Fig. 1-1 Fig. 1-2 Fig. 1-3 Order Evolutionary adaptation Response to the environment Reproduction Growth and development Energy processing Regulation Fig. 1-3a Order Fig. 1-3b Evolutionary adaptation Fig. 1-3c Response to the environment Fig. 1-3d Reproduction Fig. 1-3e Growth and development Fig. 1-3f Energy processing Fig. 1-3g Regulation Fig. 1-4 The biosphere Communities Populations Organisms Ecosystems Organs and organ systems Cells Cell Organelles Atoms Molecules Tissues 10 m 1 m 50 m Fig. 1-4a The biosphere Communities Populations Organisms Ecosystems Fig. 1-4b Organs and organ systems Cells Cell Organelles Atoms Molecules Tissues 10 m 1 m 50 m Fig. 1-4c The biosphere Fig. 1-4d Ecosystems Fig. 1-4e Communities Fig. 1-4f Populations Fig. 1-4g Organisms Fig. 1-4h Organs and organ systems Fig. 1-4i Tissues 50 m Fig. 1-4j Cells Cell 10 m Fig. 1-4k 1 m Organelles Fig. 1-4l Atoms Molecules Fig. 1-5 Sunlight Ecosystem Heat Cycling of chemical nutrients Producers (plants and other photosynthetic organisms) Chemical energy Consumers (such as animals) Fig. 1-6 (a) Wings (c) Neurons (b) Bones Infoldings of membrane Mitochondrion (d) Mitochondria 0.5 m 100 m Fig. 1-6a (a) Wings Fig. 1-6b (b) Bones Fig. 1-6c (c) Neurons 100 m Fig. 1-6d Infoldings of membrane Mitochondrion (d) Mitochondria 0.5 m Fig m Fig m Organelles Nucleus (contains DNA) Cytoplasm Membrane DNA (no nucleus) Membrane Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell Fig. 1-9 Nuclei containing DNA Sperm cell Egg cell Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents Embryos cells with copies of inherited DNA Offspring with traits inherited from both parents Fig Nucleus DNA Cell Nucleotide (a) DNA double helix(b) Single strand of DNA Fig. 1-11 Fig Outer membrane and cell surface Cytoplasm Nucleus Fig Negative feedback Excess D blocks a step D D D A B C Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 D (a) Negative feedback W Enzyme 4 X Positive feedback Enzyme 5 Y + Enzyme 6 Excess Z stimulates a step Z Z Z Z (b) Positive feedback Fig. 1-13a Excess D blocks a step (a) Negative feedback Negative feedback D D D D C B A Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 Fig. 1-13b Excess Z stimulates a step (b) Positive feedback Z Positive feedback Enzyme 4 Enzyme 5 Enzyme 6 Z Z Z Y X W + Fig SpeciesGenusFamilyOrderClassPhylumKingdomDomain Ursus americanus (American black bear) Ursus Ursidae Carnivora Mammalia Chordata Animalia Eukarya Fig (a) DOMAIN BACTERIA (b) DOMAIN ARCHAEA (c) DOMAIN EUKARYA Protists Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia Fig. 1-15a (a) DOMAIN BACTERIA Fig. 1-15b (b) DOMAIN ARCHAEA Fig. 1-15c (c) DOMAIN EUKARYA Protists Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia Fig. 1-15d Protists Fig. 1-15e Kingdom Fungi Fig. 1-15f Kingdom Plantae Fig. 1-15g Kingdom Animalia Fig Cilia of Paramecium Cross section of a cilium, as viewed with an electron microscope Cilia of windpipe cells 15 m 5 m 0.1 m Fig. 1-17 Fig. 1-18 Fig. 1-19 Fig Population with varied inherited traits. Elimination of individuals with certain traits. Reproduction of survivors. Increasing frequency of traits that enhance survival and reproductive success Fig. 1-21 Fig COMMON ANCESTOR Warbler finches Insect-eaters Seed-eater Bud-eater Insect-eatersTree finches Green warbler finch Certhidea olivacea Gray warbler finch Certhidea fusca Sharp-beaked ground finch Geospiza difficilis Vegetarian finch Platyspiza crassirostris Mangrove finch Cactospiza heliobates Woodpecker finch Cactospiza pallida Medium tree finch Camarhynchus pauper Large tree finch Camarhynchus psittacula Small tree finch Camarhynchus parvulus Large cactus ground finch Geospiza conirostris Cactus ground finch Geospiza scandens Small ground finch Geospiza fuliginosa Medium ground finch Geospiza fortis Large ground finch Geospiza magnirostris Ground finches Seed-eaters Cactus-flower- eaters Fig. 1-22a Warbler finches Insect-eaters Seed-eater Bud-eater Green warbler finch Certhidea olivacea Gray warbler finch Certhidea fusca Sharp-beaked ground finch Geospiza difficilis Vegetarian finch Platyspiza crassirostris Fig. 1-22b Insect-eaters Tree finches Mangrove finch Cactospiza heliobates Woodpecker finch Cactospiza pallida Medium tree finch Camarhynchus pauper Large tree finch Camarhynchus psittacula Small tree finch Camarhynchus parvulus Fig. 1-22c Large cactus ground finch Geospiza conirostris Cactus ground finch Geospiza scandens Small ground finch Geospiza fuliginosa Medium ground finch Geospiza fortis Large ground finch Geospiza magnirostris Ground finches Seed-eaters Cactus-flower- eaters Fig. 1-23 Fig Observations Question Hypothesis #1: Dead batteries Hypothesis #2: Burnt-out bulb Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem Prediction: Replacing bulb will fix problem Test prediction Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis Fig. 1-24a Observations Question Hypothesis #1: Dead batteries Hypothesis #2: Burnt-out bulb Fig. 1-24b Test prediction Hypothesis #1: Dead batteries Hypothesis #2: Burnt-out bulb Test prediction Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem Prediction: Replacing bulb will fix problem Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis Fig South Carolina North Carolina Key Scarlet kingsnake (nonpoisonous) Eastern coral snake (poisonous) Range of scarlet kingsnake only Overlapping ranges of scarlet kingsnake and eastern coral snake Fig (a) Artificial kingsnake (b) Brown artificial snake that has been attacked Fig. 1-26a (a) Artificial kingsnake Fig. 1-26b (b) Brown artificial snake that has been attacked Fig Artificial kingsnakes Brown artificial snakes 83% 84% 17% 16% Coral snakes absent Coral snakes present Percent of total attacks on artificial snakes RESULTS Fig From body From lungs Right atrium Left atrium Left ventricle Right ventricle To lungsTo body Fig. 1-29 Fig. 1-30 Fig. 1-UN1 Fig. 1-UN2 Fig. 1-UN3 Producers Consumers Fig. 1-UN4 Fig. 1-UN5 Fig. 1-UN6 Fig. 1-UN7 Fig. 1-UN8 Population of organisms Hereditary variations Overproduction and competition Differences in reproductive success of individuals Evolution of adaptations in the population Environmental factors Fig. 1-UN9