CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION OF THE COMPANYOrganizational Profile

Orange Business Services is a global telecommunications operator and IT services company. Our 20,000 employees support companies, local government bodies and public sector organizations in every aspect of their digital transformation.

Orange Business Services, the business services arm of Orange S.A., is a global integrator of communications solutions for multinational corporations. It offers integrated communications solutions and services to global enterprises in cloud computing, unified communications and collaboration; which manage and integrate the complexity of international communications.

Orange Business Services was founded on 1 June 2006, through a rebranding and consolidation of the existing France Telecom businesses of Equant and Wanadoo. It operates in over 220 countries and territories and employs over 30,000 employees in 166 countries.

History

In May 2000, the Orange brand, through a complicated set of mergers and divisions, was acquired and eventually retained by Orange S.A., then a fully owned subsidiary of France Tlcom. The chain of mergers that led to the May 2000 acquisition are as follows;

The inception of Orange brand was In 1990 in United Kingdom with the formation of "Microtel Communications Ltd" - a consortium initially formed by Pactel Corporation (American), British Aerospace (BAe, now BAE Systems), Millicom and Matra (French); and later, to be wholly owned by BAe. In July 1991, the Hong Kong based conglomerate - Hutchison Whampoa through a stock swap deal with BAe, acquired a controlling stake of 65% in Microtel, who by then had won a license to develop a Personal communications network (PCN) network in United Kingdom.

Subsequently, Hutchison renamed Microtel to Orange Personal Communications Services Ltd, and on 28 April 1994, Orange brand was launched in the UK mobile phone market . A holding company structure was adopted in 1995 with the establishment of Orange plc. In April 1996, Orange went public and floated on the London Stock Exchange and NASDAQ,majority owned by Hutchison (48.22%), followed by BAe (21.1%). In June 1996, it became the youngest company to enter the FTSE 100, valued at 2.4 billion. And by July 1997 Orange had gained one million customers.

The stint as a public company came to an end in October 1999, when it was acquired for US$33 Billion by the German conglomerate - Mannesmann AG. The Mannesmann's acquisition of Orange triggered Vodafone to make a hostile takeover bid for the German company. Shortly thereafter, in February 2000, Vodafone acquired Mannesmann for US$183 Billion and, decides to divest Orange as the EU regulations wouldn't allow it to hold two mobile licences. France Tlcom in May 2000, announced the acquisition of the global operations of Orange from Vodafone for US$37 Billion and the transaction was completed in August 2000.

Evolution of business services arm of France Telecom: 2000 2006 With the strategic ambition to become an integrated player in managed data networks and IP-based communication and hosting for multinational and local enterprises, France Telecom in January 2000 bought out its two partner's stake (Sprint Nextel and Deutsche Telekom) in the joint venture founded in January 1996- Global One for US$3.88 Billion.

In November 2000, France Telecom acquired a controlling stake of 53% in Dutch-based network operator Equant, part of the SITA group of companies which provided network services to the air transport industry. France Telecom started the process of integrating Global One unit with Equant in 2001 and acquired all outstanding Equant stock by 2005.

Launch of Orange Business Services: 2006 - present

On 1 June 2006, France Telecom announced the consolidation of the group's business services operations and rebranded the businesses of Equant and Wanadoo to a new single entity - 'Orange Business Services'.[28] The rebranding exercise created France Telecom SA's global brand for mobile telephony, as well as all broadband and business connectivity services - Orange. Organisation and operations.

It operates in over 220 countries and territories and employs over 30,000 employees in 166 countries. It is organized in the following geographical divisions:

Europe (based in Paris, France)

Middle East & Africa

Asia Pacific (based in Singapore, India)

Australasia

North America

Latin America (based in Petrpolis, Brazil)

Russia

It has four major services centers in Mauritius, Cairo, Gurgaon and Petrpolis.Services and Solutions

It offers integrated communication solutions and services to global enterprises in cloud computing, unified communications and collaboration, which manage and integrate the complexity of international communications.

Himswan

1. Introduction

Himachal State Wide Area Network (HIMSWAN) project is a revolutionary step towards enhancing good governance. By setting up HIMSWAN, the State Government intends to modernize the communication infrastructure in the State to create a state of the art and reliable network for G2C, G2E, G2B and G2G interfaces. The Project is aimed at providing HIMSWAN link to Government Offices and Integrated Community Service Centers at State, District, Sub-Divisional, Tehsil and Block headquarters in Himachal Pradesh.

The first phase and second phase of this project has been completed. Under this project (HIMSWAN-I) was established in HP Secretariat with the provision of 600 nodes with an ultimate target criterion of at least 1 PC for 3 officials. For this purpose a LAN with provision for 620 nodes has been established. Rs.1.55 crores has been spent during the completion of first phase. The network started functioning and Referencing Monitoring System has been implemented on this network. This network has also been connected to Internet. This state of the art network in H.P. Secretariat will be useful for all the officials for sharing the resources and data. So besides making less paper functioning of Govt., this LAN will cater to implementation of various applications like REFNIC and many more. This will only improve efficiency.

The Secretariat has to largely depend on the Directorates for data.

The HIMSWAN-II project proposed was approved by the Ministry of IT, Govt. of India. MIT GoI had sanctioned Rs 50 crores in this project HP Secretariat, Departments, District, Sub-divisional and tehsil offices are linked with one another for immediate availability of data for queries and reports.

Linking network equipment installed at different locations down to Tehsil, Sub tehsils and Blocks (>= 2 mbps aggregate) in the State through:

1. BSNL Fiber (from one telephone exchange to another)

2. DHQ: Fiber from exchange to DC Office

3. SDHQ/THQ: MLLN (Managed Leased Line Network) on copper from exchange to PoP

Total 132 Points of Presence (PoPs) identified throughout the State to provide connectivity to more than 3000 offices horizontally from every PoP and then link Panchayat level institutions at 3366 additional locations(including non-government institutions e.g. Banks on payment basis). 2 Services1 DataWeb servers, mail servers, Database servers, Antivirus servers, Proxy servers to access the internet have been installed and configured in HIMSWAN State Headquarter (SHQ).Any department can avail the above mentioned facilities free of cost. The only cost that department has to bear is the connectivity from their office to the nearest PoP... The horizontal connectivity cost can also be met by the department of IT on case to case basis.

2 Voice

IP Phones (like intercom) can be used by any department to talk to field offices (which are connected to HIMSWAN) free of cost i.e., no recurring charges for use of IP Phones. However, onetime cost of IP Phone is to be borne by user department. Video

The 132 PoPs are equipped with Video Conference facility. Desktop VC can be used by any department to hold meeting with remote site.

3 ConnectivityThe three airports of the state at Bhuntar, Gaggal, and Jubbarhatti connect the state with Delhi and Chandigarh with regular flights. Due to the hilly terrain and high altitudes, the railway network within the state is accessible only to few places in Himachal Pradesh. The longest railway line is Pathankot (in Punjab) to Joginder Nagar in Himachal Pradesh. Other railway tracks touch Shimla, Solan, and Una.

Important Cities and Towns

Chamba,

Dalhousie,

Kangra, Dharamsala,

Palampur,

Hamirpur, Una,

Bilaspur,

Solan, Nahan,

Shimla,

Mandi, Kullu,

Manali.

The connectivity for end-offices (horizontal connections) can be leased circuits, fiber optic, Wireless (Wi-Fi/Wi-Max), xDSL, broad band (after requisite technical changes in BRAS), dial-up circuits or using Ethernet ports as appropriate for individual offices. The HIMSWAN network is a single point gateway, of adequate capacity, to Internet and other existing/ upcoming Networks.

The GoHP is looking at this project as the converged network for data, voice and video as well. The Network equipment, wired/ wireless connectivity equipment, LAN cabling, IP-PBX (Soft-switch), IP Phones, Network and Server Hardware, System Software, Security devices, EMS etc. have been procured & installed.

(a ) Connectivity at Various Levels

In the first instance, using 2Mbps leased lines, SHQ has been connected to all the District Headquarters (DHQs); Similarly, DHQs have also been connected to their respective Tehsil/ Sub Division/ Block Headquarters (THQ) using the 2Mbps links. All these headquarters at various State levels are Point of Presence (PoP) of HIMSWAN. This connectivity between POPs are referred as Vertical connectivity (VC). The vertical connectivity for HIMSWAN is depicted in schematic below:

The HIMSWAN connectivity is being availed by all the GoHP offices across the State from the nearest POP. This connectivity between POP to GoHP offices is referred to as Horizontal Connectivity. The GoHP offices which are co-located with POP can be extended HIMSWAN connectivity using LAN technologies, else there needs to be some connectivity mode for these non localized departments from the respective HQs. The Horizontal Connectivity (HC) and Vertical Connectivity (VC) are depicted using a logical schematic below. The bandwidths shown in the following diagram indicate immediate requirements.

Next schematic provides components level overview of both Vertical and horizontal connectivity, using 2Mbps lease lines, nX64Kbps lease lines, xDSL and LAN technologies.

The network architecture of HIMSWAN has been designed on proven standards and technologies and secure, reliable, accessible, configurable and scalable, high performance, high-bandwidth network.

4. Interconnectivity between various tiers

HIMSWAN has a three tier IP based Network, to provide connectivity among HIMSWAN POPs at State HQ, District HQ and Tehsil/ Sub Division/ Block HQs. HIMSWAN is based on star topology, using leased line network of Bandwidth Provider. The logical understanding of these tiers is briefed in the table below:

POPLogical layerTier

SHQState Level Centre (SLC)Tier 1

DHQDistrict Level Centre (DLC)Tier 2

THQ / SDHQ / BHQTehsil Level Centre (TLC)Tier 3

These three tiers are depicted in schematic below.

Horizontal ConnectivityOptions

1. LAN (local Area Connectivity)

For distance below 100 m, any office can connect to HIMSWAN using CAT5e or CAT6. Extended LAN is used and preferred over OFC if distance is greater than 100m or below 450 m. The equipment required: Laying CAT5e or CAT6 or OFC cable in conduit from PoP to Office, Switch (if required).

Cost: Rs 81 per meter for OFC and Rs 68 per meter for UTP including supply installation and laying in conduit.

2. Wireless Option

If the distance between PoP and the office is fairly large and it is not possible to extend LAN connectivity I.e. distance>500m and there is line of sight between PoP and office. It involves one time connectivity charges as license free frequency band is being used. Various equipments are Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) and MAST, Switch (if required), Grounding and surge protection. Cost is Rs 22360/- for CPE and Mast optimal (Rs 21895/- for 5m).

3. XDSL

In this case BSNL will lay cable, similar to telephone line but non-activated (dead pair), between PoP and office. When the distance is > 1 Km and neither there is line of sight between Pop. It involves both the time cost (for xDSL Modem) as well as recurring cost (for hiring copper media from BSNL). Equipments required are xDSL Modem and Dead Pair from BSNL on rental basis. Cost is Rs 7651/-for endpoint and recurring based on distance.

4. Leased Line

When the distance between office and PoP is quite large (say 1 Km or more) and neither there is line of sight, which is required in case of wireless, nor broadband/xDSL connectivity is possible. This is the costliest option among all and should only be used if connecting field offices is vital I.e. data is being captured in real time situation. Equipments required are Router at customer premises, Leased Line connectivity and Modem from BSNL on rental basis. The cost is Rs 83368/- for Router and MLLN cost as per actual.

5. ISDN

This is another option to connect horizontal offices to PoP using ISDN facility from BSNL (I.e. recurring cost involved). But it depends upon the availability of ISDN facility in the BSNL exchange. ISDN connectivity is charged as pay-as-per-usage which is more suitable where end user requires connectivity only for limited time during entire working day. The equipment required is: ISDN connectivity and NT1 from BSNL, Switch (if required)

CHAPTER 2

ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE COMPANY

Organizational Structure Of The Company

From the year of creation of department ,it has experienced a several number of secretaries, directors and additional/Joint directors which according to officers of the department, affects the implementation of the projects and in turn in achieving the objective of IT Policy of the state.

Name of the postNo. of timesAverage of tenure(months)

Secretary6- (from year 1999-2999)20 months

Director10-(from year 2004-2009)7 months(approx)

The department has two sections viz: technical and non technical section. Under technical section the department has one senior Programmer and 6 junior programmers, one data entry operator and one supervisor. The 6 junior programmers are recruited through DOEACC, an autonomous society of the government, who are working on contract basis. Under non technical section the department has one assistant controller (Finance and Accounts), three clerks, one senior scale Steno and one junior scale Steno. For maintaining efficient work culture and avoiding confusion the department has assigned work distribution among the employees of the department.As per the I.T. Policy report of Himachal Pradesh, the department of Information Technology has three wings: Industrial Development Wing Human Resource Development Wing E-Governance wingBut no implementation strategy has been drafted out by the department in order to achieve progress in individual wings. No time line is defined to implement IT Policy within individual wings. The reason can be lack of manpower to make follow ups of the projects once some decision is made. The department of IT has most excelled in E-Governance.The purpose of Human Resource Development wing is to create skilled IT manpower by introducing IT Education in schools and establishing IT institutes in the state and introduce IT courses in Engineering colleges, Polytechnics, ITIs and other colleges.As far as IT Education in Schools is concerned, initially department of IT had introduced IT as an optional subject for classes 9th to 12th in the schools of Himachal Pradesh. Now Department of Education ,Government of Himachal Pradesh have created their own IT cells and are imparting IT education in more than 588 Government Senior Secondary Schools in Himachal Pradesh by contracting with out side private firms who are experienced in imparting IT Education. The syllabus for the course is provided by Himachal Pradesh Board of school Education.E-Governance in Himachal PradeshThe Department of IT has very much focused on E-Governance. Almost all the government departments of the state are computerized. Majority of the departments have their websites and departmental softwares. Under National E-Governance Plan of Government of India, Himachal Pradesh is the first state to launch Himachal Pradesh State Wide Area Network(HIMSWAN) to connect most of the government departments horizontally and vertically upto the block level. HIMSWAN Project is implemented in Public Private Partnership (PPP) Mode. Moreover the department of Information Technology, government of Himachal Pradesh had an agreement with IT private companies for setting up 3366 Common Services Centers (CSC)/ Lokmitra kendras under National E-Governance Plan sponsored by government of India, are being set up in all the Panchayats of the state so that the rural citizens are provided all the G2C and B2C services through these centers. But implementing projects through Public Private Partnership (PPP) in Himachal Pradesh has experienced huge delays and implementation of the same now seems to be too slow.Public Private Partnerships (PPP) for implementing IT Projects in Himachal PradeshPublic-Private Partnership (PPP) describes a government service or private business venture which is funded and operated through a partnership of government and one or more private sector companies. In Himachal Pradesh two major projects Himachal Pradesh State Wide Area Network (HIMSWAN) and Common Services Centers (CSC) are implemented through Public Private Partnership (PPP). Both the projects are financially sponsored by the Government of India. The private partners are selected through bidding process. The department of Information Technology, government of Himachal Pradesh follows two-stage bidding process.Stages of bidding processThe department of Information Technology, government of Himachal Pradesh , floats a tender and Request For Proposal(RFP) to invite private companies for participating in the bidding process. The interested companies submit their proposals as per the requirement of the project.Selection of the Private CompanySociety for the promotion of Information Technology and E-Governance (SITEG), an autonomous society of the department of Information Technology, government of Himachal Pradesh is the selection agency who evaluates the individual private companies and selects them for the particular project implementation through two stage bidding process.TWO STAGE BIDDING PROCESSTwo stage bidding process followed by the department of information technology consists of two evaluation stages for the selection of the private company for any particular IT project. Technical Evaluation Commercial EvaluationDepending on the projects, the priorities of the individual stages vary. eg: for software development projects the SITEG gives higher priority to technical evaluation stage toCommercial evaluation stage the ratio ca be taken as 70:30. for hardware deployment higher priority is given to commercial evaluation stage.Technical Evaluation StageUnder this stage, various technical criterias are evaluated by the SITEG and corresponding to every criterion, points are allotted to the individual company. The total number of points gained by the company must meet the requirement set by the SITEG for the qualifying the first stage of the bidding process. Following are the few common criterias which are evaluated by the SITEG in this stage. Companys Annual turnover. Companys expertise in related projects. Companys expertise in similar projects. Manpower for the ProjectCommercial Evaluation StageOnce the companies have qualified the technical evaluation stage, are eligible to participate in commercial evaluation stage. Under this stage, the cost of the project projected by the individual company is analysed by the SITEG and SITEG selects the private company which projects the lowest cost for the project.How important is bidding process for the selection of the right private company for implementing projects through Public Private Partnership (PPP) mode?The process of bidding for the selection of right private partner must be very transparent and genuine. The selection committee must involve all the strict measures in order to come out with genuine private partner so that the quality of the project to be implemented shall not be comprised and must be completed as per the schedule.In Himachal Pradesh the projects implemented through Public Private Partnership (PPP) mode are running slow and few Projects are behind schedule. Currently two major projects implemented through PPP mode are Himachal Pradesh State Wide Area Network (HIMSWAN) and Common Services Centers (CSC).The contract for HIMSWAN has been assigned to Hawlett Packard (HP) on 5th Feb 2007 for the period of five years for connecting and maintenance of all the government offices and departments through HIMSWAN. Till the survey conducted by this author the company has been able to connect 633 offices out of 2133 offices and departments of the state.The basic factors that cause delay in the implementation of the project is: Data: According to the Private counter parts, the data of the offices and departments to be connected provided by the government contains lot of errors. In the process clarification data, a lot of time is wasted which is one of the factors that rise delay in the Project implementation Co-ordination between departments: Sometimes lack of co-ordination between the department of Information Technology and rest of the concerned departments and district administration hiders the progress in the Project implementation. Even if the correspondence is made with departments, the concerned people at departments or offices dont entertain the people from implementation agency. Issue of grant for Permission: According to the Project implementers of HIMSWAN, most of the departments in Himachal Pradesh are rental. So the owners hesitate or sometimes dont allow the permission in the connectivity process of HIMSWAN which results in the delay of the Project. Political Factor: One of the reasons in the delay of the Project HIMSWAN is Political factor. According to one of the managers of the implementation agency of HIMSWAN, a place near Tara Devi in shimla took almost one year for installing a tower which was not a work more than a week. But some people belonging to one of the political parties were resisting the installation of the tower in their area. Financial issues: According to some employees of the department of Information Technology, government of Himachal Pradesh, the government had initially a contract of 80 crores with Hawlett Packard for implementation of the HIMSWAN but the government brought it down and negotiated it at 45 crores with the same private company. After this negotiation the Hewlett Packard further outsourced the project to SISNET Global which concerns the quality of the project.Implementation of Common Services Centers (CSC) through Public Private Partnership (PPP)The state government selected three private companies through bidding process for the implementation of Common Services Centers (CSC) project in Himachal Pradesh. The three companies selected were Zoom Developers Limited for Kangra division Consortium of Terasoft Ltd and GNG group for Mandi and Shimla division.The Master Service Agreement was signed between Zoom Developers Ltd and the state government on 30th August 2008 for establishing 1296 centers for kangra division and with consortium of Terasoft and GNG group on 8th September, 2008 for establishing 2070 centers in Mandi and Shimla divisions. As per the agreement the companies were suppose to establish centers in phased manner.Time line for the Project common Service CenterFirst 6 months from the date of agreement:25% of centers have to be established

First 8 months from the date of agreement:50% of centers have to be established

First 12 months from the date of agreement:100% of centers have to be established

Current Status of the Project

The interactions with the Private Partner implementers and Government officials concerned with Common Services Center (CSC) project in Himachal Pradesh, projected several reasons for the delay of the Project which are as following: Selection of Village Level Entrepreneurs(VLE): According to Managers of the Private Partners for this project, convincing rural people for establishing Lokmitra Kendra in their Panchayat is time consuming process since the process involves to make rural citizens understand the concept of the project and its advantages. By the time citizens understand the concept a lot of time is already elapsed. Recruitment of project coordinators by private partners: According to the managers of the private implementation agency, since this projects needs a lot citizen dealing in rural areas, so it becomes mandatory to appoint local person of the state or area for convincing rural citizens regarding the concept of the project and its importance and simultaneously to develop faith among the rural citizens. The process of recruiting local persons as project coordinators was also a time consuming process during early stages of Project implementation. Lack of awareness for Lokmitra Concept among government officials of the state: Despite department of ITs prior intimation to government departments and officials of the state through official letters, the departments are unaware of the concept of Lokmitra Kendra and the services offered through these centers. Since the private partners in this project have to identify G2C services of their own, for which they need to contact concerned departments for their approval in providing citizen services through LokMitra Kendra(CSC centers). Thus, the whole process of making officials of the concerned departments, to understand the concept of LokMitra consumes a lot of time. Internal management issues within private implementation agency: Since this project is been implemented in PPP mode. The private companies have set up their regional offices in the state but sometimes the slow response from the head office hampers the implementation of the project and hence results in the delay of the Project.eg: for the deployment of the manpower for the project, the private partners get slow response from their head offices. etc.Software Development Agencies for E-Governance in Himachal PradeshNational Informatics Center (NIC) has a lot of contribution in the development of E- Governance softwares in the state. After the creation of Department of Information Technology the software development work for E-Governance has been taken up by DIT.But still most of the departments of the state have softwares and websites developed by NIC and are dependent on them for their maintenance and up gradation.Department of Information Technology, Government of Himachal Pradesh, has a small software development center of 6 programmers and 1 senior Programmer. Small software applications are developed by Department of IT and large applications are out sourced to the Private firms. Till now DIT have developed 12 in-house software application projects and out sourced 2 software application projects to private firms.If some department of state government wants to develop some software application they can either approach to National Informatics Center (NIC) or Department of IT or they can approach some Private firm. Hence Department of IT acts as a nodal Agency for IT activities in the state. NIC and Department of IT are two parallel Agencies for software development.

CHAPTER 3

FUNCTION OF THE COMPANYCommand Line Interface (CLI) The operating system software that powers the Juniper routers is called JUNOS. The software is modular and standards based. Another important feature of JUNOS is that the software is platform independent (within Juniper hardware systems, not to be confused with other vendor hardware), thus delivering the same scalability and security across several hardware platforms.JUNOS CLI is a simple to use, text-based command interface. We give various commands on CLI for configuring, troubleshooting and monitoring the software.

JINOS primarily supports two types of command modes.

a) Operational Mode: When we log in to the router and the CLI starts, we are at the top level of the CLI operational mode. In this mode, we enter the commands for

1. Controlling the CLI environment, and

2. Monitor and troubleshoot network connectivity, and

3. Initiating the Configuration Mode.

Frequently used commands in this mode include ping, show, traceroute, configure, etc. b) Configuration Mode: We use the Configuration mode for configuring the JUNOS software by creating a hierarchy of configuration statements. We enter the configuration mode by using the command configure

Router Interface Configuration1. Permanent Interfaces:

Each router has two permanent interfaces. These are:

a.Management Ethernet interface: This interface enables us to access the router using ssh, and telnet. The interface uses out-of-band connectivity, and does not provide packet forwarding capabilities for the transit data packets.

b.Internal Ethernet interface: Connects the Routing Engine (running the JUNOS Internet software) to the Packet Forwarding Engine. The router uses this interface as the main communications link between the JUNOS software and the components of the Packet Forwarding Engine. The Internal Ethernet interface is configured automatically when the JUNOS software boots.

2. Transient Interfaces:

Transient Interfaces are the interfaces that receive users data packets from the network and transmit the packets to the network. These interfaces are physically located on a Physical Interface Card. They can be inserted and removed at any time. These interface need to be configured before using it. We can also configure the interfaces that are not in the chassis. When the JUNOS software activates the routers configuration it finds out the interfaces that are present and activates only those interfaces. In addition, each router has two serial ports, labeled console and auxiliary. Console port can be used to connect type terminals to the router. The auxiliary port can connect to a modem.

3. Different devices used in Himswan

Firewall/IDP Juniper ISG 2000

Usage area: State Head Quarters

Internet Router Juniper J4350

Usage area: Tehsil Head Quarters Core Router Juniper M120

Usage Area: State Head QuarterSteel Belted Radius Server

Usage Area: State Head QuartersVideo ConferencingBasic Components

Any videoconferencing terminal must have a few basic components to "get the job done": a camera (to capture local video), a video display (to display remote video), a microphone (to capture local audio), and speakers (to play remote audio.) In addition to these more obvious components, a videoconferencing terminal also includes a codec ("COmpressor/DECompressor"), a user interface, a computer system to run on, and a network connection. Each of these components plays a key role in determining the quality, reliability, and user-friendliness of the videoconferencing experience 1 The Main Camera

The most common video source is a single main camera that captures live movement occurring at one end so that it may be sent to the other end in near real-time. The most important component of the camera is the image sensor which captures snapshots of the view in regular intervals (25-30 times per second.) This sensor is characterized by the number of pixels or dots that it can distinguish in an image, called the resolution. Typical resolutions are 640x480 pixels for webcams, 720x480 for NTSC cameras and 720x576 for PAL cameras. (The height, or vertical resolution, is listed first; the width, or horizontal resolution, is listed second.)

2 The Video Display

In addition to capturing local video, a videoconferencing solution must include the ability to display the remote video that is being received. This incoming video is displayed on a monitor, most often a computer monitor, which influences how clearly the remote site can be seen and also how many people at the receiving site can easily see it. "Typical" display monitor quality considerations such as screen size and resolution affect the size and clarity of the incoming video window and also the integration of the incoming video window with the application interface that surrounds it. The quality of the image within the video window itself is, however, more directly related to the performance and capabilities of the codec and to the quality and bandwidth of the network connection. In the case of a desktop videoconferencing terminal, most offer a scale able video window that shares space on a PC desktop with other program/application windows. One thing to bear in mind regarding video display is that the resolutions mentioned above are rather small compared to a typical 1024x768 resolution of a computer screen. If you enlarge the video window on a PC, not every pixel displayed will be "real". For example, if you double the width and height of the window to 704x576 pixels, only a quarter of the pixels will be the actual image information:

352x288704x576

The white pixels in the second image will be automatically filled in by the system to look similar to their neighbors, but they will not be exactly what the original picture was and video quality will be degraded. Therefore, enlarging a picture should only be done when more people are sitting around a monitor and need to see the image. On the other hand, in room videoconferencing, display devices are normally larger.

3 Audio Components

Within a videoconference audio is as important, than video. If we lose video or experience poor video quality in a conference but audio remains intact, we can still accomplish many of our communication objectives. The conference would simply become a teleconference rather than a videoconference. In light of this, the devices that capture local audio (microphones) and those that reproduce remote audio (speakers) are critical conference components. Coupled with this are characteristics associated with comprehensible full duplex (simultaneous two-way) transmission of audio, such as echo cancellation, noise suppression, and audio mixing. These features are influenced by a combination of the microphones, speakers, and codecs.

For personal videoconferencing, a headset is often the preferred choice because it can isolate the incoming from the outgoing signal, and therefore eliminate any echo or reverb effect. For room videoconferencing, a high quality Omni-directional microphone is often used, or several smaller directional microphones are placed throughout the room. In all situations, it is important to avoid placing a microphone in the active range of a speaker. This can cause an echo effect which is very distracting and difficult to counterbalance.

4 The Codec

The codec has been mentioned above as affecting both the video and audio within a videoconference. Indeed, the codec actually forms the heart of any videoconferencing terminal. The word "codec" is a shortened version of "COmpressor/DE-Compressor" and is specifically applied to the wide variety of algorithms used for actually compressing or decompressing audio and/or video information: the codec is the portion of the videoconferencing terminal that is responsible for whatever compression/decompression of the audio/video signals is taking place. The processes of compression and decompression are also referred to as encoding and decoding respectively.

This latter and broader definition allows for the codec being either a software or hardware component, and confers great responsibility upon the codec for the success of the videoconference. Without some form of codec, the transmission of a videoconference requires extremely high amounts of network bandwidth. It is the codec that takes the sights and sounds captured by the local camera and microphone, and then compresses that information such that it may be transmitted across a network fast enough to enable near real-time communication. When the compressed information is received at the remote site, the codec within the remote site's videoconferencing terminal decompresses it and enables "play back" through the speakers and display. The video compression is much more demanding than the audio compression, and this is what sets the limits on codec capabilities.

Hardware codecs are generally faster in completing their compression/decompression task, making near real-time communication more likely. Hardware codecs also often carry their own processing power "on-board" such that they do not rely on the resources of the underlying system.

In order for a successful videoconference to take place, endpoints must be able to negotiate a common methodology for both audio and video exchange. Any given video terminal/codec (using the broader definition) may support a number of audio/video codecs (the narrower definition.) For a device to be considered "standards-compliant" (such as with H.323), a subset of audio/video support that enables basic communication with other devices of the same standard must be supported. A video terminal/codec may also support proprietary audio or video codecs of the system developer's own design. When two of these video terminals are in the same videoconference, they may have access to improved functionality, quality, or reliability between them because they can each understand and use the proprietary features. When selecting a videoconferencing terminal, you should be aware of its range of support for various types of audio/video compression.

The User InterfaceAll systems that are meant for use have a user interface. Often we consider and compare videoconferencing terminals based solely on video and audio quality -- what it looks and feels like when we are actually in a conference -- and we don't necessarily stop to consider other features of the system.

The Supporting System and the Network ConnectionThough the supporting system and the network connection are not technically part of the basic components of a videoconferencing terminal, they have a definite effect on the terminal's perceived performance. To understand more about the influence of each of these, please see the sections Network Matters and Selecting and Tuning Your PC

Videoconferencing system categories putting everything togetherLooking at current videoconferencing systems and how the vendors implement all the above, can be useful to divide systems into 4 broad categories:1. Software only codecsThese are the simplest systems. They frequently work with any webcam and a headset, and are very fast to set up. They provide adequate quality and ease of use for many applications of personal videoconferencing. Examples: Net meeting, VCON vPoint.

2. Desktop/Laptop USB or PCI hardware codecs These are the next step up in quality and price. They include special hardware to assist the encoding of the audio and video signals, but the decoding is still done by the computer. They might offer more options for connecting external audio and video, but they almost always come with their own camera (webcam quality) and some form of a headset or handset. Examples: Polycom Viavideo, VCON ViGo

3. Set-top devicesAs the name implies, these are meant to be installed on top of a TV set. They are very easy to install, operate, maintain and support. These usually offer a lot of options for connecting other audio and video devices for input or output, and are often the preferred choice for setting up a videoconference room due to their mix of portability, quality, and price. Example: Polycom Viewstation, Tandberg 880

4. PC-based integrated codecsThese are a combination of the previous two. They are usually an industrial grade computer with specialized hardware cards which offer a lot of connectivity options like the set-top category, but still can run PC applications like the desktop category. They are very useful when group videoconferencing is combined with collaboration applications. Example: Polycom iPower

5. Voice over PI

IP voice is arguably the hottest topic in telecommunications today. IP voice services use a

managed IP network to carry telephone traffic. Early adoption of Internet telephony products and services has focused on their ability to reduce or eliminate the long distance toll charges incurred when calling over the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).

Corporations are using VoIP (Voice over IP) products and services to cut their domestic and international long distance bills by up to 50%. VoIP services are projected to capture over 10% of the traditional PSTN market by the year 2002.

Encouraged by the savings of cost both users and service providers have been attracted to the additional benefits that VoIP can offer, such as:

Easy-to-use voice and data conferencing.

IP call centres.

Transparent routing of calls to users.

1 Voice Communications

Voice communications has become the most important service that needs to be offered by the Next Generation Service Providers (N

SP). However, as NSPs are quickly finding out, voice quality cannot be compromised. In order to provide both business and residential customers the satisfaction of transitioning from their legacy service providers, interoperability and voice quality are of the utmost importance.

Interoperability with traditional telephony services and networks is perhaps the primary

concern to a successful convergence strategy. These interoperability issues include:

Information Transfer

Addressing

Signalling (Call set-up and clear-down)

User locations

Error Reporting

2 Voice & Data Convergence

Organisations around the world want to reduce rising communications costs. The consolidation of separate voice and data networks offers an opportunity for significant savings. Accordingly, the challenge of integrating voice and data networks is becoming a rising priority for many network managers. Organisations are pursuing solutions, which will enable them to take advantage of excess capacity on broadband networks for voice and data transmission, as well as utilise the Internet and company Intranets as alternatives to costlier mediums.

Data traffic has traditionally been forced to fit onto the voice network (using modems, for example). The Internet has created an opportunity to reverse this integration strategy voice, facsimile and video can now be carried over IP networks, with the integration of other multimedia applications close behind. The Internet and its underlying TCP/IP protocol suite has become the driving force for new technologies, with the unique challenges of real-time voice being the latest in a series of developments.

3 Circuit Switched

Circuit switched networks offer a connection from one subscriber to another, either on a permanent basis as in a leased-line or on a per call basis as with a dial-up PSTN call. The connection is actually a concatenation of routing table entries in the switches that make up the circuit path.

The main function of signalling is to tell the switches which globally unique user to route the call to, by reference to the switches routing table which in most public networks is updated from a central source.

6. (ISA ) Proxy & Cache Solution

1 Design

Almost all companies today have a connection to the Internet that provides access to information on Web servers at partner and customer sites, as well as access to Web content at main offices from branch locations. Although the Internet and branch office networks provide employees the ability to quickly share and act on information, they also carry the risk of sharing and spreading dangerous exploits and attacks from hackers and malicious mobile code. Todays businesses must have a way to allow secure access to corporate Web servers for users located outside the enterprise network. The same solution must protect users on the company network from downloading information dangerous to employees, the company, and its information technology (IT) systems. A popular and powerful solution to the problems of secure Web access is a Web proxy. Web proxy devices help enable a company to control the flow of information moving over Web channels using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP),

Microsoft Internet Security and Acceleration (ISA) Server 2006 is a Web proxy server that addresses these modern business problems. ISA Server helps provide secure remote access to information contained on corporate Web servers. ISA Server helps to secure and control Internet access for employees located on the corporate network. You can reduce total cost of network operations by deploying the ISA Server 2006 Web proxy server and improve employee productivity by using ISA Server 2006 Web proxy caching. Examples of how the ISA Server 2006 Web proxy can increase security and performance include:

1. 1 Pre-authenticating users before allowing access to corporate Web servers.

2. 2 Pre-authorizing users before allowing access to company data resources.

3 Checking for potential attack code in the HTTP Web connection.

4 Blocking access to sensitive corporate information.

5 Caching Web content to improve the end-user experience.

2 Proposed Solution

Microsoft Internet Security and Acceleration (ISA) Server 2006 will deployed in the SHQ to provide Proxy services that will provide the Himachal SWAN users a fast and secure access mechanism to the Internet. It will also provide web caching services for better performance and efficient utilization of Internet bandwidth. ISA Server 2006 will also provide protection from malware and attackers through comprehensive tools for scanning and blocking harmful content, files, and Web sites.

4 ISA Server 2006 Solutions for Reducing Cost of Network Operations

Caching Web proxy servers can be used to reduce the overall cost of network operations. Unlike many other IT-related capital infrastructure investments, a caching Web proxy server can significantly reduce hard-coded costs related to network bandwidth usage as well as potential costs related to a security breach. ISA Server 2006 can save bandwidth costs when deployed in the following scenarios:

( a ) When the ISA Server Web proxy provides users on the corporate network forward proxy services When the ISA Server 2006 Web proxy cache stores information from requests made by users connecting to Internet Web sites, it makes that information available to users who subsequently request the same information. Each time the ISA Server 2006 Web proxy cache responds without requiring the connection to be forwarded to the Internet Web server represents Internet bandwidth cost savings. This may be a direct cost savings for companies paying for metered bandwidth, or an indirect savings in terms of increased performance or productivity for companies with unlimited access plans.

( b )When the ISA Server Web proxy provides forward proxy services for branch offices ISA Server 2006 Web proxy caching can reduce bandwidth on dedicated WAN links connecting main and branch offices. When a user at the branch office requests content from Web servers located either on the Internet or on the main office network, that content is stored in the branch office Web proxy cache. Subsequent requests for the same information are returned from the Web proxy cache instead of from the Internet or main office server. This can significantly reduce bandwidth costs related to WAN link usage.

( c )Proactively cache content on branch office Web proxy servers Many organizations have large amounts of content stored on main office Web servers. Users at branch offices need to have continuous access to this content, but access to content is often hampered by slow or unreliable WAN links. ISA Server 2006 can pre-load that content on each

7. Exchange Server1 Introduction

The principal objective of the HIMSWAN is to accelerate the growth and use of Information Technology by creating a infrastructure that is used to provide all connectivity and services not only to the Government but also to citizens, over a period of time, rapid narrowing of the digital divide and promoting all pervasive use of IT in the all matters of the State.

2 Exchange Messaging Architectural Overview

Exchange provides five distinct server roles that align with the way messaging systems are Typically deployed and distributed. A server role is a unit that logically groups the features and Components that are required to perform a specific function in the messaging environment Each Server role includes features that support its function together with related configuration And Security settings and a list of predefined tasks for managing and configuring those features 3 Client Access Server Role

The Client Access Server (CAS) role provides similar services to that of a Front End server in previous versions of Exchange. The CAS role provides client connectivity to their respective mail boxes when using Outlook Anywhere (RPC/HTTP), Outlook Web Access (OWA), POP3, IMAP4 and Windows Mobile 5.0 powered mobile devices. The CAS role will provide the following services

1 Outlook Web Access (OWA)

2 Outlook Anywhere

3 Exchange ActiveSync

4 Auto-discover Service

4 Hub Transport Role

The Hub Transport (HT) role handles all mail flow inside the Exchange organisation, applies transport rules, journaling policies, and delivers messages to a recipient's mailbox. All messages sent to external email and the internet, are also relayed through the HT server. The HT role can be installed on any non clustered internal E2K7 server or a dedicated server. A server must be deployed with the HT role in every Active Directory site that contains a Mailbox MB server role. The HT role will provide the following services:

1 Internal message routing

2 External message routing (to external mail gateways/Edge)

5 Mailbox Role

The Mailbox (MB) role is the most simplistic of all the Exchange roles, the MB role is used to host mailbox and public folder databases. The MB role can be deployed on a dedicated server or a server that is a member of a Single Copy Cluster (SCC) or Clustered Continuous Replication (CCR) cluster. The MB role will provide the following services

1 Mailbox Databases

2 Public Folder Databases

CHAPTER 4

ACTIVITIES DONE DURING THE TRAINING

1. Training

2. As CSR

3. DHL

4. Team Leader

Active Directory Design

1 Design Principles

Active Directory service is an LDAP v3 compliant directory services and is a central component of the Windows Server platform, providing the means to manage the identities and relationships that make up network environments. Active Directory is designed to reduce total cost of ownership (TCO) and operation within the enterprise. New features and enhancements have been provided at all levels of the product to extend versatility, simplify management, and increase dependability. With Windows Server 2003, organizations can benefit from further reductions in cost while increasing the efficiency in which they share and manage the various elements of the enterprise, namely

1. Integration and productivity.

2. Performance and scalability.

3. Simplified Administration and configuration management.

4. Group Policy features for organization wide policy enforcement

5. Security enhancements to build a secure enterprise architecture for GoH SWAN.

Active Directory is a distributed database that stores and manages information about network resources, as well as application-specific data from directory enabled applications. Active Directory allows administrators to organize elements of a network (such as users, computers, devices, and so on) into a hierarchical containment structure.

2 Logical Design

The Active Directory logical design reflects the domain infrastructure, which can be completely different from the physical distribution of the business units. This would include forest design, domain and trust design, and OU design.

3 Forest Design

A forest is a complete instance of Active Directory. It is a security boundary for the information that is contained in the instance of Active Directory. It is a collection of Active Directory domains with the following key characteristics:

( a ) Single schema - The Active Directory schema defines the object classes and the attributes of object classes that can be created in the directory. The schema exists as a distinct naming context that is replicated to every domain controller in the forest. By default, the schema administrators group has full control over the schema. ( b )Single configuration container - The Active Directory configuration container is a distinct naming context that is replicated to every domain controller in the forest. Items in the configuration container include a definition of the site topology for the forest. By default, the enterprise administrators group has full control over the configuration container. ( c )Complete trust - When you create domains in Active Directory, the system automatically creates a spanning tree of two-way transitive trusts connecting the domains in that forest together. Users and groups that you can export from any domain can be recognized by any member computer in the forest and potentially included in groups or access control lists (ACL).

( d ) A single global catalog - The global catalog contains a copy of every object from every domain in the forest, but only a select set of the attributes from each object. The global catalog enables fast, efficient searches that span the entire forest. A single, global forest model uses a single forest to contain and manage all of the directory objects for an organization. This model lowers the administrative costs in maintaining the directory services, but places some constraints on the participants of the forest. A multiple forest model is created when the majority of the business units within an organization choose to deploy their own instance of Active Directory. Of the two models, this one is the more costly to administrate. The multiple forest model meets the needs of business units that want or need to retain administrative autonomy from the others. Himachal SWAN would have a single Active Directory Forest. As a rule, the Active Directory should not be extended to perimeter networks (a.k.a. demilitarized zone, DMZ), i.e. domain controllers should not be placed in a perimeter network.

( e )Domain Design - A Domain is a collection of administratively defined objects that share a common directory database, security policies and trust relationships with other domains. It is an administrative boundary for objects. A domain is a database that is a part of a larger forest database with the following key characteristics. ( d )A partition of the forest

- An Active Directory forest is a distributed database, where the partitions of the database are defined by domains. A distributed database is a database that spreads across many computers instead of having a

4 Flexible Single Master Operations RolesFlexible Single Master Operations (FSMO) is the term applied to Active Directory operations that are single-master; that is, they are not permitted to occur at different places in the network at the same time. There are a number of operations that have a single operations master.

( a )Schema Master (Enterprise) The domain controller that holds the schema master role is the only domain controller that can perform write operations to the directory schema. Those schema updates are replicated from the schema master to all other domain controllers in the forest.

( b ) Domain Naming Master (Enterprise) - The domain controller that has the domain naming master role is the only domain controller that can do the following:

( 1 ) Add new domains to the forest.

( 2 ) Remove existing domains from the forest.

( 3 )Add or remove cross-reference objects to external directories.

( c )Primary Domain Controller Emulator (Domain) - The functions of the primary domain controller emulator include:

( 1 )Processing password changes from both users and computers

( b )Replicating updates to backup domain controllers

( c )Running the Domain Master Browser

( d )Relative Identifier Master (Domain) The RID master is responsible for allocating RID pools to domain controllers. Relative Identifiers (RIDs) are assigned to each security principal object that is created. (i.e. users, groups, computers) RIDs are managed and allocated by a single domain controller to eliminate the possibility of duplicates.

( a )Infrastructure Master (Domain) - The domain controller holding the infrastructure master role for the group's domain is responsible for updating the cross-domain group-to-user reference.

CHAPTER 5

PERSONAL EXPERIENCE

Mr. Rohit Sharma was my trainer. It was a great experience getting the training under her supervision. Training was given all importance as all the care was taken about the sitting arrangements, food, sales and side by side some fun.

Things that i learned while training:-

How to present yourself in Cooperate business world.

How to groom your personality

I learned how to interact with the customers.

How to interact with my colleagues

How to beat the challenges

Communication skills

Overall it was a great learning experience. It was a pleasure getting training in a reputed company like HIMSWAN. This training not only going to help me in my career growth but will also be helpful in my personal life. I am grateful to my trainer Mr. Vijay Garg, (TL) and most importantly HIMSWAN for giving me the opportunity to work with it.

CHAPTER 6CONCLUSION

Himachal State Wide Area NetworkorHIMSWANis the core infrastructure project under NeGP that intends to support various e-Governance initiatives in Himachal Pradesh by providing connectivity to Government Offices and Integrated Community Service Centers at State, District, Sub-Divisional, Tehsil and Block headquarters in the state

The HIMSWAN project has been divided into two phases: HIMSWAN IandHIMSWAN II Under the HIMSWAN-I, a Local Area Network with 600 nodes has been established in HP Secretariat. The HIMSWAN-II project proposal has been approved by the Ministry of IT, Govt. of India.

Various applications which are being run over HIMSWAN include Online HRTC Bus Reservation, SUGAM (Integrated Community Service Centre) bills payment, e-Registration for Electoral rolls, Factory database for Labour and employment, HP Public Service Commission, Online registration for HP Judicial Services Examination, Court Case Monitoring Software for Divisional Commissioner office, Weekly prices of essential commodities and many more.

In order to consolidate the G2G, G2B and G2C services, the State Data Centre project has been proposed under NeGP. These services can be rendered by the States through common delivery platform seamlessly supported by core Connectivity Infrastructure such as State Wide Area Network (SWAN) and Common Service Centre (CSC) connectivity extended up to village level. In the case of Himachal Pradesh, the RFP of the project is under review and finalization by DIT/State.

The State Portal of the Himachal Pradesh has been developed by the State NIC unit. Under NeGP, the Government desires to create an integrated information infrastructure that will expand, integrate and enhance the utility and reach of the services provided by the Government by utilizing the network of the Common Service Centres. In order to provide single interface for all the G2C services, the State Portal (SP)along withState Service Delivery Gateway (SSDG)are being developed in the Himachal Pradesh.

One can also avail many e-services through the portal that includes RTI Search, Online bill submission, downloadable forms for Birth certificate, Ration Cards, Vehicle registration etc., and links for schemes like Lok Mitra and AGMARKNET etc. Currently, the SP and SSDG project is in its implementation stage

An objective to develop a platform enabling Government, private and social sector organizations to align their social and commercial goals, especially for the benefit of the rural population a total of 3366 Common Service Centers have been sanctioned by the Government of India to be setup in Himachal Pradesh

Integrated Community Service Centre (i-CoSC)which is an enlarged and improved version of the "LOKMITRA" project (a pilot in Hamirpur District), is being setup in the state providing one-stop shop information resource and service center for the people ensuring greater transparency, effectiveness, neutrality, responsibility and speed.

Various services offered by the LokMitra Kendras include Land Records, Employment exchange services (Job Portal), Electoral services, Registration for pension schemes, RTI, Public Grievances (Lokvani / Lokmitra mode), Issuance of Himachali Domicile, Caste and Agriculturist Certificates, HRTC / Railway Booking, all Government forms, AGRISNET Portal services, E-Kalyan scheme, Examinations results, information related services like Blood donors, Hotel directory, etc., Complaint / FIR registration with Police, REFNIC etc

E-Samadhan is the Grievance Redressal System portal of the Government of Himachal Pradesh. It is web-based software for speedy redressal of grievances that has been developed by NIC, Himachal Pradesh using ASP.NET. The software gives an instant view of the grievance to both, the concerned office and the public. It also shows the department-wise pendency summary of the grievance. Implementation of this project has resulted in enhanced transparency and accountability along with reduction in paper work and corruption.

Bibliography

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