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AP Biology 2006-2007
“Fighting the Enemy Within”
Immune System
lymphocytesattackingcancer cell
phagocytic leukocyte
lymphsystem
Regents Biology
Avenues of attack Points of entry
digestive system – mouth – saliva/acid respiratory system – nose – hairs/mucus urinary system – urethra (shorter in females) genitals break in skin – cut eyes
Pathways for attack circulatory system lymph system
How pathogens move around your body
Regents Biology
Why do we need an immune system? Attack from the outside & inside
cells are packages of proteins, carbohydrates & fats no cell wall – plasma membrane – semi permeable
organisms must defend themselves against (pathogens) invaders viruses – NOT LIVING
HIV, flu, cold, measles, chicken pox, SARS bacteria
pneumonia, meningitis, tuberculosis, strep throat fungi
yeast, ringworm, athlete’s foot protists
amoeba (disentary) , Lyme disease, malaria cancer cells – come from within
abnormal body cells – “starve” healthy cells
Regents Biology
How are invaders recognized? Antigens
chemical name tags on the surface of every cell – Protein
“self” vs. “invader” – ALL BASED ON SHAPE
disease-causingbacteria
disease-causingvirus
one of yourown cells
antigens say:“I belong here”
antigens say:“I am an invader”
antigens say:“I am an invader”
Regents Biology
1st line: Physical Barriers
non-specific defense external barriers
skin & mucus membranes excretions
sweat stomach acid tears mucus saliva
“lick your wounds”
Lining of trachea:
ciliated cells & mucus secreting cells
Regents Biology
2nd: Generalist, broad range patrols White blood cells
attack invaders that get through the skin recognize invader by reading antigen
surface name tag – BASED ON SHAPE
phagocyte cells macrophages “big eaters” “eat” like amebas
engulf (endocytosis, then fuse with lysosome,and finally exocytosis)
Macrophage “eating” bacteria
Regents Biology
histaminesincreases blood flow (red and warm)brings more white blood cells to fight bacteria
(pus)brings more red blood cells & clotting factors to
repair
Why do injuries swell?
Inflammation - injured cells release chemical signals
Regents Biology
Fever
When a local response is not enough full body response to infection raises body temperature – 37 C or 98.6 F TOO high – dangerous – remember
enzymes???? higher temperature helps in defense
slows growth and metabolism of pathogens helps macrophages speeds up repair of tissues
Regents Biology
3rd line: Lymphocytes Specific defense
responds to specific invaders recognizes specific
foreign antigens white blood cells
B cells & antibodiesT cells
B cell
Regents Biology
B cells & antibodies ACTIVE IMMUNITY B cells
white blood cells that attack invaders in blood
mature in Bone marrow Patrolling B cells
make antibodies against invader immediately
Memory B cells remembers invader can make antibodies quickly the next time
protects you from getting disease more than once
Regents Biology
Proteins made by B cells that tag invaders in the blood so macrophages can eat them tag says “this is an invader” gotcha!
biological “handcuffs” antibody attaches to antigen of invader –
they “FIT”
Antibodies
macrophageeating tagged invaders
invading germs tagged with antibodies Y
Y
YY
YY
Y
B cells releasing antibodies
Y
YY
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Regents Biology
B cells immune responseinvader
(foreign antigen)
Y
Y
Y
Y
B cellsY
YY
Y
Y
YY
Y
Y
YY
YY
YY
YY
YY
Y
Y
YY
YY
YY
Y
“reserves”
memory B cells
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
YY
YY
YY
Y
Y
B cellsrelease
antibodiespatrol blood
forever
recognition
10 to 17 days
YY
Y
Y
YY YY
Y
Y
Y
YY
YY
YYY
YYYY
Y
Antibody “fits” with antigen
Regents Biology
Vaccinations Exposure to harmless version (“dead”,
weakened, or part) of a pathogen (“germ”) stimulates immune system to produce
antibodies to invader - ACTIVE IMMUNITY rapid response if future exposure
Most successful against viral diseases
Ex: flu, chicken pox, HPV,MMR, swine flu, whooping
cough, polio, small pox
Jonas Salk Developed first vaccine
against polio
Regents Biology
Vaccinations – Active Immunity advantage
don’t get illness long term immunity - produce antibodies for life works against many viruses & bacteria
disadvantage not possible against all invaders
Breastfeeding - Passive Immunity mother’s milk gives baby antibodies & keeps
baby healthy
Protecting you from disease
Regents Biology
Curing you of disease Antibiotics = medicine
advantage kill bacteria that have successfully
invaded you make you well after being sick
disadvantage use only after sick only good against bacteria possible development of
resistance by bacteria (if don’t use correctly) – ALWAYS TAKE THE ENTIRE Rx
can get sick again
Regents Biology
Diseases of the immune system HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
infects helper T cells helper T cells can’t activate rest of
immune system body doesn’t hear the alarm
AIDS:Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome immune system is weakened infections by other diseases death from other invading
diseases or cancer
Regents Biology
Immune system malfunctions Auto-immune diseases
immune system attacks own cells lupus
antibodies attack many different body cells
rheumatoid arthritis antibodies causing damage to
cartilage & bone
diabetes insulin-making cells of pancreas
attacked & destroyed
multiple sclerosis T cells attack myelin sheath of brain & spinal cord
nerves fatal
Regents Biology
Immune system malfunctions Allergies
produce histamines over-reaction to harmless antigens
allergens proteins on pollenproteins from dust mitesproteins in animal saliva
body mistakenly thinks they are harmfulattackers (antigens)