Final 6 Team Akrivou Boyatzis McLeod 12 15 05

8/10/2019 Final 6 Team Akrivou Boyatzis McLeod 12 15 05

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Akrivou/Boyatzis/McLeod 1/1/2015

The Evolving Group: Towards a Prescriptive Theory of Intentional Group

Development

Kleio Akrivou, Richard. E. Boyatzis, o!!y L. McLeod

"ord #ou$t%

&o A!!ear i$ the 'our$al o( Ma$a)e*e$t +evelo!*e$t

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Abstract

#ate)ory% #o$ce!tual a!er

ur!ose o( this !a!er &o !rovide a theoretical (ra*eork (or u$dersta$di$) a$d

(or*ulati$) tea* ite$tio$al cha$)e

+esi)$/Methodolo)y/A!!roach Based o$ a critical revie o( e-isti$) theories o( )rou!

develo!*e$t, )a!s i$ the literature re)ardi$) ho tea*sca$ a$d should develo!, es!ecially he$ the cha$)e is

i$te$tio$al a$d has a desired directio$, as e-a*i$ed. A set

o( !ro!ositio$s are o((ered to address these as!ects o( )rou!

develo!*e$t that have ee$ $e)lected y the literature.

i$di$)s / A$alyses /

+iscussio$

A syste*atic a$d critical discussio$ o( the core literature o$

)rou! develo!*e$t shoed% 1 the co*!le- a$d

disco$ti$uous $ature o( cha$)e i$ )rou!s as $e)lected,

ecause the )rou! as $ot treated as a co*!le- syste* 2

the literature has $ot dealt ith )rou! develo!*e$t

!rocesses he$ the cha$)e !rocess is i$te$tio$al 3t has

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Key "ords% 3$te$tio$al )rou! develo!*e$t, 3$te$tio$al cha$)e, )rou!

develo!*e$t, )rou! !rocesses, )rou!, leadershi!

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Introduction

E-isti$) theories o( )rou! develo!*e$t have $ot treated the )rou! as a co*!le-

syste*, thus they did $ot !ay e$ou)h atte$tio$ to certai$ as!ects o( the )rou! develo!*e$t

!rocess, such as the co*!le- a$d disco$ti$uous $ature o( cha$)e i$ )rou!s. 6eco$dly, the

literature has $ot e-a*i$ed )rou! develo!*e$t !rocesses he$ the cha$)e !rocess is

i$te$tio$al. Accordi$)ly, they have $ot e-a*i$ed drivers o( )rou! cha$)e. &hirdly, e-isti$)

literature o$ )rou! develo!*e$t have !redo*i$a$tly see$ $e)ative e*otio$ as catalytic to

)rou! develo!*e$t, a$d they have i)$ored the role o( !ositive e*otio$.

&o address the aove, the authors revie e-isti$) theories o( )rou! develo!*e$t i$

social !sycholo)y, *a$a)e*e$t a$d or)a$izatio$al literatures, a$d su**arize u$derlyi$)

the*es, co$triutio$, a$d li$ks. 7a!s i$ this k$oled)e create the o!!ortu$ity (or the

develo!*e$t o( $e *odels o( )rou! develo!*e$t are discussed. &he authors !ro!ose that

to e-!lai$ sustai$ale )rou! develo!*e$t a$d the ide$tity tra$s(or*atio$ that ca$ take !lace

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!ro!ositio$s% a i$te$tio$ality a$d shared ideals are the drivers o( cha$)e a$d )rou!

tra$s(or*atio$ a series o( disco$ti$uous discoveries leads the )rou! a$d its *e*ers i$

various iteratio$s o( cha$)e c each iteratio$ is ou$d i$ the ositive E*otio$al Attractor.

ositive e*otio$ thus, eco*es critical (or i$te$tio$al )rou! develo!*e$t. 3t is activated y

the )rou!>s drai$) its !ri*ary *otivatio$ (ro* visio$s o( its ideal, d i$ each iteratio$ o(

3#& at the )rou! level, alter$ati$) activatio$ o( !ositive a$d $e)ative e*otio$al attractors

Boyatzis, earlier i$ this issue is also critical (or the )rou!>s i$te$tio$al cha$)e, he$ each

iteratio$ o( i$te$tio$al cha$)e is rooted i$ !ositive e*otio$ Each iteratio$ o( 3#& e-!a$ds

the )rou!s co$scious aare$ess, or *i$d(ul$ess, the salie$ce, as ell as the cohere$ce o(

this ideal Boyatzis a$d Akrivou, earlier i$ this issue. &ra$s(or*atio$ at the )rou! level ca$

e catalyzed a$d (acilitated y (or*al or i$(or*al !ositive e*otio$al leadershi! i$ the )rou!.

i$ally, i*!licatio$s (or research a$d or)a$izatio$al !ractice i$ the areas o( )rou!

*otivatio$, )rou! develo!*e$t a$d )rou! !rocess, are o((ered, i( o$e takes i$to accou$t the

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!rocess, i$tra!erso$al orie$ted actio$ ca$ e used to classi(y all )rou! *odels Bales, 1954,

1951, 1950 +eutsch, 19@1 &uck*a$, 19=5.

&o !aradi)*s or schools o( thou)ht re)ardi$) )rou! develo!*e$t e*er)e (ro*

these revies. $e !aradi)* sees cha$)e as a syste*atic !rocess over ti*e Arro et al.,

2005. 3$ other ords, )rou! develo!*e$t results (ro* i$cre*e$tal additio$ o( s*all a$d

s*ooth *utatio$s. 3$ this !aradi)*, the thera!y, trai$i$) or laoratory )rou! setti$)s are

overre!rese$ted. "ith its ase i$ the *aor !sychoa$alytic traditio$s o( last ce$tury the

issues o( co$(lict at the i$tra8!erso$al level hich is !roected at the )rou! level +eutch,

19@1, a$-iety, )uilt a$d re!ressed $e)ative e*otio$s reud, 194= 1959 are critical

variales used to u$dersta$d )rou! develo!*e$t. McLeod 2005 de(i$ed this as Ca$

a!!roach to the study o( )rou! ehavior that (ocuses o$ the relatio$shi! etee$ the

e*otio$al, $o$8co$scious !rocesses a$d the co$scious ratio$al !rocesses i$ hu*a$

i$teractio$.D

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The P sychodynamic or Progressive !hange Paradigm

"ithi$ this !aradi)*, the literature shos three strea*s o( thou)ht. &he progressive

or linear additive modelsBe$$is a$d 6he!!ard, 195= Mills, 19=: are ased o$ the idea

that the )rou! *oves o$ard a$d u!ard to its i*!licit )oal a$d is descried as *ovi$)

toard the resolutio$ o( disti$ct issues, o(te$ o( o!!osi$) $ature. or e-a*!le i$ Be$$is> a$d

6he!ard>s *odel the issues o( de!e$de$ce vs. i$terde!e$de$ce as a key co$(lict to e

resolved. ri)i$ati$) (ro* the !eriod o( E$li)hte$*e$t i$ Euro!e, i$dividual develo!*e$t

theories ere re!licated i$ the *odels o( develo!*e$t o( the )rou! as a hole ?art*a$ ;

7iard, 19@4 7iard ; ?art*a$, 19@4.

&he recursive models &uck*a$, 19=5 Bio$, 19=1 6hutz, 195F are very si*ilar to

all the *ai$ ideas o( the li$ear8!ro)ressive *odel o( )rou! develo!*e$t. 3ts *ai$ di((ere$ce

is that althou)h the li$ear *odel assu*es that the )rou! li(e a$d activity *oves toards a

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Bales Bales, 1954 Bales ; 6trodeck, 1951 as the (irst to o((er a *aor theoretical

co$triutio$ o$ s*all )rou! develo!*e$t. ?e orked ith laoratory )rou!s, usi$) the Bales

3$teractio$ rocess A$alysis 3A, Bales, 1950. ?e (ou$d that !role*s o( orie$tatio$

(i$di$) out aout the task, hat has to e do$e a$d ho it should e est acco*!lished

do*i$ate the i$itial !hase i$ the li(e o( leaderless )rou!s, (olloed y a !hase o( evaluatio$.

3$ the 3A, evaluatio$ is re(lected y codale ehaviors arou$d the e-cha$)e o( o!i$io$s a$d

(eedack a*o$) )rou! *e*ers. &he e-cha$)e o( o!i$io$ re)ards task related e-cha$)e, ut

also sel( related e-cha$)e, de!e$di$) o$ the $ature a$d the (or*al oective o( the )rou!.

Bach 195:, a*o$) the !io$eers i$ thera!y )rou! research, !ro!osed the i$itial

situatio$ testingas the (irst sta)e o( )rou! develo!*e$t o( thera!y )rou!s, acco*!a$ied y

leader de!e$de$ce ehaviors. &he$ he !ro!osed a sta)e duri$) hich the salie$t

!he$o*e$o$ is the develo!*e$t o( intra-group consciousness. +uri$) this sta)e,

estalish*e$t a$d *ai$te$a$ce o( )rou! ou$daries is a key issue i$ the li(e o( the )rou!

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li$ear i$ the se$se that the )rou! is !ortrayed *ovi$) o$ards a$d u!ards, toards the

resolutio$ o( these to disti$ct issues, ith de!e$de$ce issues *et earlier i$ the

develo!*e$tal seue$ce a$d i$terde!e$de$ce suseue$tly.

6chutz 195F has orked o$ the develo!*e$tal seue$ce i$ $atural a$d laoratory

)rou!s. ?e !ro!osed a !e$dulu* o( )rou! develo!*e$t ith three sta)es co$ti$ually cycli$)

over ti*e. &he i$itial !hase o( )rou! develo!*e$t is !ro!osed to e related to !role*s o(

inclusion. Me*ers are co$(licted u!o$ the dile**a Cto oi$, or $ot to oi$D the )rou!. 3$

6chutzs theory the ehavior o( *e*ers is i$dividually ce$tered a$d the )rou! co$cer$ is

ou$dary issues &uck*a$, 19=5. ?e !ro!oses a seco$d sta)e, here the !redo*i$a$t

the*e is arou$d control,ith *ai$ su8the*e a leadershi! stru))le ith co*!etitio$ a*o$)

all i$dividual *e*ers o( the )rou!. i$ally 6chutz !ro!osed a third sta)e, hich is

characterized y issues o( affection, i$ti*acy a$d resolutio$ o( i$ti*acy !role*s o( !revious

!hases, a$d e*otio$al i$te)ratio$ a*o$) the *e*ers o( the )rou!. ?is last sta)e is

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assu*!tio$s o( de!e$de$cy, (i)ht a$d (li)ht a$d !airi$) i$ the se$se that there is a

!redo*i$a$ce o( task related ehaviors y the *e*ers a$d a *i$i*u* o( e*otio$al

i$ter(ere$ce.

Mills 19=:, ased o$ ualitative research !ro!oses a li(e cycle *odel ith (ive

sta)es o( )rou! develo!*e$t% 1 the e$cou$ter 2 testi$) ou$daries 4 $e)otiati$) a$

i$di)e$ous $or*ative syste* : !roductio$ a$d 5 se!aratio$. &he (irst to are i$

&uck*a$s ter*s the (or*i$) ith ele*e$ts o( stor*i$), the third is &uck*a$s $or*i$)

sta)e, hile the (ourth his !er(or*i$) sta)e ?art*a$ a$d 7iard, 19@4

&uck*a$ 19=5, a(ter reviei$) a$d co*!ari$) the literature has !ro!osed a li$ear8

!ro)ressive co$ce!tual *odel o( )rou! develo!*e$t, hich as servi$) also (u$ctio$s o(

i$te)rati$) a$d or)a$izi$) the a$tecede$t research o$ )rou!s i$ o$e *odel. 3$ this *odel

(our sta)es o( )rou! develo!*e$t are !ro!osed. 3$ theFormingsta)e, testi$) eco*es the

key co$cer$ o( )rou!s. At the i$ter!erso$al level, e see the estalish*e$t o( de!e$de$cy

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(ro* i$dividuals ish to *er)e ith the )rou! yet at the sa*e ti*e $ot lose their auto$o*y,

as drivi$) a ou$dary evolutio$ ?art*a$ ; 7iard, 19@4.

Ma$$ 19=@, 19== i$ his li(e cycle *odel ith thera!y sel(8a$alytic )rou!s, ased

o$ oservatio$ o( sel(8a$alytic )rou!s a)rees ith the !revious literature. ?e !ro!osed a$

i$itial sta)e o( testingto de(i$e the tolera$ce o( the )rou! itsel( a$d the thera!ist8leader, the$

a sta)e o( resistanceith *aor !he$o*e$a ce$tered around working through of hostility,

followed !y working through of anxieties. +uri$) the latter, so*e *aor !sycholo)ical

issues o( the hostility sta)e are sloed do$ a$d atte$uated. Ma$$ sees the $e-t sta)e as o$e

characterized y personal mutual exploration a$d e-cha$)e he$ discussio$ o( !erso$al

!role*s i$ de!th takes !lace a$d $e)ative e*otio$ality is reduced. &he$ he o((ers a (i$al

sta)e o( !erso$al, mutual synthesis. Ma$$ )ave a lot o( atte$tio$ to this ter*i$al !hase o(

sel(8a$alytic )rou!s a$d his research co$triuted to disti$ct ter*i$al su8!hases, the

separation a$d the terminal reviewi$ his li(e cycle *odel o( )rou! develo!*e$t.

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!eriods o( i$ertia. 7rou!s e-hiited a so*ehat u$iue a!!roach to its task as they

co**e$ced a$d re*ai$ed i$ this co$ditio$ over ti*e. &his !hase as i$terru!ted !recisely

hal(ay throu)h the )rou!>s overall duratio$. 3t as descried as a *id!oi$t tra$sitio$ o( i),

revolutio$ary cha$)es i$ the )rou!>s overall structures a$d !rocesses i$ order to achieve its

task. Every )rou! the$ u$dere$t a (u$da*e$tal cha$)e i$ its i$itial co$ditio$s ado!ti$) $e

!ers!ectives o$ their ork a$d structure a$d re*ai$i$) i$ this co$ditio$ over ti*e. &his

seco$d !hase o( i$ertial activity as i$terru!ted o$e last ti*e, hich i$ all )rou!s occurred

ust e(ore their deadli$es, i$itiati$) a (i$al sta)e o( i$te$sive activity to co*!lete their

*issio$ a$d task !hase 4. &he (i$di$)s ith $atural )rou!s ere also su!!orted duri$)

re!licatio$ o( research i$ laoratory, e-!eri*e$tal setti$)s. 3$ her *odel, the C!hase shi(tsD

ere si*ilar to the sa*e co$ce!ts i$ !hysics a$d *aterial scie$ces. &hey are *o*e$ts o(

disco$ti$uous, o(te$ $o$8li$ear cha$)e est u$derstood throu)h co*!le-ity theory.

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A *aor reakthrou)h as o((ered y Arro et al. 2005. 3$ their revie o( e-isti$)

*odels o( )rou! develo!*e$t, the authors o((ered a ty!olo)y o( )rou! develo!*e$t theories

usi$) three% cha$)e, staility a$d co$ti$uity. &hey de(i$ed cha$)e as Ca$ alteratio$ i$ the

$ature o( )rou! i$teractio$ or !er(or*a$ce, i$ the state o( the )rou! as a hole, or a seco$d

order cha$)e i$ the !atter$i$) o( )rou! !rocessD. &hey e-!lai$ed staility !rocesses as o$es

Cda*!e$i$) (luctuatio$s, *ai$tai$i$) )rou!s i$ their curre$t state, or restori$) )rou!s to a

!rior euiliriu*, cou$teri$) the i*!act o( e-ter$al or i$ter$al (orces (or cha$)e or

tra$s(or*atio$D. &hey de(i$ed co$ti$uity, as a !rocess Coccurri$) i$ )rou!s that e-!erie$ce

cha$)e hile *ai$tai$i$) a$d ree$acti$) co$siste$t !atter$s a$d structureD. &hey !ostulated

that the $ature o( cha$)e i$ )rou! develo!*e$t theories is see$ as syste*atic cha$)e over

ti*e. Additio$ally, these authors !ro!osed that )rou! develo!*e$t *odels di((ered o$ to

di*e$sio$s% 1 hether the !ri*ary source o( co$ti$uity as i$ter$al or e-ter$al (orces a$d

2 the e-te$t to hich (orces o( cha$)e a$d staility ere i$ter$al or e-ter$al to the )rou!.

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develo!*e$t. &here(ore, e ould like to !ro!ose the (olloi$) !ro!ositio$s re)ardi$) the

$ature a$d !rocess o( )rou! develo!*e$t.

ast *odels descrie cha$)e that is $ot $ecessarily i$te$tio$al $or co$scious. &hey

descrie cha$)e (ro* a$ evolutio$ary !oi$t o( vie, hich ha!!e$s irres!ective o( the

a)e$ts> o$ ill a$d o(te$ ithout their aare$ess. 3$ additio$, these *odels have ee$

descri!tive a$d $or*ative, su))esti$) a de)ree o( deter*i$is*. &hey start ith assu*!tio$s

that )rou!s cha$)e over ti*e a$d that these cha$)es (ollo a !redictale !atter$. &hey di((er

ith res!ect to the $ature a$d !atter$ o( cha$)e. But they all assu*e a$ u!ard evolutio$ary

*ove*e$t, toards hi)her states o( *aturity a$d ca!aility over ti*e. Ho$e o( these *odels

have ee$ !rescri!tive a$d !ro!ose the ay to i*!rove a$d achieve e((ective$ess i$ )rou!s.

3$ this article e are )oi$) to o((er a !rescri!tive *odel o( )rou! develo!*e$t, !ro!osi$)

that, i( e a$t assu*e cha$)e as a$ u!ard *ove*e$t, the$ the $ature o( cha$)e should e

see$ as a$ i$te$tio$al a$d co$scious !rocess.

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!aradi)*, the thera!y )rou! had ee$ overre!rese$ted i$ the literature a$d research, hile

setti$)s like the $atural or the laoratory )rou! setti$)s had ee$ u$derre!rese$ted

&uck*a$, 19=5.

Eve$ i$ the !u$ctuated euiliriu* *odel, $e)ative e*otio$ had a ce$tral ut

sutle role. 3$ this *odel, $e)ative e*otio$ality as see$ as related to ti*e a$)st i$ )rou!s.

3$ 7ersicks *odel, reachi$) the *id!oi$t i$ )rou!>s li(e is o(te$ associated ith a stro$)

$e)ative e*otio$ that reaks routi$e structures a$d !atter$s. 7ersick 199F, 1999, 1990,

1991 said that o!ti*is* arises (olloi$) this radical cha$)e. 3$ oth !aradi)*s, there is $o

!ositive i$ter$al driver o( )rou! develo!*e$t. &he !sychody$a*ic *odel stresses the role o(

i$tra8!sychic a$-ieties !roected at the )rou! level, resulti$) i$ de(e$sive a$d reactio$ary

!rocesses i$ i$itial sta)es o( )rou! develo!*e$t a$d sees that CcatharsisD $aturally (ollos

!roected i$ter8!erso$al su((eri$). &he !u$ctuated euiliriu* *odel sees the i*!act o( ti*e

a$d !aci$) as causi$) reactive !atter$s, hich result i$ revolutio$ary cha$)es i$ the

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Proposition 'hen a shared ideal, or group vision emerges, intentional change

theory predicts sustaina!le, group development.

Towards a Prescriptive Theory of Intentional Group Development

3#& o((ers a (ra*eork treati$) )rou! develo!*e$t as a co*!le- syste*. &his

(ra*eork !ro!oses that )rou! develo!*e$t is o(te$ $o$ li$ear. C&he $ature o( $o$li$ear

i$teractio$ *ea$s that I des!ite the (u$da*e$tal u$!redictaility at the level o( local

i$teractio$, the ehavior o( the collective e-hiits re)ularities that are *uch si*!ler tha$ the

*yriad i$teractio$s (ro* hich this re)ular ehavior e*er)esD Arro et al., 2005.

3#& Boyatzis, 2001, earlier i$ this issue treats )rou! develo!*e$t as a co*!le- a$d

o(te$ disco$ti$uous cha$)e !rocess that !arallels a$d i$teracts ith cha$)e at other levels o(

social or)a$izatio$. 3$ this a!!licatio$ to )rou! develo!*e$t, 3#& descries a series o(

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)rou!. As e-!lai$ed aove, dee! !ositive e*otio$ u$derlies the !rocesses li$ked to the ideal

sel(, a$d its euivale$t i$ the )rou! level, the shared ideal, or visio$. ?o!es, drea*s a$d

!ossiilities *ake u! the co$ce!t o( the ideal at the )rou! level a$d eco*e the *otivatio$al

driver (or cha$)e a$d develo!*e$t across ti*e.

Althou)h the !ositive e*otio$s, a ce$tral ele*e$t i$ the ositive E*otio$al Attractor

EA Boyatzis, earlier i$ this issue eco*es the !ull toards develo!*e$t, i$ 3#&

$e)ative e*otio$ has a (u$ctio$al role. He)ative e*otio$, li$ked to the Real 6el( eco*es

the !ull toards a He)ative E*otio$al Attractor HEA Boyatzis, earlier i$ this issue. At the

)rou! level, the He)ative E*otio$al Attractor a$d the Real 6el( are tra$slated to the e-isti$)

$or*s a$d u$derlyi$) !atter$s o( ehavior that o(te$ result i$ )rou!s ei$) stuck i$

!arado-ical states i$ )rou! li(e 6*ith ; Ber), 19F@. 3t ould also *a$i(est itsel( as the

socio e*otio$al !rocesses related to ou$dary issues either etee$ the )rou! a$d other

)rou!s, k$o$ i$ social ide$tity theory as i$ter8)rou! relatio$shi!s ?o)) a$d &i$dale,

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ICT iterations have a transformative effect for the group. &he )rou! e$ters each

suseue$t iteratio$ as a co*!letely $e start, a$d a $ovel e-!erie$ce. ver ti*e, the )rou!

e-!erie$ces a roader a$d dee!er sco!e o( i$te$tio$al cha$)e, as ell a )reater de)ree o(

)rou! ide$ti(icatio$. Multi!le iteratio$s lead the )rou! to i$creasi$) )rou! co$scious$ess, or

sel(8aare$ess, i$creased salie$ce, or i$te$sity, a$d i$creased cohere$ce, or holistic a$d

i$te)rated se$se o( the )rou!>s core ide$tity, visio$ a$d !ur!ose. &he ay the various 3#&

iteratio$s tra$s(or* the )rou! ide$tity a$d e$lar)e the sco!e o( i$te$tio$al cha$)e are sho$

i$ i)ure 1. Also, the $u*er, (or* a$d co$te$t o( 3#& iteratio$s ca$ vary hi)hly a*o$)

)rou!s, de!e$di$) o$ their co*!ositio$, de)ree o( diversity a$d *e*ers ide$tity

co*!le-ity, *e*ershi!s i$ other )rou!s, structure, task, li(e s!a$, !ast history, surrou$di$)

syste*s, leadershi! *odel i$ the )rou!, $ature a$d de)ree o( i$terrelatio$shi!s o( roles, etc.

888888888888888888888888888888

i$sert i)ure 1 aout here

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Proposition # )ntentional group development involves interaction with intentional

change at other levels of humansocial organiation /i.e., individual, dyad, organiation,

country, glo!al0.

Leaders hel! *ove a )rou! i$to each o( these !hase shi(ts. 3$ this *a$$er, they also

hel! a )rou! to e$ter a $e cycle o( 3#&. Beyo$d this i*!act, leaders are the key to

i$teractio$ a*o$) the other (ractals o( 3#& u$deray hile the )rou! develo!s.

i)ure 2 su**arizes the 3#& *odel i$ )rou! develo!*e$t. 3t also revies the core

sta)es !ro!osed y other theories.

888888888888888888888888888888

i$sert i)ure 2 aout here

888888888888888888888888888888

Group Development Through I!T

19


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3$ the i$itial iteratio$ o( 3#&, this shared ideal takes the (or* o( )e$erative

co$versatio$ a$d i$uiry o( Chat is our !ur!ose a$d visio$ as a )rou!D $ &his co$versatio$

at the very e)i$$i$) o( a )rou!>s li(e is (u$da*e$tal (or suseue$t develo!*e$t. &he

shared co)$itio$ arou$d a$ ideal or !ur!ose )e$erates a source o( !ositive e*otio$, )uidi$)

the )rou! !rocess, therea(ter, as its ositive E*otio$al Attractor. 3$ suseue$t iteratio$s o(

3#& the shared ideal or visio$ is (urther develo!ed a$d re(i$ed, i$ a ay hich !rotects (ro*

)rou!thi$k 'a$is, 19F2. As a result o( e*er)i$) salie$ce, co$scious$ess a$d cohere$ce

aout this shared ideal ithi$ a$d outside the )rou! ou$daries, dee! !ositive e*otio$ a$d

the EA eco*e the a$chor o( the )rou!>s suseue$t develo!*e$t. Althou)h i$ 3#&, the

role o( $e)ative e*otio$al attractor HEA is see$ as (u$ctio$al to cha$)e, the EA eco*es

the e*otio$al a$chor, hich ala$ces a$y distura$ces, shocks a$d (eeli$)s o( )rou!

hel!less$ess, e*er)i$) (ro* the e-!erie$ce o( the HEA.

3$ various iteratio$s o( 3#&, )rou! *e*ers ca$ share a$d e-!lore their o$ ideal sel(

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like the de*ocracy8authority !arado-, the leader8*e*er !arado-, or the trust8distrust

!arado- 6*ith ; Ber), 19F@.

&his !hase allos the stro$)est e-!erie$ce o( e*otio$al i8!olarity a$d the resulti$)

dy$a*ic te$sio$. "he$ the e-!erie$ce or the i*a)e o( the ideal is salie$t, alter$ati$)

activatio$ o( oth !ositive a$d $e)ative e*otio$s create a dy$a*ic ala$ce (ield, hich

!ulses the *ood o( the )rou! toards actio$ to eli*i$ate te$sio$.

As e-!lai$ed i$ detail y ?oard earlier i$ this issue, duri$) arousal o( the EA,

restorative e((ects o( !ositive e*otio$s e$ale the )rou! to use co)$itive (le-iility, )rou!

sel(8a((ir*atio$, resilie$ce a$d recovery (ro* $e)ative a((ect a$d thou)ht. &his allos the

)rou! to retur$ to the !ositive e*otio$al EA6 a$d ou$ce aay (ro* the HEA.

Discovery %+: The Group,s -earning Agenda

3$ +iscovery J4, the )rou! develo!s a lear$i$) a)e$da that (ocuses co**it*e$t to

21


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)rou!s, he$ a (e o( the *e*ers (eel it a$d e-!ress it, the$ others catch it. &his !atter$ o( triual

a$d e-!loratio$ o( $e ays o( acti$) a$d (u$ctio$i$) a$d the associated !ositive *ood (ro* the

EA creates a sel(8sustai$i$) *ove*e$t toard the shared visio$.

Discovery %/: 0esonant 0elationships

+uri$) i$itial iteratio$s o( 3#&, !eo!le i$ the )rou! (ocus o$ estalishi$) a$d

suseue$tly *ai$tai$i$) o( trusti$), su!!ortive relatio$shi!s. &hese ca$ e est descried as

Creso$a$t relatio$shi!sD ithi$ the )rou! *e*ers 7ole*a$, Boyatzis, a$d McKee, 2002

Boyatzis a$d McKee, 2005. 3$ suseue$t iteratio$s o( 3#&, the )rou! ca$ (ocus atte$tio$

a$d uild reso$a$t relatio$shi!s outside its *e*ershi!. A)ai$, the leader o(te$ !lays the

ce$tral role i$ i$itiati$) such relatio$shi!s +ruskat a$d "heeler, i$ !ress. Reso$a$t i$ter8

)rou! relatio$shi!s are critical (or oth the estalish*e$t o( the )rou!>s core ide$tity ithi$

its lar)er e$viro$*e$t. 3t hel!s ith di((ere$tiatio$. Reso$a$t relatio$shi!s ith other )rou!s

22


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200:a, 200:. &his article is atte*!ted to uild this discourse. "e o((ered to di((ere$t

theoretical co$triutio$s.

irst, e revieed e-isti$) literature o( )rou! develo!*e$t a$d ide$ti(ied areas o(

co$ver)e$ce as ell as )a!s that !rese$t challe$)es (or the develo!*e$t o( $e theoretical

*odels. Mai$ly, e hi)hli)hted (our areas hich are $ot su((icie$tly addressed y e-isti$)

*odels o( )rou! develo!*e$t% 1 the co*!le- a$d disco$ti$uous $ature o( cha$)e i$ )rou!s

2 the role o( i$te$tio$ality i$ )rou! develo!*e$t !rocess 4 the role o( ideals, or shared

visio$, ho!es a$d drea*s at the )rou! level as the drivers o( cha$)e a$d : the $eed to *ove

aay (ro* seei$) $e)ative e*otio$ as (u$da*e$tally li$ked to cha$)e a$d develo!*e$t

!rocesses i$ )rou!s, a$d the $eed to develo! *odels that e-a*i$e the role o( !ositive

e*otio$ i$ the )rou! develo!*e$t !rocess.

6eco$dly, e i$troduced a $e theoretical (ra*eork (or )rou! develo!*e$t. "e

!ro!osed 3#& as a s!iral iterative !rocess o( )rou! develo!*e$t a$d discussed its *ai$

24


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0eferences

A$dria$i, . ; McKelvey, B. 2005,Power 1aw Phenomena in 2rganiations# 3edirecting

2rganiational Studies, $!ulished *a$uscri!t, +urha* Busi$ess 6chool, +urha*,

K.

Arro, ?., Mc7rath, '. E., ; Berdahl, '. L. 2000, Small groups as complex systems#

Formation, coordination, development and adaptation, 6a)e ulicatio$s, &housa$d

aks, #ali(or$ia

Arro, ?., ?e$ry, K. B., oole, M. 6., "heela$, 6., Morela$d, R., 2005, C&races,

&raectories a$d &i*i$)% &he te*!oral !ers!ectives o$ )rou!sD, 3$ oole, M. 6., ;

?olli$)shead, A. B. eds.% +heories of Small 4roups. 6a)e ulicatio$s, &housa$d

aks, #ali(or$ia, !!. 41484=9

As!i$all, L.7. ; 6taudi$)er, .M. Eds., 2004, C5 Psychology of 6uman Strengths#

Fundamental 7uestions and future directions for a positive psychologyD, A*erica$

2:


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Bio$, ". R. 19=1, E-!erie$ces i$ 7rou!s, Basic Books, He ork

Book, L. 1999, C&oards a theory o( re(le-ive i$te$tio$al syste*sD, 6y$these,


26/33


+eutsch, M. 19@1, C&oards a$ u$dersta$di$) o( co$(lictD )nternational 8ournal of 4roup

+ensions,


27/33


7iard, 7., ; ?art*a$, '. 19@4, D&he edi!al !aradi)* i$ )rou! develo!*e$t% a cli$ical

a$d e*!irical studyD, Small 4roup ;ehaviour,


28/33


Mc7rath, '. E., ; &scha$, . 200:, &e*!oral *atters i$ social !sycholo)y% E-a*i$i$) the

role o( ti*e i$ the lives o( )rou!s a$d i$dividuals, A*erica$ sycholo)ical

Associatio$, "ashi$)to$, +#, 6A

McLeod, . L., ; Kett$er8olley, R., 2005, Csychody$a*ic !ers!ectives o$ s*all )rou!sD

3$ oole, M. 6., ; ?olli$)shead, A. B. eds.% +heories of Small 4roups. 6a)e

ulicatio$s, &housa$d aks, #ali(or$ia, !!.=4899

Miles, M. B. 1954, C?u*a$ relatio$s trai$i$)% ho a )rou! )rosD,+eachers *ollege

3ecord,


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6$yder, #.R., 2002, D?o!e &heory% Rai$os i$ the Mi$dD,Psychological )nDuiry,


30/33


&uck*a$, B. "., ; 'e$se$, M. A.#., 19@@, C6ta)es i$ s*all )rou! develo!*e$t revisitedD,

4roup and 2rganiational Studies,


31/33


1igure &$ I!T 2ultiple Iterations 3ver Time in Groups

6co!e o( 3$ter$tio$al

#ha$)e

3#&13#&2

3#&4

3#&:

3#& $

41

7rou! 3de$tity


32/33


1igure )$ Team Intentional !hange !omparison of 2odels and Theories

I!T 4ennis 5

Discovery 'heppard 2ills 4ion 'hut6 Tuc7man

#ycle 3 #ycle 33 E$cou$ter +e!e$de$cy 3$clusio$ or*i$)J1 3deal 6el(% +e!e$de$ce8

3de$tity, 6u*issio$

ur!ose,6hared


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1igure )$ Team Intentional !hange !omparison of 2odels and Theories continued

I!T 'later 4ales 2ann Gersic7 8ac7man

Discovery

J1 3deal 6el(% Estalishi$) E*er)e$ce &esti$) &ask de(i$itio$ ;

3de$tity, task o( )rou! (ocus

ur!ose, co$scious$ess ide$tity,6hared

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