Fig. 53-14

Fig. 53-4

(a) Clumped

(b) Uniform

(c) Random

Fig. 53-3

Births

Births and immigrationadd individuals toa population.

Immigration

Deaths and emigrationremove individualsfrom a population.

Deaths

Emigration

Fig. 53-11

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

01920 1940 1960 1980

Year

Ele

ph

ant

po

pu

lati

on

1900

Fig. 53-10

Number of generations

0 5 10 150

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

1.0N =dNdt

0.5N =dN

dt

Po

pu

lati

on

siz

e (N

)

Fig. 53-12

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

00 5 10 15

Number of generations

Po

pu

lati

on

siz

e (N

)

Exponentialgrowth

1.0N=dN

dt

1.0N=dN

dt

K = 1,500

Logistic growth1,500 – N

1,500

Fig. 53-13a

1,000

800

600

400

200

00 5 10 15

Time (days)

Nu

mb

er

of Paramecium

/mL

(a) A Paramecium population in the lab

Fig. 53-15

(a) Both birth rate and death rate vary.

Population density

Density-dependentbirth rate

Equilibriumdensity

Density-dependentdeath rate

Bir

th o

r d

eath

ra

tep

er c

ap

ita

(b) Birth rate varies; death rate is constant.

Population density

Density-dependentbirth rate

Equilibriumdensity

Density-independentdeath rate

(c) Death rate varies; birth rate is constant.

Population density

Density-dependentdeath rate

Equilibriumdensity

Density-independentbirth rate

Bir

th o

r d

eath

ra

tep

er c

ap

ita

Fig. 53-20

Snowshoe hare

Lynx

Nu

mb

er

of

lyn

x(t

ho

us

an

ds

)

Nu

mb

er

of

ha

res

(th

ou

sa

nd

s)

160

120

80

40

01850 1875 1900 1925

Year

9

6

3

0

Table 53-1

Fig. 53-6

1,000

100

10

10 50 100

II

III

Percentage of maximum life span

Nu

mb

er

of

su

rviv

ors

(lo

g s

ca

le)

I

Fig. 53-25

Rapid growthAfghanistan

Male Female Age AgeMale Female

Slow growthUnited States

Male Female

No growthItaly

85+80–8475–7970–74

60–6465–69

55–5950–5445–4940–4435–3930–3425–2920–2415–19

0–45–9

10–14

85+80–8475–7970–74

60–6465–69

55–5950–5445–4940–4435–3930–3425–2920–2415–19

0–45–9

10–14

10  10 8 866 4 422 0Percent of population Percent of population Percent of population

66 4 422 08 8 66 4 422 08 8

Fig. 53-22

8000B.C.E.

4000B.C.E.

3000B.C.E.

2000B.C.E.

1000B.C.E.

0 1000C.E.

2000C.E.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

The Plague

Hu

man

po

pu

lati

on

(b

illio

ns)

7