon to thewrong moon phase. At Medana (Teluk Dalem Bay), local collector Pak Amid(not present during the time of the survey team’s visit) collects groupers andsnappers, also from Pemenang, for Pak Alun (Ampenan aggregator). Smallboats are scattered on the beaches and production is unclear but Pak Amidreportedly delivers some 30 kg to 50 kg to Pak Alun per day. Many fishershere fish only part-time.

Pak Sahdi, based in Tanjung (8◦20.644’S 116◦09.482’E, Fig. 3.37), isanother collector who buys fish for Pak Alun. The main target species hereare demersals from the shelf area in front of the North East coast of Lombokhere. Pak Sahdi works with around 20 boats, which all use drift gillnetsto catch bait (small pelagics) for their mini bottom longlines and bottomhandlines. They also use large bottom-set gillnets (Fig. 3.38) to targetdemersal fish and lobster. The fishing season here is from April throughNovember, during the dry season. Local fishers hardly ever go out duringthe Northwest monsoon from December through March, except on short tripsto catch some reef fish for their own consumption. During the season, PakSahdi buys around 60 kg of fish per day from local fishers, 50% of which is ofexport quality and goes to Pak Alun. Pak Sahdi sells the remainder to localmarkets.

The boats fishing for Pak Sahdi in Tanjung set about 1.2 km of bottomgillnets on a fishing trip that starts at 4 pm and ends around 6 am thenext morning. Each of them also uses bottom longlines and handlines, oftensimultaneously. Bottom longlines are set depths of around 80 to 100 meters.When bait for the bottom long lines is scarce, they are supplied with smalltongkol or layang by Pak Alun from Ampenan. Target species here arevarious snappers, groupers, jacks, emperors, barracuda, and lobsters. Localfishers also target Spanish mackerel with trolling lines when these fish areabundant.

3.1.11 Tampas

The area around Tampas has a narrow continental shelf, with deep waterclose to the shore. On the volcanic black sand beaches several beach seineswere observed operating near Montong Pol (8◦17.752’S 116◦12.546’E), withmain target to collect bait fish for local hook-and-line fishers (Fig. 3.39, 3.40).Each beach seine has 10-15 fishers to haul the net; at the time of the survey’steam visit, a single catch (one haul) comprised about 10 kg of fish. By-catchof these beach seines is used for direct consumption or local market. Beachseine catches included various octopi, cuttlefish, squid and various species ofpelagic as well as demersal fish. Local fishers use the baitfish in a small-scale


Figure 3.37: Tanjung, Pak Sahdi’s facility.


Figure 3.38: Tanjung, gillnet for bottom fishing.

hook-and-line fishery targeting Spanish mackerel, jacks and sometimes tuna.Very long drift gillnets were also observed here, about a quarter mile off thebeaches, parallel to the coast. It was not clear what the main target specieswere for these gillnets.

Fish collector Pak Masri is based at Tampas (8◦14.100’S 116◦17.865’E)on the North coast of Lombok. Pak Masri works together with a single smallpurse seiner vessel (5 GT) and about 30 small boats (ketinting), which fishwith hook and line for baby tuna and skipjack. The fishery takes place atFADs of which Pak Masri and his fishers set about 10 or 11 each year atdistances of 10 to 20 miles offshore from Tampas, at depths between 1,600and 2,000 m. The FADs don’t last very long (usually one year only), butthere are always a minimum of 5 present in the fishing area for the localfleet. The 30 small boats target baby tuna and skipjack tuna specifically,according to Pak Masri, because they do not have the skills or gear to targetlarger tuna. Pak Masri buys baby tuna at about IDR 10,000-12,000/kg,and skipjack tuna at IDR 7,000/kg. The small boats catch between 10 to25 kg baby tuna per 1-day trip to the FADs. The fishing season is fromApril through November, and fishers are not going out during the Northwestmonsoon, from December through March. The purse seine vessel (with atotal of 13 crew members) catches mostly scads, attracting them with lampsat night near the FADs. One purse seining trip includes a single night offishing and the purse seiner makes about 15 trips per month in the fishingseason. The production of this vessel averages around 20 to 30 tons of scads


Figure 3.39: Montong Pol (near Tampas): Hauling a beach seine (top)and boat used for setting a beach seine (bottom).


Figure 3.40: Montong Pol (near Tampas): Final stage of hauling abeach seine (top); catch of a single haul (bottom).


per month which Pak Masri buys at about IDR 8,000-10,000/kg.

3.1.12 The Northeast coast of Lombok

Whereas most of the North coast of Lombok has few landing sites of im-portance, there are a couple of landing sites for small-scale fisheries on thecoast of the Northeastern corner of Lombok. These sites are Lepek Loang,Tekalok, and Maroak.

Lepek Loang (Fig. 3.41) has 15 small boats with 5.5 HP engines, usinggillnets (mesh size 1.5 inch) and handlines. Fishing grounds start from DesaObel-Obel till Desa Lapek Loang. The fishers fish all year round duringnight time, leaving in the afternoon and returning the following morning.During dark moon, the fishers use lamps to attract small pelagics (includingAmblygaster sirm, locally known as sembulak), which they catch by gillnets.During full moon, they use handlines to catch groupers and other demersalfish. Gillnet catches of small pelagics are between 10 and 200 kg per trip,whereas catches of demersals are between 0 and 6 kg per trip. According tothe fishers, catches have dwindled during the past years, which they blameon an increase in the number of liftnet fishers (bagan).

Tekalok (Fig. 3.42) has over 100 small fishing boats, each powered bya 6.5 HP engine. The main gears are handline, and gillnets for baitfish.Fishing grounds are 18 nm to north of Tekalok, around Fish AggregatingDevices (FADs), targeting skipjack tuna, baby tuna, Spanish mackerel, andlarge (50-60 kg) yellowfin tuna. Tekalok fishers have 8 FADs, of which 3they deployed themselves and 5 were donated by DKP Lombok Timur. Peakfishing season is June-November (July for large yellowfin tuna), and usuallythe fishers from Tekalok stop fishing during December-April because of badweather. The fishers make one-day or two-day fishing trips, using gillnets forcatching baitfish (tongkol, lemuru, and layang). The catch per trip is between15 and 250 kg, and fishers sell most of their catch in Labuhan Lombok toCV Versace or UD Baura.

Meroak (Fig. 3.43) has 20 small boats with 5.5 HP engines. Main fishinggear is bottom longline for grouper, and gillnets (mesh size 1.5 inch) to catchbait. Fishing grounds extend from Tekalok till Labuhan Pandan waters.Fishing takes place during the entire year. Fishers usually make one-daytrips, leaving in the afternoon and returning in the following morning. Thecatch of grouper per trip amounts to 1-3 kg, but before 2003 this was about20 kg/trip. Most of the catch is sold in Labuhan Lombok. Baitfish comprisessquid and sembulak (a small pelagic, Amblygaster sirm). Fishers blame therecent decline in fish stocks on blast fishing and on the increase in numbersof lift nets (bagan).


Figure 3.41: Beach of Lepek Loang.


Figure 3.42: Beach of Tekalok.


Figure 3.43: Beach of Merkoak.


The survey team also visited Labuhan Pandang and Tanjung Layur, butno fishery was encountered there.

3.1.13 Labuan Lombok

Labuan Lombok, on the East coast of Lombok is one of the 2 most importantfish landing and trading places in Lombok, next to Tanjung Luar, further tothe South on the East coast. Labuhan Lombok has a coastal fisheries harbour(Pelabuhan Perikanan Pantai or PPP, Fig. 3.44), which is managed by theprovincial fisheries service in collaboration with the district government. Themost important species landed in PPP Labuhan Lombok are yellowfin tuna,skipjack tuna and baby tuna (usually traded and recorded as one category,see Fig. 3.45), and tongkol abu-abu or frigate tuna Auxis rochei ; these threespecies together account for 91% of the fish landed at the fishery harbour(Fig. 3.46). According to the harbour statistics, the total volume traded atPPP Labuhan Lombok amounted to 2,436 t in 2011 (this was 2,920 t in 2007,2,335 t in 2008, 2,955 t in 2009, and 2,670 t in 2010). Note, however, thatthis only represents the volume over which tax “retribusi” was levied, landedduring office hours at PPP Labuhan Lombok. The total volume of taxed andnon-taxed fish may be up to two times higher. The number of recorded boatarrivals amounted to 2,632, which means that the average catch is about 1t per arrival. PPP Labuhan Lombok has an operational ice factory, whichproduces about 1000 t of ice per year, and it also operates a workshop. Thereis also a cold storage, but this facility is no longer operational.

There a two styles of boats for catching yellowfin tuna and skipjack tuna:Kapal penongkol, mostly targeting skipjack tuna and baby tuna, and kapalmandar, mostly targeting large tuna. Kapal pengongkol are of more robustand more seaworthy construction than kapal mandar, and therefore kapalpenongkol tend to go a bit further. Generally speaking, though, the fishinggrounds are the same: The deep waters to the North and South of Lombokand Sumbawa (Fig. 3.72). Kapal penongkol are about 12 m length, width2.25 m, depth 1.8 m, powered by two engines of each 60 HP. These vesselsare often constructed in Balikpapan. Fishing trips last up to 12 days. Duringthe Southeasterlies (March-August), they fish off South Lombok and SouthSumbawa, up to Sumba, targeting large (> 20 kg) yellowfin tuna, catchingabout 300-400 kg per trip or skipjack tuna and juvenile tuna (“baby tuna”)catching up to 1.5 t per trip. During the end of the Southeasterlies up tothe onset of the Northeasterlies (September-December), they operate Northof Lombok and Sumbawa. During this period, catch per trip of large tunaare a bit higher (up to 500 kg), but catch of juvenile tuna and skipjacktuna are lower bit lower (up to 1 t). Traders estimate that the mixed small


Figure 3.44: PPP Labuhan Lombok, main building as seen from thejetty (top), and fishing boat taking in ice at the jetty (bottom). Bothpictures were taken during an earlier field visit, on September 19 2011.


Figure 3.45: Two landings at PPP Labuhan Lombok: Catch of skipjackand juvenile yellowfin tuna (top) and catch of reef fish (bottom). Bothpictures were taken during an earlier field visit, on September 19 2011.


Figure 3.46: Catch statistics of fish traded at PPP Labuhan Lombok in 2011. Thepeak in yellowfin tuna catches in May coincides with the onset of the Southeasterlymonsoon. Source: Official publication board at PPP Labuhan Lombok.


Figure 3.47: Two orange-spotted emperors Lethrinus erythra-canthus at PPP Labuhan Lombok.

tuna category consists for 60% of juvenile yellowfin tuna and for 40% ofjuvenile and adult skipjack tuna. Large tuna species are mostly yellowfintuna, though bigeye tuna is also occasionally caught. Kapal mandar area bit lighter than kapal penongkol, and they target large tuna (> 20 kg)rather than skipjack tuna and baby tuna. Kapal mandar usually have threeengines (30 HP, 24 HP, and 24 HP), and they make trips of up to 8 days.Each Kapal mandar has 9-10 sampan (canoes for a single fisher who paddles).The sampan are deployed from the mother vessel near a Fish AggregatingDevice, where fishers handline for large tuna. The catch per trip is 400-500kg tuna.

The two largest traders / processors are Pak Hamzah with his companyCV Versace and Pak Hajir with his company UD Baura. UD Baura uses thefacilities of PPP Labuhan Lombok for offloading and grading (Fig. 3.49),whereas CV Versace (Fig. 3.51) has its own facility for offloading and gradingright next to the harbour. Both operate mini plants with ice factories andcold storage facilities in Labuan Lombok, work with large numbers of boatsfishing both Northern and Southern waters, and move significant quantitiesof fish, mostly baby tuna (smaller than 15 kg) and skipjack, but also largetuna (> 15 kg) for export. CV Versace sells export-grade tuna to Eka Mandiri(a company based in Jakarta), and UD Baura sell to Kelola Mina Laut; bothEka Mandiri and Kelola Mina Laut sell to exporter Anova Seafood in Bali.It has been difficult though to get export size fish over 15 kg so far due to


Figure 3.48: Labuhan Lombok. The top picture shows a mandarfishing vessel (far left) and two penongkol fishing vessels (right, withwriting “Eka Jaya”). The bottom picture shows a landing of skipjacktuna and baby tuna.


Figure 3.49: Main hall of PPP Labuhan Lombok: Landings on 29 February 2012,14:00 (left; small catch only, most of the fishing activity would have been in themorning, and there was little fishing because of the bad weather), and personnel ofUD Baura weighing and grading fish (right; picture taken on 19 September 2011).

seasonality in catch. CV Versace currently operates 140 Fish AggregatingDevices, and they deploy about new 200 FADs each year to replace lost ones,working together with hundreds of boats (the number varies, at the time ofthe visit about 130 boats were operational, but this might increase to perhaps500 during peak season). UD Baura handles about the same volume of fishas CV Versace, perhaps a bit less.

Large quantities of demersal fish are also landed in Labuan Lombok, frominshore shelf and reef areas as well as from remote island groups, reef systemsand atolls to the North and Northeast, starting in Selat Alas, including PulauSedapur, Pulau Medang, Balabakan, Pulau Kapoposang Bali, etc. Transitto fishing grounds may be up to three days, using a 5-10 GT decked vessel,usually powered by a 30 HP inboard engine. The survey team was also toldthat demersal fish collectors from as far as Selayar and Taka Bone Rate (300nm from East Lombok, or about 60 hours by local fishing boat) once a weekbring boat loads of fish on ice to traders in Sumbawa Besar and to Labuan


Figure 3.50: Fishing vessels (kapal penongkol) moored at the mainjetty of PPP Labuhan Lombok (top; 29 February 2012), and main hallwith graded skipjack and baby tuna (bottom; 20 September 2011)

.


Figure 3.51: Cold storage facility of CV Versace in Labuhan Lombok.Both pictures were taken during an earlier field visit, on 19 and 20September 2011.


Lombok. These fish do not all pass through the official landing place (PPP)in Labuan Lombok, but like most demersal fish, go directly to the tradersfacilities. Collectors and traders of demersal fish in Labuan Lombok includePak Apeng, Ibu Hajah Sumiadi (Bu Sumi), Pak Supardi, Pak Nengah, PakHaji Kadir, and Pak Haji Saidok. There may be other, smaller collectorstoo. These local traders of demersal fish all seem to be fairly independentand development of new sustainable supply lines with them might be possible.Mini plant facilities are available locally at the larger tuna traders (see above).

Hundreds of fishing boats are based right at the various fish landing sitesof Labuan Lombok and its fishing kampongs, thousands of boats are basedin the wider area. Collector boats are coming in from all directions. Largequantities of fish also pass through Labuan Lombok on trucks, arriving withthe ferry from Sumbawa and carrying fish destined for Bali and export mar-kets, originating from Sumbawa and Flores Islands, as well as from islandseven further to the East. Local collectors and buyers obtain demersal fishboth directly from fishers as well as from collecting boats and by mini vanfrom various areas in Lombok and to the East.

Demersal fish collector Pak Apeng may be one of the largest collectorsof high-quality export fish in Labuan Lombok. Pak Apeng obtains fish fromLabuan Lombok, Labuan Haji, Tanjung Luar, and from Sape and LabuanBajo (East Sumbawa and West Flores). He works together with about 60small (< 5 GT) fishing boats, and he turns over about 150-1000 kg per 3-4days. Before 2007, this was up to 1000 kg per day. If there is 1 t of fish,Apeng brings the fish to Bali by himself, if there is only a little bit of fish hesends the fish with any truck that happens to head for Bali. Sending fish in astyrofoam box (120 cm length) to Bali costs IDR 30,000. Peak fishing seasonfor demersal fish is April - June; low season is August (due to strong wind),but this usually picks up again in September - December. Pak Apeng’s sell-ing prices are: Large coral trout (sunu super) IDR 100,000/kg, Variola sppIDR 70,000/kg, leopard coral trout Plectropums leopardus (locally known assunu halus or “fine” sunu) of > 1 kg IDR 100,000/kg, squaretail coral troutPlectropomus areolatus and bar-cheeked coral trout Plectropomus maculatus(both locally known as sunu kasar or “rough” sunu) > 1 kg IDR 70,000/kg.Emperors and snappers (hamadai) for export to Japan IDR 50,000/kg, andruby snapper IDR 25,000/kg. Export destination from Bali is mostly Taiwanand Singapore. During July-September, Apeng also trades in Spanish mack-erel, mostly small ones (< 5kg) for the local market, during other monthsApeng sells large Spanish mackerel (> 5 kg) for export at IDR 45,000/kg.

Ibu Sumiadi collects demersal fish at Kampung Padak in Labuhan Lom-bok (8◦30.194’S 116◦40.237’E) from a small fleet of local fishing boats ofvarious sizes. Ibu Sumi started business in 1996, and she now works together


Figure 3.52: Labuhan Lombok, storage facility of Pak Apeng: Pak Apeng (top, left), Pak Apeng’sback yard (top, right), Pak Apeng’s garage (note the styrofoam fish boxes) (middle, left), coral trout(sunu) (middle, right), various rock cods (Cephalopholis spp) (bottom, left) and emperors (bottom,right).


Figure 3.53: Labuhan Lombok, storage facility Pak Apeng: Cuttlefish(top) and coral trout sunu halus (upper fish in the bottom picture) andsunu kasar (lower fish in the bottom picture).


with 30 ketinting, 4 decked bottom longlines, and 6 tuna boats. Fishing gearused by ketinting are bottom longlines, and these small boats usually make1-day fishing trips (leaving in the morning, back in the afternoon). Ibu Sumisells “local” fish (mostly emperors and other small reef species), in TanjungLuar and Labuhan Lombok. Export-grade fish (coral trout, Variola spp, andred snapper) she sells to Apeng. Depending on the species, Ibu Sumi sellsgrouper to Pak Apeng at IDR 35,000-70,000/kg; she buys these fish fromher fishers at selling price minus IDR 2,000. Ibu Sumi’s fishers pay for alloperational expenses, and Ibu Sumi only contributes 50% of the costs forice. Like other local traders, Ibu Sumi also noticed a decline in catch since2007. The fishing season of Ibu Sumi’s fleet is March-August. The 4 deckedlongliners Ibu Sumi works together with are from Pangkep, South Sulawesi.In each month, the vessels land two times in Labuhan Lombok. Each timethey bring 1.5 t, of which 30% for export, 70% for local market. Sumi makesloans of IDR 20-30 million per boat for the large vessels, and IDR 5 millionfor the ketinting. Ibu Sumi also works with 6 tuna fishing vessels (7-9 mlength, width 1.2 m, depth 0.8 m, engine 24 HP), which make fishing trips of3 days, operating on fishing grounds south Lombok around Fish AggregatingDevices. Ibu Sumi owns three Fish Aggregating Devices herself. Operationalexpenses for the tuna boats are 500,000-700,000 per trip. Tuna fishing seasonis April-August, and peak season is April-May. Ibu Sumi sells all tuna toUD Baura.

Pak Supardi (Fig. 3.57) operates a small facility right next door to IbuSumi, working with about 25 hook-and-line fishing boats, mainly during thedry season (April-October), when he sends about 300 kg of demersal fish toBali on a daily basis. When Spanish mackerel is abundant in the area, PakSupardi’s fishers switch to trolling for this species of which he collects around200 kg per day in season. Pak Supardi buys red coral trout at IDR 60,000per kg and he buys Spanish mackerel at IDR 40,000 per kg.

At Kampung Baru in Labuhan Lombok, collectors Pak Haji Kadir andPak Haji Saidok receive demersal and pelagic fish from numerous collectorboats and fishing boats. Many are long-range boats, and collector boatsbring fish from as far as Selayar and Taka Bone Rate. At Haji Kadir’sfacility (8◦30.082’S 116◦40.077’E) we observed shipments of mixed small andlow quality reef fish which resembled blast fishing catches that we observedelsewhere (Fig. 3.58). No high-quality fish were observed here at the time ofour visit.

Nearby in Kampung Baru, Haji Saidok has his fish landing place andfacilities (Fig. 3.59). He currently works with around 25 collecting and fishingboats that deliver fish to him, and some of these boats he owns himself. HajiSaidok works with about 10 tuna boats which do trips of 4 days to 1 week to


Figure 3.54: Labuhan Lombok, storage facility of Ibu Sumi: Back yard(top), and various fishing vessels in the cove just behind Ibu Sumi’shouse (bottom).


Figure 3.55: Labuhan Lombok, storage facility of Ibu Sumi: Spanish mackerel (left)and baby tuna (right).


Figure 3.56: Labuhan Lombok, storage facility of Ibu Sumi: Various demersal and pelagic fish species.


Figure 3.57: Labuhan Lombok, storage facility of Pak Supardi: Pak Supardi and crew (top, left), andone of Pak Supardi’s crew holding up a rock cod Variola spp (top right). “Receiving” area of PakSupardi’s facility (bottom left), and styrofoam box with collected fish (the red fish are high-value rockcods and Variola spp, and the silverly fish on the right is a mix of mostly pelagic species) (bottomright)


FADs at Northern fishing grounds. These boats together deliver him around20 tons of fish per month, mostly baby tuna, larger yellowfin and mahi-mahi. Around 8 tons per month go to Bali on ice as export quality tuna andmahi. The rest is for local markets. Haji Saidok also has 15 boats deliveringdemersal fish, mostly shallow water coral reef species from reef systems to theNorth and East. These boats make trips up to 1 week in length to collect andfish for reef fish. On average they deliver over 10 tons of reef fish per monthto Haji Saidok, with about 10% or about 1 ton per month going to Bali forexport (mostly red grouper species, Cephalopholis spp, Plectropomus spp, andVariola spp). Haji Saidok trades large quantities of fish from various sourcesto major buyers, including (according to him) up to 30 tons per month whichhe supplies to PT Newmont, a mining company operating in West Sumbawa,as consumption fish for its 7,3001 staff, contractors, and workers. He seemsto be able to independently develop his partnerships.

Even though Labuhan Lombok is a major fish landing place, there stillis local demand for low-cost fish that cannot be supplied by local fisheries.To fulfill this demand, Ibu Abe and Pak Safrudin, a couple who runs a fishtrading business together, import low-cost fish from Madura. These fishare from the Java Sea, and common species are flying fish, layang (scads,Decapterus spp), kembung (long-jawed mackerel Rastrelliger kanagurta) andsmall emperors (Lethrinidae), which they sell at IDR 7,000-9,000/kg. InTanjung Luar (see section 3.1.15), the survey team found that local traderCV Versace stored low-cost ponyfish (Leiognathidae) imported from the JavaSea for the same purpose.

3.1.14 Labuan Haji

In Labuhan Haji, trader Pak Thamrin works together with 20 ketinting(length 5 m, width 1.5 m, depth 1.5 m, 2 engines of each 6.5 HP). They usebottom longlines with 100 hooks (two buoys), or bottom longlines with 50hooks (one buoy), fitted with hooks nr. 3 (fairly large, for large demersal fish).The small ketinting make one-day trips (morning to afternoon), operating onfishing grounds around Labuan Haji up to Labuan Lombok, especially nearPringgabaya. The fishers catch various species of brown grouper (kerapu tu-tul), squaretail coraltrout and bar-cheeked coraltrout (sunu kasar), and largebigeyes (> 300 g). The main fishing season is November - March. DuringApril-September, when the East coast of Lombok is exposed to the South-easterly monsoon, Pak Thamrin’s fishers move to the Gilis in the Northwest

1http://www.infomine.com/minesite/minesite.asp?site=batuhijau, accessed on 2 April2012


Figure 3.58: Labuhan Lombok, Kampung Baru. Street scenes (top row), vessels taking in ice andstorage area of Pak Haji Kadir (middle row), and low-value reef fish (bottom, left) and flying fish(bottom, right).


Figure 3.59: Labuhan Lombok, Kampung Baru. Pak Haji Saidok’s receiving and storage facility (toprow), styrofoam box with mahi-mahi (bottom, left) and with rabbitfish (bottom, right).


of Lombok. Pak Thamrin sells to Pak Alun and Pak Apeng.Trader Pak Maezadin works with 40 ketinting of the same design as

desribed above. Like Pak Thamrin, Pak Maezadin also sells to Alun. LabuanHaji has about 100 ketinting in total (of which 60 working together withThamrin and Maezadin). Main constraint in fishing operations is availabil-ity of bait fish.

Labuan Haji has many visiting fishers from Sumbawa, Labuhan Lombok,etc. The fishing community of Labuan Haji applies a traditional governancesystem for near-shore waters, locally known as awig-awig. In the awig-awigarea, gillnetting is not allowed in zones dedicated to handlining areas, andhookah compressors, which are commonly used in blast fishing and cyanidefishing, are not allowed at all. The local awig-awig group confiscates anycompressors found operating in their area.

3.1.15 Tanjung Luar

A large fleet of small to medium sized fishing boats operates out of TanjungLuar (Fig. 3.60). Supposedly no less than 4,700 boats are based in thegeneral area in and around Tanjung Luar. The largest vessels observed herewere probably up to 100 GT (bottom long line vessels) but most are smaller(below 30 GT), and many are sized in the range of 8 to 15 GT. This includesvarious kinds of long-line operations as well as mini purse seine and othertype of operations. Thousands of small boats with “ketinting” engines arelined up on the beaches of the large bay that is sheltered by the peninsula ofTanjung Ringgit to the Southeast. Small boats carry mini bottom longlines,handlines and various kinds of nets and operate on the continental shelfarea surrounding South East Lombok. Larger vessels operate at much moreremote fishing grounds.

A large fleet of bottom longliners operates out of Tanjung Luar, targetingsnappers and other demersals on the continental shelf off Northwest Aus-tralia, some 500 miles away. Fishers report that they often get sent off whencrossing the boundary with Australia. By-catch, including small sharks, rays,jacks and other fish, are also landed at Tanjung Luar. The longliners take 3days and nights to get to their fishing grounds and they operate there duringthe dry season, from April through November. On their long trips (around 2weeks), they take ice with them but usually they do not take bait. Instead ofbuying bait, they take a mini purse seine net, which they use to catch theirown bait once they get to their fishing grounds. These vessels normally travelin groups to and from their fishing grounds for safety reasons. Catch per tripis around 1-2 tons of demersals. During the Northwest Monsoon (December-March) these boats operate in the sheltered waters between Lombok and


Figure 3.60: Tanjung Luar. Woman fish vendors (top row), area for drying fish (middle, left), andarea for cutting up rays (middle, right). Beach front of Tanjung Luar (bottom, left), and longlinersmoored at the main jetty (bottom, right).


Sumbawa (often with their seine nets), or they do not fish at all and restinstead. Some, but not all, of the snapper longliners boats switch during theNorthwest Monsoon to purse seining, targeting small pelagic inshore fish tosupply local markets. Large amounts of small pelagics are landed at TanjungLuar from mini purse seines and other gears. Fish are sold for local marketsfresh as well as processed into ikan pindang (salted and boiled fish). Smallpelagic seine catches include Sardinella spp, scads (layang), tongkol, skipjackand baby tuna. The same boats also switch between targeting snapper andgrouper on shelf areas to targeting small deepwater sharks with their bottomlonglines.

There is a major shark fishery based at Tanjung Luar. This includes adrift longline fishery for sharks over deep water in the Indian Ocean, targetinglarger sharks for their fins. The sharks are landed hole, and fins are cut onthe beach. Pak Hamzah of CV Versace cooperates here with 72 longliningvessels, mostly targeting pelagic sharks at the moment. Besides the pelagicshark fishery, there is also a fishery for small bottom sharks (hiu botol) in deepwaters, outside the continental shelf in waters of 300-600 meters deep. Thecommodity is the shark liver oil, and livers are taken out after the sharks arelanded for further processing. After removing fins and livers, the remainingshark bodies have little value but are also marketed, supposedly both forhuman consumption and for processing in fish meal and animal feeds. Thereis an exotic array of by-catch species coming with the bottom long line sharkfishery, including members of the Chimaeridae family, conger eels, gurnards(Peristedion spp and Satyrichthys spp), and various other deep sea species.

Tanjung Luar is also the largest fish trading center and open fish marketof Lombok, with fish from all directions being traded here, including fish forlocal markets from Labuan Lombok. Several traders and shipments of fish(e.g. from Ibu Ida of CV Versace, Ibu Sumi and Haji Saidok) that we hadcome across in Labuan Lombok, were present on the market of Tanjung Luarthe next morning. Every major player in the fish business in Lombok seemsto have some stake in the fish trade in Tanjung Luar.

The only modern facilities in Tanjung Luar (Fig. 3.51) include the newmini plant with blast freezer and ice factory of Pak Hamzah from CV Versace.Pak Hamzah is still expanding this facility and said that he will next add atuna loining section. The ice factory at Pak Hamzah’s facility produces 30tons of block ice per day. There are several other ice plants in the TanjungLuar area (the one at Tanjung Luar itself produces 450 blocks of 30 kg, ornearly 15 t, per day), but no other modern cold storage facilities that wecould find. Pak Alun, for example, does not seem to have established anyfacilities here, although he is certainly sourcing lots of fish from TanjungLuar. Ice is often in short supply in Tanjung Luar and is routinely trucked


Figure 3.61: Tanjung Luar. Various smaller longliners moored at the main jetty (top, left), smallfishing boats pulled up at the beach (top, right), various “ketinting” canoes landing (middle, left), andpick-up truck with ice boxes for transporting fish (middle, right). Groupers (Variola albimarginata andEpinephelus coioides) in one of the receiving facilities at Tanjung Luar (lower, left), and bucket withgurnards (lower, right).


Figure 3.62: Tanjung Luar. Woman selling a billfish (top, left) and large mahi-mahi (top, right).Large yellowfin tuna (bottom, left) and large stingrays (bottom, right).


Figure 3.63: Tanjung Luar. Man finning a thresher shark (top, left) and a pile of small deepwatersharks with their livers removed (top, right). Ghost shark (family Chimaeridae) (bottom, right) and aman cutting up a large shark (bottom, left; picture taken on 20 September 2011).


Figure 3.64: Tanjung Luar. Area for production of ikan pindang(salted and boiled fish) and area for cutting up large eel (bottom).


Figure 3.65: Tanjung Luar. Woman selling gurnards.

3.2. MAPS OF FISHING GROUNDS AND SUPPLY LINES 89

in from Mataram and elsewhere.There are several independent fish collectors and traders based in Tan-

jung Luar and one of the larger ones is Pak Hayyi who buys export-qualitydemersals for his patron (locally often referred to as “boss”), Mr. Yanlyung,who is based in Bali on Jalan Gurita. Mr. Yanlyung buys from various collec-tors in East Indonesia and exports goldband and ruby snappers to Australia,groupers to Taiwan and China, and Malabar snappers to various export mar-kets (Fig. 3.67). Pak Hayyi buys mostly from the smaller local fishing boatsand trades demersals for the local market at around IDR 16,000-18,000, buthe also sends some 200 to 400 kg of export-quality demersals per day to hisboss in Bali. He reported that the best prices for export snappers are forthe smaller fish, in the size range of 300 grams to 1.6 kg. He buys snapperslocally from local fishers at around IDR 35,000/kg, depending on the size.For groupers, the better prices are for the larger fish, the reverse patternfrom what he reported for snappers. Pak Hayyi pays IDR 25,000/kg forthe smaller groupers, IDR 43,000/kg for groupers between 2 and 4 kg, IDR50,000/kg for groupers 5 to 6.9 kg and IDR 60,000/kg for groupers of 7 kgand larger. He pays IDR 145,000/kg for good-quality red leopard coral trout(P. leopardus) in sizes of 1.5 to 1.2 kg and for P. maculatus he pays IDR95,000/kg, the same price as what he pays for barramundi cod Cromileptesaltivelis.

3.2 Maps of fishing grounds and supply lines

Summarizing findings from landing sites described above, we categorized themain fisheries that land in Lombok as follows:

• Demersal fisheries operating on the deeper parts of the Lombok shelf(> c. 40 m deep), using handlines, droplines, and longlines (Fig. 3.68).This includes many motorized canoes and some larger vessels (espe-cially to the West of Bangko Bango, near Nusa Penida).

• Fisheries on shallow-water (< c. 40 m deep) demersal species (includ-ing coral reef species and Spanish mackerel, a reef-associated pelagicspecies), using handlines, small longlines, and trolling (Fig. 3.69).These fisheries mostly take place from motorized canoes and small (<5 GT) boats.

• Fisheries on small pelagic species, including scads, sardines, tongkol(various small tuna-like species, such as Eastern little tuna Euthynnusaffinis, Auxis spp., and bonito Sarda orientalis), using mini purse seines


Figure 3.66: Tanjung Luar, new mini-plant and cold storage of CV Versace. Yard(top), cold storage with skipjack tuna and baby tuna (middle), and ice factory(bottom).


Figure 3.67: Tanjung Luar, fish at the facility of collector Pak Hayyi. Grouper (probably Epinephelusmalabaricus, top, left), goldband snapper Pristopomoides multidens (top, right), red snappers (Lutjanuserythropterus and L. bohar) (bottom, left), and fish transported out by cart (bottom, right).


(Fig. 3.70). Mini purse-seiners operate from small boats (mostly be-tween 5 and 10 GT), and they can be found almost anywhere along theLombok coast, but they are far less numerous than motorized outriggercanoes.

• Fisheries on tongkol in the Lombok Strait, trolling with multiple hooksand using small drift gillnets, with thousands of motorized double-outrigger canoes (Fig. 3.71). In Cemara, the same boats also targetother species like Indo-Pacific king mackerel Scomberomorus guttatusand lobster.

• Fisheries on large yellowfin tuna, juvenile yellowfin tuna (baby tuna),and skipjack tuna, using handlines (Fig. 3.72). Small quantities ofother large tuna species, such as bigeye tuna, are also caught. Thisfishery targets fish around Fish Aggregating Devices as well as free-swimming schools. The main hub for this fishery is Labuhan Lom-bok, and a large part of this fishery is controlled by two large traders(CV Versace and UD Baura). This fishery operates on distant fishinggrounds (up to Sumba), making trips of up to two weeks.

• Fisheries on remote demersal fishing grounds, including the shallowreef systems near Selayar and in the Flores Sea between Sumbawa andSulawesi, and as far away as the shelf bordering to Australian waters(Fig. 3.73). This fishery uses longlines, handlines, and droplines fromdecked vessels, making trips of up to two weeks.

• Shark fisheries in near-by deep waters, operating exclusively from Tan-jung Luar, targeting pelagic sharks with pelagic longlines as well assmall demersal sharks with bottom longlines deployed at depths up to300 m (Fig. 3.74). Whereas most of the value is obtained from fins andliver oil, the rest of the carcass is also retained for local consumption.


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3.3 Google Earth survey of coastal fisheries

A visual inspection of the coastline of Lombok using Google Earth reflectedthe same major patterns as observed during the field visit (Fig. 3.75): Scat-tered landing sites along the South coast and the North coast of the South-western peninsula, many landing sites along the West coast, only few landingsites along the North coast, and three major fishery hubs on the East coast(Labuan Lombok, Labuan Haji, and Tanjung Luar).

3.3. GOOGLE EARTH SURVEY OF COASTAL FISHERIES 101

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Table 3.1: Results of Google Earth survey of concentrations of fishing boats alongthe coast of Lombok. See Figure 3.75 for a map with the numbered points listedbelow. Details on the locations in Sumbawa (labeled with blue anchors in Fig. 3.75)are not included here.Nmbr Location Date Boats Latitude Longitude1 Tanjung Luar 06/25/2011 50 - 100 8◦46’22.32”S 116◦31’23.12”T2 Tanjung Luar 06/25/2011 50 - 100 8◦46’42.73”S 116◦31’6.02”T3 Kedome 06/25/2011 30 - 50 8◦46’37.38”S 116◦30’48.31”T4 Lungkak 06/25/2011 80-100 8◦47’15.81”S 116◦30’22.02”T5 Pelebe 06/25/2011 20 8◦47’45.43”S 116◦30’19.14”T6 Tolone 06/25/2011 17 8◦49’38.57”S 116◦31’23.06”T7 Tolone 06/25/2011 8 8◦49’45.38”S 116◦31’42.68”T8 Temeak Teluk

Sunut06/25/2011 15-20 8◦51’15.43”S 116◦32’57.76”T

9 Seriwe 06/25/2011 13 8◦53’25.15”S 116◦30’25.72”T10 Bagik Cendo 06/25/2011 40-60 8◦52’32.28”S 116◦27’13.29”T11 Bagik Cendo 06/25/2011 30-50 8◦52’18.00”S 116◦27’19.87”T12 Pemokong 06/25/2011 9 8◦50’5.66”S 116◦28’12.52”T13 Saung 06/25/2011 10 8◦50’6.61”S 116◦26’5.27”T14 Open 06/25/2011 30-40 8◦51’0.98”S 116◦24’31.17”T15 Open 06/25/2011 20-30 8◦51’14.64”S 116◦24’24.73”T16 Awang 07/27/2009 60-70 8◦52’52.23”S 116◦23’43.36”T17 Awang 07/27/2009 20 8◦53’3.44”S 116◦23’42.90”T18 Bumbang 07/27/2009 14 8◦54’14.31”S 116◦22’32.81”T19 Grupuk 07/27/2009 60-80 8◦54’33.88”S 116◦20’39.74”T20 Kuta 07/27/2009 16 8◦53’36.69”S 116◦16’46.58”T21 Selong Belanak 10/15/2006 100 8◦52’29.28”S 116◦9’42.21”T22 Sepi 06/22/2008 18 8◦51’9.42”S 116◦3’41.29”T23 Bangko-Bangko 10/15/2009 16 8◦43’34.26”S 115◦51’29.13”T24 Berambang 10/15/2009 8 8◦46’28.64”S 115◦54’45.88”T25 Pandanan 10/15/2009 22 8◦44’0.34”S 115◦58’18.25”T26 Tawun 10/15/2009 16 8◦45’5.26”S 116◦0’32.76”T27 Batu Kijuk 10/20/2003 30-40 8◦44’36.91”S 116◦1’15.34”T28 Lendang Jahe 11/03/2009 15 8◦43’8.71”S 116◦3’31.04”T29 Lendang Jahe 11/03/2009 10 8◦42’52.34”S 116◦3’35.21”T30 Buncit 11/03/2009 10 8◦42’35.89”S 116◦3’39.13”T31 Taman 11/03/2009 15 8◦40’13.54”S 116◦4’18.15”T32 Jeranjang 11/03/2009 12 8◦38’52.71”S 116◦4’11.10”T33 Kuranji 11/03/2009 24 8◦37’16.56”S 116◦4’28.06”T34 Kebon Belik 11/03/2009 16 8◦36’51.33”S 116◦4’28.03”T35 Tanjung Karang 12/03/2009 200-250 8◦36’8.32”S 116◦4’25.06”T36 Tanjung Karang 12/03/2009 40-60 8◦35’53.51”S 116◦4’24.26”T37 Ampenan 01/27/2010 100-120 8◦34’48.09”S 116◦4’16.99”T38 Ampenan 01/27/2010 10 8◦34’30.66”S 116◦4’16.76”T39 Ampenan 01/27/2010 80-100 8◦33’59.60”S 116◦4’20.23”T40 Ampenan 01/27/2010 300-350 8◦33’50.90”S 116◦4’20.31”T

continued on next page

3.3. GOOGLE EARTH SURVEY OF COASTAL FISHERIES 103

Nmbr Location Date Boats Latitude Longitude41 Ampenan 01/27/2010 200-250 8◦33’34.12”S 116◦4’17.40”T42 Peresak Kongok 01/27/2010 100-150 8◦32’50.35”S 116◦4’8.94”T43 Peresak Kongok 01/27/2010 150-200 8◦32’27.55”S 116◦4’7.38”T44 Meninting 01/27/2010 50-60 8◦32’10.49”S 116◦4’4.51”T45 Meninting 01/27/2010 80-100 8◦31’51.77”S 116◦4’2.43”T46 Batu Layar 01/27/2010 30 8◦31’32.07”S 116◦3’56.41”T47 Batu Layar 01/27/2010 22 8◦31’11.24”S 116◦3’48.01”T48 Batu Bolong 01/27/2010 28 8◦30’0.29”S 116◦2’41.17”T49 Batu Bolong 01/27/2010 150-200 8◦29’53.10”S 116◦2’42.73”T50 Nipah 08/29/2009 200-300 8◦26’0.31”S 116◦2’43.65”T51 Pandanan 08/29/2009 10 8◦25’8.97”S 116◦3’3.15”T52 Pandanan 08/29/2009 150-200 8◦24’57.09”S 116◦3’11.60”T53 Tanjung Serung-

gai08/29/2009 80-100 8◦24’20.41”S 116◦3’40.66”T

54 Teluk Nara 08/29/2009 40-60 8◦24’23.56”S 116◦4’22.33”T55 Bangsal 08/29/2009 15 8◦24’3.30”S 116◦5’0.07”T56 Lendang Berura 08/29/2009 18 8◦23’37.27”S 116◦5’56.13”T57 Prawira 08/29/2009 30-40 8◦21’46.42”S 116◦8’5.28”T58 Sorong Jukung 08/29/2009 20-30 8◦20’52.93”S 116◦8’52.87”T59 Lekok 08/29/2009 30-40 8◦20’32.40”S 116◦10’33.78”T60 Karang Anyar 08/29/2009 30-40 8◦19’46.87”S 116◦11’7.29”T61 Papak 11/25/2006 6 8◦18’29.61”S 116◦11’30.03”T62 Beraringan 07/17/2006 8 8◦15’42.61”S 116◦14’43.53”T63 Kayangan 07/17/2006 6 8◦15’9.50”S 116◦15’24.92”T64 Air Bari 07/17/2006 5 8◦15’0.70”S 116◦15’41.09”T65 Akarakar 12/18/2002 8 8◦13’34.64”S 116◦18’45.44”T66 Lendang Batu 06/25/2011 8 8◦19’23.27”S 116◦41’4.35”T67a Ujung 06/25/2011 12 8◦20’9.20”S 116◦41’56.32”T67b Rarem 06/25/2011 12 8◦20’9.20”S 116◦41’56.32”T68 Menanga Baris 06/25/2011 20-30 8◦28’45.67”S 116◦40’10.09”T69 Pasugulan 06/25/2011 60-80 8◦29’14.95”S 116◦39’43.63”T70 Seruni 06/25/2011 100-150 8◦29’45.65”S 116◦39’48.77”T71 Bajo 06/25/2011 100-150 8◦30’3.91”S 116◦40’8.09”T72 Ketapang 06/25/2011 15 8◦33’3.35”S 116◦39’44.28”T73 Labuhan Haji 06/25/2011 60-80 8◦42’4.00”S 116◦34’16.20”T

Chapter 4

Opportunities for developmentof sustainable supply lines

Many of the local supply lines of demersal fish from Lombok fisheries, espe-cially for export-quality fish like snappers and groupers, seem to be firmlyin the hands of Chinese-Indonesian aggregator Pak Alun, who has his mainaggregation center based in Ampenan, on the West coast of Lombok. PakAlun works with a large network of many small collectors all around Lom-bok, each supplying him with small amounts of fish. In addition he also haslarger suppliers from major landing places in the East and South. Pak Alunsends his fish on trucks to Bali, via the ferry that departs from Lembar, aftergrading and re-packing in Ampenan, for further export to Taiwan and HongKong.

Besides Pak Alun’s supply lines of export-quality demersals from Lombok,there are supply lines from Labuan Lombok, such as those from collectors likePak Apeng, Ibu Sumi, Pak Supardi and Pak Haji Saidok. Also in TanjungLuar there are collectors with direct lines to Bali for high quality export de-mersals, such as for example Pak Hayyi who collects significant quantities ofgood quality snappers and groupers there which he sends and sells directlyto a trader in Bali. Other independent collectors include Pak Marwi whocollects his fish from Sepi at the Western end of the South coast of Lombok.Opportunities may exist to develop partnerships with any of these indepen-dent traders, as part of new supply lines. For these traders the price on offerwill be one of the most important factors.

Tanjung Luar is dominated by Bugis fishers and it may not be easy topenetrate in the fish business for any newcomers or outsiders. Possibilitiesmay exist for cooperation with open-minded insiders. Development of newsupply lines for demersal fish would be possible with strong upcoming localtraders like Pak Hamzah, who owns modern mini plants in Labuan Lombok

105

and in Tanjung Luar, and who expressed willingness and ability to partnerwith European and American buyers for trade in both tuna and demersalsfrom the East coast of Lombok. Hamzah can collect tuna and demersal fishfrom both Northern and Southern fishing grounds at his strategically locatedmini plants. Pak Hamzah said he could deliver high quality snappers at aprice of IDR 40,000 per kg but he had to check that price with his wife, fishtrader Ibu Ida. Ibu Ida trades large quantities of fish for local markets, bothin Labuan Lombok and Tanjung Luar.

Pak Hamzah is an East Lombok local, originally from Tanjung Luar. Hegrew a large business, and he invested in both infrastructure and relation-ships with the local fleets. Pak Hamzah would seem to be in an ideal positionto take on the competition with other existing traders. Pak Hamzah seemedvery confident that he can deliver larger quantities of export qualities dem-ersals and pelagic to European and American buyers, as long as the pricewould be right. Without elaborating on it, he specifically said that he wouldwork with European and American buyers rather than with Chinese buyers.He said he would be able to do this using his own facilities and sending thefish to his partners in Bali.

Like almost anywhere else in Indonesia, hygienic conditions at landingsites in Lombok, especially in Tanjung Luar, are poor. Fish ends up in dirtyharbour water or on the ground, where free-roaming chickens may causeinfection with Salmonella. As small-scale fisheries supply export markets,which impose strict food safety standards, this is a matter of economic con-cern. Contaminated fish from small-scale operations may get mixed withhigh-quality fish, and therefore finding ways to improve hygienic conditionsin small-scale fisheries is important for the export sector as a whole. It isonly a matter of time before also domestic markets will demand better com-pliance with food safety standards. Some ways to improve hygenic conditionsinclude creating more efficient or fewer linkages in small-scale supply chains,removing chickens and other livestock from landing sites, ensuring access toice made from clean water, and conducting awareness campaings for fishersand small-scale traders on fish handling practices.

Bibliography

Garcia, S. M., A. Zerbi, C. Aliaume, T. Do Chi, and G. Lasserre (2003).The ecosystem approach to fisheries. issues, terminology, principles, insti-tutional foundations, implementation and outlook. Technical report, FAOFisheries Technical Paper. No. 443. Rome, FAO. 71 p.

Pikitch, E. K., C. Santora, E. A. Babcock, A. Bakun, R. Bonfil, D. O.Conover, P. Dayton, P. Doukakis, D. Fluharty, B. Heneman, E. D. Houde,J. Link, P. A. Livingston, M. Mangel, M. K. McAllister, J. Pope, and K. J.Sainsbury (2004). Ecosystem-based fishery management. Science 305,346–347.

Spalding, M., H. Fox, N. Davidson, Z. Ferdana, M. Finlayson, B. Halpern,M. Jorge, A. Lombana, S. Lourie, K. Martin, E. McManus, J. Molnar,K. Newman, C. Recchia, and J. Robertson (2007). Marine ecoregions ofthe world: A bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience 57,573–583.

Appendices

Appendix A

Local resource persons anddata gathering events

The survey team conducted following interviews and observations (in chrono-logical order; unless indicated otherwise interviews were conducted by thecomplete team):

1. Awang village, 27 February 2012: Interview with trader Nurhadidjaand with two fishers.

2. Awang village, 27 February 2012: Interview with Pak Tahher, boatowner (ketinting, two engines each 16.5 PK, 6 pcs) and fisherman,using gillnets.

3. Awang village, 27 February 2012: Interview with handline fisher, (bot-tom longline, trolling).

4. Gerupuk village, 27 February 2012: Interview Pak Bendong, head ofFisher Group, head of Karamba Group, also a fisher, since two monthshas two units of karamba supported by government for culture of pom-fret (bawal).

5. Gerupuk village, 27 February 2012: Interview with Pak Cinta, fisher-man, now specializing in taking out foreign recreational fishers.

6. Gerupuk village, 27 February 2012: Interview with Pak Bukit (alsoknown as Bapak Rifa’a), fish collector, working with Pak Alun fromAmpenan.

7. Gerupuk village, 27 February 2012: Interview with Ibu Inak Giwi, fishcollector for local (village) consumption

110 APPENDIX A. LOCAL RESOURCE PERSONS AND DATA GATHERING EVENTS

8. Kuta village, 27 Februay 2012: Interview with a group of fishers.

9. Kuta village, 27 February 2012: Interview with a gillnet fisher.

10. Kuta village, 27 February 2012: Interview with Pak Ahmad, son oftuna collector.

11. Selong Belanak, 27 February 2012: Interview with Ibu Hasanah, whosells barbequed fish to visitors.

12. Selong Belanak, 27 February 2012: Interview with a group of fishers,including the fisher who landed at the time of the visit.

13. Pengatap, 27 February 2012: Visit only, no interviews.

14. Sepi, 27 Februaryn 2012: Interview with fish collector Ibu Muhassanand her husband Pak Ahmad.

15. Sepi, 27 February 2012: Interview with Pak Marwi, a fish collectorfrom Ampenan, and his team.

16. Bangko Bangko, 28 February 2012: Interview with a group of fishers.

17. Bangko Bangko, 28 February 2012: Interview with Pak Salam, fisher-man.

18. Bangko Bangko, 28 February 2012: Interview with Ibu Sarti, pindangprocessor.

19. Ampenan, 28 February 2012 (Budi Sasongko, M. Ziaulhaq, MunawirRamli): Interview with Pak Alun. Pak Alun trades in demersal fish forexport, and he operates an extensive network of small collectors on theSouth, East, and Northwestern coasts of Lombok.

20. Ampenan, 28 February 2012 (Budi Sasongko, M. Ziaulhaq, MunawirRamli): Interview with Pak Marwi, fish trader, and head of the localHimpunan Nelayan Seluruh Indonesia (HNSI).

21. Cemara, 28 February 2012 (Jos Pet, Peter Mous, and Anang Wahyudi):Interview with two fishers and heads of two Kelompok Nelayan (FisherGroups), Mr Mus Ab of Pemuda Pesisir Mandiri and Mr Parman ofOboe Kehidupan.

22. Keranji, 28 February 2012: Interview with a fisher.

23. Tanjung Karang, 28 February 2012: Visit (no interview).

111

24. Ampenan, 28 February 2012: Interview with Pak Zunaidi, cold storageowner.

25. Medana, 29 February 2012 (Peter Mous, Jos Pet, and Anang Wahyudi):Visit to Medana to meet collector Pak Amid, who was not present atthe time of the visit.

26. Tanjung, 29 February 2012 (Peter Mous, Jos Pet, and AnangWahyudi):Visit to Tanjung, interview with collector Pak Sahdi.

27. Montong Pol, 29 February 2012 (Peter Mous, Jos Pet, and AnangWahyudi): Witness hauling of a beach seine.

28. Tampas, 29 February 2012 (Peter Mous, Jos Pet, and Anang Wahyudi):Interview with Pak Masri, fish collector in Tampas.

29. Labuan Lombok, 29 February 2012: Visits to PPP Labuhan Lombok.

30. Labuhan Lombok, 29 February 2012 (Budi Sasongko, M. Ziaulhaq, Mu-nawir Ramli): Interview with Pak Affandi (also known as Pak Apeng),collector.

31. Labuhan Lombok, 1 March 2012 (Budi Sasongko, M. Ziaulhaq, Mu-nawir Ramli): Interview with Pak Suaib, fish trader (ex-staff fromVersace), independent since two years.

32. Labuhan Lombok, 1 March 2012 (Budi Sasongko, M. Ziaulhaq, Mu-nawir Ramli): Interview with Hj Sumiadi, fish trader.

33. Labuhan Lombok, 1 March 2012 (Budi Sasongko, M. Ziaulhaq, Mu-nawir Ramli): Interview with Ibu Abe and Pak Safrudin, fish trader.

34. Labuhan Lombok, 1 March 2012 (Peter Mous, Jos Pet, and AnangWahyudi): Interview with Pak Supardi, fish collector.

35. Labuhan Lombok, 1 March 2012 (Peter Mous, Jos Pet, and AnangWahyudi): Visit to the facility of Pak Haji Kadir (no interview).

36. Labuhan Lombok, 1 March 2012 (Peter Mous, Jos Pet, and AnangWahyudi): Interview with Pak Haji Saidok, fish trader.

37. Labuhan Haji, 1 March 2012 (Badi Sasongko, M. Ziaulhaq, MunawirRamli): Interview with Pak Thamrin, trader, collaborating with Alun.

112 APPENDIX A. LOCAL RESOURCE PERSONS AND DATA GATHERING EVENTS

38. Labuhan Haji, 2 March 2012 (Badi Sasongko, M. Ziaulhaq, MunawirRamli): Interview with Pak Maezadin, village head (kepala dusun),collector and awig-awig coordinator (awig-awig is a traditional marinegovernance system).

39. Tanjung Luar, 2 March 2012 (Peter Mous, Jos Pet, and AnangWahyudi):Visit and various interviews with fishers, vendors, ice transporters, etc.

40. Tanjung Luar, 2 March 2012 (Peter Mous, Jos Pet, and AnangWahyudi):Interview with collector Pak Hayyi at his facility.

41. Tanjung Luar, 2 March 2012 (Peter Mous, Jos Pet, and AnangWahyudi):Interview with Pak Haji Hamzah of CV Versace, and visit to his newmini plant.

42. Ekas village, 2 March 2012 (Peter Mous, Jos Pet, and Anang Wahyudi):Short visit to Ekas village (no interviews).

43. Seriwe village, 2 March 2012 (Peter Mous, Jos Pet, and AnangWahyudi):Visit to Seriwe village, interview with Ibu Aji Zainab, local fish trader.

44. Lepek Loang, 11 March 2012 (M. Ziaulhaq): Interview with two fishers(Amak Syahmin and Oji).

45. Tekalok, 11 March 2012 (M. Ziaulhaq): Interview with two fishers(Kamiluddin and Iwan).

46. Maroak, 11 March 2012 (M. Ziaulhaq): Interview with fisher Rusydi.

47. Labuhan Pandang, 11 March 2012 (M. Ziaulhaq): Visited, but no fish-ery encountered.

48. Tanjung Layur, 11 March 2012 (M. Ziaulhaq): Visited, but no fisheryencountered.

Appendix B

Contact details

• Pak Anang Dania Wahyudi, Penyulu (Fisheries Extension Worker),DKP Lombok Tengga, mobile 0818773319, [email protected]

• Pak Munawir Ramli, Penyulu (Fisheries ExtensionWorker), DKP Lom-bok Tenggah, mobile 087870058532, [email protected]

• Pak Bendong, head of Fisher Group and of Karamba Group in Gerupuk,mobile 081805761438

• Pak Alun, trader in demersal fish for export, mobile 081917314141.

• Pak Zunaidi, cold storage owner based in Ampanan, mobile 08123619220and 081339792841.

• Pak Sahdi, collector in Tanjung, mobile 087864727063.

• Pak Amak Syahmin, fisher in Lapek Loang, mobile 081997920020.

• Pak Iwan, fisher in Tekalok, mobile 081997766216.

• Pak Rusydi, fisher in Maroak, mobile 08199767410.

• Ibu Ida, CV Versace, mobile 081918320002.

• Pak Hamzah, CV Versace, mobile 081339668000.

Appendix C

List of Indonesian, English, andscientific fish names

The following list is indicative only, since Indonesian names for fish speciesvary widely between islands and fishing communities.

Indonesian English and scientific names

anggoli goldband snapper Pristipomoides multidensbagong ruby snapper Etelis carbunculusbawal tongkat long-spined snapper Argyrops spinifercakalang skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamiscumi squid and cuttlefish (Loligo, Sepia)cunding paddletail Lutjanus gibbusguntur green jobfish Aprion virescenshamadai Japanese name for various snappers, sometimes also

used by Indonesian traders who export to Japan.jarang gigi red bass Lutjanus bohar (L. bohar is also referred to

as “kakap merah”)kaci-kaci sweetlip emperor Plectorhynchus pictus, grass em-

peror Lethrinus laticaudiskakap emperors and snapperskakap merah red snappers (various species)kakap putih barramundi Lates calcarifer, but also various snappers

and emperors of any colour but redkampo Maori seaperch Lutjanus rivulatuskampo merah emperor red snapper Lutjanus sebaekembung Indian mackerel Rastrelliger kanagurtaketambak spangled emperor Lethrinus nebulosus


115

Indonesian English and scientific names

kerapu bulan yellow-edged lyretail Variola louti and white-edgedlyretail V. albimarginata

kerapu otang potato cod Epinephelus tukulakerapu sunuk squaretail coralgrouper Plectropomus areolatus, and

various other Plectropomus species, including P. leop-ardus, P. maculatus, and P. laevis

kerapu tutul estuary cod Epinephelus coioides and various otherbrown grouper species including E. maculatus E.merra, and E. quoyanus

kurisi threadfin Nemipterus sppkurisi bali, kurisi perak various Pristipomoides species, (including P. typus

and P. filamentosus) and toothed jobfish Aphareusfurca

layang scads Decapterus spp.layaran sailfish Istiophorus platypteruslayur cutlass fishes Trichiuridae (mostly hairtails Trichiurus

spp, but also Lepidopus caudatus and Lepturacanthussavala)

lemadang dolphin fish, mahi-mahi Coryphaena hippuruslemuru various herring species, including Sardinella lemuru

and Sardinella longiceps, but not Sardinella fimbriatanunuk crimson seaperch Lutjanus erythropterussunu various grouper species of the genus Plectropomussunu halus leopard coralgrouper Plectropomus leopardussunu kasar spotted coralgrouper Plectropomus maculatustembang fringescale sardinella Sardinella fimbriata or gold-

stripe sardinella Sardinella gibbosatenggiri usually narrow-banded Spanish mackerel Scombero-

morus commersoni, but also various other Scombero-morus species as well as wahoo Acanthocybium solan-dri

teri anchovy Stolephorus spptongkol Eastern little tuna Euthynnus affinis, bonito Sarda

orientalis, frigate tuna Auxis thazard, and bullet tunaAuxis rochei

tuna mata besar bigeye tuna Thunnus obesustuna sirip kuning, madidi-hang

yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares

Appendix D

Acronyms

Acronym Description

ABF Air Blast FreezerAOI Area Of Interest, technical term that is often used in spa-

tial planning to indicate the entire area that the planner isinterested in

ADB Asian Development BankASEAN Association of Southeast Asian NationsBPS Badan Pusat StatistikCBM Community-based managementCI Conservation International, an international environmental

NGOCCSBT Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin TunaCEDRS Catch Effort Data Recording SystemCOREMAP Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program, a World

Bank and ADB-supported initiativeCPUE Catch-Per-Unit-EffortCT6 Acronym for the six Coral Triangle countries: Indonesia,

Philippines, Malaysia, Timor Leste, Papua New Guinea, andSolomon Islands (Coral Triangle Initiative)

CTI-CFF Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries, and FoodSecurity

CTSP Coral Triangle Support Program [Coral Triangle Initiative],the name of the ADB- and USAID-funded project that sup-ports the Coral Triangle Initiative. Starting October 2011,the Indonesian part of CTSP has been known as MPAG.

CV Commanditaire Venootschap, an Indonesian company struc-ture


117

Acronym Description

DISHIDROS Dinas Hidro-Oseanografi, the agency within the IndonesianNavy responsible for publication of nautical charts

DKP Dinah Kelautan dan Perikanan, district- or province-levelfisheries service (Indonesia)

EAFM Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (FAO)EBFM Ecosystem-Based Fisheries ManagementEC European CommunityEEZ Exclusive Economic ZoneENSO El Nino Southern OscillationEU European UnionFAD Fish Aggregation DeviceFAO Food and Agricultural Organization of the United NationsGEF Global Environmental FacilityGIS Geographic Information SystemGOI Government of IndonesiaGPS Global Positioning System, a satellite-based system for finding

coordinates of a position anywhere on Earth.GT Gross Tonnage, a measure of size for boatsHP Horse Power, an outdated but still commonly used measure

of engine power (in Indonesia sometimes “PK”)IDR Indonesian Rupiah, 1 US$ is about IDR 9,000 (2011)ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management, an approach towards

multi-sectoral management of coastsILMMA Indonesia - Locally-Managed Marine Area network, an NGOIMACS Indonesia Marine and Climate Support project, a technical

assistance project supported by USAID/IndonesiaIPB Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor Agricultural UniversityIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIUCN International Union for Conservation of NatureIOTC Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, a regional fisheries manage-

ment organizationKKP Kementrian Kelautan dan Perikanan, Ministry of Marine Af-

fairs and Fisheries (Indonesia).KP3K Direktorat-Jenderal Kelautan, Pesisir, dan Pulau-Pulau Ke-

cil, the Directorate-General of Marine, Coasts, and Small Is-lands.

LIT Line-intersect transect (a monitoring technique for reefhealth)

LMMA Locally-Managed Marine Area, an MPA that is managed bya local entity, often a village-based organization

LSSFI Lesser Sundas Sustainable Fisheries Initiative, a fisheries pro-gram run by Bali Seafood International


118 APPENDIX D. ACRONYMS

Acronym Description

MAC Marine Aquarium Coucil, an international NGO that focuseson certification and eco-labeling in the aquarium fish sector

MB Mitra Bahari, Sea Partership, a collaboration among Indone-sia universities working on fisheries, coastal zone managementplanning, etc.

MCS Monitoring, Control, and SurveillanceMEOW Marine Ecoregions of the World, a bio-geographic regionaliza-

tion by Spalding et al. (2007)MMAF Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (Indonesia)MoU Memorandum of UnderstandingMPA Marine Protected AreaMPAG Marine Protected Area Governance project, supported by US-

AID/Indonesia and implemented by various NGOsMRP Marine Resource Program (USAID)MSC Marine Stewardship CouncilMSY Maximum Sustainable Yield, the maximum total catch that

can be sustained indefinitively. Typically, MSY models as-sume that each level of fishing effort results in an equilibriumcatch. Stocks are under-exploited if effort is lower than theeffort at MSY, and stocks are over-exploited if effort is higherthan the effort at MSY.

NCC National Coordinating Committee (Coral Triangle Initiative)NGO Non-Governmental OrganizationNOAA National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration

[USA]NPoA National Plan of Action (Coral Triangle Initiative)PERDA Peraturan Daerah, province- or district-level law or regulationPK see HPPNCI People and Nature Consulting International, a Bali-based con-

sulting companyPNG Papua New GuineaPPP Pelabuhan Perikanan Pantai or Coastal Fishing Harbour (In-

donesia)PPP Public-Private PartnershipPRA Participatory Resource AssessmentPSM Port State Measures (FAO)PT Perseroan Terbatas (limited liability company, similar to

Ltd.), an Indonesian company structurePUMP Pengembangan Usaha Mina Perdesaan, an Indonosian de-

velopment program (Village Fishery Enterprise Developmentprogram)


119

Acronym Description

RFMO Regional Fisheries Management Organization, such as IOTCand WCPFC

RRA Rapid Rural AppraisalRRI Rapid Resource Inventory (a survey method)SI Solomon IslandsSOM Senior Officials Meeting [Coral Triangle Initiative], often fol-

lowed by a number (SOM1, SOM2, SOM3)SSME Sulu-Sulawesi Seas Marine EcoregionTAC Total Allowable CatchTPI Tempat Pelelengan Ikan, Fish Landing Site (Indonesia)TURF Territorial Use Rights in FisheriesRPoA Regional Plan of Action [Coral Triangle Initiative]UD Usaha Dagang, and Indonesian company structure (sole pro-

prietorship)WCPFC Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, an RFMOWPP Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan or Fishery Management Area

(Indonesia).WWF Worldwide Fund for Nature, an international environmental

network with local representations

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