“A STUDY ON FACTOR AFFECTING

ABSENTEEISM”

[A STUDY UNDERTAKEN WITH 70 RESPONDENT (OPERATIVE

EMPLOYEE) OF NIF GROUP OF INDUSTRY, NAVSARI. ]

A

RESEARCHER DISSERTATION

SUBMITTED TO

SMT. S. J. PATEL & SMT K. K. PATEL

DEPATRMENT OF SOCAIL WORK

SARDAR PATEL UNIVERSITY

VALLABH VIDHAYNAGAR

IN

PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQURIEMENT

FOR THE DEGREE

OF

MASTER OF SOCIAL WORK

RESEARCH GUIDE: RESEARCHER:

MS. SHIVANI MISHRA JASHMINA N. CHAUDHARY

EXAM NO

I.D. NO.

PREFACE

With the changing Industrial landscape of the country the growth of new Industrial

township & the dispersal of captivity, a process of “ Industrial culturailisation” of

workers has set in new working class have come into being & old ones are expanding.

The National commission on labour has observed “In the new trend of industrial”- many

labour problems are recorded. ‘Absenteeism’ is one of the ever present problem of the

organization. Absenteeism when an employee fails to attend work, when he is expected to

attend, he may be regarded as absent.” When an employee stays away from work and

fails to inform the management about his intention of staying away, he would be regarded

as absent.

The problem area on which this research work is focused related to “Absenteeism”. I am

motivated to take this topic, as research work because Absenteeism is burning problems in

Industry, Which is one of the major problems and an issue affecting adversely employees,

organization, nation and others in the society. Thus the Absenteeism in Indian industries

is a complex socio-economic problem.

“Absenteeism” is a very critical issue of industrial relation and has many important facts

to be studied and focused. Absenteeism pattern among the workers followed every year.

The related factors to the Absenteeism like Personal factors, Family problems, Social &

religions factors, Health factors, Working condition, welfare facilities, working hours

etc… when the management side affected factors like very strict policy, average

relationship between employer and employee are play very important role in increase the

rate of absenteeism.

To carry the study of a Absenteeism among worker are very important to

improve the productivity of the management and labour.

In presenting in this study researcher try to focus on to know about the reason of

the Absenteeism in the Industry.

Jashmina N. Chaudhari.

(2009)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I, Jashmina N. Chaudhari, student of master of social work take this opportunity. I

would like to express my gratitude and profound thank to management of NIF group of

Industry, Navsari . Who granted me permission for data collection and summer training .

This was indeed a golden opportunity for me to work with them and learn the important

aspects.

I express my gratitude to my research guide respected Ms. Shivani Mishra who

constructively guided me in every phase of my study and assisted and supporting in the

overall completion of this Dissertation.

I would like to very much thank to Mr. Vijay Kansara the general manager of NIF

group of Industry for granting me permission and guided me.

I express my profound gratitude to Mr. Sanjay Talwekar, HR Officer (personnel

Department) who helped me and guided me to carry on data collection and research work

in their Industry. Under whose guidance & co-operation I would achieve my goal.

I am also thankful to the management and all concerned officer and respondent of

NIF group of Industry, without those co-operation this study could not have been

possible.

Lastly, I would like to thank to department of social work and all respective staff

member and my friends who co-operation and support me.

Jashmina N. Chaudhari.

INDEX

SR.NO CONTENT PAGE NO

1 PREFACE

2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3 LIST OF TABLES

4 LIST OF GRAPHS

5 CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION

6 CHAPTER II - REVIEW OF LITERATURE

7 CHAPTER III - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

8 CHAPTER IV- RESEARCH SETTING

9 CHAPTER V - DATA ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION

10 CHAPTER VI - FINDING, CONCLUSION,

RECOMMENDATION AND PLAN OF ACTION

11 ANNEXURE- INTERVIEW SCHEDULE

12 BIBLIOGRAPHY

LIST OF TABLE

TABL

E.NO

TITLE PAGE

NO

SECTION-1 PERSONAL INFORMATION

1 Showing Age-wise distribution of respondent’s.

2 Showing Religion-wise distribution of respondent’s.

3 Showing Marital status of the Respondent’s.

4 Showing Distribution of respondent’s based on education.

5 Showing Distribution of respondent’s based on Length of service.

6 Showing Distribution of respondent’s based on Nature of Service.

7 Showing Distribution of respondent’s based on Place of Residence.

8 Showing Distributions of Respondent’s According to Family Type.

9 Showing Distribution of Respondent’s According to Relation with

family member.

SECTION-2 FACTORS RELATED TO JOB

10 Showing whether respondent’s satisfaction with the work place or

not.

11 Showing whether respondent’s satisfaction with the present Income

or not.

12 Showing whether respondent’s inform their superior before taking

leave or not.

13 Showing if one of the staff member is absent in the department which

kind of problem arise.

SECTION-3 WORKING CONDITION

14 Showing respondent’s likeness regarding working environment.

15 Showing respondent’s relations:

A. With their supervisor

B. With their co-worker

16 Showing whether respondent’s get good guidance & response from

their supervisor or not.

17 Showing whether respondent’s get good guidance & response from

their supervisor or not.

18 Showing whether respondent’s remain absent effect their interest in

work or not.

19 Showing which type of facilities available for worker.

20 Showing whether respondent’s are satisfied with the facilities

provided to them or not.

SECTION-4 TRANSPORTATION

21 Showing whether respondent’s face any kind of problem while

reaching the work place or not.

SECTION-5 HEALTH

22 Showing whether respondent’s attend their work when they are sick

or unhealthy or not.

23 Showing whether respondent’s suffer any illness during the last one

year or not.

24 Showing whether respondents attend their work when any of their

family members is sick or not.

25 Showing whether respondent’s any family member suffered from any

kind of major or minor illness during the last one year or not.

26 Showing whether respondent’s do any surgery or accidental surgery

during the last one year or not.

SECTION-6 ACCCIDENT

27 Showing whether respondent’s remained absent due to any accident

during the last one year or not.

28 Showing whether respondent’s any family members suffered from

any accidents & has their caused they remain absent from work or

not.

SECTION-7 SOCIAL FACTOR

29 Showing whether celebration of any festival affected respondents

present at the factory during the last one year or not.

30 Showing whether respondent’s marriage ceremony affected their

present in the factory during the last one year or not.

31 In the past one year was there occasion or instance where in your

remain absent due to guest.

SECTION-8 ECONOMIC FACTOR

32 Showing respondent’s what to do in case of financial crisis.

33 Showing whether respondent’s have any part time job or business or

agriculture or not.

34 Showing whether respondent’s family have own any piece of land?

Or involved in any kind of seasonal job or not.

SECTION-9 OTHER FACTOR

35 Showing whether respondent’s take visit their native place during

festival days or holidays or not.

36 Showing whether respondent’s drink alcohol or not.

37 Showing whether respondents feel burden of work or not.

38 Showing whether respondents have sufficient knowledge of their

work or not.

39 Showing respondent’s reason of absence.

40 Showing whether respondent’s absenteeism due to stress or not.

INTRODUCTION

Absenteeism is one of the major human problems of the day in industrial. It affects the

cost of production, and creates problems in achieving production targets and of securing

accelerated economic growth. Absenteeism is a social malady in an industry which

disrupts work schedules, imposes extra burden on co-workers, reduces efficiency in

labour productivity and lowers worker’s morale. In a planned economy, absenteeism

creates hindrances in production targets, profit prospects, investments and incentives to

working class. The first and foremost question therefore, is to understand the concept of

Absenteeism.

The word absenteeism signifies the absence of an employee from work when he is

scheduled to be at work, it is unauthorized, unexplained, unavoidable, and willful absence

from work. Absenteeism has also been defined as the failure of workers to report on the

job when they are scheduled to work, for example when their names are actually on the

pay rolls of the organization. K.N.Vaid opined that the definition adopted by the Labour

Bureau and other authorities are not acceptable because of defective use of tool for its

measurement. The efficiency and experience of worker is affected by the rate of

absenteeism and labour turn over. The Production of an industry largely depends upon the

efficiency and experience of its worker. Hence it is very important to analyze and control

absenteeism and labour turn over. Absence is complex phenomenon. The increasing inter-

dependence of the people with key skills to be replaced by others even on temporary basis

during absence. Loss to employer is still grater as both discipline & efficiency suffers. It

gives rise to many industrial labour & social problems. It also reflects the attitude of the

worker towards industrial life.

Absenteeism is a very critical issue of industrial relation and has many important facts to

be studied and focused. Absenteeism is a symptom of worker’s dissatisfaction to work in

the organization. It may be either because of management attitude such as quality of

supervision and behavior of the supervisor, size of the department or nature of work. The

reasons may be because of workers self-illness, difficulty of transportation or full\filament

of religious rituals.

There are two type of Absenteeism;

1. The Rare absentee, where an employee remain absent only in unavoidable and

uncontrollable reasons.

2. The Chronic absentee, where the employee is habitual to remain absent from work,

and. The chronic absentees are considered to be strange variety of human beings whose

different work behaviour arises in an entirely different way from that of regular workers.

Some trace this behaviour to poverty and others to biological weakness or feeble-

mindedness.

1. CHRONIC ABSENTEEISM

Human resource managers also grapple with problems posed by workers who are

chronically absent. The legal right of employer to discipline employees who are

chronically absent is firmly established; employers must first, however, make such

employees aware of the problem and give them a chance to improve. Some companies

have implemented a surprisingly simple solution to the problem of chronic absenteeism:

they have the worst offender counsel each other. In one research study patterned after

drug and alcohol abuse programs, a company paired valued employees who had absence

problems with each other. If one felt like skipping work, he or she was encouraged to call

the buddy to talk it out.

During the study, the employees absence rates dropped by nearly 50 percent. Once

they stopped participating in this absence-intervention program, their absence levels

increased, but they remained lower than they had been before peer counseling. Employees

who participated in the study found that they could talk freely with each other about the

reasons behind their absences. The buddy would help talk through the problem, and

encourage the wavering employee to return to work. Absence-intervention programs have

also revealed that absentee workers have little idea how much time they were really

missing from work. They knew they were taking “too much” time, but until the buddy

started tracking it for them, they were unaware of how their absence was affecting the

company.

Similarly, companies are increasingly aware that, by understanding the cause of

absenteeism, the phenomenon can be reduced to its lowest possible level. Additionally, a

worker’s family status is a key predictor of absenteeism. Employees with children,

particularly single parents, are far more likely to be absent than those without children. As

such, future absence-management policies will most likely include the concept of paid

time off coupled with improved family health, children care/elder care, and other

programs designed to improve the quality of employees’ live and relieve some of their

family and other network responsibilities.

DEFINITIONS & CONCEPT

AS Following are some definitions of Absenteeism

ABSENCE:

The fact of being away from one’s position while scheduled to be on duty.

ABSENTEE:

A person who fails to report to work when scheduled to do so.

Voluntary non attendance at work, without valid reason. Absenteeism means either

habitual evasion of work, or willful absence as in a strike action. It does not include

involuntary or occasional absence due to valid causes, or reasons beyond one's control,

such as accidents or sickness. See also attendance management.

Meaning of Absenteeism

The state of being absent, especially frequently; the practice of an absentee. The practice of absenting one's self from the country or district where one's estate

is situated.

- Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (1913)

Absenteeism voluntary and involuntary absence from work of the failure of

worker to report on the job when they are scheduled to work. Considerable difference in

interpretation of absenteeism is difficult. In an effort to improve comparability,

statisticians suggest that the term should not include absence due to holiday, strikes or

termination of employment. Absenteeism is higher in time of full employment than in

periods of low demand for labour. Some of the leading industrialist has defined.

Absenteeism as:

The failure of worker to report to work he is required to do so.

The worker who stops attending work at the factory site without informing the authorities

of his absence till he is removed from the service or resigns.

From his job.

The worker is marked absent if he goes late for five times in a month. This may vary from

industry to industry. This however comes under force absenteeism.

“The failure of a worker to report for work when he is schedule to work”.

The Factories Act,1947

The concept of absenteeism rate indicates the sum total of time lost due to all type

of leave and unauthorized absence. Authorized leave includes proper vacations, sickness,

accident, casual leave or recognized over-stay and any other absence condoned by the

employers before or after the fulfillment of leave. Unauthorised absence includes all those

cases where work is available, the worker knows about it but fails to report for duty and

the employer has no prior information for the worker’s failure. Absences may also be due

to strikes and lock-outs (both the legal and illegal) and lay off. Absenteeism rate indicates

more or less unavoidable Some loss either by authorised or unauthorised absence at a

given point of time. Is absenteeism means:

Absence from the duty in the following cases - should be include in absenteeism.

1) If employee is on CL/SL/EL - should be include in absenteeism

2) If employee in on Official Duty - should be include in absenteeism

3) Without Pay - should be include in absenteeism

Worker: This term covered all persons who were defined as workers in the Factories Act,

1948, i.e., all persons employed directly or through any agency, whether for wages or not,

in any manufacturing process or in cleaning any part of machinery or premises used for

manufacturing process or in any other kind of work, incidental to, or connected with the

manufacturing process or the subject of manufacturing process. Thus, the term ‘worker’

covered those workers who were directly employed by the factory/establishment and

those who were employed through contractors.

Absenteeism; for purposes of the survey, the term ‘Absenteeism’ was defined as

the failure of a worker to report for work when he was scheduled to work.

Absenteeism consists of days not at work, being late and taking excessively long

breaks: Guinness (5th Edition)

Absenteeism is the term used to describe the fact of an individual's missing his or her

regular daily activity. For adults, absenteeism generally refers to individuals' absence

from their jobs. In analyses of the indirect costs of all illness, all days of absence from

work attributable to sickness are included in calculating the absenteeism component of

indirect cost. In analyses of the indirect costs of specific illnesses or unhealthful behaviors

like cigarette smoking, the productivity loss of interest is that associated with excess.

Absenteeism due to the disease or condition at issue. The essential word here is "excess."

Nearly all workers experience some days of absenteeism during the course of the normal

work year. However, workers who suffer from specific acute or chronic illnesses are

likely to miss more work days than usual. It is these extra days of missed work that create

the lost productivity calculated as an indirect cost of specific illnesses.

The costs associated with absenteeism are estimated by multiplying the number of days of

absenteeism by the best measure of workers' contribution to productivity: their daily wage

rate. In the case of conditions that are distributed among the population reasonably

independent of people's age and occupational status, an average wage rate for the

population as a whole may be applied. In the case of many illnesses, however, the

distribution of the conditions is not independent of age and occupation. In these instances,

analysis attempt to associate age-and occupation-specific wage rates with the days of

work missed due to morbidity or disability. For example, were one interested in assessing

the costs associated with back pain, one of the most common causes of work loss in

America, one would emphasize wage rates paid to industrial and other blue-collar workers

whose jobs require them to lift and move heavy objects. An analysis of the social costs of

breast cancer, a disease that afflicts primarily women, would utilize wages earned by

women in calculating the burden of absenteeism attributable to the disease.

Not all disease-related work loss occurs among paid workers. Conditions that afflict

people caring for their children or cleaning their homes also impose costs on society. A

complete estimate of the burden of disease must account for absenteeism in this sector of

the society as well. Formal analyses often include unpaid work loss by multiplying days

lost by what economists call a "shadow price," an estimate of the value of the unpaid

labor performed. For example, unpaid child care may be valued at the wages of paid day-

care providers. Similarly, housework time lost may be valued by the wage rate of paid

domestic house cleaners.

Although there is no argument about whether absenteeism imposes a significant cost on

members of society, economists and public health analysts frequently differ on whether

they consider such absenteeism a social cost. To public health analysts, illness-and injury-

related absenteeism represents a burden on society as a whole, a social cost of enormous

proportions. In contrast, to economists such productivity losses represent primarily private

costs borne directly by the sick and disabled workers and their families, not the broader

society. How one classifies such costs is not merely an academic exercise. Certain public

health policies, such as the taxation of cigarettes and alcoholic beverages, are based in

part on determination of the social cost of the consumption of these products. If the cost to

society is deemed large, a high tax may be warranted to signal smokers and drinkers that

the implications of their behaviors burden the rest of society, not merely themselves.

However this argument is resolved, no one challenges the notion that illness-and behavior

related absenteeism constitutes an important element of the burden of disease.

CAUSES OF ABSENTEEISM

Absenteeism is not a single problem, it inheres many problems in itself. It is a symptom of

a complex disease in an industry. The phenomenon of absenteeism has been explained the

various ways. According to one line of thought, absenteeism is due to a lack of

“commitment” on the part of work force. Clark kerr and his association are of the opinion

that since “the degree if the commitment varies with the degree of a country’s industrial

growth or maturity, absenteeism is inversely related to industrial development….The

worker in the process of the early stages on industrialization is more prone to

absenteeism, prolonged and sporadic withdrawal from industrial work, wildcat stoppages,

naked violence, and destruction of machines and property. Absenteeism is due to the

factors that influence a worker’s commitment”. The principal causes of absenteeism of

industrial workers in present day time are not the same.

GENERAL CAUSES OF ABSENTEEISM

Maladjustment with factory conditions:-

As a worker continues to live in the city, urban life becomes distasteful to him because of

the in sanitary condition prevailing there. He finds himself caught within great factory

walls; he is bewildered by heavy traffic, by jostling, by stranger speaking different

language; he is confused by different religions and tastes; and he is weary of the misery of

slums and of toiling for long hours. He is subject to strict discipline and is ordered by

complete stranger to do the things which he cannot understand. As a result, he is under

constant strain, which cause him serious distress and impairs his efficiency. All these

factors tend to persuade him to maintain his cont

Sickness:-

Sickness is the main cause and is responsible for a considerable part of absenteeism.

Most of our industries are not paying attention towards the maintenance of hygienic

condition. So sickness is a common problem for working population in developing

country like India.

Rural Ties:-

In Indian industries most of the labour force is of migratory character. They come

from rural places to urban industrial area in search of livelihood. Indian worker is still a

part time peasant. It has been noticed that the workers go back to their village at the time

of the harvesting and sowing of the crops. Besides their visit to the village home is

frequent and hence increases the rate of absenteeism.

Shifts:-

The night shift is also one of the causes of absenteeism. As it is difficult to work in

night shifts as compared to day shifts, and also the other cause behind it is that one prefers

to remain at home with family, and also discomfort faced in night duties results in a

greater percentage of absenteeism during night shifts.

Accident:-

An industrial accident is another cause of absenteeism in heavy industries. Accident

is a common affair with worker. In case of hazardous nature of job, the accident occurs

more frequently, which leads to higher rate of absenteeism. Improper safety provisions,

lack of concentration, lack of training are some common reasons of accidents. In some

cases fear to work in certain type of work that involves chances of accidents.

Social and Religion Ceremonies:-

Social and Religion functions diverts workers from work to social activities. On

all plants absenteeism is high during local festivals irrespective of whether the workers

are from rural areas or not. As Aristotle has rightly said, `Man is a social animal` he likes

to form social groups and celebrate various social and religious functions. Since workers

like to stay with their families on such occasions hence they go back to their village for

short period. The workers who are related to political party and social institution as an

active member always remain absent during election, meeting.

Unhealthy working Condition:-

Irritating and intolerable working condition exist in factories. Heat and moisture

(which rapidly exhaust the worker), noise and vibration in the factory9which affect the

hearing), bad lighting condition (which causes of eye-strain), problems of dust, fumes,

overcrowding. All these affect workers health causing him to remain absent work for a

long time.

Absence of adequate welfare facilities:-

Absenteeism is also due to the inadequate welfare facilities available to the

worker, for a vast majority of industrialists in India still look upon welfare work as a

barren liability rather than a wise investment. The national commission on labour

observes:” The statutory welfare amenities have not been properly and adequately

provided. In several cases, particularly in medium and small sized units, the standards are

distinctly poor. The studies made by some state in respects of the different component of

the welfare include sanitation, washing and bathing facilities, first aid appliances,

ambulance rooms, drinking water, canteens, rest rooms, and crèches, which strengthen the

general impression that compliance with statutory welfare provisions is half-hearted and

inadequate.” Fed up with the absence of basic facilities, the worker often migrates to his

rural home.

Industrial fatigue:-

Low wages compel a worker to seek some part-time job to earn some side income.

But this often result in constant fatigue, which compel him to remain absent for next day;

and if fatigue affects him seriously, his absence may continue for quite some time.

Beldamus and Behrens observed: “ owing to cumulative fatigue , the number of absentees

in a factory should be expected to increase through Monday to Friday if in reality the

opposite happens, factors other than fatigue or working condition may be involved,

notably morale.

Indebtedness:-

Most of the worker suffers from a high degree of indebtedness. Premchand and

Ramprakash found that “ a worker had borrowed more than 11 times his net pay; another

more than time 9 time; a third more than 8 times; a fourth one more than 7 times; yet

another more than 6 times, and so on….. This is the general case in Indian industry.

Workers are always worried about financial matter.” Such worker absent themselves or

even resign to escape the pathan moneylenders. As a result absenteeism is high.

Improper and Unrealistic Personnel Policies:-

In most case, unskilled, untrained, illiterate and inexperienced worker are recruited

who fail to cope with, and adapt themselves to their job and industrial environment.

Favouritism and nepotism are rampant. These factors generate a frustration in the mind of

worker which results in low efficiency, low productivity and unfavourable employee-

employer relationship which in turn, lead to long period of absenteeism.

Inadequate leave facilities:-

Negligence on the part of the employer to provide adequate leave facilities

compels the workers to fall back on E.S.I. leave. Under E.S.I. scheme, they are entitled to

56 days’ leave in a year on half pay. Instead of going without pay, the worker avail

themselves of this E.S.I. facility. Supervisor with a work oriented rather than man

oriented approach are also a factor which compels worker to absent themselves on an

E.S.I. certificate rather than avail of the leave on bonafide grounds.

Misbehaviors of Supervisor:-

The worker expects normally a good and respectful behavior from their

supervisors. It is the single factor in the development of sense of belonging and good will

on the part or worker. In many instances it is found that supervisors behave rudely

towards the workers. The workers prefers to remain at home rather reporting to duty and

falls victim too the harsh treatment.

Transportation:-

Rate of absenteeism is higher in those factories where transport facilities are not

easily available.

Nature of Job:-

Rate of absenteeism is mainly depending upon the nature of the job. If the nature

of the job is tough, cumbersome or monotonous naturally it will lead to higher rate of

absenteeism.

Working Hours:-

The long hours of works also affect the workers efficiency and their sickness rate

and hence absenteeism rate is increase.

Alcoholism:-

The habit of alcoholism among workers is a significant cause of absenteeism. Analytical

studies those to degrees individual bad habits are responsible for absenteeism in Indian

Industries.

THE COST OR EFFECT OF ABSENTEEISM

Unauthorized and willful absenteeism will pose greater problems not only to the absentee

but also to other employees, employers and the organization which employs these

workers.

"Unscheduled absences hurt," wrote M. Michael Markowich in a summary of an article he

wrote for the September 1993 issue of Small Business Reports. "Most sick leave policies

foster a 'use it or lose it' mind-set, and employees feel entitled to a certain number of sick

days." Markowich went on to note that a survey of 5,000 companies conducted by

Commerce Clearing House Inc. (CCH Inc.) found that unscheduled absences cost small

businesses, at that time, $62,636 a year, on average, in lost productivity, sick time, and

replacement costs.

Indeed, absenteeism can take a financial toll on a small business (or a multinational

company, for that matter) in several different respects. The most obvious cost is in the

area of sick leave benefits—provided that the business offers such benefits—but there are

significant hidden costs as well. The SOHO Guidebook cites the following as notable

hidden cost factors associated with absenteeism:

Lost productivity of the absent employee

Overtime for other employees to fill in

Decreased overall productivity of those employees

Any temporary help costs incurred

Possible loss of business or dissatisfied customers

Problems with employee morale

Indeed, Attacking Absenteeism author Lynn Tylczak contended that excessive

absenteeism, if left unchecked, can wear on a company in numerous ways.

"[Absenteeism] forces managers to deal with problems of morale, discipline, job

dissatisfaction, job stress, team spirit, productivity, turnover, production quality,

additional administration, and overhead. To summarize: You don't have an absentee

problem. You have a profit problem."

The losses caused by absenteeism can be put briefly as under:

Disturbing manpower planning.

Disturbing work schedule.

Creates stress for supervisor in terms of administration of finding substitute & for

time office staff’s time, energy & resources wasted on making & maintaining

these records.

It causes production losses in terms of quality and quantity.

Earnings are reduced to the organization.

Dislocation of work, production capacity is lost or under-utilization due to under-

staffing.

If process is inter-dependent in the modern industries it creates bottle necks in

production.

Increased labor cost in terms of overtime payment.

Cost of training.

Losses to workers:

Financial losses: reduced wage, intensives, bonus, and payments.

Loss in skill & efficient.

Habitual absence causes general morale degradation.

Stability of works affected.

Losses in general:

In general, any absence weakens the companies’ goals and productivity as whole.

There are also some other cost of absenteeism are;

Decrease in productivity

Employee may be carrying an extra work load or supporting new or replacement

staff.

Employee may be required to train and orientate new or replacement worker.

Staff morale and employee service may suffer.

Financial costs

Payment of over-time may result.

Cost of self-insured income protection plans must be borne plus the wage costs of

replacement employees.

Premium cost may rise for insured plans.

Administrative costs

Staff time is required to secure replacement employees or to re-assign the

remaining employees.

Staff time is required to maintain and control absenteeism.

RESOLVING APPROACH

Reducing the High cost of Absenteeism

Employer pays a high price for absenteeism, often more than they may realize, in term of

both financial and production losses and employee morale. Managers may view the tasks

of finding a substitute employee as a shorter inconvenience; however, absenteeism

frequently has more serious long-term effects. Employers can, nevertheless, ensure that

employees report in regularly and remain on the job.

Before employers can determination the best way to combat absenteeism, they must

identify the organizational and individual factors that contribute to the problem. Among

the most common potential problem areas employers need to explore are the following:

Job satisfaction:

Employee who like their job are more likely to come to work than those who find work

unstimulating.

Work attitude:

Some employees come to work no matter how sick they feel, while other call in sick no

matter how well they feel.

Company culture:

If management’s attitude is lax and absenteeism is accepted as a normal practice, the

organization’s culture may have to be changed before attendance can be improved.

Excessive rates of sick leave:

As some insurance companies are now doing, employers need to monitor sick leave rates

reward employees who use fewer sick leaves.

Change Management Style:

We are all aware of the fact that when employees call in ill, it does not mean they are

truly too physically ill to work. One reason, outside of illness, that employees are absent

is stress, and the number one reason employees are stressed has to do with their

relationship with their manager/ supervisor.

Management styles that are too authoritarian tend to promote high levels of absenteeism

among employees. Authoritarian managers are managers who have poor listening skills,

set unreachable goals, have poor communication skills, and are inflexible. In other

words, they yell too much, blame others for problems, and make others feel that it must

be their way or the "highway." Authoritarian managers tend to produce high absenteeism

rates. By identifying managers who use an authoritarian style, and providing them with

management training, you will be taking a positive step not only toward reducing

absenteeism, but also reducing turnover, job burnout, and employee health problems

such as backaches and headaches.

Change Working Conditions:

The employees in your company probably work in a well-lighted climate controlled

building. The working conditions referring to relate to coworker relationships. Not only

does relationship stress occur between the employee and manager, but it also exists

between employees. These employees usually report they just could not deal with "so

and so" today, so they called in ill. Companies that adopted policies and values that

promote employee respect and professionalism, and promote an internal conflict

resolution procedure, are companies that reduce employee stress. A reduction in

employee stress reduces employee absenteeism.

Provide Incentives:

Giving employees incentives for reduced absenteeism is not the same as rewarding or

giving employees bonuses for reduced absenteeism. An incentive provides an employee

with a boost to their motivation to avoid unnecessary absenteeism. It simply helps the

employee decide to go to work versus staying home and watching Jerry Springer.

The types of incentive programs used by companies are numerous. Some companies

allow employees to cash-in unused sick days at the end of every quarter, others give an

employee two hours of bonus pay for every month of perfect attendance; and still others

provide employees with a buffet lunch, a certificate of achievement, or even a scratch-

off card concealing prizes. The type of incentive program that your company uses

should be one created especially for your company. You can create an incentive program

tailored to your unique company by allowing employees to help you develop the

incentive program. For example, your employees may not care about receiving a $25.00

U.S. saving bond for perfect attendance, but they might respond very well to being able

to leave one hour early on Friday if they have perfect attendance all week.

The duration of the incentive program is also very important. Once again allow your

employees to help guide you to determine the length of time between incentives. Some

companies find that they can simply reward employees with perfect attendance once a

year, while others decide once a month is best, and still others decide once a week works

best. The general rule of thumb is to reward workers more frequently the younger they

are and the more difficult the work is to perform. Also, it is best to start with small

incentives and work up to larger ones if necessary.

Develop an Attendance Policy:

Every company should have an attendance policy. An attendance policy allows a

manager to intervene with an employee who is frequently absent. Besides stress as a

primary reason for employee absenteeism, other causes relate to alcoholism, domestic

violence, and family problems. If you confront an employee about his or her frequent

absenteeism, and they inform you it is due to personal problems, consider referring the

employee to an Employee Assistance Program (EAP).

REMEDIAL MEASURES FOR REDUCING ABSENTEEISM

Remedial measures are discussed under the three categories, discussed above viz.

organization, environmental and personal. Under-each category, we have both short-term

steps and long term steps. Some of these are listed here:

(1)Organizational Remedies:

Each organization is unique. Hence it is not possible to suggest a uniform system of

remedies. However, certain broad assumption is made, based on which some suggestion

are given here.

Carry out periodic collection of data on absenteeism and analyze them to find

out the trend of absenteeism. Find out its trend analysis on trade wise, sex-wise

and age-wise for further studies.

In order to find out cause, carry out “Morale” or “Attitude survey” and identify

among others the following.

Causes and correlation of absenteeism.

Gap between employees’ expectation and reality.

Level of job-satisfaction of employees.

Introduce suggestion scheme and obtain employees view points for reducing

absenteeism.

Improve supervision and communication.

Introduce incentive scheme like “attendance bonus” (short-term positive step)

Improve working condition (long-term)

Improve safety, health and welfare services (long-term)

Impose penalty/ punishment /fines for absence (short-term negative step)

Improve organizational climate/culture (long-term)

Increases quality of work life (QWL) of employees (long-term)

Introduce flexi-timing if feasible.

(2)Environmental Remedies:

While organization as such, has little say on the “socioeconomic” and “cultural-religious”

aspects which contribute to absenteeism, certain steps can be done to improve QWL. It

however depends on the type, nature and resource available by each industry.

Provide campus/quarters and housing facilitates on hire-purchase basis.

Improve hygiene of living quarters.

Provide reasonable health care/hospital facilities.

Provide services like subsidized canteen, transport and schools.

Organize religious/cultural festivals and facilities including

temples/churches/mosques within the campus.

Propagate family welfare scheme and virtues of maintaining small family.

Organize sports and other recreational and entertainment facilities.

(3)Personal Remedies:

While nothing much can be done on changing biographical factors which might influence

on absenteeism, development of positive attitude among the workers can improve their

attendance. Other aspects to reduce absenteeism are listed below.

Increase intrinsic motivation.

Identify “chronic absentees” and attend to them individually.

Carry out counseling of individuals, identified as “chronic absentees” and those

exhibiting signs of “mental illness”.

Introduce participative management system by discussing problem regarding

absenteeism and arriving at remedial steps in consultation with employees.

Introduce both positive steps (incentive bonus for better attendance) and

negative steps (disciplinary action like fine).

Take preventive steps to avoid accidents and excessive drinking (alcoholism).

Provide permanent “counselors” to carry out individual counseling.

CONCLUSION

Absenteeism is one of the socio-economic evils of the industrialization. Its control and

management is necessary for the accelerated growth of production and development.

Absenteeism affects not only concerned employees and employer but it affects the

production, the industry as a whole, the consuming society and overall nation. If an

employee availed leave with pay, he does not have any income loss but visiting home

town or other places for recreation and pleasure may affect the savings of the employee.

In the case of absence without pay he has to suffer income loss. In both case employee has

to finance from the friends or a loan from the employer or in some cases a debt from

money leader to meet out family requirement. Absenteeism due to alcoholism and

gambling totally imbalanced the family budget if the employee. In such cases they

remains indebtedness and the debt amount increased enormously and becomes manifold

to the principal debt. There are cases when from generation to generation worker and his

family remained in economic bondage. Shortage of money leads to school drop-outs of

employees’ children and inability to provide comfort and proper treatment to family

member. In case of chronic absentees, the employer terminates their service. They

become redundant to the industry and can face the unemployment crisis. Thus,

absenteeism affects the concerned workman badly.

The causes of absenteeism which were prevalent in the beginning of

industrialization in India have been remedied to the maximum extent. However, some

new causes and compulsions have emerged. For Example, worker migrated from rural

area to industrial town in the beginning did not like the congested and inhumane work

environment and living conditions. They frequently visited their home town to enjoy free

and conducive life. Home sickness and meeting with family were the principal reasons.

Slums, inhumane working condition, non-protection of health and safety and absence of

welfare measure were also the reason for absence.

In this chapter effort has been make to enquire in to the factors which are found important

in the studies organization. In general, the factors which affect to the absenteeism like

past job experience, Illness or sickness, fatigue, habits, late coming, long distance

between working and living place, problem of transportation, lack of perceiving the

consequences of absenteeism on the part of factory socio-religious festival, lack of

commitment, social and cultural behavior pattern, managerial attitude, work environment

and personal factor of individual employee, customs, ritually, marriage, guest, visit of

native place, family quarrel, economic factor, also overtime work, part time service either

occupation or business, income of other members, independents, housing prof. etc. and

factor with in the factory like job dissatisfaction poor working condition, Inadequate

welfare facilities, with colleges and supervisor etc. are found responsible for absenteeism.

The Next chapter talks about the review of literature.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A review of literate is a must for scientific approach. It also gives the investigation an

understanding of the preview of the work has been done related to the present study are

cannot develop an insight into various factors of a problems unless or until one has leant

various theories & research development in the subject. Research is concerned with the

systematic gathering of information. Its purpose is to help in the research for truth.

Man is the only creative that does not have to renew every generation but can take the

advantages of the knowledge of about has accumulated thorough the centuries.

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a brief and initial review and appraisal of the

related studies and to see what present study contributes more knowledge further in the

areas under study.

Isah, and Oyovwe (2008) did study on Self-Reported Absenteeism Among Hospital

Workers in Benin City, Nigeria. From this study it shows that the overview of the study,

Absenteeism is the frequent absence from work, especially without good reasons. It is a

global occurrence among workers and in Nigeria it is a source of concern in view of the

weak national economy and of the health system. Absenteeism has been shown to result

in loss in man-hours, productivity, finance, jobs and in the health sector, of lives.

Workers absent themselves from work for various reasons that include ill health,

accidents/ injuries, family commitments such as caring for a sick family member,

‘entitlement mentality’ (where the worker assumes the employer owes him some time

away from work), economic pressures necessitating keeping a second job and stress.

Absenteeism is also influenced by the physical demands of the job such as standing or

squatting to work, bending of the neck and back, carrying, lifting or pushing heavy loads,

etc and psychosocial factors such as job demands, excess workload, inability to cope, job

dissatisfaction, social support and attitude of management etc. and conditions of the

workplace.

The direct and indirect cost of high level of absenteeism in the health sector include the

cost of medical bills, paying of additional overtime to staff, employing temporary staff,

reduction in the standard of care to patients, disruption of working schedule, the lowering

of morale and increased dissatisfaction among staff. Absenteeism is not easily

quantifiable, as it is often difficult to verify employees' claim about the causes of their

absence, thus making it difficult to distinguish between avoidable and unavoidable

absence. Moreover, many organizations, surprisingly do not keep good and accurate

attendance records.

The objective of this study, therefore, was to determine the overall level of

absenteeism rate and the factors that conduce to absenteeism among hospital workers,

with the aim of making recommendations on ways of reducing it and enhancing

productivity in the health sector. There is also the need to generate data that will fill in the

gaps due to the dearth of literature on absenteeism among Nigerian workers.

The background of the study that Absenteeism is a major cause of loss in jobs,

man-hours, productivity, and lives in the health sector. It also has grave consequences for

global economies.

The materials and method used in this study, A descriptive cross sectional study

was carried out at the Central Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. The hospital is a state-owned

secondary health facility situated in the central area of the City and has a staff population

of 502, cutting across all cadres of health care workers. Informed consent was sought and

obtained from the management and staff of the hospital, both verbally and in writing. In

order to minimize bias, the objective of the study was further explained to the respondents

and anonymity assured them during administration of the questionnaire. The research

instrument was a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire, which contained

questions addressing the demographic profile of respondents, self-reported frequency of

and reasons for absenteeism. Absenteeism rates were calculated using the standards

established by the United States Bureau of Labour Statistics, and those of the Canadian

Ministry of Industry, Labour and Household surveys. The Computer Programs for

Epidemiologists and the Microsoft Excel soft ware were used for data analysis.

The design of the study is Cross sectional descriptive type. The entire staff in the

hospital was enlisted in the study and data were collected through self-administered and

semi-structured questionnaire.

The result of this study, Fifty three percent of the 474 respondents reported at

least one absence spell in the year. Absenteeism was highest among domestic staff

(70.8%) and lowest among the doctors (46.9%). The average number of spells per

absentee per year was 1.7 and the average duration of spells was 4.1 days while the

incapacity rate was 7.2 days. The overall absenteeism rate was 1.7%. Absenteeism was

significantly associated with increasing age (p=0.000), gender, [females<males

(p=0.001)] and with marital status [married<unmarried (p= 0.02)]. Higher rates of

absenteeism were recorded among staffs who were stressed (92.1%), not satisfied with the

working environment (66.7%) and those who experienced job dissatisfaction (64%).

Engagement in physical activities impacted positively on absenteeism (p=0.02). Ill health

accounted for 54.6% of absenteeism, with the bulk of it (67.5%) due to malaria. The some

reason of absenteeism are Sickness accounted for 54.6% of absenteeism, family problems

accounted for 18.7%; other causes included attendance at examinations 12.7%, social

events like marriage and burial 5.2%, adverse weather condition 4.4% travel 3.2% and

transportation problems 1.2%, absence due to ill health was mainly due to malaria fever

(67.5%) while surgical interventions accounted for the least (1.7%).

The conclusion of this study indicates that though the overall absenteeism rate

(1.7) was lower than the level of 4 considered to be excessive, 53% of the study

population had been absent from work at least once in the study year. There is therefore

the need to improve on the social and physical work environment in order to reduce

absenteeism among these workers. This study has determined the overall absenteeism

rate, the reasons for absenteeism and the various factors influencing absence rates.

Though absenteeism rate was less than the level considered excessive, more than half of

the respondents had been absent from work at least once in the study year. The habitual

practice of failing to turn up for work leads to reduced productivity and constraints the

economic viability of any nation.

Creating a better physical working environment, reduction of stress among employees can

be achieved by improvement in the manager or supervisor-worker and worker-worker

relationship. Managers and supervisors should thus be adequately trained to handle staff

generally well with better attention given to staff welfare. Providing incentives for

reduced absenteeism among staff could help in motivating them to avoid unnecessary

absenteeism. This incentive programme should be worked out over time and the most

appropriate and workable method adopted. A work attendance policy should be put in

place, to enable managers and supervisors monitor absenteeism and to intervene early

enough when employees are frequently absent from work in order to get them back to

work as soon as possible. It is also recommended that workers be encouraged to

participate in an employee fitness programme as this has been found to reduce

absenteeism. Continuous education of both the employer and employees on all facets of

absenteeism and its disadvantages is of utmost importance; this should include education

on preventive measures against malaria infection. These measures if properly integrated

will go a long way to reduce absenteeism and improve the workplace environment.

This study has determined different absence rates including the overall absenteeism rate

and the factors influencing them among hospital staff. In this study, the incidence of

absence among the workers was 53%, comparing well with results obtained in another

study where 57.6% of the studied population had at least one absence spell in the year, but

contrasts with a lower figure of 15.8% recorded in another. Doctors and nurses had the

lowest (46.9% and 48.0%, respectively) of crude absence rates. Studies have shown an

inverse association between absence rates and the grade of employees/job type: the lower

the grade of the employee, the higher the absence rate. This inverse relationship was

found among the staff in this study. Doctors and nurses have to be physically present at all

times to monitor and nurse patients and this probably explains the low rates of absence

among them.

In this study, average number of days lost per absentee in the year (incapacity rate) of 7.2

days is lower than the value of 14.3 days obtained among hospital workers in Chile, but

higher than those in other studies where 3, 4.7 and 5 days were obtained. The overall

absenteeism rate of 1.7% is also lower than the rate of 4%, considered to be excessive by

the United States Bureau of Labour Statistics. Chevalier et al reported rates between

1.98% and 2.80%, while Gazmuri et al, reported rates between 2.25% and 3.59% among

various categories of hospital workers. The apparent lower rates of incapacity and

absenteeism reported in this study are probably due to problem of recall or deliberate

under-reporting by respondents, in order to avoid administrative sanctions. Besides,

workers tend to cover up for each other and so management is often unaware about such

absenteeism. Again, self-reported absence due to sickness has been found to be generally

lower than recorded absence rates elsewhere. These rates even when they are modest, are

a major cause of loss in productivity with high financial implications such as, payment for

replacement of absentee staff and other administrative costs of managing absence and for

re-scheduling of work. This subsequently affects the general economy of any nation

especially that of a developing nation like Nigeria.

The correlates of absence rates as shown in are not surprising. The rates which increased

with increasing age could be due to the fact that generally, younger workers tend to be

more energetic and may be more enthusiastic about their jobs. Several studies have found

absence rates higher among females than among males. Females are more likely to be

absent from work for reasons other than illness or injuries in order to fulfill other family

responsibilities such as caring for sick family members. The higher rates for married staff

could also be due to greater family responsibilities and household chores.

The effect of the physical and psychosocial work environment on absenteeism is well

documented. Poor relationship with managers or supervisors, with co-workers and the

unavailability of work implements often lead to low morale and frustrations among

workers, hence absenteeism and lowered productivity. It is thus not surprising that high

proportion of workers with job stress, job dissatisfaction and dissatisfaction with the

working environment was absent from work. Physical activities seemed to have a positive

impact on absenteeism as those engaged in them had less absence rate compared to those

who did not. Statistically significant higher rates of absenteeism have been found among

employees not engaged in sporting activities.

Ill health was the commonest cause (54.8%) of absenteeism among the staff with malaria

contributing 67.5% of these medical causes. Luz and Green had indicated that medically

certified absence accounted for 60 to 70% of work absenteeism among workers. Other

studies have also identified the role of illness in absenteeism among workers. It is not

surprising that malaria contributed over two thirds of the reported cases of absences due to

illness among respondents. This is understandable in view of it's endemicity in Nigeria.

Foster and Leighton estimated the value of malaria - related loss in production to be

between 2 and 6% of Kenya's gross domestic product and between 1 and 5% of that of

Nigeria. The World Health Organization estimates an equivalent of ten working days of

lost labour to malaria. Pregnant women and children are the most vulnerable groups in

malaria endemic regions and they need care by the economically viable, who take time off

work and spend their meager financial resources to provide this care. The health care

sector is also affected as it expands both financial and human resources on this

preventable illness, which is a source of huge economic burden to the nation.

Dion Greenidge and Jase Ramse (2007) did study on Job attitudes and absenteeism: A

study in the English speaking Caribbean This paper examines the relationships of job

attitudes (facets of job satisfaction and organizational commitment) and personality

characteristics to absenteeism, in five manufacturing companies in Barbados, an English-

speaking Caribbean country. The relationships examined are based on well-established

theories from the developed world, especially the USA. In addition, individualism,

uncertainty avoidance, and power distance were measured. The results show that an

employee's levels of satisfaction with co-workers, activity, responsibility, and job

security, as well as loyalty to the organization, are related to absenteeism. These results

are similar to those found in past research in the developed world. The most important

single predictor of absence was satisfaction with co-workers. Respondents were moderate

on individualism, high on uncertainty avoidance, and low on power distance. The cultural

scores are used to help interpret the results. The implications of the results are discussed

in terms of expanding the reach of an established theory, and relative to decreasing

absenteeism in Barbados.

Aaron Cohen & Ronit Golan (2007) did study on Predicting absenteeism and turnover

intentions by past absenteeism and work attitudes: An empirical examination of female

employees in long term nursing care facilities.

The purpose of the study , of this paper is to examine the impact of prior absenteeism,

demographic variables, and work attitudes (job satisfaction, perceptions of health, and work

commitments forms) on absenteeism and turnover intentions.

In this study the methodology and design use by researcher was a longitudinal

survey. The questionnaire used established scales of the research instruments. The sample

was composed of 119 female employees working in five long term nursing facilities in

northern Israel.

Research limitations or implications– Using a survey questionnaire for collecting

most of the data might cause common method error.

The findings showed a strong effect of prior absenteeism on later absenteeism.

They also showed that among work attitudes, job satisfaction is a strong predictor of

absenteeism, while commitment forms, particularly organizational commitment, are

related to turnover intentions.

The findings of this study shed some more light on important work outcomes in

general and in the health care industry in particular. Increasing job satisfaction and

organizational commitment seem to be good strategies for reducing absenteeism and

turnover intentions, as the findings here suggested. A higher rate of absenteeism provides

an early indication of a withdrawal process among employees, and the organization

should treat such information as more than just data on absence rates.

Originality/value of this study that Very few papers have used a longitudinal design

examining the effect of both prior absenteeism and work attitudes on turnover intentions

and actual absenteeism.

Zarqa, (2006) did study on Administrative factors affecting employees absenteeism in

academic and public libraries in Jordan. Absence from work was a persistent and

challenging problem confronting organizations. This study aims to analyze the effect on

absence rates of the following administrative factors: line of authority, work climate,

leadership, communication, employment, supervision, decision-making, and innovation;

the extent of occupational variables: library type, specialization, and organizational

department; and employees’ characteristics: gender, age, marital status, and experience, at

eight state academic and six public libraries in Jordan. Data was collected via field visits,

personal interviews and a questionnaire. Of the 132 staff applicable to the study

objectives, 115 (87.1%) responded. ANOVA, T-test and “Duncan dimensional

comparisons” methods were used for statistical data analysis. Study findings revealed that

poor organizational structure, improper work climate, poor leadership and communication

processes, the absence of sensible employment policies, poor supervision, and managers’

passiveness are administrative factors negatively affecting employees’ absence from

work. Statistical analysis of mean values revealed that there is a significant statistical

difference, at the α 0.05 level, between all administrative factors attributed to

respondents’ personal characteristics and occupational variables.

Recommended solutions include establishing sensible organizational structures delegating

authority, promoting teamwork practice, developing job descriptions and evaluation

systems, allowing employees’ freedom of choice to perform job duties, supporting

cooperative working relations, promoting managers’ attitudes towards delegation of

authority, open-door communication policies, and providing employees with training

opportunities and motivations.

Mark G. Spigt and Gerard M. H. Swaen (2006) did study on Leisure time physical

activity and sickness absenteeism; a prospective study.

Aim of the study that To establish whether workers with frequent leisure time

physical activities are at higher or lower risk of sickness absence compared to inactive

workers.

The researcher used the Method in this study, Self reported and company recorded

sickness absence data were collected during 18 months of follow-up for 8902 workers.

Frequency of leisure time physical activities was queried at baseline.

Results ot this study was Overall, found that workers active in their leisure time

twice or more each week reported significantly less sickness absence compared to inactive

workers (14.8 versus 19.5 days/year), mainly due to a decrease in sick leave because of

musculoskeletal disorders.

Conclusion of the study was demotivating sports participation by making workers

liable for workdays lost due to sporting injuries might be counter-productive in decreasing

absenteeism and its related costs. Promoting worker participation in sport might lead to

reduced absenteeism.

Awad S. Hanna and Joseph R. Sargent (2005) did study on Factors Affecting

Absenteeism in Electrical Construction.

Construction contractors continue to be faced with the challenge of improving

productivity in order to remain successful in an increasingly competitive industry. One

factor that contributes to lower productivity is absenteeism. Yet, little is known or

understood about the reasons electricians miss work, and very few studies have been

conducted on absenteeism in the construction industry. As a positive step to reduce the

problems associated with voluntary and involuntary absences, a study was initiated to

identify why workers miss work and what steps should be taken to minimize absenteeism.

The main objectives of the study were to learn the reasons for absenteeism and to quantify

the impacts so that solutions can be developed to help contractors improve their

productivity. The study determined that managers and electricians agreed that illnesses

and medical appointments were two common reasons workers missed work. However,

managers also believed workers were absent because of a lack of interest or

irresponsibility, while electricians reported injuries and unsafe working conditions as

reasons for missing work. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis of the data revealed that

when the absenteeism rate was between 0 and 5%, there was no loss in productivity.

However, when the absenteeism rate was between 6 and 10%, a 24.4% loss in

productivity was experienced. By understanding what causes electricians to miss work,

and the effect of absences on productivity, a company can manage and control

absenteeism on electrical construction projects.

Breuner C.C. & Womack W.M. (March 2004) did study on Factors Related to School

Absenteeism in Adolescents With Recurrent Headache.

The Objective of the study was to examine possible risk and protective factors for

school absenteeism among adolescents referred to a hospital-based behavioral treatment

program.

Design used for this study was data obtained from intake interviews, screening

questionnaires, and baseline headache diaries of 283 consecutive adolescents referred for

behavioral treatment of recurrent headache were reviewed for demographics, length of

headache history, headache type, current headache activity, symptoms of anxiety and

depression, perceived self-efficacy regarding headache control, school performance,

participation in extracurricular activities, and school absenteeism. The study population

was divided into 2 groups at the median number of days missed due to headache in the

previous 6 months that school was in session. Adolescents who missed 2 or less days of

school due to headache (low absenteeism) were compared with those who missed more

than 2 days (high absenteeism).

Results of this study was Compared with the low absenteeism group, the high

absenteeism group had higher scores on the Children's Depression Inventory (8.7 ± 6.5

versus 6.8 ± 6.2, P < .05 ) and lower academic performance (2.1 ± 1.0 versus 1.7 ± 0.8, P

< .0001 ). The 2 groups were not statistically different in age, sex, length of headache

history, type of headache, current headache frequency or intensity scores, anxiety scores,

self-efficacy ratings, or participation in extracurricular activities.

Conclusions of this study , in a referred population, students who missed more

school due to headache had higher depression scores and lower academic performance

than students who missed less school. A directional relationship, however, cannot be

implied from these results. Future studies should investigate the complex relationship

between recurrent adolescent headache, potential risk or protective factors, and school

absenteeism.

Joseph J. Martocchio & Diana I. Jimen (2003) did study on Employee absenteeism as an

affective event. It consider theoretical and empirical developments in personality, affect,

and absenteeism research. Specifically, we investigate the relationship between these

three constructs and propose a theoretical perspective about the importance of affect in

mediating the effect that personality has on absenteeism. One of our main goals is to look

at both positive and negative consequences of absenteeism. We propose a model of the

personality types that have a higher likelihood of using absenteeism to their benefit (i.e.,

to “recharge” and change negative affect) and therefore have the absence be functional

(i.e., positive affect and higher productivity upon returning to the job) rather than

dysfunctional (i.e., negative affect and person is still unproductive or has less productivity

than before the absence event). We conclude by emphasizing the theoretical contributions

that this model makes and by suggesting ways in which the model could be tested.

Luz J, Green MS. (1997) did study on sickness absenteeism from work. Medically

certified absence (absence from work attributed to disease and accident) is an important

and convenient index of workers' health and attitudes. It also constitutes the largest part of

total absence from work. Depending on the country and on industry and population

characteristics, sick-leave accounts for 60-70%, and injuries for another 7-20%. The

balance is defined as "healthy-worker absence", taken with or without prior permission or

post-facto justification. It is characteristic of the first and last phases of an employee's

history at the firm; either before he has time to become a permanent employee and adapt

to the local "absence culture", or when he contemplates leaving. On the other hand,

certified absence is confirmed by a higher authority, and so it is accepted by management,

the insuring institution, and the peer group (which often have to carry the extra workload).

This absence belongs to the phase of regular relationships, which both sides seek to

maintain. Whether and how often the employee has recourse to certification depends on a

number of factors. Those mentioned most often in the literature are: (a) absence--

proneness-apparently a defined personality trait (psychological or psychosomatic) leading

to repeated absences; (b) poor working conditions; (c) lack of group cohesiveness--

members of a well-structured group are upheld by its solidarity and sense of belonging

("esprit de corps"); this is observed in smaller and more closely-knit groups such as shift

and group teams, as in the Volvo experiment; (d) quality of the leadership and

organizational behavior; (e) job satisfaction--deprivation of recognition, use of abilities,

responsibility, and interest have strong psychosomatic repercussion; (f) interaction with

external forces, especially marketplace conditions--lack of external demand may restrain

absence.

Christa Craven & Robert Ledman (1996) did study on Managing Absenteeism for Greater

Productivity. Unauthorized or unscheduled absenteeism is a problem for every

organization or business. It creates cost and productivity problems, puts an unfair burden

on the majority of employees who show up for work, ultimately hinders customer

satisfaction, and drains the country's economy. Experience shows that better attendance is

synonymous with better quality, lower costs, and greater productivity (Hazzard, 1990).

This paper reviews the literature related to absenteeism and suggests how managers can

improve their absenteeism rate and, as a result, improve productivity.

At least 50% of all employee absenteeism is not caused by bona fide illness or other

acceptable reasons. Experts estimate that absenteeism in the U.S. results in the loss of

over 400 million workdays per year - an average of approximately 5.1 days per employee

(Gwaltney, 1994). In the U.S., one million employees a day will not attend their regularly

scheduled work at an estimated annual cost of $40 billion per year (Dalton and Enz,

1987).

Steers and Rhodes (1984) report that for every 0.5% increase in national absence rates in

the U.S., the gross domestic product drops $10 billion. Based on the size of today's GDP

compared with the early 1980s, that figure is surely substantially larger today. Leigh

(1986) estimated that hours lost in absenteeism is over 40% larger than the number of

hours lost in unemployment. Markowich (1993) cited a survey of 5,000 companies

conducted by Commerce Clearing House, Inc., Chicago that found that unscheduled

absences cost small businesses an average of $62,636 a year in lost productivity, sick

time, and replacement costs.

Absent...

The next chapter talk about the research methodology which used

by resercher.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

TITLE OF THE STUDY

“ A Study on Factors affecting Absenteeism in NIF group of company ”

SIGNIFICANTS OF THE STUDY

Absenteeism is one of the ever present problem Of the organization. In absenteeism the

contributing factors to absence include social such as alcoholism, family conflict, lack of

proper motivation, working problems, health problem, transport problems, religious and

age factor etc. have been identified as contributing factors to absenteeism. An employee

means idle machine or unoccupied work space with consequent direct loss & an indirect

reduction in the tempo of production. Absenteeism being a social phenomenon. A high

degree of absenteeism is definitely, a result of poor morale & visually mal-adjusted

workers. Therefore, the need for the study of absenteeism is very important because it

affects the production adversely as the work schedule are upset & delayed & consequently

management has to give time which increases the cost of production. Hence, the

significance of the study can be viewed from print of social work intervention at the

family, community as well as industrial level. And this study is also very important for the

company, because on the basis of finding a reason of absenteeism the employer taken a

action regarding the reduce the rate of absenteeism so that it affect the increasing

production of the Industry.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To study the various causative factors leading to absenteeism in Industry.

To satudy the effect of absenteeism on co-worker.

To study the absenteeism with regard to their personal information, family

background, occupational information etc.

To study about the problems of the worker they face under various situations

during the working.

To analyze various welfare facilities like medical, insurance, co-operative society

in industry..

SAMPLING METHOD

The sample for the study taken from the yearly absenteeism reports of the different

three company of NIF group.

To take seventy respondents from annual absenteeism report of company who had

yearly absenteeism upon 15th percent.

The sample for the study consists of seventy respondents from different company

of NIF group.

To selected respondent from study are chronic cases of (regular absenteeism) from

company.

SAMPLE SIZE

The sample size for the study is seventy operative employee of NIF group of Industry.

RESEARCH DESIGN

Exploratory & Descriptive in nature has been adopted.

DATA COLLECTION METHOD

For the research study researcher take 70 sample from the different 3 units of NIf group of

Industry, who are the cases of habitual or continuous absenteeism. The researcher has

divided his interview schedule into two sections:

Personal data,

Causes of absenteeism

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE:

For data collection researcher used Interview schedule method.

UNIVERSE:

In this research the universe consists the study of all the workers of NIF group of

industry. Navsari.

TOOL FOR DATA COLLECTION

A Structure had been prepared for data collection was interview scheduled. The question

of relating to facilities are respondent to share their view, opinion, and attitude to remain

absent of employee in work place.

VARIABLE

A) Independent

The independent variable consists of personal information of the respondent like

name, age, sex, education qualification, department etc…

B) Dependent

Dependent variable consists of the aspects related to the factor affecting

absenteeism.

DATA ANALYSIS OF TREATMENT

Data was collected throgh interview schedule from operative employee of NIF group of

industry.

Analysis of data under the study (single variable).

SOURCE OF DATA COLLECTION

Researcher used source for data collection was;

Primary source of data collection through interview schedule.

Secondary source of data Collection, it is from library & books, internet, magazine etc…

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

There is no activity that can be completed without any limitations or problems.

Researcher faced the following some problems:

Time was one of the major constraints in the study because of the respondent

busy with scheduled of their work, to completed target of work so that not to be

able to devote more time for giving information.

Respondent not sharing their view freely because of fear of job security.

Due to lack of awareness in certain areas of the question could not be effectively

communicated to the respondent.

CHAPTERIZATION

CHAPTER-1 Introduction

In chapter 1 introduction part to given a information about concept, factos

which affects to absenteeism, effects of absenteeism, how to reduce the absenteeism rate

etc.

CHAPTER-2 Research Methodology

This chapter indicates that the significance of the study, which

methodology used by researcher for the purpose of study.

CHAPTER-3 Review of literature

Review of literature also refers by research for to get brief review and

appraisal of the related studies and to see what present study contributes more knowledge

further in the areas under study.

CHAPTER-4 Research Setting

This chapter also given a information about the universe of study, the area

in which researcher done study and related information.

CHAPTER-5 Data Analysis and Interpretation

It is a main aspects of study, it indicates the analysis of data and interpreted

and on that basis researcher come at the finding and suggestion for subjective study.

CHAPTER-6 Finding, Suggestion, Conclusion.

These chapter indicates the results of the study, and given a

recommendation for the purpose of reduce problems, effective work, improvement in

some area like on production related, policy, rules, provided adequate facilities etc, and

last conclusion covers the all over summary of the study.

RESEARCH SETTING

Introduction of NIF Group of Industries

History

The ‘NIF’ Began with advertising advent of Navsari Iron foundry and Mechanical

Works in the first event at Navsari near Surat in Gujarat. With hopes , dream and desire

for a brighter tomorrow. They took up jobs to repair oil engines, automobiles, pumps sets,

tractors etc…

A founder member of the company is Mr. Satyadev Kansara, Mr. Ratilal Kansara,

Mr. Rameshbhai Kansara, and Mr. Hasmukhbhai Kansara. In a company promoter are

Mr.Vijay Kansara, Mr.Shailesh Kansara, Mr.Dinesh Kansara, Mr.Ketan Kansara .

Having lit the torch in 1953 a team of inspired younger brothers decided to spread

their wings and started making casting, steel fabrication, utensils and stone crashers for

local market.

Time to time enterprising partners of NIF decided to diversify their activities.

Who had a touch in plastic, textile and chemical industries. The new warriors of NIF

Group broad about innovative changes with a nod from the senior and steered the

technology cal and management philosophy of the group.

Involvement of experts, installation of high tech machineries and

computerization of business activities proved to became basic need of the group.

Company Profile

NIF means Navsari Iron Foundry. NIF Group of Industry has mainly five

units. The all five are different. They are as following.

1. NIF Mechanical Works Pvt. Ltd.

2. J. S. Metal Travers Co.

3. Dinesh Plastic Products.

4. Propylon Products.

5. Pradip Polyfils Pvt. Ltd.

1. NIF Mechanical Works Pvt. Ltd.

NIF Mechanical Works Pvt. Ltd. Is established in 1965 and it is converted in to

private Limited in 1990.

Today NIF Manufactures Bakelite Drums and Steel Drums, in a various size.

Bakelite Drums are made from the Bakelite Powder and components. NIF manufactures

standardize drums. so company receive a regularly orders from the customers. Company

have consultant for the specific function for the company.

Capital structure of the company is depending upon share capital of share holders.

The raw material of the company comes from the Maharashtra and other state.

Product Profile

1. Textile Machine Part : I. Bakelite Grooved Drums

II.Steel Traverse Rolls

By : NIF Mechanical Pvt. Ltd.

Use of Product : Winding in Textile Industries.

Row Material : Bakelite Powder, Iron Casting

2. J. S. Metal Traverse Co.

Established in 1965 “J. S. Metal Traverse Co.” has grown steadily with a strong

foundation of technical, commercial and production facility.

Today company manufactures a wide range of Aluminum Drums from high

quality raw material having different shapes and diameters.

The company greatest pride and satisfaction is in the fact that several hundreds of

its customers have standardize on its products, which is evident from the regular orders it

receives. “J. S. Metal Traverse Co.” is also known in the market as “WINDWELL”.

Product Profile

2. Textile Machine Part : 1. Bakelite Grooved Drums

2. Uncoated Aluminum Drums

Hallo-Light Weight

Solid -Heavy Weight

3. Cast Iron Grooved Drums

4. Hard anodized Aluminum Drums

5. Hard Chrome

6. Engineers File

7. Nitrided steel Drums

By : J. S. Metal Travers Co.

Name of Product : WINDWELL

Use of Product : Winding in Textile Industries

Row Material : Bakelite Powder, Iron Casting, Steel, Aluminum etc…

3. Dinesh Plastic Product.

Established in 1975, ‘DPP’ has grown steadily with a strong foundation of technical,

commercial and production facilities.

Today, ‘DPP’ manufactures a wide range of Ball Valves, Diaphragm Valves,

Cheek Valves, Foot Valves, Butterfly Valves, Sight Glass Valves, Drip Irrigation Valves,

Fitting and Filter From high quality thermo-plastic.

Product Profile

4. Valves : 1. Ball Valves

2. Diaphragm Valves

3. Check Valves

4. Foot Valves

5. Butterfly Valves

6. Sight Glass Valves

7. Drip Irrigation Valves

8. Fitting & Filter Valves

By : Dinesh Plastic Product

Use of product : Irrigation for the chemical and liquid flow and as

jointer

Row Material : Thermoplastic PP, HDPE & PVDF Plastic

4. Propylon Products and Pradip Polyfils Pvt. Ltd.

Known how does not come overnight but has to be acquired. It has result of high

investment for the solution and implementation of theoretical findings in practice, for the

new possibilities and consciously stepping across borders on the way to human future.

Keeping close contact, with our customer R&D and knowing the industries exact

requirement, guarantees that the innovation remain practicable and strengthens the

partnership type co – operation.

For all of us at Pradip Polyfils Pvt. Ltd., research and development is no end in

itself but to solve specific users problems which permits practical solution within a short

time and just in line with that the market expects. We can offer innovation and yet perfect

designs fulfills customers need.

Product Profile

3.Filter Plates,

Filter Press,

Accessories : 1. Membrame Filter Plate

2. Chember Filter Plates

3. CGR Filter Element plate and Frams

4. Special Filtter Plates and Accessories

5. Filter Press

By : Pradip Polyfils & Propylon Products.

Use of Product : Chemical Filteration, Water Filteration, Solid Liquid

Sepration water and sewage treatment, chemical paper,

ceramic and mining

Row Material : EPDE, Nitrile, Viton, EPPP, Thermoplastic Elastomers,

Polypropylene, Reinforced Polypropyle.

Registered office : - NIF Group of Industries,

P.O.Box No.69,

Chapara Road,

NIF Compound,

Navsari – 396445

Form of Organization : - Private Sector.

Size of Organization : - Small Scale Size Unit.

Company Secretary &

General Manager : - Mr. Vijay Kansara.

Bankers : - IDBI Bank

ICICI Bank

Canara Bank

VISION

“One plan weighing in tradition and the others in technology, we

synchronies the tow and carry our dream future where we work towards self attainment by

providing quality and customer satisfaction.”

DREAM

N.I.F. began with an advertising advent of Navsari Iron Foundry and Mechanical Works

in 1945, the first ever at Navsari near Surat in Gujarat, India. With hopes, dreams and

desires for a brighter tomorrow.

During mid sixties, the conventional technology, upgraded with innovation, R & D and

professional administration, turned the Foundry into a more organized industrial

enterprise. With the dawn of this new age, in 1965, Metallic groove drum for Textile

winding machines was introduced first in India which was indigenous to house

technology.

QUALITY POLICY

“It is the policy of NIF Group of Industries to maintain market leadership

by delivering our products to complete satisfaction of our customers though constant

improvement, technological progress and motivated employees.”

Major Customers

Company is mostly selling its product to customers of South India and Abroad.

Domestic Customers

1.Shamaru Machinary Manufactures - Coimbatore

2. Vigneshwar Textile Industries - Coimbator

3. Alidhra Textile Industries - Silvassa

4.Rajendra Textile Industries - Coimbator

Export

1. Tallers Filcono S. L. - Spain

2. Milhan Makina - Turkey

3. Izumi International co. Ltd. - Japan

4. Techno Textile Ltd. - Bangladesh

Departments of NIF Group of Industries

1. HR Department

2. Personnel & Industrial Relation Department

3. Finance Department

4. Purchase Department

5. Production Department

6. Quality Control Department

7. Dispatch Department

8. Marketing Department

9. Sales Department

10. Import and Export Department

11. security Department

12. EDP Department

HR Department

Functions of HR Department

To establish public relation with surrounding village leaders, other authorities.

Finding out training needs of employees.

To arrange monthly internal and external training programmes.

To manage training records.

To nomination for training programmes.

To prepared Performance Appraisal Report for employee.

To arrange induction program for the new employees.

To pass out any kind of circulation.

To arrange welfare programme for the employee like HIV/AIDS awareness

program, medical check up etc…

To establish profit earning policies.

To manage recruitment and selection procedure.

To give approval for the recruitment.

To manage interview process.

To establish promotion policy for the motivation of the employees.

To take a decision on resignation kind of atmosphere in working places.

HR Policy in NIF

Quality Policy

Recruitment Policy

Information Technology Policy

Personnel Policy

Training and Development Policy

Corporate Responsibility Policy

Performance Appraisal Policy

Personnel & IR Department

“Personnel management can be defined as a process of developing organizational

objectives by acquiring, terminating, development and properly using the human resource

in an organization.” Of all the factors of production, man is the most important one. The

importance of human factor is any type of co – operative endeavor cannot be

overemphasized. It is the matter of common knowledge on which every institution

depends on for its effective and efficient functioning. Not so much dependent on its

material or financial resources as on its pool of able and willing human resources.

In an Indian context, personnel management as specialized discipline has made

rapid studies that a business organization needs to have a four M’s, via…

1. Money.

2. Material.

3. Manpower.

4. Management

PERSONNEL & HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT FUNCTIONS

PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION HUMAN RESOURCES

Wage Attendance Welfare Govt. & Legal House Security Recruitment Training Orgn Retirement,

Industrial

& Formalities Administration Policy & & Devt Discharge or

Relations

Salary Procedure Devt Prgs. Resignation

Function of Personnel Department

Recruitment of employee.

Induction of trainee.

Resignation of employee.

Leave travel allowance orders

Promotion of employee.

Pay fixation of employee.

Apprentice work.

Increment work.

Man Power Details.

Group Insurance work.

Confirmation work.

No Objection Certificate – NOC.

Internal Networking computer work.

Employment Exchange.

Notification and Compliance, Returns Preparing

Providing dates and information for various statutory.

Information about various authorizes and other management.

Performance Appraisal.

Settlement in salary.

Function of Public Relation Department

Tender work of complexes for job, labor work contracts revision of above contracts.

Disciplinary of welfare items.

Identifying of welfare items.

Drafting of rules and settlements.

Assisting in negotiation with union, pension matter.

Communicate with PF office.

To assist labor commissioner.

To manage spot activities.

To budgeting for procurement uniform, cloths, napkins, and other welfare items.

Superannuation fund and welfare trust work, processing for management approval of

education, pilgrimage advances payment, employees pension scheme work.

Overtime posting, short leave posting, accident report and register posting, office order

for leave encashment, absences report, distribution of medicines of first aid to various

departments etc…

Passing medical bills (hospitalization in long term and short term) of employees and take

care of employees who meet with an accident.

Credit society record keeping and disbursement of loans.

LEAVE

Employee and worker are the human being. They would like to live in society so that they have

to attend social programmes, for that they want leave on job. Sometimes they themselves or the

family member or their relatives suffer from health problem, or other some causes they go on

leave from job. Therfore company provided them leave facilities like casual leave, privilege

leave, sickk leave etc…

Leave management

privilege leave – 15 days in a year

sickk leave – 6 days in a year

casual leave – 6 days in a year

Weekly off – For worker & office staff weekly off on Sunday. And the person who come on

holiday that person get compensatory off on that month.

Working Time

It is very necessary that the working hours of any industry must be limited. In NIF company also

there are four shifs to do work for workers.

Shift timing are as follows;

First shift – 7.00 A.M. to 3.00 P.M.

Secondary shift – 3.00 P.M. to 11.00 P.M.

Third shift – 11.00 P.M. to 7.00 A.M.

General Shift – 8.00 A.M. to 5.00 P.M.

There is one hour break in every shift.

Office Time is as follows;

Timing for administrative office is 9.00 A.M. to 5.30 P.M. There is one hour break for lunch.

Leave Rule

27 days full time is available for every employee in a calendar year. A part from Saturday

and general holiday as declared by government for each calendar year is applicable to employee.

Pay Roll System

Pay Roll system is the fundamental system of the organization. Its importance is like the

wheel of the motorcycle. Every organization should have fundamentally strong Pay Roll System.

If the fundamental structure of organization strong, the entire person should satisfy with the job.

After all person concern with the money.

In the J. S. Metal Traverse Co. the Pay Roll System is fundamentally strong. They are

calculated the salary on the basis of the following.

They are calculate the salary first on the basis of attendance record. In attendance are

calculated on the basis o CL, PL, and SL.

CL – Casual Leave given 6 in a year.

PL – Privilege Leave given 15 in a year.

SL – Sick Leave given 6 in a year.

On the basis of employee leave card record Pay Roll Administration define the PL, SL,

CL.

The payroll system other main things Basic & D.A. Organization should given a Basic &

D.A. as per minimum wage Act. J. S. Metal, Organization follows all the rules and regulations.

Company given a different type of allowances of employee which are add in a salary &

wages.

Allowances are paid in addition to the basic salary that is: -

Dearness allowances

House rent allowances

Tea allowances

Special allowances

Medical allowances

Festival allowances

Conveyance allowances

Production allowances

Payment of Salary

Company is paying their salary on the basis of government rules and regulation. Basic

salary is paid on the basis of the employee’s skill ability. Company paying a salary before the 5

TH Day of the month.

Welfare Benefits

These benefits are declared under the factory Act. 1948. the lists of Benefits are divided in two

categories.

1. Following are the statutory Benefits.

Sitting arrangement

First – Aid Appliance

Shelter, Rest Room and Lunch Tent

2. Following are the Non – Statutory Benefits.

Medical facilities

Occupational Health services

Family planning

Recreational and cultural facilities

Educational facilities

Co – operative customer stores

Consumer credit society

Personal counseling

Financial Benefits

Loan facilities

3. List of other Benefits.

Uniform

Shoes

Loan for house

Gratuity Scheme

Pension scheme

Bonus

Provident Fund – P.F.

Leave traveling allowances

Welfare fund

Marriage loan

Leave encashment

Group insurance scheme

Shift allowances

4. Subsidiary or other welfare

Housing facility

Canteen and Rest room facility

Uniform facility

Sports facility

Insurance facility

Medical facility

Training programmes

Clean drinking water facility

Utility facility etc…

There are also called labors welfare measures of an organization.

Labors Welfare Measures

NIF provides different labors welfare facilities to their workers which are as under: -

Uniform and shoes facility

School Notebooks facility

Clean drinking water facility

Rest room and lunch room facility

Sport facility

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

FACTOR AFFECTING ABSENTEEISM

(1)PERSONAL INFORMATION

Table: - 5.1 Showing Age-wise Distribution of Respondents.

Age Frequency Percentage (%)

18 - 25 years 21 30

26 - 35 years 29 41.42

36 - 45 years 7 10

Above 46 years 13 18.57

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.1 it can be depicts that 30 percent (n=21) respondents were belongs to the

age group of 18-25 years, 41.42 percent (n=29) respondents were belongs to the age group of 26-

35 years, 10 percent (n=7) were belong to age group of 36-45 years while 18.57 percent (n=13)

were more than 46 years.

Table: 5.2 Showing Religion-wise Distribution of respondents.

Religion Frequency Percentage (%)

Hindu 66 94.28

Muslim 1 1.42

Other 3 4.29

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.2 it can be depicts that 94.28 percent (n=66) respondents were Hindu, 1.42

percent (n=1) were Muslim religion and 4.29 percent (n= 3) were belonging other religion.

Table: - 5.3 Showing Marital Status of the Respondents.

Marital status Frequency Percentage (%)

Married 42 60

Unmarried 28 40

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no. 5.3 it can be depicts that 60 percent (n=42) respondents were married

and 40 percent (n=28) were unmarried.

Table: 5.4 Showing Distribution of Respondents based on Education.

Education Frequency Percentage (%)

Illiterate 3 4.29

Primary 22 31.42

Secondary 35 50

Higher secondary 3 4.29

I.T.I 5 7.14

Any other 2 2.86

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.4 it can be depicts that 4.29 percent (n=3) respondents were

illiterate, 31.42 percent (n=22) were primary education, 50 percent (n=35) were secondary

education, 4.29 percent (n=3) were higher secondary, 7.14 percent (n=5) were I.T.I. and 2.86

percent (n=2) were got any other qualification.

Table: - 5.5 Showing Distribution of Respondents based on Length of Service.

Length of service Frequency Percentage (%)

1 - 5 year 40 57.14

6 - 10 year 9 12.86

11 - 15 year 8 11.43

Above 16 year 13 18.57

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.5 it can be depicts that 55.71 percent (n=40) respondents had 1-5 years of

experience, 12.86 percent (n=9) respondent had 6-10 years experience 11.43 percent ( n=8) has

11-15 years of experience while 18.57 percent (n=13) had more than 16th year of experience.

Table: 5.6 Showing Distribution of Respondents based on Nature of Service.

Nature of Service Frequency Percentage (%)

Permanent 50 55.71

Temporary 20 14.28

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.6 it can be depicts that 55.71 percent (n=50) respondent were

permanent, while 14.28 percent (n=20) were temporary worker.

Table: 5.7 Showing Distribution of Respondents based on Place of Residence.

Place of Residence Frequency Percentage (%)

0 - 5 km 35 50

5 - 10 km 8 11.42

More Than 10 24 34.29

Quarters 3 4.29

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.7 it can be depicts that the 50 percent (n=35) respondent were living 0 – 5

km away from the company, 11.41 percent (n=8) respondent were live 5 – 10 km away from

company. 34.29 percent (n=24) respondent were more than 10km. from company, While 4.29

percent (n=3) were live in company quarters.

Table: 5.8 Showing Distributions of Respondents According to Family Type.

From the Table no.5.8 it can be depicts that 57.14 percent (n=40) respondent were live in joint

family, 34.29 percent (n=24) were live in nuclear family and 8.57 percent (n=6) were live alone.

Family Types Frequency Percentage (%)

Nuclear 24 34.29

Joint 40 57.14

Single 6 8.57

TOTAL 70 100

Table: 5.9 Showing Distribution of Respondents According to Relation with Family

Member.

From the Table no.5.9 it can be depicts that 58.57 percent (n=41) respondent had good relation

with family member, 43.29 percent (n=24) had satisfy relation with family while 7.14 percent

(n=5) respondent had not good relation with his family member.

Relation with family

memberFrequency Percentage (%)

Good 41 58.57

Satisfaction 24 43.29

Not Good 5 7.14

TOTAL 70 100

FACTORS RELATED TO JOB

Table: - 5.10 Showing whether Respondents Satisfaction with the Work Place or not.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Highly Satisfied 39 55.71

Satisfied 23 32.86

Not Satisfied 8 11.43

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.10 it can be depicts that 55.71 percent (n=39) respondents were healthy

satisfied, 32.86 percent (n=23) were satisfied and 11.43 percent (n=8) were not satisfied with

their present job.

Table: 5.11 Showing whether Respondents Satisfaction with the Present Income or not.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 25 35.71

No 45 64.29

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.11 it can be depicts that 35.71 percent (n=25) respondents were

satisfied and 64.29 percent (n=45) were not satisfied with their present income.

Table: 5.12 Showing whether Respondents inform their Superior Before Taking Leave or

not.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 55 78.57

No 15 21.43

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.12 it can be depicts that 78.57 percent (n=55) respondents were

inform their supervisor before taking leave while 21.43 percent (n=15) were not inform their

superior before taking leave.

Table: 5.13 Showing if one of the staff member is absent in the department which kind of

problem arise.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Overload on existing

employees

10 14.29

Difficulty in performing

task on behalf of

absentee employee

31 44.29

Delay in job report 9 12.86

Entire schedule disturbs 20 28.56

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.13 it can be depicts that 14.29 percent (n=10) respondents were feel

overload on existing employees, 44.29 percent (n=31) respondents were difficulty in performing

task on behalf of absentee employee, 12.86 percent (n=9) respondent were delay in job report

while 28.56 percent (n=20) respondent were feel that entire schedule disturbs.

3. WORKING CONDITION

Table: 5.14 Showing Respondents Likeness Regarding Working Environment.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 54 77.14

No 16 22.86

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.14 it can be depicts that 77.14 percent (n=54) respondents were like

working environment while 22.86 percent (n=16) were not like their working environments.

Table: 5.15 Showing Respondents Relations:

A. With their Supervisor

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Good 63 90

Satisfactory 5 7.14

Poor 2 2.86

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.15 it can be depicts that 90 percent (n=60) respondents were good

relation, 7.14 percent (n=5) were satisfactory relation while 2.86 percent ( n=2) were poor

relationship with their supervisor.

B. With their Co-worker

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Good 62 88.57

Satisfactory 8 11.43

Poor --- ---

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no. 5.15(b) it can be depicts that 88.57 percent (n=62) respondents were

good relation, 11.43 percent (n=8) respondents were satisfactory relationship with their co-

worker.

Table: 5.16 Showing whether Respondents get Good Guidance & Response from their

Supervisor or not.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 70 100

No --- ---

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.16 it can be depicts that majority of the respondents 100 percent

(n=100) were get good guidance & response from their supervisor.

Table: 5.17 Showing whether Respondents feel that their relation with their Colleague &

Supervisor affect their present at the work place or not.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 9 12.86

No 61 87.14

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.17 it can be depicts that 12.86 percent (n=9) respondents were feel

that their relationship with supervisor affecct their present at the work place, while 87.14 percent

(n=61) were not feel that relation with their colleague & supervisor affect their present at the

work place.

Table: 5.18 Showing whether Respondents remain absent effect their Interest in work or

not.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 20 28.57

No 50 71.43

TOTAL 70 100

From The Table no.5.18 it can be depicts that 28.57 percent (n=20) respondents were

remain absent that effect their interest in work, while 71.43 percent ( n=50) respondents were not

affect their late/remain absent in their interest in work.

Table: 5.19 Showing which type of Facilities Available for Worker.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Sport facility 17 24.29

Medical facility 46 65.71

Any other 7 10

TOTAL 70 100

From the Tableno.5.19 it can be depicts that 24.29 percent (n=17) respondents were sport

facility, 65.71 percent (n=46) respondents were medical facility while 10 percent (n=7)

respondents were any other basis on the facilities available for worker.

Table: 5.20 Showing whether Respondents are Satisfied with the facilities provided to them

or not.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 41 58.57

No 29 41.43

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.20 it can be depicts that 58.57 percent (n=41) respondents were

satisfied while 41.43 percent (n=29) respondents were not satisfied with the facilities provided

by company.

4. TRANSPORT

Table: 5.21 Showing whether Respondents Face any kind of Problem while Reaching the

work place or not.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 22 31.43

No 48 68.57

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.21 it can be depicts that 31.43 percent (n=22) respondents were

faces problems while 68.57 percent (n=48) respondents were no faces any kind of problem while

reaching the work place.

5. HEALTH

Table: -5.22 Showing whether Respondents Attend their work when they are Sick or

Unhealthy.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 30 42.86

No 40 57.14

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.22 It can be depicts that 42.86 percent (n=30) respondents were

attend their work when they are sick or unhealthy, while 57.14 percent (n=40) respondents were

not attend their work when they are sick or unhealthy.

Table: -5.23 Showing whether Respondents suffer any Illness during the last one year or

not.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 31 44.29

No 39 55.71

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no. 5.23 it can be depicts that 44.29 percent (n=31) respondents were

suffer from any illness while 55.71 percent (n=39) respondents were not suffer from any illness

in past one year.

Table: 5.24 Showing whether Respondents attend their work when any of their Family

Members is sick or not.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 33 47.14

No 37 52.86

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.24 it can be depicts that 47.14 percent (n=37) respondents were

attend their work, while 52.86 percent (n=37) respondents were not attend their work when any

of their family members were sick.

Table: -5.25 Showing whether Respondents any Family Member Suffered from any kind of

Major or Minor Illness during the last one year or not.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 25 35.71

No 45 64.29

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no. 5.25 it can be depicts that 35.71 percent (n=25) respondents were

family member suffer from any kind of illness while 64.29 percent (n=45) respondents any

family members were not suffered from any kind of major or minor illness in past one year

Table: -5.26 Showing whether Respondents do any Surgery or Accidental Surgery during

the last one year or not.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 8 11.43

No 62 88.57

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.27 it can be depicts that 11.43 percent (n=8) respondents were done

any surgery or accident while 88.57 percent (n=62) respondents were no had done any surgery or

accidental surgery during the past one year.

6. ACCCIDENT

Table: 5.27 Showing whether Respondents remained absent due to any Accident during the

last one year or not.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 11 15.71

No 59 84.29

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.28 it can be depicts that 15.71 percent (n=11) respondents were

remain absent due to accident, while 84.29 percent (n=59) respondents were not remained absent

due to any accident in the past one year.

Table: 5.28 Showing whether Respondents any family members suffered from any

Accidents & has their caused they remain absent from work or not.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 11 15.71

No 59 84.29

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.28 it can be depicts that 15.71 percent (n=11) respondents were

remain absent due to family members suffered from any accident, while 84.29 percent (n=59)

respondents were not remain absent from work due to any family members suffered from any

accident.

7. SOCIAL FACTOR

Table: 5.29 Showing whether Celebration of any Festival affected Respondents present at

the factory during the last one year or not.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 45 64.29

No 25 35.71

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.29 it can be depicts that 64.29 percent (n=45) respondents were

remain absent from work due to celebration of any festival, while 35.71 percent (n=25)

respondents were no affected celebration of any festival in present at the factory during the last

one year.

Table: 5.30 Showing whether Marriage Ceremony affected the Respondents to present in

the factory during the last one year or not.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 46 65.71

No 24 34.29

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.30 it can be depicts that 65.71 percent (n=46) respondents were

absent at work place because of marriage ceremony, while 34.29 percent (n=24) respondents

were no affected marriage ceremony during the past one year to present in the factory.

Table: 5.31 In the past one year was there Occasion or Instance where in your remain

absent due to Guest.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 39 55.71

No 31 44.29

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.31 it can be depicts that 55.71 percent (n=39) respondents were

absent due to guest, while 44.29 percent (n=31) respondents were not remain absent because of

occasion or instance where due to guest in the past one year.

8. ECONOMIC FACTOR

Table: 5.32 Showing Respondents what to do in case of Financial Crisis.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Take loan from money

lenders 46 65.71

Borrow money from

other

24

34.29

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.32 it can be depicts that 65.71 percent (n=70) respondents were take

loan from money lenders, while 34.29 percent (n=32) respondent were borrow money from

other. in case of financial crisis.

Table: 5.33 Showing whether Respondents have any part time Job or Business or

Agriculture or not.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 26 37.14

No 44 62.86

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.33 it can be depict that 37.14 percent (n=26) respondents had any

part time business or agriculture land while 62.86 percent (n=44) respondents had no any part

time job or business or agriculture.

Table: 5.34 Showing whether Respondents Family have own any Piece of Land? Or

involved in any kind of Seasonal Job or not.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 27 38.57

No 43 61.43

Total 70 100

From the Table no.5.34 it can be depicts that 38.57 percent (n=27) respondents were

family had own land or involved in any kind of seasonal job, while 61.43 percent (n=43)

respondent family were not involved in any kind of seasonal job.

9. OTHER FACTOR

Table: 5.35 Showing whether Respondents take visit their Native Place during Festivaldays

or Holidays or not.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 38 54.29

No 32 45.71

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.35 it can be depicts that 54.3 percent (n=38) respondents were taken

visit of their native place during festival days or holidays, while 45.7 percent (n=32) respondents

were not taken visit their native place during festival days or holidays.

Table: 5.36 Showing whether Respondents Drink Alcohol or not.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 33 47.14

No 37 52.86

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.36 it can be depicts that 47.14 percent (n=33) respondents were

drink alcohol, while 52.86 percent (n=37) respondents were no habit of drink alcohol.

Table: 5.37 Showing whether Respondents Feel Burden of work or not.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 13 18.57

No 57 81.43

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.37 it can be depicts that 18.57 percent S (n=13) respondents were

feel burden of work, while 81.43 percent (n=57) respondents were feel not burden of work.

Table: 5.38 Showing whether Respondents have Sufficient Knowledge of their Work or

not.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 63 90

No 7 10

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.38 it can be depicts that 90 percent (n=63) respondents had

sufficient knowledge of their work, while 10 percent (n=7) respondents had no sufficient

knowledge of their work.

Table: 5.39 Showing Respondents Reason of Absence.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Poor working condition 4 5.71

Inadequate leave facility 24 34.29

Benefits which continue

and income during

period of illness or

accident 26 37.14

Absence of adequate

welfare facility 2 2.86

No comments 14 20

TOTAL 70 100

From the Table no.5.39 it can be depicts that respondent remain absent because of some

reasons like 5.71 percent (n=4) respondents were poor working condition, 34.29 percent (n=24)

respondents were inadequate leave facility, 37.14 percent (n=26) respondents were benefits

which continue and income during period of illness or accident, 2.86 percent (n=2) respondents

were absence of adequate welfare facility and 20 percent (n=14) respondents were no comments

on the basis of the reason of absence.

Table:-5.40 Showing whether Respondents Absenteeism due to Stress or not.

Response Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 26 37.14

No 44 62.86

TOTAL 70 100

From the table no.5.40 it can be depicts that 37.14 percent (n=26) respondents were

remain absent due to stress, while 62.86 percent (n=44) respondents were not remain absent due

to stress.

In which 12.9 percent (n=9) respondents were feel stress due to personal reason, 12.9 percent

(n=9) respondent were family reason while 11.43 percent (n=8) respondent were feel stress due

to work load.

In which the stress related work load, 5.71 percent (n=4) respondents were feel stress due to

overburden while 5.71 percent (n=4) respondents were shift problem.

FINDINGS

On the basis of the chapter 5 data analysis and interpretation finding of the study are

below;

1. PERSONAL INFORMATION.

Most of respondent 41.42% (n=29) were belongs to the age group of 26-35 years.

Majority of respondent 94.28% (n=66) were Hindu.

Majority of respondent 60% (n=42) were married.

Majority of respondent 50% (n=35) were got secondary education.

Majority of respondent 55.71% (n=39) had 1-5 years of experience of work.

Majority of respondent 50% (n=35) were living 0–5 km away from the company.

Majority of respondent 57.14 (n=40) were lived in joint family.

Majority of respondent 58.57% (n=41) have good relation with family member.

2. FACTORS RELATED TO JOB

Majority of the respondent 55.71% (n=39) were highly satisfied with their present job.

Majority of the respondent 64.29% (n=45) were not satisfied with their present income.

Majority of the respondent 78.57% (n=55) were inform their supervisor before taking

leave.

Most of the respondent 44.29% (n=31) were face difficulty in performing task on behalf

of absentee employee.

3. WORKING CONDITION

Majority of the respondent 77.14% (n=54) were like working environment of the

industry.

Majority of the respondent 90% (n=60) were good relationship with their supervisor.

Majority of the respondent 88.57 % (n=62) were good relationship with their co-worker.

Majority of the respondent 100% (n=70) were get good guidance & response from their

supervisor.

Majority of the respondent 87.14% (n=61) were not feel that relation with their colleague

& supervisor affect their present at the work place.

Majority of the respondent 71.43% (n=50) were not feel that their late/remain absent

effect their interest in work.

Majority of the respondent 58.57% (n=41) were satisfied with facilities provided by

company.

4. RANSPORTATION

Majority of the respondent 68.57% (n=48) were no faces any kind of problem while

reaching the work place.

5. HEALTH

Majority of respondents 57.14 % (n=40) were not attend their work when they are sick or

unhealthy.

Majority of respondents 55.71% (n=39) were not suffer from any illness in past one year.

Majority of respondents 52.86% (n=37) were not attend their work when any of their

family members were sick.

Majority of respondents 64.29% (n=45) family members were not suffered from any kind

of major or minor illness in past one year.

Majority of respondents 88.57% (n=62) had not done any surgery or accidental surgery

during the past one year.

6. ACCCIDENT

Majority of respondents 84.29 % (n=59) were not remained absent due to any accident in

the past one year.

Majority of respondents 84.29% (n=59) were not remain absent from work due to any

family members suffered from any accident.

7. SOCIAL FACTOR

Majority of the respondent 64.29% (n=45) were remain absent from work due to

celebration of any festival.

Majority of the respondents 65.71% (n=46) were absent at work place because of

marriage ceremony.

Majority of the respondents 55.71% (n=39) were remain absent due to guest in occasion

or instance.

8. ECONOMIC FACTOR

Majority of the respondents 65.71 % (n=46) were take loan from money lenders in case

of financial crisis.

Majority of respondents 62.86% (n=44) had no any part time job or business or

agriculture.

Majority of respondent 61.43% (n=43) family were not involved in any kind of seasonal

job.

9. OTHER FACTOR

Majority of respondents 54.3% (n=38) were taken visit of their native place during

festival days or holidays.

Majority of respondents 52.86% (n=37) were no habit of drink alcohol.

Majority of respondents 81.43% (n=57) were feel not burden of work.

Majority of respondents 90% (n=63) had sufficient knowledge of their work.

Most of respondents 37.14% (n=26) were remain absent due to benefits which continue

and income during period of illness or accident, while most of the respondent remain

absent due to absence of adequate welfare facility.

Majority of respondents 62.86% (n=44) were not remain absent due to stress. In which

majority of respondent feel personal and family stress.

Most of the respondents 11.43 % (n=8) respondent were feel stress due to work load.

CONCLUSION

Absenteeism is a complex problem and rate of absenteeism is different from industry to industry,

nature of work and person to person. Absenteeism is genuine, it affects optimum utilization of

man power which result in loss of output.

It is learnt from the study that the absenteeism in industry is a sociological as well as behavioral

problem it is a problem to the management which affects the efficiency and production of the

factory. Here the quantity and quality of the product both are affected and at the same time it

create difficulties in administration. Similarly it can also be viewed as a problem to the

organization or it brings misfortunate to them.

The employer suffer due to high percentage rate of absenteeism or because of frequency and

severity rate of absence. Absenteeism affects turnover, cost of production and profitability.

On the basis of the studies as discussed, the following finding are there which indicates the some

causes of absenteeism and about view of employee about their work and work place:

A. Personal characteristics of the Employees.

The personal characteristic of employee indicates that most of the respondent were age

group between 26 to 35 years, majority were Hindu, and majority of respondent having

good relationship with family and lived in joint family.

B. His Ability or Inability to Attend the work.

It conclude that majority of respondent were remain absent due to sickness or family

responsibility, social responsibility like marriage, cerenonies, festivals, guest etc…

C. Pressure to attend the Work

In the basis of the study it can be conclude that the majority of employer were satisfied

with their present job, income, and liking, but most of the respondent feel stree due to

work load.

D. Job Related Factors

On the basis of study it shows that majority of respondent like Physical working

conditions, majority of permanent, and get good guidance & support from Supervision.

There were also four different unit in company compound, but there were well manage

the space and developed working environment, working hours also as per factory act, so

that majority of respondent satisfied with work and industry.

During the data collection, researcher has observed that the working condition of NIF GROUP

OF INDUSTRY was good. On the basis of study and analysis and also according to the

respondents Researcher find that the main causes of absenteeism were health problem, Sickness

of family member, Visiting native place, Marriage ceremony of relatives and friends, also due to

guest in any occasion or festival.

To keep the absenteeism rate low, company has applied some rules and regulation in case of long

period absenteeism of a worker.

SUGGESTIONS

An empirical study and analysis of the problem of absenteeism in “N.I.F. GROUP

OF COMPANY” its impact on workers, and ultimately on production. On the basis of

conclusion drawn, the researcher offer following suggestion for immediate consideration

by policy makers and plant authorities.

The term absenteeism denotes absence of a worker from work when he is scheduled to

work. At present the parameter adopted by the institution collecting and compelling data

on absenteeism, the term absenteeism was not properly interpreted. Absence on account

of authorised leave with pay has been included in the total absence while in real sense it

is not a case of absence. The employer grant to the worker leaves with pay either a casual

leave or privilege leave and thus it should not be treated as an absence.

Casual leave and privilege leave with pay have become a matter of right the workers and

every one avails it. It should, therefore, be excluded from the content and components of

total man-days lost due to absence. So that position of true absenteeism can be discerned.

Self-sickness is one of the principal causes of absenteeism. The employer should search

out the factor of work environment and health-hazard for such sickness. After diagnosing

the causes of sickness, the employer should offer proper treatment and create conducive

work-environment. The employer should arrangement that worker sickness could be

controlled.

In this company there are causes of chronic absentees in unskilled cadre of workers. It

may be because of worker bad habits. Alcoholism are prime habits among workers. The

employer should be try to uproot these bad habits through counseling. The employer

should give notice to these chronic absentees for their removal from service if they

remain absent frequently in future. The manager personnel should visit the house of the

chronic absentee and make him and his family aware about the after effect of his

termination. In this way the employer would be successful in controlling the bad habits of

the worker and percentage rate of absenteeism.

Accident may be one of the reasons of absenteeism. The Factories act, 1948 provides that

the employer shall ensure health and safety of the workers. These provisions are

preventive statutory measures to avoid accident.

There are some personality factors responsible for absenteeism. The individuality,

psychology and emotion of the individual worker play a major role for his present and

absent at work. The behaviour of the supervisor, the attitude of the co-worker and

importance of his work given by the employer should be such that the worker should

involve in the production activity as a responsible partner. It would reduce absenteeism

rate.

The employer should investigate the liking and disliking of workers about their

placement. In case of disliking the worker should be placed on the job of liking.

The maintenance of the data and information on absenteeism by all the industries is

defective. It does not indicate the frequency and severity rate of absenteeism.

It is a fundamental principle that man is always on war with himself. He is heavily toned

between his instincts, impulses and rationality. He swings between right and wrong. The

management personnel should not only be worried about organizational activities of the

industry but he should be worried about the worker as a total man. Managerial strategy

should be so sound to consider worth and worries of the workers.

There should be sound policy of communication between management and worker to

eliminates misconception, friction and misgivings. Therefore, through participation in

day-to-day management of the industry workers could be psychological and emotionally

satisfied.

Absenteeism affects the financial position of the worker in case he remain absent without

pay. Absenteeism due to bad habits lowered down his social status and goodwill in the

society. His social and psychological inhibition ruins the whole family. There may be

fighting between spouses, unnecessary beating of children, school drop-outs of the

children, instance of joining job by the children of tender age, indebtedness and economic

bondage. Therefore, the first and foremost task of the supervisors and trade union leaders

should be to educate the workers about pros and cons of his unauthorized absence. The

literacy campaign of worker’s education and job training should be launched for the

betterment of workers.

In the case of chronic absentees due to their bad habits, a scheme of worker’s adoption

should be implemented. Such chronic absentees should be handed over to social-work

organizations financially supported by the employer for their rehabilitation. The effective

and vigorous efforts of socio-economic crisis.

The factory act, 1948 should be suitably amended to incorporate effective provisions for

ensuring health, safety and welfare of workers. The provision relating to canteen should

be liberalised.

At this juncture in the history of Nation’s industrial and economic growth. The

optimum utilization of manpower in these fields is not only indispensable but crucial for

the improving the overall work culture, the malaise of absenteeism has to be checked and

eradicated to boost industrial production and economic growth. On the basis of empirical

study in N.I.F. group of company and analysis of other studies on absenteeism, the

research has offered above suggestion with a hope that if they are materialized and

implemented, the percentage rate of absenteeism would be considerably reduced.

PLAN OF ACTION

After study of ansenteism – in the chapter plan of action researcher formating some plan or

programme for the reduce the rate of absenteeism.

Awareness programme

ANNEXURE- INTERVIEW SCHEDULE

Department Of Social Work

Sardar Patel University

Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Anand.

“FACTOR AFFECTING ABSENTEEISM”

Research Guide Researcher

Ms. Shivani Mishra Ms. Jashmina Chaudhari

NOTE: - This information will be kept confidential and research purpose only.

BACKGROUND INSFORMATION

1.2 Age:

1.3 Religion :

1.4 Status : ( A ) Married ( B ) Unmarried

1.5 Education:

(A) Primary (B) Secondary (C) Higher Secondary

Technical:

(A) I.T.I (B) Any other

1.6 Length of service:

(A) 1-5 years (B) 5-10 years

(C) 10 -15 years (D) above 15 years

1.7 Nature of service:

(A) Permanent(B) Temporary

1.8 Place of Residence:

(A) 0-5km (B) 5-10km (C) more than 10

1.9 Type of family:

(A) Nuclear (B) Joint (C) Single

1.10How are your relation with your family member:

(A) Good (B) Satisfactory (C) Not Good

(Tick mark in appropriate option)

NO. STATEMENT

ANSWERS

FACTOR RELATED TO JOB

2

1. Highly satisfied

2. Satisfied

3. Not satisfied

2.1 Are you satisfied with your present job. 1 2 3

1.Yes

2. No

2.2 Are you satisfied with your present income. 1 2

2.3 Do you inform your superior before taking leave. 1 2

1. Overload on existing employees.

2. Difficulty in performing task on behalf of absentee

employee.

3. Delay in job report

4. Entire schedule disturbs.

2.4 What kind of problem arise when someone is absent in your 1 2 3 4

department.

3 WORKING CONDITION

1.Yes

2. No

3.1 Do you like working environment. 1 2

1.Good

2.Satisfactory

3.Poor

3.2 How are your relations:

A. With your supervisor. B. With your co-worker.

1 2 3

1.Yes

2.No

3.3 Do you get good guidance & response from your supervisor. 1 2

3.4 Do you feel that your relation with your colleague &

supervisor affect your present at the work place.

1 2

3.5 How? Come late / remain absent effect your interest in work. 1 2

(Tick mark in appropriate option)

NO. STATEMENT ANSWERS

1.Canteen

2. Rest room

3. Sport facilities

4.Medical facilities

5. Any other

3.6 What are the facilities available for worker. 1 2 3 4 5

1.Yes

2.No

3.7 Are you satisfied with the facilities that provided. 1 2

4 TRANSPORT

1.Yes

2.No

4.1 Do you face any kind of problem while reaching the

work place.

1 2

5 HEALTH

1.Yes

2.No

5.1 Do you attend your work when you are sick or

unhealthy?

1 2

5.2 In the past one year have you suffered from any illness. 1 2

5.3 Do you attend your work when any of your family 1 2

members is sick.

5.4 In the past one year any family member suffered from

any kind of major or minor illness.

1 2

5.5 You have any surgery or accidental surgery during the

past one year.

1 2

(Tick mark in appropriate option)

6 ACCIDENT ANSWER

1.Yes

2.No

6.1 In the past one year have you remained absent due to any

accident.

1 2

6.2 Has any family members suffered from any accidents & has

their caused you to remain absent from work.

1 2

7 SOCIAL FACTOR

1.Yes

2.No

7.1 Has celebration of any festival affected your present at the

factory during the last one year.

1 2

7.2 During the past one year have marriage ceremony affected

your present in the factory.

1 2

7.3 In the past one year was there occasion or instance where in

you remain absent due to guests.

1 2

8 ECONOMIC FACTOR

1.Take loan from money lenders

2. Borrow money from other

8.1 In case of financial crises what do you do. 1 2

1.Yes

2.No

8.2 Do you have any part time job or business or agriculture. 1 2

8.3 Does your family have own any piece of land? Or involved in

any kind of seasonal job.

1 2

9 OTHER FACTOR

1.Yes

2.No

9.1 Do you take visit your native place during festival days or

holidays.

1 2

9.2 Do you drink alcohol. 1 2

(Tick mark in appropriate option)

9.3 Do you feel burden of work. 1 2

9.4 Do you have sufficient knowledge of your work. 1 2

1. Poor working condition

2. Inadequate leave facility

3. Benefits which continue and income during period of

illness or Accident

4.Absence of adequate welfare facilities

9.5 What was the reason of absence. 1 2 3 4

1.Yes

2.No

9.6 Is your absenteeism due to stress. 1 2

1. Personal reason

2. Family reason

3. Work related

A. If yes, whether it is related to:             1 2 3

1.Lack of safety measures

2. Overburden

3. Shift problems

B. If work related, then due to: 1 2 3

BIBLIOGRAPHY