Figure 13.2 Two families

Figure 13.x1 SEM of sea urchin sperm fertilizing egg

Figure 13.x4 Human male chromosomes shown by bright field G-banding

Fig. 9-2a

Figure 14.x1 Sweet pea flowers

Figure 14.1 A genetic cross

Fig. 9-2b

Petal

Stamen

Carpel

Fig. 9-2c-1

Transferredpollen from stamens of whiteflower to carpel of purple flower

StamensCarpel

Parents(P)

Purple

2

White

Removedstamens frompurple flower

1

Fig. 9-2c-2

Transferredpollen from stamens of whiteflower to carpel of purple flower

StamensCarpel

Parents(P)

Purple

2

White

Removedstamens frompurple flower

1

Pollinated carpelmatured into pod

3

Fig. 9-2c-3

Transferredpollen from stamens of whiteflower to carpel of purple flower

StamensCarpel

Parents(P)

Purple

2

White

Removedstamens frompurple flower

1

Pollinated carpelmatured into pod

3

Offspring(F1)

Planted seedsfrom pod

4

Fig. 9-2d

Flower color White

Axial

Purple

Flower position Terminal

YellowSeed color Green

RoundSeed shape Wrinkled

InflatedPod shape Constricted

GreenPod color Yellow

TallStem length Dwarf

Fig. 9-3a-1P generation(true-breedingparents)

Purple flowers White flowers

Fig. 9-3a-2P generation(true-breedingparents)

Purple flowers White flowers

F1 generation All plants havepurple flowers

Fig. 9-3a-3P generation(true-breedingparents)

Purple flowers White flowers

F1 generation All plants havepurple flowers

F2 generation

Fertilizationamong F1 plants(F1 F1)

of plantshave purple flowers

3–4 of plants

have white flowers

1–4

Fig. 9-3b

P plants

1–2

1–2

Genotypic ratio1 PP : 2 Pp : 1 pp

Phenotypic ratio3 purple : 1 white

F1 plants(hybrids)

Gametes

Genetic makeup (alleles)

All

All Pp

Sperm

Eggs

PP

p

ppPp

Pp

P

pP

pP

P

p

PP pp

All

Gametes

F2 plants

Fig. 9-4

Gene loci

Homozygousfor thedominant allele

Dominantallele

Homozygousfor therecessive allele

Heterozygous

Recessive allele

Genotype:

P Ba

P

PP

a

aa

b

Bb

Figure 14.2 Mendel tracked heritable characters for three generations

Figure 14.3 Alleles, alternative versions of a gene

Table 14.1 The Results of Mendel’s F1 Crosses for Seven Characters in Pea Plants

Figure 14.x2 Round and wrinkled peas

Figure 14.4 Mendel’s law of segregation (Layer 2)

Figure 14.5 Genotype versus phenotype

Figure 14.6 A testcross

Figure 14.7 Testing two hypotheses for segregation in a dihybrid cross

Figure 14.11 An example of epistasis

Figure 14.8 Segregation of alleles and fertilization as chance events

Figure 14.9 Incomplete dominance in snapdragon color

Figure 14.9x Incomplete dominance in carnations

Figure 14.10 Multiple alleles for the ABO blood groups

Figure 14.10x ABO blood types

Figure 14.12 A simplified model for polygenic inheritance of skin color

Figure 14.13 The effect of environment of phenotype

Figure 14.14 Pedigree analysis

Discussion Questions

1. How can a mutation be harmful in one environment and helpful in another?

2. Why should a mutation persist if it kills people?

3. Why are there more people with sickle cell disease in one part of the world than in other parts?

http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.gen.mutationstory/

Figure 14.15 Pleiotropic effects of the sickle-cell allele in a homozygote

Figure 15.1 The chomosomal basis of Mendel’s laws

Figure 15.9 The transmission of sex-linked recessive traits

Figure 15.10 X inactivation and the tortoiseshell cat

Figure 15.11 Meiotic nondisjunction

Figure 15.13 Alterations of chromosome structure

Figure 15.14 Down syndrome

Figure 15.x2 Klinefelter syndrome

Figure 15.x3 XYY karyotype

Figure 15.15 Genomic imprinting (Layer 3)

Fig. 9-5a

P generation

1–2

Hypothesis: Dependent assortment Hypothesis: Independent assortment

1–2

1–2

1–2

1–4

1–4

1–4

1–4

1–4

1–4

1–4

1–4

9––16

3––16

3––16

1––16

RRYY

Gametes

Eggs

F1

generation

SpermSperm

F2

generation

Eggs

Gametes

rryy

RrYy

ryRY

ryRY

ry

RY

Hypothesized(not actually seen)

Actual results(support hypothesis)

RRYY rryy

RrYy

ryRY

RRYY

rryy

RrYy

ry

RY

RrYy

RrYy

RrYy

rrYYRrYY

RRYyRrYY

RRYy

rrYy

rrYy

Rryy

Rryy

RRyy

rY

Ry

ry

Yellowround

Greenround

Greenwrinkled

Yellowwrinkled

RY rY Ry

Fig. 9-5b

PhenotypesGenotypes

Mating of heterozygotes(black, normal vision)

Phenotypic ratioof offspring

Black coat, normal visionB_N_

9 black coat,normal vision

Black coat, blind (PRA)B_nn

3 black coat,blind (PRA)

Chocolate coat, normal visionbbN_

3 chocolate coat,normal vision

Chocolate coat, blind (PRA)bbnn

1 chocolate coat,blind (PRA)

Blind Blind

BbNn BbNn

Fig. 9-6

B_

or

Two possibilities for the black dog:

Testcross:

Genotypes

Gametes

Offspring 1 black : 1 chocolateAll black

Bb

bb

BB

Bb bb

B

b

Bb

b

bB

Fig. 9-7F1 genotypes

1–2

1–2

1–2

1–2

1–4

1–4

1–4

1–4

Formation of eggs

Bb female

F2 genotypes

Formation of sperm

Bb male

B

BB B B

B

b

b

bbbb

Fig. 9-8a

Freckles

Widow’s peak

Free earlobe

No freckles

Straight hairline

Attached earlobe

Dominant Traits Recessive Traits

Fig. 9-8aa

Freckles No freckles

Fig. 9-8ab

Widow’s peak Straight hairline

Fig. 9-8ac

Free earlobe Attached earlobe

Fig. 9-8b

Ff

Female MaleAffected

Unaffected

First generation(grandparents)

Second generation(parents, aunts,and uncles)

Third generation(two sisters)

Ff Ff

Ff

Ff Ff

Ff

ff

ff ff ff

ff

FF

FF

or

or

Fig. 9-9a

Parents NormalDd

Offspring

Sperm

Eggs

ddDeafd

DdNormal(carrier)

DDNormalD

D d

DdNormal(carrier)

NormalDd

Fig. 9-9b

Fig. 9-9c

Fig. 9-9ca

Fig. 9-10bb

Fig. 9-11aP generation

1–2

1–2

1–2

1–2

1–2

1–2

F1 generation

F2 generation

RedRR

Gametes

Gametes

Eggs

Sperm

RR rR

Rr rr

R

r

R r

R r

PinkRr

R r

Whiterr

Fig. 9-11b

HHHomozygous

for ability to makeLDL receptors

hhHomozygous

for inability to makeLDL receptors

HhHeterozygous

LDL receptor

LDL

CellNormal Mild disease Severe disease

Genotypes:

Phenotypes:

Fig. 9-12

BloodGroup(Phenotype) Genotypes

O

A

ii

IAIA

orIAi

Red Blood Cells

Carbohydrate A

AntibodiesPresent inBlood

Anti-AAnti-B

Reaction When Blood from Groups Below Is Mixedwith Antibodies from Groups at Left

Anti-B

O A B AB

BIBIB

orIBi

Carbohydrate B

AB IAIB —

Anti-A

Fig. 9-12a

BloodGroup(Phenotype) Genotypes

O

A

ii

IAIA

orIAi

Red Blood Cells

Carbohydrate A

BIBIB

orIBi

Carbohydrate B

AB IAIB

Fig. 9-12b

AntibodiesPresent inBlood

Anti-AAnti-B

Reaction When Blood from Groups Below Is Mixedwith Antibodies from Groups at Left

Anti-B

O A B AB

—

Anti-A

BloodGroup(Phenotype)

O

A

B

AB

Fig. 9-13

Clumping of cellsand clogging of

small blood vessels

Pneumoniaand otherinfections

Accumulation ofsickled cells in spleen

Pain andfever

Rheumatism

Heartfailure

Damage toother organs

Braindamage

Spleendamage

Kidneyfailure

Anemia

ParalysisImpairedmental

function

Physicalweakness

Breakdown ofred blood cells

Individual homozygousfor sickle-cell allele

Sickle cells

Sickle-cell (abnormal) hemoglobin

Abnormal hemoglobin crystallizes,causing red blood cells to become sickle-shaped

Fig. 9-14P generation

1–8

F1 generation

F2 generation

Fra

ctio

n o

f p

op

ula

tio

n

Skin color

Eggs

Sperm1–8

1–8

1–8

1–8

1–8

1–8

1–8

1–8

1–8

1–8

1–8

1–8

1–8

1–8

1–8

aabbcc(very light)

AABBCC(very dark)

AaBbCc AaBbCc

1––64

15––64

6––64

1––64

15––64

6––64

20––64

1––64

15––64

6––64

20––64

Fig. 9-14aP generation

1–8

F1 generation

F2 generation

Eggs

Sperm1–8

1–8

1–8

1–8

1–8

1–8

1–8

1–8

1–8

1–8

1–8

1–8

1–8

1–8

1–8

aabbcc(very light)

AABBCC(very dark)

AaBbCc AaBbCc

1––64

15––64

6––64

1––64

15––64

6––64

20––64

Fig. 9-14b

Fra

ctio

n o

f p

op

ula

tio

n

Skin color

1––64

15––64

6––64

20––64

Fig. 9-16-1

F1 generation R

Metaphase Iof meiosis(alternative

arrangements)

r

Y

y

Rr

Y y

R r

Y y

All round yellow seeds(RrYy)

Fig. 9-16-2

F1 generation R

Metaphase Iof meiosis(alternative

arrangements)

r

Y

y

Rr

Y y

R r

Y y

All round yellow seeds(RrYy)

Anaphase Iof meiosis

Metaphase IIof meiosis

R

y

r

Y

r

y

R

Y

R r

Y y

Rr

Y y

Fig. 9-16-3

F1 generation R

Metaphase Iof meiosis(alternative

arrangements)

r

Y

y

Rr

Y y

R r

Y y

All round yellow seeds(RrYy)

Anaphase Iof meiosis

Metaphase IIof meiosis

R

y

r

Y

r

y

R

Y

R r

Y y

Rr

Y y

1–4

R

y

Ry

R

y

r

Y

1–4 rY

r

Y

1–4 ry

r

y

1–4 RY

R

Y

R

YGametes

Fertilization among the F1 plants

:39 :3 :1F2 generation

r

y

Fig. 9-17

Purple longPurple roundRed longRed round

Explanation: linked genes

Parentaldiploid cellPpLl

Experiment

Purple flower

PpLl Long pollenPpLl

Prediction(9:3:3:1)

ObservedoffspringPhenotypes

284212155

215717124

Mostgametes

Meiosis

PL

pl

PL

PL pl

pl

Fertilization

Sperm

Mostoffspring Eggs

3 purple long : 1 red roundNot accounted for: purple round and red long

PL PL

PL

PL

plPL

pl

pl

plpl

Fig. 9-17a

Purple longPurple roundRed longRed round

Experiment

Purple flower

PpLl Long pollenPpLl

Prediction(9:3:3:1)

ObservedoffspringPhenotypes

284212155

215717124

Fig. 9-17bExplanation: linked genes

Parentaldiploid cellPpLl

Mostgametes

Meiosis

PL

pl

PL

PL pl

pl

Fertilization

Sperm

Mostoffspring Eggs

3 purple long : 1 red roundNot accounted for: purple round and red long

PL PL

PL

PL

plPL

pl

plpl

pl

Fig. 9-18a

Gametes

Tetrad Crossing over

Ba baa b

A BA B A b

Fig. 9-18b

Fig. 9-18c Experiment

Parentalphenotypes

Recombination frequency =

Black vestigial

Black body,vestigial wings

GgLl

Offspring

Female Male

Gray long

965 944 206 185

ggll

Gray vestigial Black long

Gray body,long wings(wild type)

Recombinantphenotypes

391 recombinants2,300 total offspring

Explanation

= 0.17 or 17%

G L

g l g l

g lGgLl

(female)ggll

(male)

G L g l g L

g l

g l

g l g l

g l

g l

G L

SpermEggs

Offspring

g L

G l

G l

Fig. 9-18caExperiment

Parentalphenotypes

Recombination frequency =

Black vestigial

Black body,vestigial wings

GgLl

Offspring

Female Male

Gray long

965 944 206 185

ggll

Gray vestigial Black long

Gray body,long wings(wild type)

Recombinantphenotypes

391 recombinants2,300 total offspring

= 0.17 or 17%

Fig. 9-18cb

ExplanationG L

g l g l

g lGgLl

(female)ggll

(male)

G L g l g L

g l

g l

g l g l

g l

g l

G L

SpermEggs

Offspring

g L

G l

G l

Fig. 9-19a

Chromosome

9.5%

Recombinationfrequencies

9%

17%

g c l

Fig. 9-19b

Mutant phenotypes

Shortaristae

Blackbody(g)

Cinnabareyes(c)

Vestigialwings(l)

Browneyes

Long aristae(appendageson head)

Graybody(G)

Redeyes(C)

Normalwings(L)

Redeyes

Wild-type phenotypes

Fig. 9-20a

X

Y

Fig. 9-20b

(male)

Sperm

(female)

44+

XYParents’diploidcells

44+

XX

22+X

22+Y

22+X

44+

XY

44+

XX

Egg

Offspring(diploid)

Fig. 9-20c

22+X

22+

XX

Fig. 9-20d

76+

ZZ

76+

ZW

Fig. 9-20e

1632

Fig. 9-21a

Fig. 9-21bFemale Male

XR XR Xr Y

XR YXR Xr

YXr

XR

Sperm

Eggs

R = red-eye alleler = white-eye allele

Fig. 9-21cFemale Male

XR Xr XR Y

XR YXR XR

YXR

XR

Sperm

Eggs

Xr XR Xr YXr

Fig. 9-21dFemale Male

XR Xr Xr Y

XR YXR XR

YXr

XR

Sperm

Eggs

Xr Xr Xr YXr

Fig. 9-22

QueenVictoria

Albert

Alice Louis

Alexandra CzarNicholas IIof Russia

Alexis

Fig. 9-UN4

Figure 20.9 Using restriction fragment patterns to distinguish DNA from different alleles

Figure 20.10 Restriction fragment analysis by Southern blotting

Figure 20.12 Sequencing of DNA by the Sanger method (Layer 4)

Figure 20.13 Alternative strategies for sequencing an entire genome

Table 20.1 Genome Sizes and Numbers of Genes

Figure 21.6 Nuclear transplantation

Figure 21.7 Cloning a mammal

Figure 20.15 RFLP markers close to a gene

Figure 20.16 One type of gene therapy procedure

Figure 20.17 DNA fingerprints from a murder case

Figure 20.19 Using the Ti plasmid as a vector for genetic engineering in plants

Fig. 9-UN1

Homologouschromosomes

Alleles, residingat the same locus

MeiosisGametefrom otherparent

Fertilization

Diploid zygote(containingpaired alleles)

Paired alleles, alternate formsof a gene Haploid gametes

(allele pairs separate)

Fig. 9-UN2

Incompletedominance

RedRR

Singlegene

Single characters(such as skin color)

Multiple characters

Pleiotropy

PolygenicinheritanceMultiple

genes

Whiterr

PinkRr

Fig. 9-UN3

Genes

locatedon

(b)

(a)

at specificlocations called

alternativeversions called

if both same,genotype called

expressedallele called

inheritance when phenotypeIn between called

unexpressedallele called

if different,genotype called

chromosomes

heterozygous

(d)

(c)

(f)

(e)

Figure 18.19 Regulation of a metabolic pathway

Figure 18.20a The trp operon: regulated synthesis of repressible enzymes

Figure 18.20b The trp operon: regulated synthesis of repressible enzymes (Layer 2)

Figure 18.21a The lac operon: regulated synthesis of inducible enzymes

Figure 18.21b The lac operon: regulated synthesis of inducible enzymes

Figure 18.22a Positive control: cAMP receptor protein

Figure 18.22b Positive control: cAMP receptor protein

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/42/Lac_operon.png

Figure 19.3 The evolution of human -globin and -globin gene families

Figure 19.7 Opportunities for the control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells

Figure 19.8 A eukaryotic gene and its transcript

Figure 19.9 A model for enhancer action