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FILARIASIS
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WHATISLYMPHATICFILARIASIS (LF)?
Lymphatic filariasis (LF), commonly known as
elephantiasis, is a disfiguring, disabling disease,
usually acquired in childhood.
According to CDC, it is the leading cause of
permanent disability in people.
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GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
Lymphatic filariasis affects over 120 million people
in 80 countries throughout the tropics and sub-
tropics of Asia, Africa, the Western Pacific, and
parts of the Caribbean and South America.
In the Americas, only four countries are currently
known to be endemic: Haiti, the Dominican
Republic, Guyana and Brazil.
In the United States, Charleston, South Carolina,
was the last known place with lymphatic
filariasis. The infection disappeared early in the
20th century. Currently, you can not get infected
in the U.S.
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WHAT MOSQUITOES?
In Africa, the most common vector isAnopheles and in the Americas, it is Culexquinquefasciatus.Aedes and Mansonia cantransmit the infection in the Pacific and in
Asia.
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HOWIS LYMPHATIC FILARIASISTRANSMITTED
FROMONEPERSONTOANOTHER?
The adult produces millions of very small, immature
larvae known as microfilariae, which circulate in the
peripheral blood with marked nocturnal periodicity.
The worms usually live and produce microfilariae
for 4-6 years.
Lymphatic filariasis is transmitted through mosquito
bites. The microfilariae enter the body of a
mosquito when it feeds on the blood of a personcarrying microfilariae in their blood (mf carriers). It
takes 7-21 days for the microfilariae to develop
inside the body of the mosquito.
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WHATARETHESYMPTOMSOFLYMPHATIC
FILARIASIS?
Usually asymptomatic untilafter the adult worms die.
Permanent damage to lymphsystem and kidneys
Swelling in the arms, breastsand legs. (lymphoedema).
For men, the genital area alsobecomes swollen (hydrocele)
Increased bacterial infectionsin the skin and lymph system.
Hardening and thickening ofthe skin (elephantiasis)
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WHATISTHEIMPACTOFTHISDISEASE?
Permanent and long-termdisability
Pain, disfigurement, andsexual disability.
Many women with visible
signs of the disease willnever marry, or are rejectedby spouses and families
Affected people frequentlyare unable to work becauseof their disability. This hurtstheir families and theircommunities.
Everyday work becomesdifficult due to frequentinfections.
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WHATISTHETREATMENTFORLYMPHATIC
FILARIASIS?
DEC (Diethylcarbamazine)
Even after the adult worms die,lymphoedema can develop. Toprevent lymphoedema fromgetting worse
Carefully wash the swollenarea with soap and water everyday.
Use anti-bacterial cream onany wound. This stopsbacterial infections.
Elevate and exercise the
swollen arm or leg to move thefluid and improve the lymphflow.
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HOWCAN I PREVENTINFECTION?
Mass drug administration
Control mosquitoes.
Avoid mosquito bites. Themosquitoes that transmit
the filarial worms usuallybite between the hours ofdusk and dawn
Use mosquitonets/insecticide treatedmosquito nets.
Use mosquito repellent onexposed skin between duskand dawn.
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SCHISTOSOMIASIS
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Schistosomiasis is a
chronic, parasitic disease
caused by blood flukes(trematode worms) of the
genus Schistosoma.
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TRANSMISSION
People become infectedwhen larval forms ofthe parasite/ cercaria released by freshwatersnails penetrate their
skin during contactwith infested water.
In the body, the larvaedevelop into adult(lungs and liver)schistosomes. Adult
worms live in the bloodvessels where thefemales release eggs.
Some of the eggs arepassed out of the bodyin the faeces or urine tocontinue the parasitelife-cycle. Others
become trapped inbody tissues, causingan immune reactionand progressivedamage to organs.
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EPIDEMIOLOGY
Schistosomiais is prevalent in tropical and sub-
tropical areas, especially in poor communities
without access to safe drinking water and adequate
sanitation.
There are two major forms of schistosomiasis
intestinal and urogenital caused by five main
species of blood fluke
Urogenital schistosomiasis is also considered to be
a risk factor for HIV infection, especially in women.
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FIVEMAINTYPESOFBLOODFLUKE
Species
Geographical
distribution
Intestinal
schistosomiasisSchistosoma mansoni
Africa, the Middle East,
the Caribbean, Brazil,
Venezuela, Suriname
Schistosoma
japonicum
China, Indonesia, the
Philippines
Schistosoma mekongi
Several districts of
Cambodia and the Lao
Peoples Democratic
Republic
Schistosomaguineensis and
related S. intercalatum
Rain forest areas of
central Africa
Urogenital
schistosomiasis
Schistosoma
haematobiumAfrica, the Middle East
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SYMPTOMS
Symptoms of schistosomiasis are caused by the
body's reaction to the worms eggs, not by the
worms themselves.
Abdominal pain, diarrhea,blood in the stool, and
liver enlargement-intestinal schistosomiasis
Bladder cancer, hematuria-urogenital
schistosomiasis
In children: anaemia, stunting and a reduced ability
to learn,
Chronic schistosomiasis may affect peoples ability
to work and in some cases can result in death.
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DIAGNOSIS
Eggs in stool methylene blue-stained cellophane
soaked in glycerine or glass slides.
Eggs in urineFor urogenital schistosomiasis,microscopic blood in
urine and this can be detected by chemical reagent
strips.
History of blood in their urine used to identify high riskof infection,
For low transmission areas, serological and
immunological techniques may be used
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TREATMENT:
This infection is usually treated with the drug
praziquantel. If the infection is severe or involves
the brain, corticosteroids may be given.
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POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS
Badder cancer
Chronic kidney failure
Chronic liver damage and an enlarged spleen
Colon (large intestine) inflammation with bloody diarrhea
Kidney and bladder obstruction
Pulmonary hypertension
Repeated blood infections can occur, because bacteriacan enter the bloodstream through an irritated colon
Right-sided heart failure
Seizures
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000471/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000112/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003200/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003200/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003200/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000112/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000112/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000471/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A000471/7/30/2019 Filariasis Pcm
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THANK YOU
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GROUP MEMBERS
Warris Walayat
Litia Chola
Nafisah BegumCessy Cherriyan
Chetana Singh
Lortakul Suvimand
Pet Kris Ruthiachanok
Reerattanachart Dusadee
Nishant PrajapatiUmair Muneer
Harold Nkume