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Figure 6-01
Investigating Cell Structure and Function
1. Cell Theory
2. Microscopy-
a. History
b. Types
3. Studying cell organelles
a. Cell homogenization
b. Cell Fractionation
LE 6-2
Measurements1 centimeter (cm) = 10–2 meter (m) = 0.4 inch1 millimeter (mm) = 10–3 m1 micrometer (µm) = 10–3 mm = 10–6 m1 nanometer (nm) = 10–3 µm = 10–9 m
10 m
1 mHuman height
Length of somenerve andmuscle cells
Chicken egg
0.1 m
1 cm
Frog egg1 mm
100 µm
Most plant andanimal cells
10 µmNucleus
1 µm
Most bacteria
Mitochondrion
Smallest bacteria
Viruses100 nm
10 nmRibosomes
Proteins
Lipids
1 nmSmall molecules
Atoms0.1 nmU
na
ide
d e
ye
Lig
ht
mic
rosc
op
e
Ele
ctr
on
mic
ros
co
pe
Table 7.1 Different Types of Light Microscopy: A Comparison
LE 6-3a
Brightfield (unstained specimen)
50 µmBrightfield (stained specimen)
Phase-contrast
LE 6-3b
50 µm
50 µm
Confocal
Differential-interference-contrast (Nomarski)
Fluorescence
LE 6-41 µm
1 µm
Scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) Cilia
Longitudinalsection ofcilium
Transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM)
Cross sectionof cilium
LE 6-4a
1 µm
Scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM)
Cilia
LE 6-4b
1 µm
Longitudinalsection ofcilium
Transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM)
Cross sectionof cilium
LE 6-9a
Flagellum
Centrosome
CYTOSKELETON
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Peroxisome
Microvilli
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER
Rough ER Smooth ER
MitochondrionLysosome
Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes:
Plasma membrane
Nuclear envelope
NUCLEUS
In animal cells but not plant cells: LysosomesCentriolesFlagella (in some plant sperm)
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Inner Life of A Cell
• http://www.studiodaily.com/main/searchlist/6850.html
LE 6-5a
Homogenization
HomogenateTissuecells
Differential centrifugation
LE 6-5b
Pellet rich innuclei andcellular debris
Pellet rich inmitochondria (and chloro-plasts if cellsare from a plant)
Pellet rich in“microsomes”(pieces of plasmamembranes andcells’ internalmembranes) Pellet rich in
ribosomes
150,000 g3 hr
80,000 g60 min
20,000 g20 min
1000 g(1000 times theforce of gravity)
10 min
Supernatant pouredinto next tube
Cell Structure
1. Basic requirements to be a cell• Cytoplasm• DNA• Ribosome• Cell membrane
2. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
3. Limitations to cell sizea. Lower limitsb. Upper limits-SA/volume ratio
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
LE 6-6
A typicalrod-shapedbacterium
A thin section through thebacterium Bacilluscoagulans (TEM)
0.5 µm
Pili
Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Cell wall
Capsule
Flagella
Bacterialchromosome
LE 6-7
Total surface area(height x width xnumber of sides xnumber of boxes)
6
125 125
150 750
1
11
5
1.2 66
Total volume(height x width x lengthX number of boxes)
Surface-to-volumeratio(surface area volume)
Surface area increases whileTotal volume remains constant
An overview of animal cell structure
1. Nucleus2. Ribosomes3. Endomembrane Systema. RER & SERb. Vesiclesc. Golgi apparatusd. Vacuolese. Lysosomes4. Mitochondria5. Cytoskeleton
LE 6-9a
Flagellum
Centrosome
CYTOSKELETON
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Peroxisome
Microvilli
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER
Rough ER Smooth ER
MitochondrionLysosome
Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes:
Plasma membrane
Nuclear envelope
NUCLEUS
In animal cells but not plant cells: LysosomesCentriolesFlagella (in some plant sperm)
Nucleolus
Chromatin
LE 6-8
Hydrophilicregion
Hydrophobicregion
Carbohydrate side chain
Structure of the plasma membrane
Hydrophilicregion
Phospholipid Proteins
Outside of cell
Inside of cell 0.1 µm
TEM of a plasma membrane
What is contained in the nucleus of a cell?
DNA
Chromoso
mes
Genes
R-rna
All of t
he above
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. DNA
2. Chromosomes
3. Genes
4. R-rna
5. All of the above
LE 6-10
Close-up of nuclearenvelope
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear envelope:Inner membraneOuter membrane
Nuclear pore
Porecomplex
Ribosome
Pore complexes (TEM) Nuclear lamina (TEM)
1 µm
Rough ER
Nucleus
1 µm
0.25 µm
Surface of nuclear envelope
What is the function of ribosomes?
Prote
in synth
esis
DNA sy
nthesis
Intra
cellu
lar digesti
on
Transport
of pro
teins o
...
0% 0%0%0%
1. Protein synthesis
2. DNA synthesis
3. Intracellular digestion
4. Transport of proteins outside of the cell
LE 6-11
Ribosomes
0.5 µm
ER Cytosol
Endoplasmicreticulum (ER)
Free ribosomes
Bound ribosomes
Largesubunit
Smallsubunit
Diagram ofa ribosome
TEM showing ERand ribosomes
There is a difference in the make-up of cytoplasmic eukaryotic ribosomes and prokaryotic
ribosomes
True
False
0%0%
1. True
2. False
Proteins that are secreted from a cell are produced by:
Membra
ne-bound rib
o...
Free rib
osomes
0%0%
1. Membrane-bound ribosomes
2. Free ribosomes
Secreted proteins are carried away from the ER by:
The golgi a
pparatu
s
Lyso
somes
Mito
chondria
vesic
les
0% 0%0%0%
1. The golgi apparatus
2. Lysosomes
3. Mitochondria
4. vesicles
LE 6-12
Ribosomes
Smooth ER
Rough ER
ER lumen
Cisternae
Transport vesicle
Smooth ER Rough ER
Transitional ER
200 nm
Nuclearenvelope
If a secreted protein needs to be chemically modified after it leaves the ER in a vesicle, it will go to:
A lyso
some
Mito
chondria
A storage vacu
ole
The Golgi
apparatus
0% 0%0%0%
1. A lysosome
2. Mitochondria
3. A storage vacuole
4. The Golgi apparatus
LE 6-16-3
Nuclear envelope
Nucleus
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Transport vesicle
cis Golgi
trans Golgi
Plasma membrane
Vesicles from either the ER or the Golgi that contain proteins involved in intracellular digestion fuse to form this
cell organelle
Stora
ge vacuole
Mito
chondria
Lyso
some
0% 0%0%
1. Storage vacuole
2. Mitochondria
3. Lysosome
Lysosomes are involved in destroying “worn out” cell organelles:
True
False
0%0%
1. True
2. False
Up to 5 optional points
• You have 3 minutes to write a short answer to this question:
• Why is it important that the pH of a lysosome is acidic compared to the cytoplasm of the cell?
LE 6-14a
Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food
1 µm
Plasmamembrane
Food vacuole
Lysosome
Nucleus
Digestiveenzymes
Digestion
Lysosome
Lysosome containsactive hydrolyticenzymes
Food vacuolefuses withlysosome
Hydrolyticenzymes digestfood particles
LE 6-14b
Autophagy: lysosome breaking down damaged organelle
1 µm
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
Mitochondrionfragment
Lysosome containingtwo damaged organelles
Digestion
Lysosome
Lysosome fuses withvesicle containingdamaged organelle
Peroxisomefragment
Hydrolytic enzymesdigest organellecomponents
Malfunctions within a lysosome can cause diseases.
True
False
0%0%
1. True
2. False
Vacuoles
Can be form
ed by endoc..
.
May s
tore
substa
nces t
h...
Can be fo
rmed by vesic
le...
Can be filled w
ith w
ater
All of t
he above
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Can be formed by endocytosis
2. May store substances the cell will need later
3. Can be formed by vesicles joining together
4. Can be filled with water
5. All of the above
LE 7-14
Filling vacuole50 µm
50 µmContracting vacuole
This cell organelle has a structure adapted for making ATP during cellular respiration.
Lyso
some
Nucle
us
Vacuole
Golgi a
pparatu
s
mito
chondria
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Lysosome
2. Nucleus
3. Vacuole
4. Golgi apparatus
5. mitochondria
LE 6-17
Mitochondrion
Intermembrane space
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Cristae
Matrix
100 nmMitochondrialDNA
Freeribosomes in themitochondrialmatrix
The Cytoskeleton
1. Made up of 3 elements
a. Microtubules
b. Microfilaments
c. Intermediate filaments
2. Functions-diverse including maintaining cells shape; motility; contraction; and organelle movement
LE 6-20
Microtubule
Microfilaments0.25 µm
Table 6-1a
LE 6-22
0.25 µm
Microtubule
Centrosome
Centrioles
Longitudinal sectionof one centriole
Microtubules Cross sectionof the other centriole
Cilia and Flagella
• Cell Movement
LE 6-23a
5 µm
Direction of swimming
Motion of flagella
LE 6-23b
15 µm
Direction of organism’s movement
Motion of cilia
Direction ofactive stroke
Direction ofrecovery stroke
This cell organelle contains 2 compartments separated by a membrane, which is necessary for
chemiosmosis to occur
Golgi a
pparatu
...
Mito
chondria RER
Lyso
some
vacu
ole
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Golgi apparatus
2. Mitochondria
3. RER
4. Lysosome
5. vacuole
Which of the following statements is/are true?
The cyto
skelet..
.
The cyto
skelet..
.
The cyto
skelet..
.
A and B
B and C
All of t
he abo...
0% 0% 0%0%0%0%
1. The cytoskeleton is composed of protein
2. The cytoskeleton is involved in the segregation of chromosomes during mitosis
3. The cytoskeleton can reorganize by polymerizing/depolymerizing
4. A and B
5. B and C
6. All of the above
LE 6-24a
0.5 µm
Microtubules
PlasmamembraneBasal body
LE 6-24b
Plasmamembrane
Outer microtubuledoublet
0.1 µm
Dynein arms
CentralmicrotubuleCross-linkingproteins insideouter doublets
Radialspoke
0.5 µm
LE 6-25b
Wavelike motion
Cross-linkingproteins insideouter doublets
ATP
Anchoragein cell
Effect of cross-linking proteins
Organelle Movement
• Position of organelles not fixed in the cell
LE 6-21a
Vesicle
Receptor formotor protein
Microtubuleof cytoskeleton
Motor protein(ATP powered)
ATP
LE 6-21b
0.25 µmMicrotubule Vesicles
Table 6-1c
LE 6-26
Microfilaments (actinfilaments)
Microvillus
Plasma membrane
Intermediate filaments
0.25 µm
Table 6-1b
LE 6-27a
Muscle cell
Actin filament
Myosin filamentMyosin arm
Myosin motors in muscle cell contraction
LE 6-27b
Cortex (outer cytoplasm):gel with actin network
Amoeboid movement
Inner cytoplasm: solwith actin subunits
Extendingpseudopodium
LE 6-27c
Nonmovingcytoplasm (gel)
Cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells
Chloroplast
Streamingcytoplasm(sol)
Cell wall
Parallel actinfilaments
Vacuole
Dyneine walking is a key event in this cellular process:
Chemiosmosis
Amoeboid movem...
Cytokenesis
Motility
using..
.
All of t
he abo...
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Chemiosmosis
2. Amoeboid movement
3. Cytokenesis
4. Motility using flagella
5. All of the above
Plant Cell Structure
1. All of the same organelles and structures that are in animals plus
a. Cell wall
b. Large central vacuole
c. Chloroplasts
LE 6-9b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
In plant cells but not animal cells: ChloroplastsCentral vacuole and tonoplastCell wallPlasmodesmata
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Ribosomes(small brown dots)
Central vacuole
Microfilaments
IntermediatefilamentsMicrotubules
CYTOSKELETON
Chloroplast
Plasmodesmata
Wall of adjacent cell
Cell wall
Nuclearenvelope
Nucleolus
Chromatin
NUCLEUS
Centrosome
Golgiapparatus
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Plasmamembrane
LE 6-28
Centralvacuole of cell
PlasmamembraneSecondarycell wall
Primarycell wall
Middlelamella
1 µm
Centralvacuole of cell
Central vacuoleCytosol
Plasma membrane
Plant cell walls
Plasmodesmata
LE 6-15
5 µm
Central vacuole
Cytosol
Tonoplast
Central vacuole
Nucleus
Cell wall
Chloroplast
LE 6-18
Chloroplast
ChloroplastDNA
RibosomesStroma
Inner and outermembranes
Granum
Thylakoid1 µm
LE 6-19
Chloroplast
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
1 µm
This cell organelle contains 2 compartments separated by a membrane, which is necessary for
chemiosmosis to occur
Golgi a
pparatu
...
Mito
chondria RER
Chloroplast
2 and 4
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Golgi apparatus
2. Mitochondria
3. RER
4. Chloroplast
5. 2 and 4
Because plant cells have a large central
water vacuole, they must also have:
Chloroplasts
Lyso
somes
Mito
chondria
A cell w
all RER
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Chloroplasts
2. Lysosomes
3. Mitochondria
4. A cell wall
5. RER
Plays a role in cytoplasmic streaming, amoeboid movement, and muscle contraction:
Micr
ofilaments
Inte
rmediate
f...
Micr
otubules
Dyn
eine walkin...
All of t
he abo...
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Microfilaments
2. Intermediate filaments
3. Microtubules
4. Dyneine walking
5. All of the above
These in class clicker questions are helpful
Stro
ngly Agree
Agree
Neutra
l
Disa
gree
Stro
ngly Disa
gree
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
Cell Surrface Molecules/Connections
1. Cell surface molecules (glycocalyx)
2. Cell Connections-Plants
a. Plasmodesmata
3. Cell connections-Animals
a. Tight junctions
b. Desmosomes
c. Gap junctions
LE 6-29a
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID ProteoglycancomplexCollagen
fiber
Fibronectin
Integrin Micro-filaments
CYTOPLASM
Plasmamembrane
LE 6-30
Interiorof cell
Interiorof cell
0.5 µm Plasmodesmata Plasma membranes
Cell walls
LE 6-31
Tight junctions preventfluid from moving across a layer of cells
Tight junction
0.5 µm
1 µm
0.1 µm
Gap junction
Extracellularmatrix
Spacebetweencells
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Intermediatefilaments
Tight junction
Desmosome
Gapjunctions
LE 6-32
5 µ
m