1

Fig.42 The changes of reproductive tracts in normal estrus cycle Fig.42 The changes of reproductive tracts in normal estrus cycle Fig.42 The changes of reproductive tracts in normal estrus cycle Fig.42 The changes of reproductive tracts in normal estrus cycle

2

6.6.6.6. Pregnancy DiagnosisPregnancy DiagnosisPregnancy DiagnosisPregnancy Diagnosis

6666----1 Anatomy of Pregnancy1 Anatomy of Pregnancy1 Anatomy of Pregnancy1 Anatomy of Pregnancy

After the fertilization, the embryo will enter to the uterus from the oviduct (Day5).

After the development (Ref. to Fig. 16 ), at Day9-10 the blasocyst will hatch as Fig.43.

Fig.43 Hatching BlastocystFig.43 Hatching BlastocystFig.43 Hatching BlastocystFig.43 Hatching Blastocyst

Fig. 44 Anatomy of EmbryoFig. 44 Anatomy of EmbryoFig. 44 Anatomy of EmbryoFig. 44 Anatomy of Embryo

In blastocyst stage, the differentiation of the embryonic cells has already started.

The Inner Cell Mass will become fetus, and the Trophoblast will be placenta. After the

hatching the embryo will have a longer shape (elongation), and at about Day30 the

implantation will occur. However the formation of placenta will start about Day40. After

the implantation the amnion is formed around the fetus, then the fetus is protected by the

double bags.

3

Fig. 45 Fig. 45 Fig. 45 Fig. 45 (Elongated

embryo: Day 14)

Day 30 Day 30 Day 30 Day 30 FetusFetusFetusFetus

Placenta not yet formed.Placenta not yet formed.Placenta not yet formed.Placenta not yet formed.

Fig. 46 Anatomy of the FetusFig. 46 Anatomy of the FetusFig. 46 Anatomy of the FetusFig. 46 Anatomy of the Fetus

The structure and type of the placenta is different among animal spicies as follows

. Type of Placenta Animal

Diffuse, epitheliochorial Horses and pigs

Cotyledonary, epitheliochorial Ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats, deer)

Zonary, endotheliochorial Carnivores (dog, cat, ferret)

4

Discoid, hemochorial Humans, apes, monkeys and rodents

Fig. 47 Different btypes of PlacentaFig. 47 Different btypes of PlacentaFig. 47 Different btypes of PlacentaFig. 47 Different btypes of Placenta

Fig. 48 Fig. 48 Fig. 48 Fig. 48 Day 40 FetusDay 40 FetusDay 40 FetusDay 40 Fetus

Placenta started to form.Placenta started to form.Placenta started to form.Placenta started to form.

As we can see in Fig. 49, Cattle’s placenta, the placentome is a combination of mother-side

placenta (caruncle) and fetus-side placenta. The palpation of placentome become possible

from Day75.

Caruncle: Maternal side Placentome Cotyledon: Fetus side

5

Fig.49 Ruminant Fig.49 Ruminant Fig.49 Ruminant Fig.49 Ruminant PlacentomePlacentomePlacentomePlacentome (sheep)(sheep)(sheep)(sheep)

6666----2. 2. 2. 2. Importance of Early Pregnancy DiagnosisImportance of Early Pregnancy DiagnosisImportance of Early Pregnancy DiagnosisImportance of Early Pregnancy Diagnosis

The early pregnancy diagnosis is important because of the following reasons ・ More calving number during the life-time of cows ・ More Milk Production ・ Too long drying period causes pre- & post- calving disease ・ “Early Diagnosis, Early Treatment”

Optimum Calving Interval = 365 days

To achieve this, cows should be mated and become pregnant at 85 days after

calving.

6666----3 3 3 3 Methods for Pregnancy DiagnosisMethods for Pregnancy DiagnosisMethods for Pregnancy DiagnosisMethods for Pregnancy Diagnosis

There are several methos to diagnose pregnancy of cattle. However, still the rectal

palpation is the choice of the method because of its cost and practicality.

Estrus Detection “Non-Return”(estimation only)

Rectal Palpation

Ultrasonography

Milk or Plasma Progesterone

6

Changes of Uterine Position, Size and Palpable structures

Days of Uterine Uterine Palpable

Gestation Position Diameter Structures

35-40 Pelvic floor Slightly Uterine asymmetry

enlarged /fetal membrane slip

45-50 Pelvic floor 5.0 - 6.5 cm Uterine asymmetry

/fetal membrane slip

60 Pelvis 6.5 - 7.0 cm Fetal membrane slip

/abdomen

90 Abdomen 8.0 - 10.0 cm Small placentomes

/fetus (10-15 cm long)

120 Abdomen 12 cm Placentomes

/fetus (25-30 com long)

/fremitis

150 Abdomen 18 cm Placentomes

/fetus (35-40 cm long)

/fremitis

The following table shows the comparison of these methods, how early the method

can be conducted, diagnosis accuracy and cost. We can realize that the accuracy of the

rectal palpation especially for positive cattle is very high.

Comparison of Early Pregnancy Diagnosis Techniques

Technique Early Diagnosis Accuracy Cost

testing -ve +ve

Rectal palpation + +++ ++++ +

Transrectal ultrasound + + ++++ ++++ ++++

Milk progesterone +++ ++ +++ +++

Early Conception Factor ++++ + + ?

As the fetus is growing everyday, the examining points also changed depending on

the fetus’s age. The following changes should be kept in mind when you check the female.

7

Also the following is a simple calculation method of fetus body length. In case there

were aborted fetus, we can know when the fetus was dead.

Estimation method of Fetus Body Length

Gestation Fetus Body Length (cm)

period (mth.)

A A x (A + 1-2) cm

2 2 x (2 + 1-2) = 6 – 8 cm

3 3 x (3 + 1-2) = 12 – 15

4 4 x (4 + 1-2) = 20 – 24

5 5 x (5 + 1-2) = 30 – 35

6666----4 Diagnosis by Fetal Membrane Slip 4 Diagnosis by Fetal Membrane Slip 4 Diagnosis by Fetal Membrane Slip 4 Diagnosis by Fetal Membrane Slip

Fetal Membrane Slip is the diagnosis method used for more than Day30 of

pregnancy. To conduct this methos for early pregnancy diagnosis (Day30-40) , The uterus

should be lifted-up and reversed (Fig.51)(Ref. to 4. Rectal Palpation Method).

Fig.50 Fetal Fig.50 Fetal Fig.50 Fetal Fig.50 Fetal Membrane SlipMembrane SlipMembrane SlipMembrane Slip

8

Fig. 51 LiftFig. 51 LiftFig. 51 LiftFig. 51 Lift----up & Reversion of Uterusup & Reversion of Uterusup & Reversion of Uterusup & Reversion of Uterus

(1)-(3): Lift-up of the uterus from abdominal cavity to pelvic cavity

(4): Reversion of Uterus (the forefinger is inserted into the bifurcation)

(5): Reversion of Uterus (both horn are lifted-up and reversed)

(6): Now easily palpated at the tip of horn.

9

Fig. 52 Fetal Membrane SlipFig. 52 Fetal Membrane SlipFig. 52 Fetal Membrane SlipFig. 52 Fetal Membrane Slip

(1) The thumb and forefinger are surrounded

around the horn.

(2)-(3) Slowly move the fingers across the

horn

(4) Fetal membrane (Amnio-Chorion) was

slipped out from the fingers.

Slipped-out membrane

10

(Palpating sites for fetal membrane slip in early pregnancy diagnosis)

The palpation site for the fetal mambrane slip is different according to the fetus’s age.

In less than 40 days the membrane slip can be felt only in the pregnant horn, but after 40-

45 days theslip can be felt in non-pregnant horn. For a skilled technician, the pregnant

diagnosis is possible at 30 days, if the uterus can be fully lifted-up and reversed.

Palpation site

30-40 days The tip of the pregnant horn

>40-45 days Just after the bi-furcation in the un-pregnant horn

Fig.53 Palpation site for Fetal Membrane Slip (Day 30Fig.53 Palpation site for Fetal Membrane Slip (Day 30Fig.53 Palpation site for Fetal Membrane Slip (Day 30Fig.53 Palpation site for Fetal Membrane Slip (Day 30----40 days) 40 days) 40 days) 40 days)

6666----5 Fremitus5 Fremitus5 Fremitus5 Fremitus

There is also a symptom in pregnant cattle, called “Fremitus”. Fremitus can be felt

because of the hypertrophy of Middle Uterine Artery. There is a fluid turbulence that gives

a 'buzz' feeling, or a kind of vibration to the artery. Middle Uterine Artery is located in the

broad ligament (Fig.54). Because the symptom appears in Day120 pregnancy, there is no

11

use for the early pregnancy diagnosis. However, the fremitus can be used for the checking

of the viability of fetus. When the fetus died in the uterus, the fremitus become very weak.

Fig.Fig.Fig.Fig. 54545454

The location of Broad LigamentThe location of Broad LigamentThe location of Broad LigamentThe location of Broad Ligament

6666----6 Checking order of Pregnancy Diagnosis6 Checking order of Pregnancy Diagnosis6 Checking order of Pregnancy Diagnosis6 Checking order of Pregnancy Diagnosis

(1) Palpate the whole uterus (except the tip of the horns).

Is there any difference of their sizes? (Asymmetry, Fig.55)

(2) Check the ovary

Is there CL? and which side?

(3) (Day 30-40) The uterus is lifted-up and reversed, & check Fetal

Membrane Slip in supposedly pregnant horn

(Day 40-90) Check Fetal Membrane Slip in supposedly un-pregnant horn.

After Day75 the placentomes can be felt

(Day 90-120) Fetus can be felt. Check the placentomes

(>Day 150) Because the fetus will drop down deeply to abdominal cavity, the Fetal

Membrane Slip or checking of the fetus and placentomes become

difficult.

Check the fremitus.

Fig.55 Asymmmetry of UterusFig.55 Asymmmetry of UterusFig.55 Asymmmetry of UterusFig.55 Asymmmetry of Uterus

12

Usually the pregnant horn and CL are the same side, but very rarely the

inconsistency might happen as Fig.55. This is considered that the migration (movement) of

early embryo had happened.

Fig.5Fig.5Fig.5Fig.56666 IIIIncncncnconsistent sites of CL andonsistent sites of CL andonsistent sites of CL andonsistent sites of CL and

Pregnant hornPregnant hornPregnant hornPregnant horn

6666----7 Pregnancy Diagnosis by Ultrasound7 Pregnancy Diagnosis by Ultrasound7 Pregnancy Diagnosis by Ultrasound7 Pregnancy Diagnosis by Ultrasound

The ultrasound machine is a very useful tool as reviewed in Chap.2.4. The following

table shows what kind of characteristics (signs) can be seen by ultrasonography accoding to

the gestation period.

Characteristic First day detected

` mean range

Embryo proper 20.3 19 to 24

Heart beat 20.9 19 to 24

Allantois 23.2 22 to 25

Spinal cords 29.1 26 to 33

Forelimb buds 29.1 28 to 31

Amnion 29.5 28 to 33

Eye orbit 30.2 29 to 33

Hindlimb buds 31.2 30 to 33

13

Placentomes 35.2 33 to 38

Split hooves 44.6 42 to 49

Foetal movements 44.8 42 to 50

Ribs 52.8 51 to 55

Fig.5Fig.5Fig.5Fig.57777 Pregnancy Diagnosis by UltrasonographyPregnancy Diagnosis by UltrasonographyPregnancy Diagnosis by UltrasonographyPregnancy Diagnosis by Ultrasonography

14

7.7.7.7. PeriPeriPeriPeri----parturient Disease parturient Disease parturient Disease parturient Disease

There are many diseases in dairy cattle pre- and post- parturition stage. Because

during the gestation and calving the cow has to have a large hormonal change inside her

body and in some period suffer a low immunity condition. Also, in dairy cattle , the calving

means the start of lactation. The lactation causes a large amount of energy requirement,

then most of the dairy cattle fell in “Negative Energy Balance”(Fig.58). These conditions

will be the direct or indirect causes of many peri-parturient diseases.

These diseases are important not only for the immediate milk production but also for

the later reproduction.

The following peri-parturient diseases can happen around the calving.

Related to Gestation and Calving

Uterine Torsion

Uterine Prolapse, Vaginal Prolapse, Calving Injuries

Retained Placenta,

Metabolic Disease

Milk Fever, Downer syndrome

Ketosis, Acidosis

Abomasum Displacement

Infectious Disease

Puerperal Fever, Endometritis, Mastitis

Fig.58Fig.58Fig.58Fig.58

15

Fig.59Fig.59Fig.59Fig.59

7777----1 Negative Energy Balance and Reproductive Disorders after Calving1 Negative Energy Balance and Reproductive Disorders after Calving1 Negative Energy Balance and Reproductive Disorders after Calving1 Negative Energy Balance and Reproductive Disorders after Calving

Fig.59 shows that the energy imbalance (deficiency and excess) and the deficiency of

crude fiber from dry period to after calving will cause not only the metabolic diseases (Milk

Fever, Ketosis, Mastitis, Acidosis, etc.) but also many kinds of reproductive disorders

(Ovarian Dysfunction, Follicular Cyst, Silent Heat, Endometritis etc.) .

7777----2 Major peri2 Major peri2 Major peri2 Major peri----parturient diseasesparturient diseasesparturient diseasesparturient diseases

7-2-1 Uterine Torsion

Uterine torsion usually occurs near term and is found at start of parturition. If the cow

shows very restless behavior or abdominal pain, you’d better suspect this disease. This

condition is assumed to be occured because of loosening of uterine attachment or the

manner that the cow rise and sit.

(Clinical signs) ・Delayed calving

・Restless behavior at calving

・Abdominal pain

(Diagnosis) ・Check of the cervix by palpation or vagina scope

16

(In case of uterine tortion, we cannot touch or see the cervix and the

vagina wall near the cervix is also is twisted ) ・By rectal palpation we can find out the twisted uterus and crossed broad

ligaments. ・Sometimes the vulva is also slightly twisted.

* During the diagnosis it is important to determine the direction of the tortion.

(Treatment) ・Manual correction of the fetus position

(in case the tortioned angle is less than 90 degree and the fetus can

be reached.)

・Rotation of the cow’s body

(Make the cow’s body lie down making tortioned side below, and

rotate the body to same direction of the tortion.)

・Caesariasn section

(in case the tortion angle is 180 to 270 degree, and the cervix cannot

be reached at all. )

7-2-2 Prolapse of Vagina or Uterine

Prolapse of vagina or uterine can occur usually after calving maybe because of excessive

labouring for the delivery. Some factors may affect as predisposition of the diseases. These

are uterine atony, hypocalcemia, lack of exercise before calving, sitting position with lower

hindquarters, and the heredity.

Hinh 61. Vaginal prolapse Hinh 62. Uterine Prolapse

17

(Treatment)

・Manual correction

The plolapsed tissue should be carefully cleaned before the correction, because

they are often dry, necrotic and fragile.

In case the labouring is too strong, applied the epidural anethesia. (Hinh 63, 5ml

of Novocaine)

After the correction, putting 5-10 litter of normal saline inside uterus will be

helpful. ・Suturing of Vulva

When the prolapse was easily recurred, the suturing of vulva using a kind of tape

is recommended (Hinh 62). The tape should be removed as soon as possible after

it become sure that the prolapse will not be repeated.

Hinh. 63

* Epidural Anethesia can be widely

applied as a local anethesia for

reproductive organ and hind part of the

body. The injection needle should be put

between the vertebral bones.

Hinh 64. Suturing of Vulva by tape

18

7-2-3 Retained Placenta

Although there are many factors to cause Retained Placenta, the real cause has not yet

been cleared. These factors include, the local infection at the placenta, the defficiency of

Vitamine (possibly vitamine A), lower contraction of uterus at calving, not–enough

excercise of cow during dry period etc.

(Treatment) ・Manual removal is not recommended, because this operation causes injuries of

endometrium of uterus and always Endometritis will occur. If there is no other

abnormality, no treatment is necessary. ・Some part of the outside placenta can be cut, but don’t cut too much, some part of the

placenta should be outside.

・Be careful for the general condition of the cow, such as her appetite, milk quality

and body temperature. In case the cow shows high body temperatute, Puerperal Fever,

Endometritis or Mastitis might be the cause. Intra-uterine infusion of antibiotics is

helpful together with intra muscular injection of antibiotics, if it is considered that the

infection occurs in uterus.

7777----3 Major metabolic diseases3 Major metabolic diseases3 Major metabolic diseases3 Major metabolic diseases

7-3-1 Milk Fever (hypocalcemia)

(Clinical signs) ・Cow lie down (cannot stand up)

・Low body temperature

・Cold skin

・Flaccid muscle

(Etiology) Start of Lactation

↓

Rapid increase of Calcium outflow into Milk

↓

Decrease of Ca level in blood

↓

Cow down

* Ca has an important role for contraction of muscle.

Ca metabolism inside the cattle body is considered as Fig.60. Usually cattle food

contains enough amount of Ca, and the excess will be discharged into feces. If the

deficiency of Ca occured, Ca will be mobilized from bone, which will work as Ca

reservoir. When milk fever occurs, this Ca mobilization system might not work well.

Fig.6Fig.6Fig.6Fig.65555 Ca Metabolism in CattleCa Metabolism in CattleCa Metabolism in CattleCa Metabolism in Cattle

19

(Prevention)

・ Low Calcium Diet for Dry Cows

High Ca ⇒ decrease Ca mobilization from bone

Low Ca ⇒ promote Ca mobilization from bone

* Low Ca diet before calving makes more efficient absorption

of Ca from intestine possible

・ Vitamin D injection before calving

(promote the Ca absorption from intestine)

・ Ca administration at calving

・ DCAD (dietary cation-anion difference)

It is necessary to know the mineral levels in all foods.

・Low potassium (K) level food before calving

(Treatment)

・ Ca gluconate (iv) 500 ml x 2-3 times

・ Vitamin D (supportive)

In case no good result is obtained by Ca injection, other diseases such as

below should be checked.

Downer syndrome

Injuries at calving ?

Mastitis ?

Skeletal Muscle disorders ?

20

7-3-2 Ketosis

(Clinical Signs)

・occurs from calving to 6-8 weeks

・ Low Appetite (esp. concentrate)

・ Milk Production decrease

・ Firm dry feces

・ Odor of ketones on breath

・ Neurologic signs

depression,salivation, gnash, ataxia, disturbed vision

(Etiology)

・Rapid increase of Milk Production

↓

Nagative Energy Balance

↓

Mobilization of Body Fat

↓

Production of Ketone bodies

・ Too high protein diet

too much production of butyric acid in rumen

↓

Ketone bodies

・ Secondary onset

after Mastitis, Abomasal Displacement, Milk Fever,

Retained Placenta etc.

(Diagnosis)

・ Detection of ketone bodies in urine (by urine check paper stick, Fig.61)

・ Diagnosis is easy. But, sometimes the ketosis might be the secondary

case. Careful check is necessary whether another disease exists.

(Treatment)

・ 30-50% glucose, 500 ml, (iv)

・ Dexamethadone 10 ml, (im)

(in case of mastitis, together with antibiotics)

・ Glucose precursor (oral)

Glycerol

Propylene glycol

Sodium propionate

21

Magnesium propionate

(Prevention)

・ Keep good feeding management during dry period.

・ Early reproduction

(late reproduction ⇒ long dry period)

・ Smooth transition from dry cow ration to lactating ration.

・ Prevention of other periparturient diseases

(hypocalcemia, retained placenta, metritis, displaced abomasum etc.)

Fig. 6Fig. 6Fig. 6Fig. 66666 Urine examination Urine examination Urine examination Urine examination

paper stick paper stick paper stick paper stick

7-3-2 Abomasum Displacement

“Abomasum Displacement” is abnormal movement of Abomasum (the fourth stomach).

The abmasum move either left-side or right-side upward (Fig. 62). Usually the right-side

displacement is more severe.

(Clinical Signs)

・ Usually occur within one month after calving

・ low appetite

・ body temperature – normal or low

22

・ passage of feedstuffs become difficult ⇒ "putty-like" feces

・ Ketosis as a secondary disease

(Etiology)

・ Abdominal space after calving

・ Low fiber, high grain intake

・ Too long dry period ⇒ high BCS

(Diagnosis)

・ "pinging" sound using a stethoscope

(Treatment)

・ Rolling the body (left-side displacement)

・ Surgical operation

(Prevention)

・Same as Ketosis prevention

・Enough Dry Matter Intake before and after calving

23

Fig.6Fig.6Fig.6Fig.67777 Abomasum DisplacementAbomasum DisplacementAbomasum DisplacementAbomasum Displacement

24

8.8.8.8.Calving Process & AssistanceCalving Process & AssistanceCalving Process & AssistanceCalving Process & Assistance

8888----1 1 1 1 Calving ProcessCalving ProcessCalving ProcessCalving Process

To obtain a healthy calf is the final target of the reproduction. Therefore the special

attention is necessary for mother and born calf. At first we have to learn about the normal

calving process, then we can know if there is abnormality in the calving.

(1) Pre-symptoms of Calving

As the time of calving come near, the mother cow will show pre-symptoms for the

calving as follows:

・ Swelling of Udder

・ Enlargement & Relaxation of Vulva

・ Relaxation of Sacro-sciatic ligament

・ Start of Cervix Dilation

・ Body Temperature Change

Fig.6Fig.6Fig.6Fig.68888 Body Temperature Change and Calving TimeBody Temperature Change and Calving TimeBody Temperature Change and Calving TimeBody Temperature Change and Calving Time

Especially, the body temperature change will be a good tool to predict the exact time

of calving. Fig.63 shows the relation of the calving time and the body temperature

25

change. We can see that the temperature starts to drop down from 36 hr. before

calving and becomes the lowest at 16 hr. before. Therefore if the temperature

increases again from the lowest, the calving will be several hours later. We need to

check the body temperature for 8hr. interval (shorter interval is better). As this

change is accoding to the Progesterone level change, we can predict the calving time

with quite accuracy.

(2) Normal Calving Process

The calving process is divided to three stages until the placenta is expelled as below:

Stage 1: 2 to 6 hours (longer in heifer)

・Labor starts (clearer in heifer) (Fig.64)

・Watery discharge from vagina increases (water sac expelled) (Fig.65)

・ Uterine contraction starts (15 min. → 3 min interval)

・ Fetus rotates to upright position

・ Cervix starts to open.

Stage 2: 1 to 2 hours (longer in heifer)

・ Starts after the cervix is fully opened.

・ Fetus enters the birth canal. (Fig.66)

・ Second water sac (amniotic sac) can be seen. (Fig.67)

・ Abdominal press accompanies the uterine contraction.

・ Cow usually lie down.

・ Calf’s head and both forelegs coming out together.

・ During the expulsion, the umbilical Cord will broken.

・ The calf starts to breath.

・ Calf delivery completed.

Stage 3: Normally 2 to 8 hours after calving,

・ Placenta is expelled. If not expelled, it is considered as

“Retained Placenta”.

(Be careful for the cow not to eat it.)

26

Fig. 6Fig. 6Fig. 6Fig. 69999 Labor StartsLabor StartsLabor StartsLabor Starts Fig.Fig.Fig.Fig.70707070 Water Sac ExpelledWater Sac ExpelledWater Sac ExpelledWater Sac Expelled

Fig.Fig.Fig.Fig.71717171 Calf at Stage 1 Calf at Stage 1 Calf at Stage 1 Calf at Stage 1

Fig.Fig.Fig.Fig.72727272 Second water sac Second water sac Second water sac Second water sac (amniotic sac)(amniotic sac)(amniotic sac)(amniotic sac) expelledexpelledexpelledexpelled

27

Fig.Fig.Fig.Fig.73737373 Normal Fatal PositionNormal Fatal PositionNormal Fatal PositionNormal Fatal Position

In normal fatal position, calf’s head and

both forelegs will come out together.

8888----2 Dystocia2 Dystocia2 Dystocia2 Dystocia

The cause of distocia is usually due to the body size of mother and calf, in short

“smaller mother or/and larger baby”. There are some factors affecting their body sizes as

below:

(Maternal Effect)

Age (too early breeding)

Body Size (inmaturity)

Narrow Pelvic Area (sometimes hereditary defect)

(Fetal Effect)

Body Size (sire’s breed, dam’s nutrition, sex)

Abnormal Position

Multiplet

8888----3 Three3 Three3 Three3 Three Points to describe Fetus’s conditionPoints to describe Fetus’s conditionPoints to describe Fetus’s conditionPoints to describe Fetus’s condition

In case of dystocia we have to know the exact condition of the calf. There are 3 points to

describe calf’s condition. These are Presentation, Position and Posture.

(1) Presentation

Is calf coming Frontward, Backward or Transverse ?

(2) Position

Right side up or Upside-down

28

(3) Posture

Relationship of the calf’s legs and head to its body

Fig.Fig.Fig.Fig.74747474 PresentationPresentationPresentationPresentation

Fig.7Fig.7Fig.7Fig.75555 PositionPositionPositionPosition

29

Fig.7Fig.7Fig.7Fig.76666 PosturePosturePosturePosture

There are many types of abnormal conditions in case of dystocia.

Fig.7Fig.7Fig.7Fig.76666----1 Many types of calf1 Many types of calf1 Many types of calf1 Many types of calf’’’’s condition at calving (1)s condition at calving (1)s condition at calving (1)s condition at calving (1)

30

Fig.7Fig.7Fig.7Fig.76666----2 Many types of calf2 Many types of calf2 Many types of calf2 Many types of calf’’’’s condition at calving (2)s condition at calving (2)s condition at calving (2)s condition at calving (2)

8888----4 4 4 4 Calving AssistanceCalving AssistanceCalving AssistanceCalving Assistance

Calving assistance is necessary depending on the condition. Unnecessary

intervention is harmful to both Mother Cow and Calf. The important thing is to

carefully observe the calving process. If the interval of each stage is too extended or

the mother shows uneasiness or has seemingly a stomach pain, we have to give an

assistance for the delivery.

At least the followings should be prepared before we start to assist the

delivery.

(Preparation)

・ Disinfectant

・ Plastic glove

・ Lubricant

・ Ropes for pulling calf & constraining cow

・ Scissors to cut Umbilical cord

First of all we have to define the condition of the calf if the calf is alive, how

about the Presentation, Position and Posture of the calf. The point of the correction

of calf is to correct as normal calving, in case the calf is coming frontward

31

presentation. The both legs should be extended and the head should be on the legs.

In case of bacward presentation, if the position is rightside-up and the legs are

straightly extended, it’s not so difficult. Just pull backward by the ropes tied to hind

legs.

For an efficient assis, the shape of the pelvic opening (Fig.72) should be kept

in mind. We can recognized that the shape of the pelvic opening is accorded with the

calf’s body shape when the calf passes the opening in normal position.

Fig.7Fig.7Fig.7Fig.77777 Shape of Shape of Shape of Shape of

Pelvic OpeningPelvic OpeningPelvic OpeningPelvic Opening

8888----5 5 5 5 Nursing of Newborn CalfNursing of Newborn CalfNursing of Newborn CalfNursing of Newborn Calf

After the calf is expelled from the mother, the nursing as below is necessary for the

new=born calf.

(1) Make sure that the calf is breathing

During the expulsion, the Umbilical Cord will be broken, then the calf starts to

breath. Or in another word, the calf need to breath after the Umbilical Cord was

broken. If the mucous or fractured membrane covers the nasal part of the calf, they

shoul be removed as soon as possible. Sometimes we make some stimulation to nose

to induce a sneezing (Fig.73), or hang the calf upside-down holding hind legs (Fig.74),

or give an artificial respiration (Fig.75).

(2) Make sure the calf drink Colostrum

If calf can’t or don’t drink colostrum, give them 2 litter of colostrum within 1-2 hours

after birth. This is important because the calf doesn’t receive any immunity during

gestation, and the absorping ability of the immunogloblin in the colostrum is time

limited (Fig.76).

32

(3) Sterilization of the Umbilical Cord (Put 10 % iodine solution or antibiotics inside the

umbilical cord immeadiately after born.)

This is very important to prevent Naval Infection, if not treated, which can cause

Septicemia, then Poly Arthritis. Poly Arthritis is the very difficult disease to treat

(Fig.77,78).

Fig.7Fig.7Fig.7Fig.78888 Make a sneezingMake a sneezingMake a sneezingMake a sneezing Fig.7Fig.7Fig.7Fig.79999 Hang UpsideHang UpsideHang UpsideHang Upside----downdowndowndown

Fig.Fig.Fig.Fig.80808080 Artifitially RespirationArtifitially RespirationArtifitially RespirationArtifitially Respiration

33

Fig.Fig.Fig.Fig.81818181 Efficiency of Immunogloblin absorption of calfEfficiency of Immunogloblin absorption of calfEfficiency of Immunogloblin absorption of calfEfficiency of Immunogloblin absorption of calf

Fig.Fig.Fig.Fig.82828282 Poly ArthritisPoly ArthritisPoly ArthritisPoly Arthritis Fig.Fig.Fig.Fig.83838383 Inside the joint of Inside the joint of Inside the joint of Inside the joint of Poly ArthritisPoly ArthritisPoly ArthritisPoly Arthritis

34