Final Engineering Report

8/14/2019 Final Engineering Report

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Brief summery-report of the functioning of Mr. Afif Abouraphaels power plant of

patent no US 6990809, and an engineering study of his new invention (SELF-

PROPELLED ENERGY GENERATOR) that includes a power plant of the above

mentioned patent, in addition to a modular hydraulic air compressor.

C O N T E N T S

1. Historical development

2 Engineering planning

2.1 Gas system

2.1.1 Compression phase

2.1.2 Heating phase

2.1.3 Expansion phase

2.2 Liquid system

2.2.1 Waters down flowing through a fall pipe

2.2.2 Water pumping by main water-circulating pump

2.2.3 Providing heat to the expanding compressed air of the ascending containers

2.3 Mechanical system

2.3.1 Water pumps

2.3.2 Bucket turbine

2.3.3 Power generator

3 Ragged Chutes Hydraulic Air Compressor supplying compressed air to said power

plant

4 Conclusion

5 Literature

1. Historical development

Mr. Arthur G. Platt [1] registered patent no US 2135110 that comprises a renewable energy

power generating apparatus including a water-filled pool, an endless chain looping around

lower and upper cogwheels, containers attached to chain links where only ascending

containers receive compressed air in bottom of pool during the functioning of said apparatus

(fig. 1). Said ascending containers are propelled by a growing buoyant force during their

ascent. According to Boyle's Law, the volume of compressed air injected into each ascending

container expands and displaces an increasing quantity of water at shallower depths due to

lower hydrostatic pressure. The weight of the water displaced by air in ascending containers

creates a steady torque on the axle of the upper cogwheel. The resultant rotation is

transformed into an abundant source of energy adaptable to a wide range of applications.


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International Project Consulting Dr. Ing. Elias Masri

2

The needed compressed air for the

functioning of Mr. Platts apparatus

was to be supplied if needed by all

kind of conventional compressors or

by Taylors type hydraulic air

compressors [2], as the one that wasbuilt in Cobalt-Ontario in 1910 [3]

and [4] and that supplied the mines of

the Cobalt area with their needed

compressed air until 1981.

Said Taylors type hydraulic air

compressor is an effective air

compressing apparatus where a huge

quantity of air is compressed by

flowing water of waterways at a

condition to have a difference inheight in the waterways bed in order

to be able to build effectively a water

down-take pipe that communicates

with a first end of an underground

tunnel which communicates at its

second end with a water up-take tail

pipe that discharges water back into

the bed of said waterway. Fig. 1 Cross-sectional view of Platts power

apparatus.

The basic principle that is employed in Taylors type hydraulic air compressors is essentiallythe same as for all hydraulic air compressors. This basic principal consists of a stream of

water to be allowed to fall in a vertical down-take pipe where air bubbles are entrained by

falling water on beginning of its down motion through a mixing head in order to form an air-

water mix. The entrained air is then compressed by the weight of the down flowing water.

Then, when the direction of flow changes suddenly to the horizontal and the velocity of said

flow is lessen, the air bubbles will be liberated then, and may be collected in a suitable

container or separating chamber from which compressed air will be carried out by a suitable

piping system (Fig. 2).
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Fig. 2 Cross-sectional view ofRagged Chutes hydraulic air compressor By Taylor.

Mr. Afif Abou-Raphael [5] has invented an effective air injection system for ascending

containers of the apparatus that was invented in 1937 by Mr. Platt. This injection system of

patent no CA 2328580 or US 6990890 helps transferring effectively compressed air coming

from a compressor to the ascending containers of Mr. Platts apparatus without any lost of air

bubbles, that means without energy lost at the lower cogwheels level in bottom of said powerplants pool, while Mr. Platt had compressed air bubbles supplied ineffectively to ascending

containers.

2 Engineering planning

The needed engineering study of this invention according to its extraordinary potential is the

calculation of the total useful energy of the self-propelled energy generator that equals the

total addition of all lost and net energy of the system including the modular hydraulic air

compressor according to the equation (2.1):

usefulmechanicheatdragPumpstotalEEEEEE )(energynet (2.1)

And because of the multitude of mediums of said self-propelled energy generator, the present

engineering study is divided into three chapters.

Chapter 1 that includes the study of air cycle of the gas system.

Chapter 2 that includes the study of water cycle of the liquid system.

Chapter 3 that includes the study of the mechanical system that includes all pumps (Mainwater transferring pumps) and (secondary water transferring pumps that are needed for
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4

water-flows to fulfil the continuity equation), a bucket turbine and an electrical generator

as it is shown in fig.3.

Fig. 3 Schematic view, showing all of gas, liquid and mechanical systems of the

apparatus.

It is of course understood that a forth chapter that includes the study of the energy output of

said power plant of invention [5], is needed alongside the study of chapters 1, 2 and 3.

2.1 Gas system

Air is the only gas element in the system of said self-propelled energy generator the subject of

the present invention, where the cycle from the time atmospheric air enters the system letting

us to take advantage of its physical properties, until it exits said system heated at atmospheric

pressure too, is an open cycle.

The following are phases to be followed in order to have a detailed study of the above-

mentioned air-open cycle that permits us to calculate the systems lost and positive energy

2.1.1 Compression phase

Pump

Air cycle

Water cycle

Bucket turbine Generator

Liquid system

Gas system

Mechanical system


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We take a pre-determined quantity of atmospheric air with volume0

V , pressure0

p and air

temperature0t .

First of all, an airflow discharge pressure of said modular hydraulic air compressor of the

actual self-propelled energy generator has to be pre-determined.

Study of these variations of air-physical properties to the volume1

V , pressure1

p , and the

temperature1t , From the time the predetermined atmospheric airflow enters the air-water

mixing head entrained by falling water into the head-pipe, until said air-water mix reaches the

lower air-water separating device.

Fig. 4 Schematic simplified cross-sectional view of a self-propelled energy generator.

Variations of an adiabatic study of all air-physical properties according to equations (2.2) and

(2.3), see literature [6], [8], [9] and [10]

1

001

ppVV (2.2)

1

0

101

p

ptt (2.3)

Real study of said physical properties, where the reality of this process is that air bubbles of

the falling air-water mix from the mixing head until the lower air-water separating device, are

steadily compressed by the weight of the column of water that existsbetween the pools water

surface and the depth where said bubbles are located. The consequences of that compression,is a huge elevation of the air bubbles temperature, where a big quantity of heat will be lost to

the surrounding water that lowers the air temperature according to (2.4).


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1

'

11 ttT (2.4)

In the lower air-water separating device the real air temperature will be '1t and the real water

temperature will be 1T .

2.1.2 Heating phase

Heating is the phase where we return to the compressed air a part of the lost heat that was due

to the direct contact of air with water. This phase is the heat exchange that permits to elevate

air temperature to1t , where

1t should not exceed 90 degrees in order to keep the surrounding

waters temperature below 100 Celsius that avoids water ebullition and evaporation according

to (2.5)

9011 tt (2.5)

Thus, in order to complete this phase without losing a big amount of energy, the heat

exchanger could be supplied with a part of the lost heat that is generated through the

functioning of the water-transferring pumps and the main electrical generator.

The quantity of heat that can be useful in this phase can be calculated as follow:

)( 111 ttcmQ v (2.6)

Where:

1Q Heat quantity

m Quantity of air passing in the heat exchanger

vc Specific heat at constant volume.

This heating phase is beneficial to air cycle in two points:

The elevation of air temperature that lowers the energy lost of the system and, the elevation of compressed air pressure

1p in the heat exchanger where this

beneficial elevation of air pressure at this level of the air cycle could be done without

the need of any additional air compressor.

2.1.3 Expansion phase

The expansion phase starts from the injection of a pre-determined quantity of hot air into

ascending containers. But, the physical properties of this quantity of compressed air present

inside said ascending containers change during the air ascent toward the pools water surface,where the hydrostatic pressure that exerts on this air is lighter according to the depth of every


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container. Thus, the consequences of this low pressure, is volume expansion and colder

temperature of this quantity of air.

Thus, the equation (2.7) is used to calculate the changes of air temperature without heat

exchange.

1

1

012

p

ptt (2.7)

Where:

2t Air temperature at the end of air-expansion phase without heat exchange

1t Temperature of compressed air exiting the heat exchanger

1p Pressure of compressed air exiting the heat exchanger

Isentropic constant.

Thus, because t2 is a very low temperature, the water that surrounds the expanding

imprisoned air becomes ice. But, in order to avoid ice formation in the water cycle, we try todistribute hot water that exits the main water-transferring pump all along the ascending route

of the ascending containers, from bottom of pool until the dumping of air at the surface of

water of said pool. This hot water distribution permits us to use the heat that was gained by

water in the first phase, while, the calculation of the quantity of that heat can be calculated as

follow:

tAkQ 2 (2.8)

Where:

2Q Heat quantityk Heat transfer coefficient

A Transfer surface area

t Difference of temperature between air temperature inside ascending container and watertemperature that surrounds the container.

Because this part of the air cycle is a function of the ascending linear speed of the containers,

thus, the useful heat-gain in this part of this cycle can be calculated as follow:

v

hQW 22'

(2.9)

Where:

'W Heat gain

2Q Quantity of heat

2h (Height of the column of water) or Depth from pools water surface until bottom of pool

where compressed air is injected

v Ascending containers linear speed

That means the ascending containers linear speed has to provide a heat balance in this part ofthis cycle. Thus, the control of the containers ascending linear speed can be done through the

injected quantity of compressed air that can be calculated according to


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tRm

W

1(2.10)

Where:W quantity of heat needed for air in order to keep the cycles balance

m Quantity of air

R Gas constant

Isentropic constant

21 ttt

1t Temperature of compressed air exiting the heat exchanger

2t Temperature of air exiting the air cycle

Thus, in order to provide a good functioning between air cycle and liquid- water cycle,

without having ice accumulation, and to reduce the heat lost, it is always very important to

calculate iteratively the rotation speed of the mechanical system of the bucket turbine

according to equations (2.8), (2.9) and (2.10), because this part of this cycle is the one that can

allow a bigger energy production.

But, because water is the element that is used in the liquid cycle, and water has a liquid

specific character between 0 and 100 Celsius (0


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Where:

m Flow mass

t Time

Thus, In order to study the equation (2.11), we take a pre-determined Flow mass waterairm 0

of

an air-water mix at a temperature0

T , a pressure0

p and a speed0v This pre-determined mass

has to fulfil the continuity equation too at the exit of the fall pipe in said lower separating

device with different physical properties, Flow mass waterairm 1 , temperature 1T , pressure

1p ,and speed

1v

)(1)(0 waterairwaterairmm (2.12)

airwaterairwatermkmkmkmk 11110000 )1()1( (2.13)

Where:

0k and

1k are ratios of air-water mixes at the upper water reservoir and at the lower

separating device.

111111000000 )1()1( vAkkvAkk airwaterairwater (2.14)

Considering that the diameter D of the fall pipe does not change from top to bottom. Then

10 AA And as water is an incompressible liquid waterwater 10 , then we simplify (2.14)

1

0

1110

0

000 )1()1( vkkvkk

water

air

water

air

(2.15)

Where the values of air0 and air1 are very small comparing with water0 .

Then after simplification, equation (2.15) becomes (2.16).

1100 vkvk (2.16a)

Or

0

1

0

1 vk

kv (2.16b)

Thus, the calculation process of water temperatures change is very easy, because the quantity

of heat gained by water is the same quantity of heat that is lost by air during its compression

cycle.

Lost heat by air:

)( 01 ttcmtcmQ vairvairair (2.17)


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10

Gained heat by water:

)( 01 TTcmTcmQ FwaterFwaterwater (2.18)

Because (2.17) and (2.18) are equals, then:

)( 0101 ttm

m

c

cTT

water

air

F

v (2.19)

Wherevc and

Fc are the specific heat constants for air and water

At 20 Celsius,

kg.K

j4190Fc .

Where:

0T Waters temperature at the top of the fall pipe

1t Can be calculated from equation (2.3)

airm and waterm are the weight of the pre-determined quantity of air and water that exit from

the fall pipe to the lower separating device.

2.2.2 Water pumping by main water-circulating pump

This phase begins at the lower air-water separating device and ends at the exits of the hotwater distributing pipes that are affixed face to the ascending containers and used to spry hot

water around said ascending containers. Thus, it is mandatory that the equation of water

continuity has to be respected at this point of this phase.

And because air is separated from the air-water mix in the lower separating device, and in

order to respect the continuity equation, it is imperative to provide an equal quantity of water

by a secondary water-circulating pump that is controlled by a level sensor in order to control

the acceptable lower level of water in said lower separating device, during the functioning of

the apparatus.

112211 vAvAvA (2.20)

Where:

1A and

1v are the sections surface area of pipe and speed of water by the secondary water-

circulating pump

In this phase, main and secondary pumps do not affect the waters physical properties at all;

their only work is to provide a continuous water-circulation between their intake and their

outlet respectively that means they do not need to provide water pumping to a certain head.

2.2.3 Providing heat to the expanding compressed air of the ascending containers


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In this phase, heat has to be provided to the expanding air inside said ascending containers in

order to close up the isothermal compressing cycle of air without letting ice formation inside

said ascending containers. Thus, the lost heat during phase 1 of the air compression process

(phase 1 in air cycle), and that is recuperated by water contained inside the lower separating

device, will be given back to the expanding air by circulating this hot water around saidascending containers through the above mentioned pipes that are affixed face to these

ascending containers.

After circulating around said ascending containers and giving heat to the expanding air, this

water floats to the pools surface in order to start a new cycle.

2.3 Mechanical system

The Mechanical system of this apparatus has three independent parts:

2.3.1 Water pumps

These pumps are divided into two groups:

A- Main pumps: The main function of a main pump is to provide a continuous watercirculation in said closed liquid system of said apparatus as shown in figure 4. This

type of circulation-pump does not require a lot of energy because of its simple

function where water-circulation is done without any head.

B- Secondary pumps: The main function of a secondary pump is to transfer waterfrom the main pool into said lower separating device during the functioning of the

apparatus, in order to respect the continuity equation for the above referred main

pumps as shown in figure 4. The functioning of these secondary pumps is

intermittent, because water is needed into said lower separating device only when

water reaches the lower acceptable level. In addition, these secondary pumps can

be replaced if needed, by valves that can provide equally, the needed water for the

good functioning of said main pumps. Moreover the control of these secondary

pumps or said valves can be done through (min-max level sensors).

Of course, the needed energy for the good functioning of all main and secondary pumps

is a function of the needed airflow. This energy is a lost one, and according to the

engineering studies of many different examples of this apparatus, the value of this energy

was between 15% and 22% of the total energy output of said power plant of any studied

self-propelled energy generator.

2.3.2 Bucket turbine

This bucket turbine is an endless chain of buckets moving around upper and lower cogwheels

as shown in figure 3 and 4. In addition said bucket turbine is always built solid, in a way that

supports the result drive force developed by the buoyant force of the total volume of


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imprisoned compressed air into ascending containers. This buoyant force can be calculated

according to the following equation

n

iwaterires

gVF1

(2.21)

Where:

n Number of ascending containers between upper and lower cogwheels.

iV Compressed air volume in container i

water Water density

g Gravity

Thus, before calculating the final energy of the above mentioned force, we should calculate

the drag that affects directly this part of the mechanical system according to the following

equation:

AvF waterw 2

2

(2.22)

Where:

Drag resistance

water Water density

A Area of container

v Linear speed of containers

And in order to facilitate the calculation of this drag, we consider the up or down moving

containers as a pipe having one diameter D.

The drag resistance of the up and down moving containers is calculated according to [10] and

[12]

D

h

1

(2.23)

Where:

, is the pipes Coefficient of resistance that can be calculated according to Nikuradse [12].

2

lg.214,1

D

k (2.24)

Where:

k is the roughness of tubes surface. In our case k = 0.2-0.5 [mm]


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For the five containers that drag in bottom of pool, the value of drag according to [10] is:

05,112

Thus, the total value of drag can be calculated as follow:

21 .5.2 (2.25)

The resulting useful force of any power plant, can be calculated as follow:

dragresuseful FFF (2.26)

Then, from this useful force, it is possible to calculate the resulting energy of said power plant

without taking in consideration all of the lost energy of the pumps, of all mechanical friction

of the system, and of the air heating, according to the following equation:

2LFE usefulres (2.27)

Where:

L Driving radius that is equal to the sum of: driving wheels radius, thickness of endless

chain and containers radius.

Rotating speed

2.3.3 Power generator

This power generator is an electrical generator that produces the calculated useful energy that

goes through distributing lines and the lost energy used by said main and secondary water

pumps, after deducting all of the added lost energy in drag, in mechanical friction and in air

heating. This means, the result of equation (2.1) of this study is equal to the value of the final

positive energy of this generator.

The above mentioned mechanical system is the most important part of this self-propelled

energy generator. Thus, the lost mechanical energy is the biggest among all of the lost energy

of this apparatus. And because this machine is the first machine in its kind, then, it is difficult

to say how much the exact value of this mechanical energy lost is. But, in sum it is frictioncaused by the rotation of the wheels shafts in their bearings, by direct contact between

cogwheels and endless chain, and by the power transmission systems.

In the present time with the precision of the mechanical construction, we can give a primary

value for this mechanical energy lost in the order of about 15% from the total produced

energy.

The following chart gives percentage of calculated and approximate values for energy lost of

the apparatus.


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resE 100 %

dragE (2-4) %

pumpE (16-23) %

heatE (6-23) %

mechanicalE (15) %

usefulE (35-61) %

3 Ragged Chutes Hydraulic Air Compressor supplying compressed air to said power

plant

During the study of this power plant I made sure to study it with compressed air being

supplied bythe ragged chutesthat is located in one of the coldest area of the planet.

Surely, the result came very positive and encouraging. While, if the same power plant would

be located in a hot area and a similar hydraulic air compressor located in the same hot area

supplies the compressed air, thus, the energy output of the power plant would be much higher.

STUDY OF THE USEFULL POWER OF A POWER PLANT THAT WORKS WITH

COMPRESSED AIR PRODUCED BY THE RAGGED CHUTES FOR ONE STAGE

Distance from surface of water to the opening ofbottom vertical container m 85,00

Rotation speed of driving wheel per minute rpm 10

Linear speed of chain m 0,76

Length of container m 0,75

Radius of container m 0,46

Radius of driving wheel. m 0,91

Atmospheric pressure bar 1,0133

Temperature of injected heated air into ascending

containers

C 90

Temperature of water that surrounds the ascending

container

C 20

Driving radius, or distance between the center of the

driving shaft and the center of gravity of the

container

m 1,37

Free airflow per minute m/min 37,755

Hydrostatic pressure at opening of bottom vertical

container

bar 8,50

Volume of expanded air in all ascending containers m 14,63

Output energy without any lost MW 0,205

Lost energy by DRAG [3,76]% MW 0,0077

Lost energy by mechanical friction 15% MW 0,0307Lost energy by Heating [23]% MW 0,0476

Ragged Chutes doesnt need pumps because of the MW 0
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Montreal River

Useful output energy from 37,755 m of air MW 0,119

according to the following calculations, and, if full airflow of the ragged chutes would be used

in an appropriate power plant having the needed number of stages that can contain this

airflow, thus, the results would be as follow:

Number of stages needed to contain the full airflow of 1132.66m:1132.66m/ 37,755m (One stage) = 30 stages.

Full potential-energy production out of full airflow of 1132.66m:0,119MW x 30 = 3,56MW.

The ragged chutes compressor was using a water flow of 22.7 m/sec in order to produce the

40000 cfm or 1132.66 m of free airflow, while the average full water flow of the Montreal

River is about 67.5 m/sec.

Then, if this full water flow were to be used in a bigger hydraulic compressor, the following

airflow would be produced:

(67.5m / 22.7m3) x 1132.66m = 3368.0185m

Thus, the full potential energy of this airflow would be:

(3368.0185m / 1132.66m) x 3,56MW 10.5 MW.

It should be understood of course that the ragged chutes does not need neither main nor

secondary water transferring pumps, that makes energy production according to this

technology much higher then energy being produced through the new invention. But, becausewaterways do not exist wherever we need them to be, then, the use of the new technology of

said (Self-propelled energy generator) would be highly recommended in replacing

conventional power generation.

In addition, said power plant can be built in shallower pools if needed where more stages can

be used in order to produce enough energy without having the risk to having ice accumulation

in the buckets.

4 Conclusion

In the beginning when I was approached by the inventor to do an engineering study for his

invention, I thought that he was loosing his time, because a lot of people before him have

studied the issue without getting any positive result, and that it is unlikely to produce energy

from nothing, and that perpetual motion machine does not exists.

But, because of my technical curiosity I decided to see from where this positive energy is

coming. Thus, I decided to search deeper, and then I started reading the documents including

the patents texts; searching for mistakes the inventor has committed, while being sure to find

them.


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When I didnt find any mistake whatsoever, I got attached to the issue and I started revising

very carefully the calculations that were done by the inventor. Happily and surprisingly, I

came up with a positive result. And the following are my findings:

This invention is a unique Self- propelled energy generator that includes a unique submergedair Bucket Turbine, powered By the volume (not the pressure) of compressed air produced

by unique modular hydraulic air compressors.

The subject of this invention:

1- Is self-propelled and it eliminates all of the disadvantages of conventional powergenerators (wind intensity, solar-beam, etc.) while ensuring ease of operation and

an ecological process that uses non-polluting, renewable and clean energy. In

addition this apparatus needs only atmospheric air and a recycled limited quantity

of water.

2- Has the capacity to be located anywhere in the world including cities, remoteareas, mountains or deserts, and to produce any amount of cheap energy according

to the needed design without any limitation whatsoever. Moreover, this

extraordinary machine that is self-propelled can produce clean and renewable

energy even in the coldest regions of the globe.

3- Includes a power generating plant of the type described in the Canadian patent noCA 2328580 or in US patent no US 6990809that uses the compressed air volume

as fuel instead of air pressure, and a modular hydraulic air compressor that

produces artificially the needed airflow for the good functioning of said power

plant by circulating same water in a closed and looping path in order to entrain and

compress air according to the same basic principle of all hydraulic air

compressors, including Taylors type hydraulic air compressors that were the

biggest in the world in their kind. But said basic principle is used in this modular

hydraulic air compressor in a better, easy and efficient way, where air is

compressed and expanded in an isothermal process.

Thus, this self-propelled energy generator can produce for the first time in history a huge

amount of positive energy, of course, without forgetting that this clean and renewable energy

generation can be without limitations and without the use of any conventional outside source

of energy. In addition, this apparatus needs only maintenance after it is started, and, the use ofthis technology could reduce drastically pollution and greenhouse gases.

5 Literature

[1] Arthur G. Platt: Power apparatus. /1938/ Patent no US2135110[1] Charles Havelock Taylor: Hydraulic Air-Compressor. /1908/ Patent no

US892772[3]Arthur A. Cole: Mining and power development. /1910/ Toronto[4]Allan Auclair: Ragged chutes. /1957/ Canadian mining journal.
http://ipcet.com%20-%20all%20patents%27%20description%20%28of%20afif%20abou-raphael%29%20-%2022-06-07.doc/http://ipcet.com%20-%20all%20patents%27%20description%20%28of%20afif%20abou-raphael%29%20-%2022-06-07.doc/http://ipcet.com%20-%20all%20patents%27%20description%20%28of%20afif%20abou-raphael%29%20-%2022-06-07.doc/


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[5]Afif Abouraphael: Hydroelectric power plant designed to transform the potentialenergy of compressed gas into mechanical and electrical energy through the

potential energy of liquid. 2003 patent no CA2328580 or 2006 patent no

US6990809

[6]William L. Haberman and James E.A. John: Engineering Thermodynamicswith Heat Transfer. 1989

[7]Joseph H. Spurk: Einfrung in die Theorie der Strmungen. Springer 1996[8]Reiner Decher: Energy conversion systems, Flow Physics and Engineering.

/1994/ Oxford University Press

[9]Hans Dieter Baehr: Thermodynamik. Springer /1988/[10] H. E. Siekmann: Strmungslehre. Springer 2000[11] M. Halk Aksel, O. Cahit Eralp: Gas Dynamics. /1994/ Prentice Hall[12] E.Truckenbrodt: Fluidmechanik Band I and II. /1989/ Springer

International Project Consulting for Environmental Technology

Dr. Ing. Elias Masri

Hooverstr. 8 B

86156 Augsburg

Germany

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