Filtration of Water in the Recharge Filtration of Water in the Recharge ZoneZone

Water travels through Water travels through soil, sand/clay to the soil, sand/clay to the aquifer.aquifer.

What if any What if any contaminates are contaminates are removed by these removed by these layers before they layers before they reach the ground reach the ground water system?water system?

LabLab

Chapter 11Chapter 11

Water use and ManagementWater use and Management

Section 2Section 2

Fresh waterFresh water

To understand factors To understand factors that affect the world’s that affect the world’s fresh water supply, fresh water supply, we need to first look we need to first look at how water is used.at how water is used.

Global Water UseGlobal Water Use

In the world, 69% of In the world, 69% of the water used is for the water used is for Agriculture.Agriculture.

23% of the water 23% of the water used is for Industry.used is for Industry.

8% of the fresh water 8% of the fresh water used is for domestic used is for domestic use.use.

Residential water useResidential water use

Domestic water use Domestic water use depends on depends on environment and environment and culture.culture.

The average person The average person in the US uses 300L in the US uses 300L or 80 gal of water a or 80 gal of water a day.day.

The average person The average person in India uses only 41 in India uses only 41 L per day.L per day.

Water TreatmentWater Treatment

Most water is treated Most water is treated to make it POTABLE.to make it POTABLE.

Potable means safe Potable means safe to drink.to drink.

Water treatment continuedWater treatment continued

Water treatment also Water treatment also removes pathogens removes pathogens which are small which are small organisms that can organisms that can cause disease.cause disease.

Examples include Examples include bacteria, viruses, bacteria, viruses, protozoa and protozoa and parasites.parasites.

Drinking Water TreatmentDrinking Water Treatment

1. 1. First FiltrationFirst FiltrationWater is filtered through Water is filtered through screens that remove fish, screens that remove fish, leaves, and trash. leaves, and trash.

2. 2. CoagulationCoagulationAlum is added to form Alum is added to form sticky flocs. Mud, bacteria sticky flocs. Mud, bacteria and other particles stick and other particles stick to the flocs. The water to the flocs. The water then passes into settling then passes into settling basins, where the flocs basins, where the flocs sink. sink.

Drinking Water TreatmentDrinking Water Treatment

3. 3. Second FiltrationSecond FiltrationThe water trickles The water trickles through sand or through sand or gravel, which filters gravel, which filters out algae, bacteria, out algae, bacteria, and some chemicals. and some chemicals.

4. 4. ChlorinationChlorinationChlorine is added to Chlorine is added to kill any remaining kill any remaining organisms organisms

Drinking Water TreatmentDrinking Water Treatment

5. 5. AerationAerationForcing air through the Forcing air through the water releases gases, water releases gases, reducing unpleasant reducing unpleasant odors and taste. odors and taste.

6. 6. Additional TreatmentAdditional TreatmentSodium or lime may be Sodium or lime may be used to soften hard used to soften hard water. Some communities water. Some communities add fluoride, which helps add fluoride, which helps prevent tooth decay. prevent tooth decay.

Filtration of Water in the Recharge Filtration of Water in the Recharge ZoneZone

Today’s lab is on Today’s lab is on Ground water Ground water filtration.filtration.

Water travels through Water travels through soil, sand/clay to the soil, sand/clay to the aquifer.aquifer.

What if any What if any contaminates are contaminates are removed by these removed by these layers before they layers before they reach the ground reach the ground water system?water system?

1. FirstFiltration

3. Second filtration

4. Chlorination

5. Aeration

2.

6. Additional Treatment

Industrial Water UseIndustrial Water Use

Industry accounts for 19% of water use.Industry accounts for 19% of water use. Manufacturing goodsManufacturing goods Waste disposalWaste disposal Power generationPower generation

*Most water in industry is *Most water in industry is

used to cool power plants.used to cool power plants.

Cooling Power PlantsCooling Power Plants

1.1. Water is pumped from river or lake.Water is pumped from river or lake.

2.2. Water runs through pipes in cooling Water runs through pipes in cooling tower.tower.

3.3. Water is pumped back into lake or river.Water is pumped back into lake or river.

*Water is warmer than before, but usually *Water is warmer than before, but usually clean.clean.

Agricultural Water UseAgricultural Water Use Accounts for 67% of water Accounts for 67% of water

use in world.use in world. 80 % of water used in 80 % of water used in

agriculture evaporates and agriculture evaporates and never reaches plant roots.never reaches plant roots.

Irrigation: providing plants Irrigation: providing plants with water from sources with water from sources other than direct other than direct precipitation.precipitation. Shallow water-filled ditches.Shallow water-filled ditches. High-pressure, over-head High-pressure, over-head

sprinklers.sprinklers.

Water Management ProjectsWater Management Projects

Goals: bringing water in to make a dry Goals: bringing water in to make a dry area habitable, creating a reservoir for area habitable, creating a reservoir for recreation or drinking water, or generating recreation or drinking water, or generating electric power.electric power.

Water Diversion ProjectsWater Diversion Projects

Rivers diverted into canals that carry water Rivers diverted into canals that carry water to dry regions.to dry regions. Colorado river is diverted for irrigation and Colorado river is diverted for irrigation and

drinking water in Arizona, Utah, and drinking water in Arizona, Utah, and California.California.

Dams and ReservoirsDams and Reservoirs

Dam: structure built across a river to Dam: structure built across a river to control its flow.control its flow. Used to generate electrical energy. 20% of Used to generate electrical energy. 20% of

world’s energy is generated by hydroelectric world’s energy is generated by hydroelectric dams.dams.

Reservoir: formed behind a dam.Reservoir: formed behind a dam. Water can be used for flood control, drinking Water can be used for flood control, drinking

water, irrigation, recreation and industry.water, irrigation, recreation and industry.

Dangers of DamsDangers of Dams

Harm river ecosystems: cause nutrients to Harm river ecosystems: cause nutrients to be trapped on one side of the dam.be trapped on one side of the dam.

Displace ecosystemsDisplace ecosystems Fail (may burst and flooding can occur)Fail (may burst and flooding can occur)

Water ConservationsWater Conservations

As water sources As water sources become depleted, become depleted, water becomes more water becomes more expensive.expensive. Water Conservation in Water Conservation in

AgricultureAgriculture: water is : water is lost through lost through evaporation, seepage, evaporation, seepage, and run-off. and run-off.

• Solution: Drip Irrigation-Solution: Drip Irrigation-water is delivered water is delivered directly to plant roots.directly to plant roots.

Water Conservation in IndustryWater Conservation in Industry: : • Recycling of cooling water and wastewater. Recycling of cooling water and wastewater. • Cities bring in small business to institute water Cities bring in small business to institute water

conservation projects.conservation projects.

Water Conservation at Home: low-flow toilets Water Conservation at Home: low-flow toilets and shower heads. and shower heads. • Xeriscaping: designing landscapes that require Xeriscaping: designing landscapes that require

minimal water loss.minimal water loss.

Solutions for the FutureSolutions for the Future

Desalination: removing salt from salt Desalination: removing salt from salt water.water.

Transporting Water: water transported Transporting Water: water transported from other regions.from other regions. Water transported in huge plastic bags to dry Water transported in huge plastic bags to dry

places.places.