FIGURE 6.1 Worldwide distribution of coastal marshes and mangrove swamps. Source: After Chapman...

FIGURE 6.1 Worldwide distribution of coastal marshes and mangrove swamps. Source: After Chapman (1960).

ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved

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FIGURE 6.2 Several common species of salt marsh plants. (a) Spartina alterniflora, (b) Spartina patens, (c) Juncus roemarinus, (d) Limonium carolinianum, and (e) Salicornia bigelovii.


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FIGURE 6.3 Average annual rainfall (mm) along the Gulf of Mexico coas. Source: From Smith and Monte (1975).


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FIGURE 6.4 Zonation of vegetation in southern New England salt marshes. Source: From Bertness and Pennings (2000).


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FIGURE 6.5 Factors affecting marsh biomass and production. Schematic of within-marsh variation in the height of Spartina alterniflora and the terms used to describe these height forms. See From Mendelssohn and Morris (2000) for further description of mechanisms.


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FIGURE 6.6 Seasonal patterns of aboveground live (green squares) and dead biomass (black dots) from three marshes in the Rhône Delta (France) dominated by different species. Source: From Ibáñez et al. (1999).


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FIGURE 6.7 Salt marsh aboveground primary productivity by a region in North America, north of Mexico. Source: From Mendelssohn and Morris (2000).


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FIGURE 6.8 Solar radiation, atmospheric CO2 exchange, and tide height for Flax Pond. Source: From the Flax Pond ecosystem study: exchanges of CO2 between a salt marsh and the atmosphere, Houghton and Woodwell, Ecology, 1980, 61, 1434–1445. Source: Copyright by the Ecological Society of America, reprinted by permission.


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FIGURE 6.9 Estimates of annual aboveground production calculated from several widely used techniques. Source: From Hopkinson, Gosselink, and Parrondo, production of coastal Louisiana marsh plants calculated from phenometric techniques, Ecology, 1980, 61, 1091–1098. Source: Copyright by the Ecological Society of America, reprinted by permission.


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FIGURE 6.10 Production of intertidal Spartina alterniflora versus mean tide range for various Atlantic coastal marshes: Long Island Sound, Narragansett Bay, North Carolina, and Georgia. Source: From Steever et al. (1976).


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FIGURE 6.11 Equilibrium combinations of (a) productivity and (b) depth below mean high tide (MHT) as functions of the rate of relative sea level rise, for estuaries characterized by (i) high and (ii) low sediment loading. The optimal depth is the depth below MHT that results in maximum productivity. Source: From Morris et al. (2002).


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FIGURE 6.12 Overview of the combined impacts of climate change, sediment deficit, and decreased runoff, presently existing in the Ebro Delta (Catalonia, Spain). Source: From Ibáñez (2009).


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FIGURE 6.13 Wetland loss in the Mississippi delta.


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FIGURE 6.1 Worldwide distribution of coastal marshes and mangrove swamps. Source: After Chapman...

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