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figurative language
metaphor
a comparison between two unlike things
simile
a comparison between two things using the word like or the word as
personification
human qualities are attributed to an object, animal, or idea
hyperbole
the truth is exaggerated for emphasis or for effect
apostrophe
an object, an abstract quality, or an absent or imaginary person is addressed as if present and able to understand
oxymoron
two contradictory words are found next to each other
diction
a writer’s or speaker’s choice of words and way of arranging the words in sentences
imagery
descriptive words or phrases that recreate sensory experiences for the reader
sound devices
alliteration
repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words
onomatopoeia
use of words whose sounds suggest their meanings
consonance
repetition of consonant sounds within and at the ends of words
assonance
repetition of vowel sounds in two or more words that don’t end with the same consonant
repetition
a sound, word, phrase, or line is repeated for emphasis
end rhyme
rhyme that occurs at the end of lines of poetry
near rhyme / slant rhyme
end rhymes that are not exact
internal rhyme
rhyme that occurs within a single line
meter
pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry (provides rhythm)
rhythm
beat or flow of a poem – sound created by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables
iambic
meter in which one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable equal a foot of poetry
pentameter
meter in which one line of poetry consists of five feet of poetry (a foot of poetry is usually two or three syllables)
form
stanza
group of lines that form a unit in a poem
couplet
two lines of poetry with end rhyme
quatrain
a four-line stanza
parallelism
use of phrases, clauses, or sentences that are similar in structure or meaning
type
epic poem
a long poem that tells a story; usually serious and traces the adventures of a great hero
narrative poem
a poem that tells a story
ballad
a poem that focuses on one incident and was originally intended to be sung
lyric poem
a short poem in which a single speaker expresses personal thoughts and feelings
sonnet
a short poem with 14 lines written in iambic pentameter and a set rhyme scheme
haiku
a three-line poem that is usually about nature and follows a strict number of syllables per line
elegy
an extended poem in which the speaker reflects on death, often in tribute to a person who has recently died