Filo.Winter.2011

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FILFIL

A Quarterly for Tyrolean AmericansA Quarterly for Tyrolean Americans

Winter 2011/2012Winter 2011/2012


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In some way, some how, through parents or grandparents, we share common rootswith a wonderful people from an enchanted part of the world. While we are notimmigrants, we are descendants and heirs of an extraordinary culture. While weremain and revel in being Americans, you are being addressed as TyroleanAmericans without a hyphen or division. Our roots and our ancestry do notseparate us but enriches our very American identity. Who we are is who we

With this understanding, you are being contacted to join us as we explore, re-

discover and enrich our understanding of the Trentino---its history, its people, itsculture, its cuisine, music, art, its spirituality, its extraordinary mountains,valleys anThe plan is tosend you the Fil on a quarterly basis for you to enjoy and for you to promote toothers that we will be missing in our data bases. Fil has a special significancesince it was the nightly gathering of the villagers in their stables to tell stories andFil will attempt to do that very thing in

I wish you

Lou

The Fil is to be published and distributed on a quarterly basis and is targeted to the children ofour immigrant parents. The Fil (pronounced fee-lo) was the daily gathering in the stables of

the Trentino where the villagers met and socialized. (See page 7 for a description of thisancient custom)The intent is to provide a summary of our culture, history, and customs in plainEnglish to inform and provide you with the background of your roots and ancestry. You areurged to participate by submitting questions, provide articles, and relate experiences to beshared with our readership. If you wish to contact us, call Lou Brunelli at 914-402-5248.Attention: Your help is needed to expand our outreach to fellow Tyrolean Americans. Help usidentify them, be they your children, relatives or acquaitances. Go to filo.tiroles.com andregister on line to receive the magazine free of charge. You may also send your data to Filo`Magazine, PO Box 90, Crompond, NY 10517 or fax them to 914-734-9644 submit them by

email to [email protected].

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The Trentino-Aldo Adige is an area that was considered part of theSouthern Tyrol or to the Germans Weschtirol. It was annexed to Italy lessthan 100 years ago after World War I. It had been part of the Austrian HungarianEmpire and prior to that it was for 800 years feudal states of the Bishops of Trent

and Bolzano.. To the South, there is the magnificent Lake of Garda and mountainsto the East and West. The region is bordered by Tyrol (Austria) to the north, byGraubnden (Switzerland) to the north-west and by the Italian regions ofLombardy and Veneto to the west and south, respectively. It covers 13,607 km(5,253 sq mi). It is extremely mountainous, covering a major part of the Dolomites and the Southern Alps.

While we will return in future editions to exploration ofspectacular beauty of the Trentino geography, there is a specialand distinquishable difference regarding the mountains of theTrentino. In 2009, UNESCO declared the Dolomites as aWorld Heritage Site panel praising the Alpine range as ''one of

the most beautiful mountain landscapes anywhere.'' Thisspectacular designation and its affirmation indicated that theyare among the most attractive mountain landscapes in theworld. Their intrinsic beauty derives from a variety ofspectacular vertical forms such as pinnacles, spires and towers,with contrasting horizontal surfaces including ledges, crags andplateaus, all of which rise abruptly above extensive talusdeposits and more gentle foothills. A great diversity of colors is

provided by the contrasts between the bare pale-colored rocksurfaces and the forests and meadows below. The mountains riseas peaks with intervening ravines, in some places standing isolated

but in others forming sweeping panoramas. Some of the rockcliffs here rise more than 3000 m and are among the highestlimestone walls found anywhere in the world. The distinctivescenery of the Dolomites has become the archetype of acaptured by the beauty of the mountains, and their writing andsubsequent painting and photography further underline theesthetic appeal of the property.

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Our Origins When the glaciers receded and the Trentino geography was established, this very geography established ourhistory. The effect of the glaciers left in the Trentino inviting passages, corridors, portals that invited more andmore people t corridor flanked by mountains that was a natural passageway to and through the Trentino either from the

Southern plains or the Brenner pass, the lowest of the Alpine passes that served as a portal for the north. The Valsugana and the Lake of Garda were yet other convenient and inviting entrances for peoples who came orpassed through or stayed. The first inhabitants came up along the rivers from the south from Vallagarina and the

Lake of Garda and the southeast from the Val Sugana and the Brenta River. These people were the Veneto-Illyric, the Ligurians, the Gauls and the Iberians. All these groupsbelonged to the great family of Indo-Europeans which form the largest family of languagesin the world comprising most of the languages in India and South West of Asia. Theprincipal sub families are the Indo-Iranian, Armenian, Albanian, Balto-Slavic, Thracian,Phrigian, Ligurian, Illyrian, Messapian and Venetic. The Illyrians or the people of Illyria were bording the East Coast of the Adriatic while the Iberians were from theSouthwestern part of Europe comprising Spain, Portugal, and

modern day Georgia. The Ligurians were members of ancientpeople who inhabited northern and central Italy and the adjoiningregions. The Galli or Gauls were yet another ancient people south west of the Rhine River, west of the Alps and north of the

Pyrannees i.e. modern day France and northern Italy, Cisalpine Gauls. All these

populations, exc isnomenclature became our very first true identity so that the Trentino region was calledRaetia in the third century. The first settlers, the Ligurians and the Iberians, lived on pilesabove Alpine lakes as did the lake dwellers of the Bronze Age (2000-1200 BC). These earlysettlers left behind many remnants, including large canoes carved from blocks of pine;

pieces in stone, horns, bones, wood and granules of amber; pins, axes, and daggers. Theseobjects give us some idea of their burial rites, customs and agricultural practices. TheGauls-Cenomani from the Valsugana took possession of the Doss Trento and togetherwith other people formed the nucleus of Trento on the left back of the river Adige.

The archeological history of the Trentino region gives us an idea of the physical, social and cultural developmentof these people as well as their geographic distribution, customs beliefs and folkways.

At the beginning of the first century BC, the Cimbri poured down from the north ofcentral Europe through the Brenner Pass. They were defeated by the Romans but

stayed and integrated further with our origins. It should be noted that we have aremnant of the oldest mummies in Europe and the best preserved mummies in theworldun de nossifound in the Ortzal Alps and now resting in the museum in Bolzano. He lived 5000years ago. He was found in a glacier and his clothes and artifacts are providing yetfurther clues of our origins. They call him Otzi since in was found in the TrentinoAlps of Otzal.

It should be noted that our real history has given us an identity of being MiddleEuropeans rather than Mediterranean since we have more commonalties with themountain people of Bavaria and the Austrian Tyrol. We will continue exploring our

origins in future editions.

Paleofitti of Fiav

Bronze receptacle 4-5 BC

Otzi

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Just above Trento (17 km north of Trento), there is avillage named San Michele all`Adige. It happens to be theplace where Pinot Grigio Santa Margarita originates, oneof the most popular wines in the USA. San Michele hasthe Museo degli Usi e Costumi della Gente Trentina, the

Museum of the Customs and Costumes of the TrentinoPeople. It is a museum that has a history and is full ofhistory, the history of our people. The building thathouses this wonderful museum was once one of the many

fortresses and palaces of the Counts of the Tyrol. The Trentino was theTyrol both under the feudal bishoprics of Trento and Bressanone as well asunder the Austrian Hungarian Empire and there were these Counts thatserved as the military arm of the bishoprics and protectors of their individual the site of the remnants and artifacts of our ancestors, covering every aspect

of the traditional culture of Trentino: agriculture, arts and crafts, folklore. The Museum was ,ethnographer, essayist, personality eclectic, considered father of the modernmuseography. The Museum at SantoMichele is the greatest regional Italianmuseum of folk traditions. The museum isthe ideal place to discover memories andtraditions of the valleys of Trentino. In its

many rooms, there are displayed so many of the objects that created andenhanced the culture and life style of the area. There are the agriculturalobjects and practices, tools in all its shapes and styles, the use of animals.

The use of the mulino, the water mill that powered the grain mills, theblacksmith, iron foundry. The kitchen with its artifacts and products. Theproduction of the cheeses, grappa, bread, the cultivation of bees, vines andso many of the food stuffs that our emigrants remembered and attemptedto replicate as they settled in the states. There are displays of the Fil, the wardrobes of the men and women, their religious practices, dialect andmusic.

The Museo will become a collaborator in subsequent issues of the Fil and will attempt to explain andillustrate the customs and activities of our people. covers every aspect of the traditional culture of Trentino:agriculture, arts and crafts, folklore. The website of the Museum iswww.museosanmichele.it.

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A common, popular and even daily activityin the villages of the Trentino was the Fil.It is pronounced fee lwith the accent onthe last syllable. The expression far

do Filo` or let usgather. The Filo` was a daily gathering ofthe villagers after their evening supper inthe stables that were situated in their veryhomes. The stables being in their interior ofthe houses were insulated and furtherwarmed by the body heat of their allimportant cattle that not only providedthem with dairy products but served todraw their carts and till their fields. It was awelcomed conclusion of the day. The adultsengaged in their ciacerar, the chatter aboutthe activities of the villages and theirstruggles as they pursued their farming to survive. Stories would be told. Often there would be a designated storyteller who entertained the children as well as the adults with wonderful and engaging yarns. The stories relayedhistory, memories, as well as the morals and the expectations of the village community. There were poems andsayings that expressed their sagezza and peasant wisdom. Songs would be sung. The songs were of the mountains,the young lovers, the wars, and their struggle. They sang often with the formula oTrentini, one choir. The women knitted, shucked corn and multi-tasked their chores while enjoying the company.Fil would conclude with the corona, the rosary in which they remembered their dead, their sick, and their

relatives traveling through Europe working or emigrants to far off lands. There was a commonality in that all hadthe same limited means and the Fil was an engine of socialization.

Representation of a Filo-Bruno FaganelloMuseo degli Usi e Costumi della Gente Trentina

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When the migrations from the Tyrol ensued, the clergy, the bishops,Don Guetti all expressed their disapproval and concern fearing thattheir traditions and their interactions with Protestants of the newcultural interaction with the Protestant to the north of their borders

would be a threat to their religiosity. They could not have been morewrong. While destiny took them out of their villages and lands, theirspirituality and attachment to their religious traditions remained and

even flourished. When they came to our country, this religiouscultural was distinguishably different and distinct from that of the majority Southern Italians. What were thesubstance and the distinctiveness of this faith tradition? The Filo hopes to explore and detail the elements of theirreligious cultural traditions that so nurtured our people. For now, let us take stock of some of the elements that

The Sud Tirol, the Trentino Alto Adige was a

governance of the Bishops of Trento and Bressanone called the Principato of Trento. Religious culture was the very heart and soul ofthese domains. But unlike the Papal States where the Pope was a temporalleader, governor, tax collector, war lord, the Bishops had a distance from thesethe Counts of the Tyrol that took care of thesetemporal matters. While so much of the rest of the Italian peninsula had forcenturies been absorbed by the politics of the state and the church, the Trentinohad a comfortable distance from these internecine struggles. The Trentino was

extremely loyal to the church without the Papal politics that engrossed thepeninsula and prompted the Reformation. Hence, it was understandable that the

great Charles Borromeo, the Cardinal Archbishop of Milan, the promoter of the Ecumenical Council, came to theTrentino and shrewdly selected Trento as the location for the Council in 1565. It was an acknowledgement of geographically but its neutrality that provided a safe haven for both theMediterranean

Religious orders flocked to the Trentino to situate their seminaries and convents since it was one of the mostfertile areas for vocations to the priesthood and the religious life. In my very own family, I can boast of one auntand 6 cousins who became nuns. Religious living and the priesthood were held in high esteem and its missionarieswent throughout the world to the very court of Kublai Khan (Father Martini) and explored our Southwest (FrEusebio Chini). In the consultant to the popes. At the time of the migration from the Trentino and times of great hardships, a priest,

Don Guetti did some spectacular things with farming cooperatives to assist the struggling communities. WhenFascism and the Italian nation collapsed after World War II, it was Alcide De Gasperi, a profoundly religious man,from the Valsugana, that literally created the modern Italian democracy. He would often say that he was lent toItaly. Finally, our very own boast, our fellow Trentino, Cardinal Bernardin who rose to not only lead the

Archdioceses of Chicago, headed the National Council of Bishops butbecame the most distinguished clergyman that the Church produced inthe United States church history.

We will explore in future editions the customs, practices and mentality processions,shrines, village feasts, its communal prayer, and their world view.

Council of Trent

Way Side Show-Capitello

Duomo of Trento

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Our dialecThe dialects of modern Italian all have their roots in the spoken form ofLatin (Vulgar Latin), in use throughout the Roman Empire. Vulgar Latinhad, no doubt, its own local peculiarities before the fall of the Empire.The political instability that followed Roman rule kept Italy from re-uniting as a nation until the nineteenth century. This long period offragmentation and the fact that Classical Latin was preferred as the

international language of study allowed the various modes of speech todevelop on their own until they could almost be called separatelanguages. Many dialects are, in fact, unintelligible with each other. Theseparate language of the Trentino or Tyrol had the effetto montagna, themountain effect. The communities of the Trentino developed asseparate entities by virtue of real divisions due to the mountains, thevalleys, rivers, and even streams. The dialect of the Val Adige (Trento) is distinguishably different from that of theVal di Non or the Valsugana or the Val delle Giudicarie. ed thetraditions, mannerisms, culture, and traditions. The dialect was a distinction for a particular community, area, orvalley. The vocabulary, the enunciation, the very intonation were a distinguishing trademark, an affirmation of possessive acknowledgement of who they were and whatthey were like. Take for the example, the knife grinders from the Val Rendena who actually developed an almostseparate language, el Taron, which was a spin off from the dialet but a mechanism of separation and protection asthey traveled far a field r as Russia. to earn their living. Our Tyrolean relatives in our country relied andmaintained their distinguishing dialect physically staying in colonies and types of work.

It is a challenge to present to our readers the dialect. Many of our readers do not speak or understand the dialectand many might not have pursued language education. There will be an attempt to present the background andhistory and styles of the distinctive dialects in the various valleys of the Trentino. But both for the interested and

the curious, there will be presented some grammar, syntax, and vocabulary. In doing so, the hope will be to do alittle a bit of teaching or simply to have our readers possibly connect to the memories of the sounds and phrasesthat they might have heard in their homes or gatherings. In Trentino dialect, it's common to say, 'sa fente, nenteo stente? (cosa faciamo, andiamo da qualche parte o stiamo qui?) Translated, it means What should we do,stay or go. Hence... a bit of grammar. Here is thepresent tense of the verb to be (red), italian (blue),and in the dialect

Mi son Io sono Mi sonte?Ti te sei Tu sei Ti set?Lu l` Egli Lu lo?Noi sem Noi siamo Noi sente?

Voi s Voi siete Voi s?Lori i Essi sono Lori i?

Some of our words....

Oci occhi eyesRece orechie earsNas naso noseCavei cavelli hairCol collo neckOciai occhiali eye glassesCapel capello hat Figure 2

Figure 1

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A Foremost TyroleanIf you want to beam with pride and joy, go to the rotunda of the US Capitol where youwill find the statues of theof individual states. Although Columbus discoveredthis New World, you will not find an other than one that has a seemingly He is.un de nossonly ours but the very first Tyrolean American in our country who identified himself as

from the Tyrol. Founder of Arizona,Agronomist, Explorer, and Cartographer His gigantic accomplishments matched andprobably exceeded those of Coronado, De Soto, Marquette, Junipero Serra, and others.Volumes have been written about our fellow Tyrolean and it is difficult to affirm inwhich field he was greater, as a missionary, an explorer, an agronomist, a diarist, a farmer,a cartographer, a cattle raiser, a Native some sketchy introductory details regarding Father Chino in the expectation that we canreturn in future issues to delineate him further.

Eusebio Kino was born in Segno, today frazione of Taio, a village in the Val di Non in the Bishopric of Trent, which

after his death became the Austrian Hungarian Empire and in1919 present-day Italy.The Trentino for 800 years had no nationality but resided inthese feudal states or provinces ruled by Bishops. He was born on Aug. 10, 1645. He

was educated in Innsbruck where distinguished himself in the study of mathematics,cartography, and astronomy. From 1664 to 1669 he received his religious training atFreiburg, Ingolstadt, and Landsberg, Bavaria and was ordained a Jesuit priest on June12, 1677, at Eistady, Austria. Although he wanted to go to the Orient, he was orderedto establish missions on the Baja California peninsula and Northern Mexican Sonora

and Southern U.S. Arizona). Kino arrived in Mexico City in the spring of1681. He became famous in what is now northwestern Mexico and the

southwestern United States (primarily northern Sonora and southernArizona) in the region then known as the Pimaria Alta. He is known forhis exploration of the region and for his work to Christianize theindigenous Native American population, Kino was a doer and the historyof his accomplishments staggers the inquiring mind. . During his 24 yearsin Pimeria Alta, he traveled over 50,000 square miles to reach, to baptizeand to civilize the Indians helping to create a civilization. He founded 24missions and established 19 rancherias. Cattle ranching and the

introduction of European cereals and fruitsowe Fr Chino their beginnings. He was well loved by the Indians He was theirspiritual director, their defender against the assaults of the Apaches and the

exploitation of the Conquistadores opposing Indian enslavement in the silver minesof northern Mexico. His maps of the South West made him famous throughoutEurope. He is also said to have explored the sources of the Rio Grande, theColorado and Gila rivers. His explorations of the area around the mouth of theColorado River in 1701 convinced him that Baja California was a peninsula, not anisland. His 1705 map was the standard reference for the southwestern desert regionfor more than a century. Kino was a prodigious letter writer; many of these letters,relating his achievements and trials, have been preserved and published. He was alsothe author of an autobiographic work, Favores celestiales. A movie was made aboutFarther Chino or Kino starring Richard Pryor. One obtains it through Netflix. Fr

Chino is our pride, boast, and common Tyrolean American possession.

Statue in US Capitol

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symbol of the area. It is also one of the oldest foods eaten in Italy, dating back at least to 990 BCE. In its originalform, polentaknown to the ancient Romans as pulmentumwas a porridge made from spelt. In later ages othergrains such as barley and millet as well as pulses and even chestnuts were used to make various kinds of gruels

eaten generally by the poor. It is said to have originally been an Etruscan dish, whichthe Romans adopted and spread throughout the Empire. It has a glorious historyhelping Rome conquered its vast empire? Well, there are traditions that relate that theRoman soldier was given each day a ration of grains called puls in which he made inhis very helmet a pulmentumpolenta since corn had not as yet arrived from the Americas. But indeed, polenta canbe said to have a glorious past. But did you know that it touched our very ownAmerican history? George Washington, the Father of our Nation, the symbol of ournation, got to savor his very first ethnic meal at Monticello at the hands of ThomasJefferson. George was served the one and only polenta that Jefferson had learned from

his mistress Maria (she was not a Trentina) when he served as the ambassador to France. Wow!

It is easy to make but requires patience and care.

Ingredients: all you need is corn meal, salt and water. The corn mealshould be coarse or stone grown. If necessary, get to a health foodstore to get the real things and not the flour like degerminated type inso many of our supermarkets

Tools: Looking at the illustration, you will need a largelarge spoon or a polenta stick called a cana della polenta or a trisa.You will also see the optional tabiel where the polenta is placed on completion.Process:

filled the pot with water just below the brim and brought the water to a boil, added salt g all the time to avoidlumps. The amount of corn meal is what needs the care..too little and it is soopy toomuch and it hard to handle and hard to the taste. Once integrated, then you start theturning with the trisa or the wooden spoon. Lower the heat just a bit and turn fromtime to time. Many Trentini will insist that it takes 90 minutes. My mom would tell meto cook it long enough so that it begins to detach itself from the parol

that when the polenta is ejected, the crosta..the crust comes out almost as a

shell (delicious to nibble on..truly corn chips!)

Whereas a pasta or a minestra are considered primi piatti, first dishes, polentais a combination and is both first and second dish. It partners with so manythings in the Trentino cuisine. It combines with Krauti(sauerkraut), luganega,spezzatino (stew) of beef, veal, rabbit or chicken, cotegin (pork sausage), lapeverada (sauce made with bread crumbs and the water of the cotegin. We willexplore some of these combinations in future editions.

If you have a Trentino recipe that you wish to share or a recipe that you had enjoyed and wish us to describe,

do not hesitate to send it to us by email to [email protected]

Polenta with a boscaiola sauce

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Young, dynamic andstudent-centered. Settled in thepeaceful context of Trentino, theUniversity of Trento offers an idealenvironment for studying as wellas services designed to cater forthe needs of the individual.

One of the leading Italianuniversities, according to

authoritative national rankings,such as the Censis survey, yearlypublished by La Repubblicanewspaper and the classification ofthe Italian Ministry of Universities.

Excellent undergraduate andgraduate courses, some of themheld entirely in English.

INVESTYOURTALENT INA CREATIVECONTEXT

STUDY AT THEUNIVERSITYOF TRENTO!

7 faculties, 3 schools,13 research departments.

MASTER COURSES IN ENGLISHCognitive ScienceComputer ScienceEconomicsEuropean and international studiesInnovation Management

International ManagementManagement-EMBS (European Masterin Business Studies)Materials EngineeringMathematicsMechatronics EngineeringPhysicsTelecommunication Engineering

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Deeply rooted in their rural world, our Tyrolean forbearersdeveloped an oral tradition of wise sayings..Wisdom stories thatwere distilled from individual and group experiences. They werehanded down, repeated from one generation to the next generationas a treasury of wisdom, common sense, and moral lessons. Theyhad so many of the features of the styles and modes of the oral

traditions of the Sacred Scriptures and in many ways these sayingswere a bible, a Tyrolean scripture of a sort. They were exchanged inordinary conversation, at the dinner table, exchanged with, repeated at the fontana, the village fountain , laundry andgathering place, in the piazza, in the daily encounters and gatheringsin the villages. They were instilled in the young at the Fil. Brief,often quite witty, wisdom stories that had a distinctive style of oneor two memorized sentences that always concluded with a sardoniccounterpoint that not only summed up the lesson but made clear themoral of that lesson. They are the expressions of a popular culture which had coined them for a specific

communicative purpose. The proverb was an admonition handed down over the generations to the ingenuousyoung from their forbearers. Some were simply common sense with a universal message. Dancing without awoman is like eating polenta without salt. These proverbs served as a mental repertoire, a wisdom data base, atreasury for these rural people of the mountains and valleys. It acted as a conclusion to a conversation or simplyas a way to elicit smiles and laughter in ways quite specific to their culture and traditions. There was animprovisational skill to elicit or match the occasion and the moment to a particular proverb. They elicit a pictureor an image of the lives of our forbearers a hundred years ago that reflect their struggles and concerns for survivaland right living. Our immigrants brought these sayings to the coal fields of Pennsylvania and Colorado, the docksof New York and the factories of Syracuse. They found their way to the dinner tables and parlors of their peasant.They punctuated conversations with the ancestral wisdom, lessons and charm.

The Fil will bring to its readers these proverbs about a variety of topics. They will be presented first in the dialect(red), then in Italian (blue) and finally in English as best as they canbe translated.

Women and MenI omeni I fa la roba, le done le la mantegnGli uomini accumulano la sostanza, le donne lo conservano

Men accumulate things, women look after them

A balar senz olenta senza sal!Ballare senza una donna come mangiare polenta senza sale

Dancing with a woman is like eating polenta without salt.

AnimalsAsen ben vesti` no `le sconde le rece.Asino ben vestito non nasconde gli orrechi

A well-dressed donkey cannot hide his ears.

Dal cantar se conos lòsel e lòm dal zervelDal canto si conosce lùccello e lùomo dal cervello.

The bird you know by its song, the man by his brain

Figure 5

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Our ValleysThe Giudicarie are not one but a network of several valleys: Exterior, Interior, Valleyof Churches de Giudicarie Exterior withreference to the centerfold on the next pag

There are several portals to this valley. Coming from the south, up from the Lake ofGarda, one passes through the Passo Ballino, passing through the village of Ballino

where the great patron of the Tyrol, Andreas Hofer, lived 7 years as a shepherd andconceived of his peasant army, the Schutzen. Coming from Trento, one comesthrough Limaro`, a deep gorge referred to as the Grand Canyon of the Trentino. Onearrives at Ponte Arche and Terme di Comano. Ponte Arche derives its history to

Roman times and the Terme are a well known Wellness Center famous for its thermal waters, hot springs ofhealth and wellness . Coming up from the Val DÀdige, just north of the city of Trento, one approaches thevalley from Fai della Paganella, Andalo, and Molveno and its magnificent lake, Lago di Molveno. Coming fromthe North, one descends from the Passo Carlo Magno, named after Charlemagne who came through this pass andthe Passo Durone, through which armies of 50,000 soldiers passed throughled by the Condottiere, Gattamalata.

The Valley straddles the Parco Brenta Adamello, the park or a reserve thatboasts of the Brenta Dolomites and the Adamello, the highest mountain inthe Trentino. The Brenta Dolomites have the extraordinary designation ofthe UNESCO World Heritage. There are several immediate accesses to thepark and the Dolomites: Val DÀlgone, Molveno, and Val DÀmbiez. Eachof these accesses led by designated trails to refugi, hostels that are situated inthe magnificent Dolomites. Hovering over the valley is the Care Alto, withits towering glacier. part of the Adamello Presanella group of glaciers. Towering over the Bleggio, is a ring ofmountain peaks referred to as Val Marcia. Those peaks provide a beautiful setback for the valley but were also theencampments of the Austrian army. The entrenchments are still in evidence on the ridge of these mountains.

The valley has several castles: Castel Stenico, Restor, Spina and Campo. They served asfortresses that protected the entrances of the valleys and as seats of governance for theCastellani and the Bishop of Trento whose jurisdiction included theentire valley. Proximate to Fiav, one finds the pre-history remainsof paleofitti, wood posts that supported lake houses dating back tothe Bronze Age of 4300 BC. Just above it, one finds the ancient andpicturesque village of Rango, designated as one of the most

beautiful villages in all of Italy. There are manyvery notable art treasures throughout the valleyin their castles and churches. The church of

Santa Croce in Bleggio Superiore (right), is oneof the most important sanctuaries in theTrentino. It has a crypt dating back to 1303 andits interior is an example of early Renaissanceart. Several famous people originate or spenttime in the valley from Charlemagne, Cardinal

Charles Boromeo, Gattamalata,Andreas Hofer who organized a peasant army to defeatthe Napoleonic forces, to Giovanni Prati, a poet , to Fr Guetti who organized farm andfood cooperatives.

Val di Guidicarie Esteriori

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(TNM) was founded in 1957and aims to help Trentino nationals who live abroad maintainstrong ties with their motherland and their cultural and social roots,

whilst becoming citizen of their host country. The associationdifferent populations by providing information and coaching and bypromoting and supporting social diversity.

Their services include:

Outreach to Trentini American Associations: Trentini nel Mondo stays actively involved with over220 Circoli Trentini throughout the USA. There are 21 such associatons in the USA and 5 in Canada.

Convention CollaboratorsTNM works closely with ITTONA (International TyroleanTrentinoOrganization of North America) in the bi-annual convention of the Circoli Trentini.

Publications: TNM publishes a monthly magazine and a variety of studies regarding the TrentinoAmerican community

Trentino Resource Center: TNM provides access to an extensive library of literary sources regardingTrentino emigration at their headquarters in Trento

Advocacy for Trentini AmericansTNM seeks to promote and advance iniatives to promotecommunications and cultural development.

Magazine Website NExT

TNM publishes a monthlymagazine in Italian providinginformation about the Trentino andItaly and with articles regarding theactivities of the Circoli Trentinithroughout the world. One manysubscribe by enrolling on the website:www.trentininelmondo.it

TNM offers an informative andenriched website offeringinformation about Trentino activiesthroughout the world and well asthe those of the Circoli Trentini inthe USA. Go to

www.trentininelmondo.it

The TNM sponsored projectNExT,(Nuove Energie per il Trentino)seeks to create networks of Trentini

Americans who have achievedpositions of excellence in theirprofessional field. Go to:http://next.trentininelmondo.it

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Preparing to leave was an enormous undertaking andchallenge for our Tyrolean relatives. The dream andway to escape poverty and raise their standard ofliving. Being wrenched from their villages and their

lovely environments, the pain of separation fromtheir relatives and friendsthe uncertainty of the future all combined to makethe departure a traumatic experience. Thesetraditional farmers, contadini, were headed to coalmines with all their dangers and pitfalls. Facingunknown difficulties ahead, many emigrantsprepared their wills even though very few wereconsidering permanent settlement. Many soldeverything including their houses. Others borrowed

from relatives and friends to pay for their travel expenses. Both the authorities and the clergy disapproved of theirdeparture making the emigrants feel ever more isolated.

After the first wave of emigration, 36 years passed before there was to be a focus on the emigrants. In 1904, therewas established the Office for the Mediation of Labor in Rovereto that attended to emigrants and by 1910, therewas published the Guida dell`Emigrante Italiano. The Guide contained all the information emigrants needed:the economic situation in the USA, the physical conditions, steamboat fares, a timetable of trains from Trent, thenames of the naval companies, ports of embarkation, the documents needed, procedures for naturalization andcitizenship, location of the various consulates, facilities for medical inspection, various diseases and the agencies inthe Trentino. It detailed the dangers facing the emigrants such as the infamous Padroni or merlo that tookadvantage of them. It further explained the information needed for the transoceanic trips as well as the names of

the ferry boats to Ellis Island the railroads leading fromNew York to the mines in various states. The Guideprovided the names of St Raphael Society in New York formoral and financial aid, US postal rates, insurance,accidents, legal aid, currency, measures and the risks in themines.

Those who left the Trentino went to Trent by some joltingcart. At the window of the Gottardi Agency at Via Lunga(now Via Manci) they bought tickets for 500 crowns whichincluded boat fare and the first expenses in the UnitedStates. The long trip began from Hamburg, Germany,Antwerp, Belgium or through Voralberg via Switzerland to aFrench port, Le Havre. Tickets for steerage from Le Havreor Hamburg to New York City cost $15 in 1880 and $28 in1900.

On the departing the village itself, often in the wee hours ofthe morning, since they had to walk or journey down toTrent, the whole village would gather at the church to prayand send off one of their very own beloved brother or

sister, an image of solidarity and intimacy that kept ourimmigrants connected and associated with their roots.

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The Odyssey of a Tyrolean ImmigrantHistory and Nature combined to create an economic depression for the Trentinothat became the cause for emigration. Agriculture, practiced in the traditional wasthe fundamental activity in 1850 for 70% of 314,770 inhabitants of the province.Farmers were frustrated and without hope. Their children automatically followedthem into farming. Real estate was divided into small parcels and was owned by

few landlords. Commodities and food had to be imported from the Trentino neighboring provinces, the Veneto and Lombardy. Their economic conditionsworsened when their traditional trading partners became part of Italy. The newborders created custom barriers, taxation and duties on imports and exports. Inthose years, nature further complicated the depression with deceases to theirvines, silkworms, and their potato crop. Rather than further detailing the

hardships of the Trentino, what follows is a profile of one such emigrant whowas certainly affected by the forces of natur

Trentino and in the United States.

Angelo Berasi was born in 1870 in Marazzone, Bleggio Superiore in the Val di

Giudicarie. Following the typical and usual traditions, he worked as a paesantfarmer and while we have no recollection of his motivations, it can be presumedthat he followed the then current pattern of escaping poverty and raise his standard of living which diluted thepain of departure. Like fellow emigrants, America acted as a magnet beckoning them as a real adventure with theflavor of a mystery. In 1890, Angelo Berasi followed the pattern, left for Trento where he took a train to LeHavre, France and embarked for New York, with its strange language, traditions and jobs. But Angelo did not staywith the Trentino colony in New York but took a train and traveled for five days to Walsenburg, Colorado. There,although a farmer, Angelo like his paesani, was forced to work in the coal mines. Mining was dangerous anddifficult work. Coal miners in Colorado were at constant risk for explosion, suffocation, and collapsing minewalls.Between 1884 and 1912, mining accidents claimed the lives of more than 1,700 Coloradans. In 1913 alone,ccidents that widowed 51

and left 108 children fatherless. The high death was due in part to Colorado's unique geology, but also due topoor enforcement of safety regulations. In 1914, the United States House Committee on Mines and Miningattributed the high fatality rate to the management of its coal mines.Angelo worked in these mines for 15 yearsadding prospecting for gold as well as he searched for alternatives to the mines. He came in contact with tworelatives of mine, Carlo and Giuseppe Brunelli who originated from Rango of the same Bleggio Superiore.

Giuseppe and Carlo, coming earlier than Angelo, had venturedbeyond the mines purchasing land, raising cattle and evenopening a hotel or boarding house for the miners of Walsenberg .in 1902, Angelo is made a naturalized citizen. In1905, he returns to the Trentino where he seeks out the

unmarried niece of Giuseppe and Carlo, Teresa. They are wedand after a time, he returns to Colorado to follow yet anotherpattern of those emigrants. He precedes Teresa who is now with child and in September 1907 with her new born, Lino,

Teresa makes the long ocean voyage to New York and then the 5 day train ride to Wallsenberg, Colorado. Angelo,properly inspired by the entepeneurship of Carlo and Giuseppe and possibly aided by some of their capital, opensus the Star Saloon. Such an enterprise was singular for our Trentini emigrants but Angelo was a confident,enterprising person and was not averse to taking risks. More children arrived in quick succession. Angelina in1908, Rosa in 1909, Maria in 1911, Cora in 1913, and Adele in 1914.

History again touches the lives of the Berasi family. While they lived in the town of Walsenburg, the ensuing

turmoil with the mines would engulf everyone. In 1913-1914, there ensued the 14-month southern Colorado Coal

Angelo Berasi & Carlo Brunelli

Berasi Family 1912

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cre

Strike, itself the deadliest strike in the history of the United States. The strike was organized by the United MineWorkers of America (UMWA) against coal mining companies in Colorado. The miners resided in company towns,in which all land, real estate, and amenities were owned by the mine operator, and which were expressly designedto inculcate loyalty and squelch dissent. When the miners go out on strike, their families were evicted and went tolive in a tent city.On April 20, 1914, the Colorado National Guard attacked the tent colony of 1,200 striking coalminers and their families at Ludlow, Colorado shooting through the tents with a machine gun mounted on anarmored car causing the violent deaths of 19 people. This was to be known as the Ludlow Massacre. Inresponse, the miners armed themselves and attacked dozens of mines, destroying property and engaging in several

skirmishes with the Colorado National Guard causing the death of yet another fifty.

Violence permeated Wallsenberg and Teresa Brunelli Berasi was so terrified for her family that she gave herhusband no peace saying in our diale children. So history again affects his life; this time American history. Angelo, despite his successful American

moves them on the longfive day train trip across the country to New York and sets sail for La Havre, France retracing his original routeand arrives at the Austrian border to the consternation of the Austrian officials who ask him: Why are you Angelo, a successful American businessman had nowreturned to his farming and the simple life of the village. He was conscripted into the Austrian army as werehundreds of other Trentini. Many of which became the crack squad, Tiroler Kaiserjaegger, the Tyrolean huntersof the Czar. They fought in Russia and then returned to the Trentino to combat the Italian forces Angelo servedas a cook strangely enough on the entrenchments on the peaks of mountains of Val Marcia, the mountain rangethat stares down at his very own village. Two more children arrived: Amalia and Bruno. After the war, he returnedto Colorado alone in the hope of resuming his enterprise but his oldest son,Lino, was simply too traumatized by the violence that he experienced inWalsenburg and refused to return and this concluded his American odyssey. Hereturned permanently to his village and like Giannini in San Francisco heassisted his cash poor paesani offering them small loans to pay their taxes. Twoof his daughters, Maria and Adele returned to USA, their country of origins asspouses to yet other emigrants. Angelo Berasi is truly a Tyrolean pioneer and agenuine hero.

All these details of this family was compiled by Danny Caliari of Queens, NY, agrandson of Angelo Berasi, who in 1980 was determined to discover his roots

and his family`s odyssey. Well before the Internet, he would go every day on hislunch time to the Main Library on Fifth Ave and search what records he couldfind. He wrote and made trips to the National Archives. He interviewed whoever might provide information about his family. His work spanned 30years. He is to be saluted for his passion and diligence. In subequent issues, wehope to have him give us some tips and instruction of how to conduct familyresearch.

Attention: We would welcome submissions of the history, stories, and episodes of other Tyroleanswho made their passage from the Trentino to our United States. Contact Lou Brunelli by phone or

email. 914-739-2313 or [email protected]

Berasi Family 1921

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When our Tyrolean relatives moved about their fields, when they lifted their eyes fromtilling their fields, when they looked to the distance of their valleys, what did they see andbehold? They saw church steeples and lovely churches embellished with frescoes andartifacts contributed by many over the years. When they moved about their villages or led

crucifix. Looking up the mountainsides, they beheld ancientcastles replete with art from a variety of artists, castles wherefeudal lords meted out justice and exacted tithes on behalf ofa higher authority. The Trentino countryside is marked byarchitectural works complete with sculptures and paintingsby skillful artists. When the town dwellers moved about theircities and towns, when the people from the countryside

came to these towns for services or to transact their affairs, they passed edifices andmonuments that boasted of charming art and sculpture and communicated a senseof continuity and harmony. Poor as they were, they had the riches of so much art intheir ordinary and everyday environments

The art of the Trentino or the Tyrol was profoundly influenced by its historyand geography. It lies at the extreme southern edge of the Germanic empire,the Tyrol or the Welsch Tirol so that it became a meeting place and asponge between the Nordic and the Latin cultures. While flanked by theLombardy and the Veneto, the Trentino or the Sud Tirol was never part ofItaly until 1919. For 800 years it was an empire or lands under the control offeudal bishops many Germanic and then for the 200 years prior to itsannexation to Italy, it was the part of the Austrian Hungarian Empire. Thiscultural and geographic combination makes its artistic expressions

heterogeneous and fascinating. This very geography and cultural mixtureprompted St Charles Borromeo to select the Tyrol as the logical and ideal

location for the Ecumenical Council of Trent which launched the Counter Reformation that fueled theassertiveness of the Baroque.

These remarks are an introduction to how we will present in future editions of the multi-faceted aspects of the art s, its village churchesand shrines to its castles with its sculptures and paintings. We will attempt to move around the Trentino tohighlight and explain the history and the features of these expressions. We welcome your inquiries and/orsuggestions regarding specific examples of the art. Just below, we present the church of San Virgilio in the shadowof the Brenta Dolomites. The church is illustrated by the famous Simone Baschenis.

Shrine of San LuigiLarido Bleggio

Castel Toblino

Shrine of the Madonna & the Santi-Cavrasto

Church of St Virgilio-Bascheni frescoes Pinzolo

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Discovering your family.

With this issue of Fil we begin a journey to rediscover and toreclaim a part of ourselves, a part that lives unconsciously in us.

Who we are as individuals is not just the product of what we areexplicitly taught, but of our history as well. It should be

important to us!

History is memory of the past, its best vehicle is the family. It isfound in our beliefs, abilities, genes, and gestures, but lackingawareness of the link between past and present, these lackcolor, depth, or even sense. Without it we are rudderless, with it

we have direction and the sure knowledge that we can doanything.

We Trentini are blessed to have a long, relatively complete recordof our families, recorded for us by our parish priests. We can

retrieve our history. We can know the towns from which ourancestors came and find our relatives who live there today -- we arestill of the same blood. One hundred years don't erase onethousand!

Let's begin: gather all the information you can about your family. Write it all down: dates, places, maternal and paternal ancestors,their arrival here, the ship and port. You will quickly discover twothings: first, you may know more than you realize, and second,

what you don't know. Both are crucial in order to proceed.

One final task: once you discover what you doknow, communicate it to your children,grandchildren, nieces and nephews. What areyou waiting for? It's their heritage, too. Failingto pass it on to them is failing them, yourselfand your ancestors.

In the next issue, we'll explore tools you canaccess to expand what you found. You'll be

surprised how much you can discover and howmuch it will enrich your life.

Jim Caola will serve as our guide and mentor in learning how to research anddiscover family roots. His paternal grandparents emigrated to Pennsylvaniafrom Pinzolo in 1905. In 1998 Jim began to investigate his family heritage,and within the course of the intervening years he has created a database ofabout 56,000 individuals, a project to index all births, marriages and deaths in

Val Rendena from the early 1600's through 1923, and the creation of aphotographic index of all 13 cemeteries of Val Rendena, soon to be availablein a set of DVDs. He hopes that his projects will one day be duplicated

throu hout Trentino.

Atti di Matrimonio-S. Lorenzo-Pinzolo 1

Ship Manifest of Noordland 1

Albino Caola - Giovanna Collini 1904

Jim Caola

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Fill out a data sheet for each person, beginning with your emigrant ancestor.

Personal Data SheetSubject Data:

Subject Number: _____

Surname: __________________________________________________________

First Name(s) ______________________________________________________

Date of Birth: ______________________________________________________

Town of Birth: _____________________________________________________

State or County of Birth: _____________________________________________

Date of Immigration: _______________________________________________

Port of Entry: ______________________________________________________

Name of Ship (if relevant) ___________________________________________

Date & Place of Naturalization: _______________________________________

Spouse:

Name of Spouse (use maiden surname):___________________________________________________________________

Subject Number of Spouse: ___________________________________________Date of Marriage: ___________________________________________________Place of Marriage: ___________________________________________________

Parents of Subject:

Name of Father: ___________________________________________________Name of Mother (Maiden name): ______________________________________

Children of Subject (w/subject numbers) :___________________________________________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Origins of Names of the TrentinoWe wish to explore the origins of names of the Trentino. We will do so by examining their meaning, origins, andderivates

BELLOTTI The name derives from the words Bello and Bella and refers to a attractive physical characteristics.Many Trentini names derives from this root; 1147 a Bellotus in Trento; 1220 a Belottus in Tione.

BENINI derives from the word Beno (Benus) and means . The name is found in the Val di Giudicarie,Arco and Riva as well as the Valle dell`Adige.

BRUNELLIThe name originating from the high German and meaningarmor. Mozus et Vivianus sons of Calvusdi Rango (1220); Manfredino Brunelli in 1316 from the Bleggio in the Valle di Giudicarie. Brunelli dictis Brunelli inLovato 1445. 1517 Nicol Brunelli notaio; 1527 Giacomo son of Nicol Brunelli of Rango, lived in Arco, Notary,Vicar & Judge of the area of Arco until 1567 ; Giacomo Brunelli (XIX-XX century) born in Riva, a musician andband leader.

FENICE means a phoenix eg. Opera House in Venice is La Fenice; this name seems to have a specific origin inthe Bleggio in the Val di Giudicarie; 1730, Alberto Fenice in Vezzano;1760 a Francesco Antonio Fenice in Canale.

FORADORI In dialect a forador refers to a large auger or drill. The sopranome or nickname is attributed to acraftman or a vendor of augers. It derives from the Val di Giudicarie. In 1537, there are found Antoni Foradoris eAntonium Foradoris in Seo of the Bleggio. In the nineteeth century, there is another Antonio Foradori, aForadori 1889-1974, born in Mezzolombardo, a vernacular poet.

We wish to reach as many Tyrolean Americans as can be identified so that we might be able to bring theminformation and resources regarding their roots and ancestry. Please provide us with names of friends, relatives,family members so that we can begin sending them the Fil American on a regular basis. You can do this bycompleting the coupons below or sending us an email with this data.

NameAddressEmailaddress

TrentinoValleyofOrigin

Send this to: Fil, PO Box 90, Crompond, NY 10567 or fax it to 914-734-9644.For further information, call 914-402-5248

NameAddressEmailaddress

TrentinoValleyofOrigin

Send this to: Fil, PO Box 90, Crompond, NY 10567 or fax it to 914-734-9644.For further information, call 914-402-5248

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Acknowledgements

In the name of the thousands of Americans across our United States who long to embrace with pride thetreasured heritage of their land of origin and their courageous emigrant relatives and friends, we thank andcongratulate the Office of Emigration of the Autonomous Province of Trento for their support of this firstissue of the Fil magazine. The recognition of their advocacy of us is truly an acknowledgement of our

desire to hold on to this heritage with a greater knowledge and understanding since it gives us the gift of

Federazione Trentina delle Pro Loco e loro Consorzi is the association of 160 Pro Loco and 10 Consorzi ProLoco working in the Trentino. 'Pro Loco' is composed of volunteers working to enhance the understanding andappreciation of their individual valley with its villages. The Federazione will focus on introducing and orienting ourreaders to the valleys of the Trentino: their geography, history, art and culture. Our partner will be the Director Ivo

Povinelli

Museo degli Usi e Costumi della Gente Trentina gathers materials that refer to the history, economy and

dialects and folklore of the Trentino.The Museowill be providing us with information and accounts regarding the

customs of our people and the religious practices of the Trentino. Our partner will be Daniela Finardi,Communications Department &

Museo Storico collects , preserves and researches historical materials and collections of Trentino history. Theyhave carefully documented the emigration history of the Trentino. The Museo will be providing providing the Filo

with articles regarding our celebrated figures of our history, profiles on emigration and emigrants. Our partner willbe Dr. Patrizia Marchesoni, Museum's Deputy Director and Head of Research, Archives and Collections

Trentino Marketing S.p.Aprovides information, articulation and publicity for the promotion of tourism for theTrentino. They will as glimpses in the Trentino of today. Their website is http://www.visittrentino.it/

Trentini nel Mondo Onlus is the principle advocacy agency of the Province of Trento offering outreach toTrentini Americans, convention collaboration, a monthly newsletter, a Trentino resource center replete with library,and advocacy for Trentini Americans. Their staff will serve as consultants and collaborators in the promotion of theFilo` project.

University of Trento is one of the leading unviersities in Europe with a strong international character offering awide range of programs for international students. Our partner will be Paola Fusi, Head of CommunicationsUniversity of Trento

Jim Caola has worked relentlessly for more than a decade to construct a genealogical database of all the townsof Val Rendena. The database, about 50% complete, is being constructed from the baptism, marriage and deathrecords of parishes of the valley, records which extend from the late 1500s through 1923. His articles willcontribute guidance and insight to those who want to research their Tyrolean/Trentini origins.

Image CreditsReproduced fromCanti della montagna. Parole e musica, introduzione e commenti di Nora Gianmoena, Trento,Panorama editore, 2003Figures 1-5

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