Final blackbook toll station_d.y.patil

Pc based automatic toll station

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION MUMBAI

PROJECT REPORT ON PCBASED AUTOMATIC TOLL

STATION

SUBMITTED BY

VIDYA D. THAKURKUNAL V. PATILAMOL A. NAIK

GUIDE BYMRS. MADHURI CHAVAN

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

PADMASHRE DR. D.Y. PATIL POLYTECHNIC

SECTOR-7, NERUL, NAVI MUMBAI

2008-2009


PROJECTREPORT

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REPORTON

PC BASEDAUTOMATC

TOLL STATION

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This is to certify that the following students,

NAME ROLL NO. SEAT NO.

1) MANALI GHARAT 09 ________

2) VIDYA THAKUR 39 ________

3) KUNAL PATIL 24 ________

4) AMOL NAIK 20 ________

Have satisfactorily completed the requirement of third year Computer

Engineering Project work entitled,

“ PC BASED AUTOMATIC TOLL STATION ”

as partial fulfillment of the Diploma Course in Computer Engineering

awarded by Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai

during the academic year 2008-09 under supervision and guidance of

Mrs. Madhuri Chavan

________________ _______________

Head of Department Principal

________________ _______________

Project Guide External Examiner

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is our pleasure to present this project report on PC BASED

ATOMATIC TOLL STATION.

First of all, let us thank Mr. S.G. Pathak, the principal of Dr. D.Y.Patil

Polytechnic, Nerul, Navi-Mumbai, for his kind consideration. I express my

deep gratitude and sincere thanks to the Head of the Department of Computer

Engineering of Dr.D.Y.Patil Polytechnic, Mr. Shailendra Kumne for his

encouragement and support throughout the project. I express my profound

gratitude to Mrs. Madhuri Chavan who is our project guide for her support

given to us.

We would like to give our sincere thanks to our Computer Engineering

staff of Dr. D.Y.Patil Polytechnic who lead us to satisfactory and timely

completion of the project with their great technical support.

We hope our work would be taken as a step towards the improvement

of the present Toll Station’s condition.

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Contents at glance Contents at glance

Section 1Introduction……………………………………………………

Section 2Objectives……………………………………………………

Section 3Block diagram……………………………………………………….

Section 4Circuit diagram………………………………………………

Section 5The software……………………………………………………

Section 6Component list……………………………………………….

Section 7From design…………………………………………………………

Section 8Advantages…………………………………………………

Section 9Application…………………………………………………………

Section 10Conclusion ……………………………………….

Section 11Future modification…………………………………………….

Section 12

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Data sheets…………………………………………….

Section 13Pictures…………………………………………….

Section 14References…………………………………………….

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Table of contentTable of content

Section 1(Introduction)

Introduction………………………………………………………..

Section 2(Objectives)

ObjectivesIntroduction to RFIDWorking concept ……………………………………………….

Section 3(Block diagram)

Block diagram working conceptBlock diagramExplanation of block diagramPCB construction………………………………………………

Section 4(Circuit diagram)

Circuit diagramExplanation of circuit diagramPower ………………………………………………

Section 5(About java)

About javaAbout swing in java………………………………………………

Section 6(Component list)

Component list……………………………………………….

Section 7(From design)

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From design…………………………………………………………

Section 8(Advantages)

AdvantagesLimitations…………………………………………………

Section 9(Application)

Application…………………………………………………………

Section 10(Conclusion)

Conclusion ……………………………………….

Section 11(Future modification)

Future modification…………………………………………….

Section 12(Data sheets)

Data sheets…………………………………………….

Section 13(Pictures)

Pictures…………………………………………….

Section 15(References)References…………………………………………….

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PREFACE

We take an opportunity to present this project report on "PC

BASED AUTOMATIC TOLL STATION" and put before readers some

useful information regarding our project.

We have made sincere attempts and taken every care to present

this matter in precise and compact form, the language being as simple

as possible.

We are sure that the information contained in this volume would

certainly prove useful for better insight in the scope and dimension of

this project in its true perspective.

The task of completion of the project though being difficulty was

made quite simple, interesting and successful due to deep involvement

and complete dedication of our group members.

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INTRODUCTION

Our life is changing very fast and the role of automation in our day to

day life is increasing at a very fast rate. This is the motive behind our project

i.e. “Automation”. Day by day the number of vehicles passing over the road is

increasing due to which the road condition is decaying rapidly. The

government sponsors the price of road construction and road maintenance.

The government has some source of money to build and maintain these roads

& this source is the Toll Station.

At the onset, the goal of our project group was to design an Automatic

tolling system for collecting toll. After studying various techniques like

weight-based systems, bar coding etc. we chose Radio frequency

identification, which is an emerging technology applied for tracking and

communication. RFID (Radio frequency Identification) is an area of automatic

identification that has quickly been gaining momentum in recent years and has

now being seen as a radical means of enhancing data handling processes,

complimentary in many ways to other data capture technologies such as bar

coding.

In today’s era of technology, where machines are being extensively

used in all the fields we are trying to emulate concept, which will be of great

use in public transport systems. Today a person has to travel long distances

into vastly unknown territories for job, business, or even for tourism. As the

vehicles are increasing and roads are falling short, nowadays we see

frequently traffic jams or long queues at the toll stations waiting for paying the

toll. Paying the toll every-time through cash or checking the pass takes a lot of

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time. And today Time is more precious than money. Therefore our project is

aimed at reducing time consumed for manual transactions and human effort.

The concept of Toll Station

A toll road, also known as a toll way, turnpike, pike or toll pike, is a

road for which a driver pays a toll (that is a fee) for use. Similarly there are

toll bridges and toll tunnels. Non-toll roads are financed using other sources of

revenue, most typically gasoline tax or general tax funds. Tolls have been

placed on roads at various times in history, often to generate funds for

repayment of toll revenue bonds used to finance constructions and operation.

The building or facility where a toll is collected may be called a toll booth, toll

plaza, toll station, or toll gate.

What is a Toll Station?

Two variations of toll roads exist, barrier (mainline) toll plazas and

entry/exit tolls. On a mainline toll system, all vehicles stop at various locations

along the highway to pay a toll.

While this may save money from the lack of need to construct tolls at

every exit, it can cause lots of traffic congestion, and drivers could evade tolls

by going through them as the exits do not have gates. With entry/exit tolls,

vehicles collect a ticket when entering the highway, which displays the fares it

will pay when it exits, increasing in cost for distance traveled. Upon exit, the

driver will pay the amount listed for the given exit. Should the ticket indicate a

traveling violation or be lost, the driver would typically pay the maximum

amount possible for traveling on that highway. Modern toll roads often use a

combination of the two, with various entry and exit tolls supplemented by

occasional mainline tolls.

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History of Toll Roads!

Aristotle and Pliny refer to tolls in Arabia and other parts of Asia. In

India, before the 4th century BC the Arthashastra notes the use of tolls.

Germanic tribes charged tolls to travelers across mountain passes. Tolls were

used in the Holy Roman Empire in the 14th Century and the 15th Century.

A good example in the 14th century would be Castle Lowenstein in the

Netherlands, which was built at a strategic point where 2 rivers met, and

charged tolls to boats sailing the river.

Many modern European roads were originally constructed as toll roads

in order to recover the costs of construction. Turnpike trusts were established

in England beginning in 1706. A good example is the A5 road in the UK,

originally constructed as a toll road in the 18th century.

Modernization!!!

Here’s a report from SUN Microsystems, how the RFID

based toll stations have changed the way toll is collected,

“Intelligent Traffic System Alleviates Congestion for Londoners-

U.K. officials tackles a widespread problem with innovative solutions like

radio frequency identification and a charging scheme in London's city

center.”

On the streets of many cities, cars don't move much faster than their

parked brethren. These endless traffic jams lead to blaring horns, flaring

tempers, missed meetings, and an eroding quality of life as noise and pollution

increase.

The solution however, doesn't require a return to the horse and carriage.

Instead, intelligent traffic systems will manage traffic flow, encourage drivers

to use alternate forms of transport, and even enable people to find the services

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and information they need to drive safely, avoid traffic jams, and perform their

daily routine with fewer hassles.

Some of this technology is now under development at Sun

Microsystems new Traffic Systems Division in the United Kingdom. The

Traffic Systems group will work with Sun's partners and customers on the

development of solutions for traffic management that utilize network-centric

and emerging Internet-based technologies, such as radio frequency

identification (RFID), sensor networks, and Java Card technology.

"Traffic is a problem in all of the major cities around the world. Traffic

problems such as pollution, delays, and congestion have large-scale

environmental, safety, and business costs" says Tempest-Mitchell MD of Sun

Microsystems.

"The need for traffic management is easy to prove. Until now,

administrations have only had very blunt instruments with which to enforce

the policies and controls that can solve some of our traffic problems. But now,

as in London, we're starting to see working examples of sophisticated traffic

technology proving its merit."

London's Radical Solution:

In the winter of 2003, the city of London combined innovative

technology and tolls to combat its overcrowded city streets. Under the

Congestion Zone Charging scheme, drivers are charged £5 (about $8) each

day that they operate a vehicle in the city's center.

Congestion Zone Charging aims to encourage people to use public

transportation, bicycles or motorcycles (neither pay a fee), or even cleaner

vehicles (certain environment-friendly cars pay lower fees). Drivers can pay

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the fee of the trip, or they can pay for up to an entire year in advance; much of

the revenue is reinvested in public transport.

An automatic number plate-recognition system uses fixed cameras at

the entries to the congestion zone and mobile cameras inside the zone to

enforce fee payment, explains Tempest-Mitchell. He notes that Sun hardware

and software systems play a central role in London's solution.

The city has been pleased with the results, according to London's mayor

Ken Livingstone.

"Congestion charging was a radical solution to a long-standing

problem," Livingstone said in a February 2004 press release. Before the

introduction of the charge, London's clogged roads hurt businesses in a variety

of ways: delays in product delivery, higher fees for deliveries due to extra

hours for delayed drivers, and loss of employee hours. In addition, many

potential shoppers avoided the city center due to congestion.

"The scheme has made a real difference in getting London moving again.

Fewer vehicles in the zone, coupled with improved bus services and faster,

more reliable vehicle journeys, make London a far better place to work, live,

and visit. Despite the dire predictions before the launch of the scheme,

congestion charging has proved a success, and that is why nearly three

quarters of Londoners now support the scheme—because it works."

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‘ Coming soon to a City near You’

“Future traffic control systems will be increasingly intelligent. In

addition to handling traffic flow, the systems will also provide valuable

services to citizens, such as sending traffic and construction alerts on request,

locating parked or stolen vehicles, and pointing out the closest gas station,

bank, or shop”, says Tempest-Mitchell.

At the heart of many such advanced systems will be RFID tags, tiny

microchips with radio transmitters that can be attached to plastic or paper tags

or cards.

The chips store data about the tagged object and act as transponders that

relay information to an RFID reader. RFID systems make stored data instantly

accessible to authorized users and can also track the movements and report the

locations of people and things within a specified area. As many government

officials have noticed, RFID is ideal for use in traffic control systems.

"Ideas similar to London's Congestion Charging scheme, but based on

RFID technology, are under consideration in many more U.K. cities—most

notably in Edinburgh", says Tempest-Mitchell. "And cities throughout Europe

with similar congestion problems are now also beginning to consider RFID-

based charging schemes."

RFID-based toll collections are already in use. Cars traveling from Kent

to Essex through the United Kingdom's Dart ford Tunnel, for example, can use

a prepaid RFID-enabled card called the Dart-Tag, which is used to make 15

percent of the tunnel's 46 million annual toll payments, Tempest-Mitchell

says. "Of 17,000 tollgates worldwide, 36 percent are already enabled with

RFID-based automatic payment technologies."

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Non-RFID toll collection systems typically use manned or automated

booths to collect revenue, but the booths can increase congestion and reduce

throughput to a resource such as a bridge or toll road, says retired city planner

Alex Pisa rack.

"RFID will become the technology solution of choice in traffic schemes

because it can keep traffic flowing, accurately collect tolls, and reduce the cost

of toll collection," says Pisa rack.

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INTRODUCTION TO RFID

The goal of our project group was to design the replica of an enlarged

version of the RFID toll station for automating the process of toll collection.

After studying various techniques like GPS, bar-coding etc, which are also

techniques of collecting toll at the cost of huge capital investments; we stuck

upon Radio Frequency Identification, an emerging technology applied for

tracking and communication.

What is RFID?

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) means providing electronic

identity to any object. Electronic information about the object is stored in

RFID chip embedded or attached to the object. It’s an area of automation

which has quickly been gaining momentum in recent years and is now being

seen as a radical means of enhancing data handling processes, complementary

in many ways to other data capturing technologies such as bar-coding. A range

of devices and associated systems are available to satisfy even broader range

of applications which will change the course of industry particularly in the

supply-chain area.

The objective of any RFID system is to carry data in suitable

transponders, generally known as tags, and to retrieve data, by machine at a

suitable time and place to satisfy particular needs. Data within a tag may

provide identification for an item in manufacturing, goods in transit, or the

identity of a vehicle. By including additional data the prospect is provided for

supporting applications through item specific information or instructions

immediately available on reading the tag. With an RFID reader, the electronic

identity (code in the form of several bits) can be read wirelessly. This is where

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RFID differs from other e-tagging technologies such as bar-coding which use

optical recognition. Since RFID uses radio waves, it does not require any line

of sight.

Transponder:

A transponder is generally known as RFID tags stores the data

according to the application and are available in a variety of shapes and sizes

according to the application. RFID tags are mainly classified in two

categories:

Active tags:

Active tags are powered by an internal battery and typically read/write,

i.e. tag can be rewritten and/or modified. Active RFID are designed to

actively transmit the data to the reader using the power of a battery

attached to the tag. The radio frequency received from the Transreceiver is

used for communication only.

Passive tags:

Operates without external power source and obtain the operating

power from the reader. Passive tags are consequently much lighter than

the active tags. They offer a virtually unlimited operational lifetime. They

are designed to transmit the data by reflecting or backscattering, the RF

energy back to the reader. No battery is required to read the data that has

been stored on the RFID tag. The receiver becomes both communication

device and provides energy for the tags.

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ADVANTAGES OF RFID:

RFID functions through both natural and man-made metallic materials.

RFID allows flexible tag placement and can be embedded into an

object. It reads changes or adds information to a tag at any user read

point.

RFID stored information can be protected with a range of security

options.

RFID tags can be rewritten repeatedly or used for permanent data

retention.

RFID provides an extra level of information in some cases as RFID tags

can be programmed more than once.

The ability to read multiple items simultaneously, to read and write

information etc, and a whole new layer to AIDC (AUTO

IDENTIFICATION AND DATA CAPTURE).

EDGE OVER BAR CODES:

A scanner has to see the bar code to read it, which means people usually

have to orient the bar code towards the scanner for it to be read. Since tags do

not require any line of sight, they can be read as long as they are within the

range of the reader. Within the field of the wireless reading device, it is

possible to automatically read hundreds of tags in a second. Bar codes have

other short comings as well. If a label bearing a bar code is ripped off or gets

spoiled or fallen off, there is no way to scan the item. This is where RFID

takes over bar code.

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LIMITATIONS OF RFID:

Price factor.

APPLICATIONS OF RFID:

Customized RFID solutions are now available for all applications.

Prisoners in certain ways are tagged to prevent violent behavior and

possibly their escape.

Petrol stations across America use tracking systems as payment systems

for fuel.

At airport tagged baggage can be easily located even if they are at few

meters away from the wrong conveyer belt.

In Mumbai Marathon for the first time RFID tags were used in a

marathon in Asia to track each competitor and how fast they were

running.

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WORKING CONCEPT OF OUR PROJECT

In our project, we have a vehicle equipped with RFID tag and computer

connected to Transceiver positioned at the Toll station. Whenever the vehicle

enters into the coverage area of transceiver, it locates the tag and decodes the

code assigned to that particular tag. After receiving the code, it is forwarded

to the computer situated at the Toll station. The computer then recognizes the

code and automatically access the database and if the vehicle has its valid

prepaid account at the toll station, the appropriate toll is deducted from that

account and the gate is opened to allow the vehicle to pass. And if the vehicle

doesn’t have a valid prepaid account or it is not a daily traveler, it will have to

pass through a manual check post which will be in another lane.

By using the database we can avoid necessity to transmit entire data

from tag thus enabling us to use tag with very less memory requirement i.e.

we store only 4 or 6 digit code number in the Tag. And this 4 or 6 digit code

is related to the database which is related to the database which is present on

the computer. Each Tag has different code number. It also reduces error

probability and saves processing time.

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PC BASED AUTOMATIC TOLL STATION

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WORKING MODEL

This is the Block diagram of our project’s working model. Before

preparing the Hardware & Software we had designed the block diagram of

working model of our project. It can also be called as Blueprint of our project.

It shows all basic parts required to run our system. And these basic parts will

be explained further in detail.

This consist of 4 main units as shown in the diagram they are,

1) RFID TAG (On Vehicle).

2) RFID Receiver.

3) PC (connected to receiver & gate control).

4) GATE CONTROL.

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1) RFID TAG (On Vehicle):

This unit has its unique code depending on the type of

vehicle i.e. L.M.V or H.M.V.

2) RFID RECEIVER:

It consists of transmitter & receiver used to detect the

presence of RFID tag in its range. After the presence of RFID tag

is detected the corresponding signal is given to the computer.

3) PC (Connected to receiver & gate control):

PC is placed at a distance from the gate. It does the task

of detecting the signal given by receiver and deducting

corresponding amount from the respective account. After

deducting amount from the respective account it gives the signal

to open the gate. After detecting that vehicle has passed it gives

the signal to close the gate.

4) GATE CONTROL:

It does the task of opening or closing the gate when it

receives the corresponding signal from the computer.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TRANSMITTER

TRANSMITTER

The transmitter consists of the Code selector switch, 212 series encoder and

a Wireless module transmitter.

CODE SELECTOR SWITCH:

We are using switches for transmitting the code which is in the binary

format. The code can be decided by the user. An open switch indicates ‘0’ and

a closed switch indicates ‘1’. The code is then given to the encoder.

2 12 SERIES ENCODER:

It consists of 8 bit address line and 4 bit data line. The data is obtained

from the code selector switch with D0–D3. Address is given by A0–A7

switches. These switches are enabled by TE.

WIRELESS MODULE TX:

The data from the encoder is the given to the 315 MHz ASK wireless

module.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RECEIVER

RECEIVER

The receiver consists of the Wireless module receiver, 212 decoder & PC.

WIRELESS MODULE RX:

The data transmitted from the ASK wireless module of the transmitter

side is received by the ASK wireless module of the receiver. It then gives

the data to the decoder.

2 12 SERIES DECODER:

It also consists of 4 bit data line and 8 bit address line similar to that of

the encoder. Data is given by switches D0–D3 and address is given by A0–

A7. The decoded data is then given to PC with help of buffer IC 74243.

PC: The data is displayed in the computer in the form of audio-visuals.

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PCB DESIGNING-

PCB for any given type of equipment is very important and so to prepare

the PCB is much more important. For making the PCB, systematic procedure

is given below-

MATERIALS USED FOR PCB:

The base materials used for PCB are paper phenolic which is less

costly and used in consumer electronics circuits. Paper phenol is more

resistant to moisture but difficult to machine and drill as compared to glass

epoxy. Copper foil for copper clad is manufactured by process of slowly

prorating corrosion resistant metal cylinder. Its lower portion is immersed

in a copper rich electrolytic plating bath; a thin copper deposit gradually

builds in form of metal foil. This metal foil then gently pealed off from the

cylinder surface. Ferric Chloride is recommended for etching small

numbers of boards. It is not used in high volume production because it

cannot be regenerated and it attacks metal etch resists.

DESIGNING THE LAYOUT:

While designing a layout, it must be noted that size of the board should be

as small as possible. Before starting, all components should be placed properly

so that an accurate measurement of space can be made. The component should

not be mounted very close to each other or far away from one another and

neither one should ignore the fact that some component need ventilation,

which considerably the dimension of the relay and transformer in view of

arrangement, the bolting arrangement is also considered.

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ARTWORK:

The prototype circuit is initially tested. Location of components is

fixed. Artwork is the drawing, showing conductor pattern on PCB.

After testing the prototype, a rough layout is prepared on a good

millimeter grid graph paper 1:1 size. Artwork of the circuit 1:1 or 2:1

size is prepared on a good quality graph paper using black waterproof

ink. The artwork may also be prepared on transparent paper with

sticking tapes and patterns.

The following points should be considered before preparing artwork:

1. Resistance of printed conductors.

2. Capacitance between conductors.

3. Spacing between conductors.

4. Width of signal, supply and ground lines should be proper.

For photographic reduction process the artwork should provide

maximum contrast between the portions to be etched away and those to

be left. Thus the artwork should be generated on white sheet with black

ink.

PREPARATION OF SINGLE SIDED PCB:

In single sided PCB, the conductor tracks run only on one side of

copper clad board. Thus crossing of conductor is not allowed. Steps in

preparing single sided PCB:

1. Choice of base material.

2. Cleaning of copper clad laminate surface.

3. Application of photo resist material

4. Exposure.

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5. Image development

6. Etching.

7. Mechanical fabrication and baking.

8. Drilling.

After the entire printed circuit board (PCB) is ready, then drilling

must be done at the required points using hand drill or machine drill,

holes are drilled with 1 mm or 0.8 mm drill. After drilling is done, the

Printed Circuit Board is ready for mounting the components on it. The

components must be mounted on the component side of the PCB. The

rules for component mounting must be followed. Then soldering is to

be done on the layout side of PCB considering the various rules for

soldering.

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PCB OF TRANSMITTER

PCB OF RECEIVER

PCB OF MOTOR-CONTROL

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35


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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

TRANSMITTER:

We have to transmit code number which is four bit parallel data. For

making it wireless we have to transmit it serially. The main problem of

wireless serial data transmission is synchronization. For error less

transmission of bit pattern synchronization in serial data is necessary. So we

are using 212 series encoder & decoder in which we are having 8 bit address

line and 4 bit data lines. Thus this address line provides us security code &

synchronization.

The wireless module works on high frequency i.e. 315 MHz or 450

MHz having 100 meter range which is capable of transmitting serial data.

These modules are made with SMD (Surface Mount Device) technology

hence they are smaller in size with high efficiency. We get encoders and

decoders in pairs and have to take care to adjust same address lines so that we

get valid data of four bit on which we can connect LED indicator which will

show the status of our code number.

212 series encoder and decoder series IC’s are suitable for digital

transmission. It is having feature of four bit parallel to serial data converter

with eight bit address line for security. It is called as 212 series because it

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converts 12 bit data serially out of which D0 to D3 is data line and A0 to A7

are address line.

Capacitors C9 to C10 of 33pF are used for noise suppression. Pin

No.14 is grounded to make the chip enable. Its serial data out-put is send in air

with the help of 315MHz wireless modules which works on ASK (Amplitude

Shift Keying) principal.

The simplest digital modulation technique is amplitude shift keying,

where binary information directly modulates the amplitude of an analog

carrier. ASK is similar to standard amplitude modulation except there are only

two out-put amplitude possible.

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RECEIVER:

Data transmitted by wireless transmitter module is received by wireless

receiver module serially in the form of ASK. It gives digital output which is

given to 212 series decoder which decodes this data and gives output in four

bits. The received data is compared three times and if its address A0 - A7 is

matched then only data is available on the output so care must be taken for

setting the same address code by the switch. 8 bit DIP switch is connected to

address line. When this switch is ON, address line is zero. Whenever the

address code gets matched then it is called as valid transmission and pin No 17

goes high. This is indicated by an LED which is normally in ON condition if

transmission and reception is normal i.e. receiver is in its range.

We are connecting LED’s with current limiting resistor of 1.2K on the

output of HT 12D which indicates the status of code number.

PC is used to read number received by wireless modules and decode by

212 series decoder. The received input of decoder is 4 bit data and a

synchronization signal which indicates the reception of valid data. We read the

data when this pin goes high. PC printer port can read only five bits and the

received signal is 4 bit data and a synchronization signal of one bit.

The receiver installed in the vehicle will receive this signal when ever it

reaches near the transmitter which is received through printer port and

processed by PC.

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POWER SUPPLY:

The performance of the master box depends on the proper functioning

of the power supply unit. The power supply converts not only A.C into D.C,

but also provides o/p voltage of 5volts, 1 amp.

The essential components of the power supply are:

TRANSFOMER:

As name suggests it transforms the voltage level from one level

to another. Transformer used is the step down transformer to step 230 v

to +5v.It provides isolation too from the mains.

RECTIFIER:

The rectifier is used to convert A.C to D.C voltage. The design

that we have carried out is of the full wave rectifier, using 1N4001

diodes. The full wave bridge rectifier has advantage over the full wave

centre tap rectifier like the need for the centre-tapped transformer is

eliminated. The PIV is one half of the centre–tap circuit.

FILTER :

A filter circuit is a device, which removes ac component of

rectified output but allows the dc component to reach the load. The

filter used is a simple capacitor of 100µf/25v.

REGULATOR:

A voltage regulator is a circuit that supplies a constant voltage

regardless of changes in load current. The regulator used in our project

is IC 7805, which is a three terminal voltage regulator. A heat sink is

used, so that the heat produced by the regulator dissipating power has a

larger area from which it can radiate the heat into the air by holding the

case temperature to a much lower value than that which would result

without the heat sink. IC7805 has an internal thermal overload

protection and the internal short circuit current limiting device.

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IC 7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

The 78xx series of three terminal regulators is available with fixed

output voltage making them useful in wide range of applications. One of this

is local regulation, eliminating the distortion problems associated with single

point regulation. The voltage available allows these regulators to be used in

logic systems instrumentation, Hi-Fi and other solid state equipment.

The LM 7805 is available in aluminum (3 terminals) packages, which

will allow over 1.0 Ampere load current if adequate heat sinking is provided.

Current limiting is included to limit the peak output current to a safe value.

Protection for the output transistors is provided to limit internal power

dissipation. If internal power dissipation becomes too high for the heat sinking

provided, the thermal shut circuit takes place over preventing the IC from over

heating.

Considerable efforts were expended to make the LM 7805 regulators

easy to use and minimize the number of external components. It is not

necessary to by pass the output although this does improve transient response.

FEATURES:

Output current is excess of 1A

Internal thermal overload protection.

No external components required.

Internal short-circuit current limit.

Available in the aluminum T0 - 3 packages.

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ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS:

1. Input voltage Up to 35v.

2. Internal Power dissipation. Internally limited

3. Operating temp. Range. 00 c to 700

4. Maximum junction temp. (T. package). +1250C.

5. Storage temp. Range. 650 c to 1500 C.

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43


ABOUT SOFTWARE

Introduction To Java:

Java was designed by Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s. Java was

developed specifically for the World Wide Web to solve the problem of

connecting many household machines together. The Java language has a

number of interesting properties. One property is that it is intended to be

portable, even to the extent that programs can be dynamically loaded over the

network and run locally. The Java language and runtime system (which

includes libraries, the compiler, and the byte code interpreter) attempt to

address security issues; with the result that Sun claims Java will be secure.

The Java byte code is "write once and execute always". We can compile Java

programs on a platform and execute them in another completely different

architecture that has an implementation of the Java virtual Machine (JVM).

For example a Java program can be compiled on a Windows NT platform and

run without trouble on a Sun Ultra Solaris.

A Java platform has two components:

1. The Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

2. An Application Programming Interface (API)

2.1.2 Advantages Of Java of Over Other Languages:

Java has significant advantages over other languages and environments that

make it suitable for just about any programming task.

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The advantages of Java are as follows:

1. Java is easy to learn.

2. Java was designed to be easy to use and is therefore easy to write,

compile, debug, and learn than other programming languages.

3. Java is object-oriented.

4. This allows you to create modular programs and reusable code.

5. Java is platform-independent.

2.1.3 Java 1.0, 1.1, and 2 (same as Java 1.2):

Java 1.0 was the first version. Java 1.1 added important changes to user

interface management, and many important new classes were added (JDBC,

JavaBeans ...). Java 2 was released at the end of 1998 with important additions

to many different parts of Java, but especially with an improved graphical user

interface, and many additional packages.

Versions:

1. Java 1.0 - 212 classes in 8 packages, released May 1996

2. Java 1.1 - 503 classes in 23 packages, released Feb 1997

3. Java 1.2/2.0 - 1,520 classes in 59 packages, released Dec 1998

4. Java 5.0 - 3562 classes in 166 packages.

Version used in this project: Java 1.4.2_10

Java now is continued as ‘Free Software’, with the sources available under

SUN Microsystems (refer site http://www.sun.java.com).

Key Features Used In This Project:

45

http://www.sun.java.com/


File Handling

AWT

Threads

Javaswing

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JAVA SWING:

2.2.1 Introduction:

GUIs represent only a single interface in complex software system, that

between the user and other software components. Today’s sophisticated

software has numerous interfaces between program components and modules.

The GUI is the most critical interface from the software users’ perspective.

User interfaces are addressed by programmers or designers other than those

responsible for core algorithms or processes. We explore two prominent

platforms by which many computer scientists gain their first experience in

developing a GUI –JavaSwing .

Javaswing is an extension of the Java programming language that enables

developers to create GUIs for Java source code, which can subsequently be

employed on various architectures like PCs (running Linux or Windows),

Macs, Sun Workstations and other computing platforms.

Swing is a GUI toolkit for Java. Swing is one part of the Java Foundation

Classes (JFC). Swing includes graphical user interface (GUI) widgets such as

text boxes, buttons, split-panes, and tables. Java and JavaSwing are products

of Sun Microsystems. JavaSwing is a collection of 17 public packages of

custom classes and methods for creating GUIs.

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http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery;jsessionid=4kc00dp78gklc?method=4&dsid=2222&dekey=Widget+(computing)&gwp=8&curtab=2222_1&sbid=lc05a

http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery;jsessionid=4kc00dp78gklc?method=4&dsid=2222&dekey=Graphical+user+interface&gwp=8&curtab=2222_1&sbid=lc05a

http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery;jsessionid=4kc00dp78gklc?method=4&dsid=2222&dekey=Java+Foundation+Classes&gwp=8&curtab=2222_1&sbid=lc05a

http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery;jsessionid=4kc00dp78gklc?method=4&dsid=2222&dekey=Java+Foundation+Classes&gwp=8&curtab=2222_1&sbid=lc05a

http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery;jsessionid=4kc00dp78gklc?method=4&dsid=2222&dekey=Java+programming+language&gwp=8&curtab=2222_1&sbid=lc05a

http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery;jsessionid=4kc00dp78gklc?method=4&dsid=2222&dekey=Widget+toolkit&gwp=8&curtab=2222_1&sbid=lc05a


Interface

Java swing is a component of the Java Foundation Classes (JFC) for the Java

programming language. Programs written in the Java language are first

compiled into Java byte code, and then this code is run through a Java

interpreter which must be installed on the platform on which the code is to

run. This allows programs written in Java to be compiled once, distributed,

and then run on the various computer architectures programmers have a rich

set of tools for creating GUIs that suit their needs, as well as the ability to

extend the classes and methods provided by Java swing for customization..

Here are most of the commonly used classes and methods of Java swing, at

least those that are required in order to program fully functioning GUIs. The

Java swing provides components that are used to create a GUI, example code

segments, fully functional code that can be copied, compiled and run by the

user, and screen shots of code like when it is run on a native interpreter.

Swing gives much fancier screen displays than the raw AWT. Since they are

written in pure Java, they run the same on all platforms, unlike the AWT.

They are part of the JFC. They support pluggable look and feel — not by

using the native platform's facilities but by roughly emulating them. This

means we can get any supported look and feel on any platform.

This means that programmers have a rich set of tools for creating GUIs that

suit their needs, as well as the ability to extend the classes and methods

provided by JavaSwing for customization. Swing is basically a set of

customizable graphical components whose look-and-feel can be dictated at

runtime.

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2.2.3 Swing Features:

Pluggable look-and feels

Lightweight components

o Do not depend on native peers to render themselves.

o Simplified graphics to paint on screen

o Similar behaviour across all platforms

o Portable look and feel

o Only a few top level containers not lightweight.

New components -- tress tables, sliders progress bars, frames, text

components.

Tooltips -- textual popup to give additional help

arbitrary keyboard event binding

2.2.4 2.2.4 The Swing Component Hierarchy:

Top Level Components:

JApplet : simple extension of java.applet.Applet class for use

when swing

programs are designed to be used in web browser or

appletviewer.

JDialog : replacement for java.awt.Dialog provides information and

simple

user prompts. JOptionPane class is a new Swing alternative

for easy creation of simple dialogs.

JFrame : Most common container.

JWindow :A window container.

JComponent : the base component class

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2.2.5 Swing Packages:

javax.swing: Provides a set of "lightweight" (all-Java language) components

that, to the maximum degree possible, work the same on all

platforms.

javax.swing.plaf : Provides one interface and many abstract classes that Swing

uses

to provide its pluggable look-and-feel capabilities.

javax.swing.plaf.basic: Provides user interface objects built according to the

Basic

look-and-feel.

javax.swing.plaf.multi: Provides user interface objects built according to

multi-

platform look-and-feel.

javax.swing.plaf.metal :Provides user interface objects built according to the

“metal” look-and-feel.

com.sun.java.swing.plaf.motif :Provides user interface objects built according

to

the ``Motif'' look-and-feel.

com.sun.java.swing.plaf.windows : Provides user interface objects built

according to the ``Windows'' look-and-feel.

javax.accessibility : Defines a contract between user-interface components and

assistive technology that provides access to those

components.

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51


COMPONENT LIST:

These are the components soldered on the PCB to complete the respective

sections of Circuit Boards,

TRANSMITTER SECTION-

RESISTOR (All resistor ¼ watt +-5, carbon)

R1-R4= 1.2K

R5= 1M

SEMICONDUCTOR

IC1= HT12E

MISCELLANEOUS

DIP SWITCH= 8 WAY

DIP SWITCH= 4 WAY

ASK MODULE TX (315 MHz)

RECIEVER SECTION-

RESISTOR-(All resistor 1/4 watt +-5, carbon)

R1-R4= 1.2K

R6= 51K

SEMICONDUCTOR

IC1= HT12D

IC2= 74243

MISCELLANEOUS

DIP SWITCH= 8 WAY

ASK MODULE RX (315MHz)

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MOTOR CONTROL SECTION

RESISTOR (All resistor ¼ watt +-5, carbon)

R1-R4= 4.7K

R5-R12= 1.2K

SEMICONDUCTOR

IC1= 74245

IC2= ULN2803

IC3= 74138

IC4-IC7= 74243

LED= 12(3 MM)

MISCELLANEOUS

PCB MOUNT 25 PIN D CONNECTOR

PARALLEL PORT CABLE

MOTOR= DC GEAR MOTOR

POWER SUPPLY SECTION

IC1= 7805

C1= 2200uF/25V

C2= 1uF/25V

C3= 0.1uF

D1, D2= IN4007

MAINS CORD= 2 PIN (2 METER)

TRANSFORMER= 9-0-9

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54


DATA BASE:

We are using M.S. Access data base as back end for V.B. it stores

values for corresponding fields on main form. These values provide detailed

information about user vehicle number, and are marked by appropriate tag

numbers. This database is relatively easy to prepare and to update. It can be

linked with V.B. application using data base link button, and specifying

accurate path extension.

FORM DESIGN:

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ADVANTAGES OF OUR PROJECT:

Human effort and time is reduced.

The technology used does not require line of sight.

It is based on completely wireless technology.

Requires no Toll Plazas and investment on the infrastructure of building

huge toll plaza can be saved.

Choice of toll payment methods i.e. either Pre-paid or Post-

paid.

Widely used standard and globally accepted and implemented.

At presently available manual toll plazas there are high chances

of cheatings to be conducted. But in case of computerized toll

station, the cheating is completely eliminated because the

control is over the main server and there is no human interface

in the collection of the charges at the toll plazas.

Without the interruption in the flow of traffic, this system can

efficiently work 24 hours a day.

LIMITATIONS OF OUR PROJECT:

As every coin has its two sides, our system also has its ADVANTAGES

& few LIMITATIONS which can be overcome easily. They are,

We have to invest in dedicated computers which run 24X7 for each lane for

fast service.

We have to make provision for UPS for uninterrupted service.

If RFID tag is destroyed the information in it is lost & we will have to make

separate back-ups for every tag.

So basically investment cost is only the main limitation factor.

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APPLICATIONS OF RFID

Customizes RFID solutions are now available for all applications are

frequency

ranges. Some of the most common uses are listed below.

The range from 8-10 MHz is used for animal and stock tagging mainly

for identification rather than tracking. Animal tracking tags, inserted

beneath the skin, can be as small as a pencil lead in diameter and ten

millimeters in length.

The frequency of exactly 13.56MHz is very widely used in almost all

smart card applications. The range is approximately 4 inches and the

circuit is simple enough to fit into the standard credit card shape and

size.

2.45 GHz is another popularly used frequency. It is employed in

railroad car monitoring, automatic toll collection systems and in factory

line assembly. Heavy-duty 120 100 50 millimeter rectangular

transponders are used to track inter-modal containers or heavy

machinery, trucks, and railroad cars for maintenance and tracking

applications.

Low frequency range from 1-10 MHz is used in electronic article

surveillance (EAS) in retail stores. EAS is used prevent shoplifting. The

anti-theft hard plastic tags attached to merchandise in stores are also

RFID tags. It is also similarly used for inventory control wherein

product code number and other data is read from its tag.

Prisoners in certain ways are tagged to prevent violent behavior and

possibly escape.

Petrol stations across America use tracking systems as payment systems

for fuel.

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At airport tagged baggage can be easily located even if they are a few

meters away from the wrong conveyer belt.

In Mumbai Marathon for the first time RFID tags were used in

marathon in Asia to track each competitor and how fast they were

running.

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FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS:-

Use of the Transceiver tags provides facility to locate a vehicle

position (like GPS) along with providing location information to

tourists traveling in vehicle.

Providing touch screen monitors to each tourist, helps in improving

communication and allows access to more information resources

(online) as per individual requirements.

With frequency band authentication, dedicated transceiver systems

and improved databases,” tourist guide system” can be implemented

practically.

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CONCLUSION

Times are changing and even this Manual Technique for Taxation at toll

station has to change and seeing a change in mind set of every individual this

technology would also be taken whole heartedly. And we would see that

paying Toll at the Toll station wont be that time consuming and much accurate

and preferred across every nook and corner of the globe wherever there would

be a toll station. And as described above about the merits of this Toll station

we don’t think that its not that far enough when we would see this technology

being used in India and in terms benefiting the whole society as well as the

company whose is involved in Toll taxation.

RFID is a powerful technology, and it is likely to see world-wide

deployment within the coming years. Continuous technological advancements

of RFID have resulted in reduced cost of installation and maintenance of

devices across different market segments. Comparing advantages and

limitations of our system we can conclude that our system is beneficial for

daily travelers and Toll station authorities to lessen the burden.

And finally, while RFID may seem to be a fairly simple and innocuous

technology on the surface, a wide range of issues and choices need to be

explored and resolved for its successful, wide-scale deployment. We are

seeing great promise and signs that the RFID and future upcoming sensor

network technologies will help to change the way we think about our

manufacturing processes and the interactions with the people and customers.

With frequency band authentication, dedicated transceiver systems and

improved databases, “ADVANCED TOLLING SYSTEM” can be

implemented practically. By future modifications we can implement system

practically with help of organizations like state transport co-operation, private

toll authorities, NHAI, MSRTDC, etc.

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Finally I would quote “The traveler was active; he went

strenuously in search of people, of adventure, of

experience. The tourist is passive; he expects

interesting things to happen to him. He goes ‘sight-

seeing’ -Daniel J. Boorstin”.

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DATASHEETS

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TOLL STATION WITHOUT IMPLEMENTATION OF OUR PROJECT:

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TOLL STATION AFTER IMPLEMENTING OUR SYSTEM:

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BIBLOGRAPHY

http://www.nyu.edu/projects/jerschow/pubs.html

http://www.ewek.com/category

http://www.ftc.gov

http://www.rfidjournal.com

Intel’s database:

http://www.developer.intel.com

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http://www.developer.intel.com/

http://www.rfidjournal.com/

http://www.ftc.gov/

http://www.ewek.com/category

http://www.nyu.edu/projects/jerschow/pubs.html

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