FINAL EXAM REVIEW!!!. FINAL EXAM FACTS Unit 1: History and Approaches Unit 2: Research and...

FINAL EXAMREVIEW!!!

FINAL EXAM FACTS

Unit 1: History and Approaches

Unit 2: Research and Statistics

Unit 3: Biological Bases of Behavior

Unit 4: Sensation and Perception

Unit 5: States of Consciousness

Unit 6: Testing and Individual Differences

UNIT 1HISTORY AND APPROACHES

UNIT 1: HISTORY & APPROACHES

Psychology: the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Roots of Psychology: philosophy and biology (physiology)

Dualism: the philosophy that the mind and the body are two different things that interact.

Monism: the mind and body are different aspects of the same thing.


John Locke: Believed our minds were a “tabula rasa”. (blank slate)

Wilhelm Wundt: Set up 1st psych lab in Germany in 1879.

G. Stanley Hall: Set up psych lab at Johns Hopkins Univ and helped found the APA (American Psychological Association).


Williams James: “father” of functionalism. Interested in function or purpose of behavior.

Mary Calkins: Denied her Ph.D., became 1st woman president of APA.

Edward Titchener: “father” of structuralism (look inside ourselves to explore the human mind).

Margaret Washburn: 1st woman to complete Ph.D. in psychology under Titchener.


Francis Sumner: 1st African-Amer to receive Ph.D. in psychology.

Inez Prosser: 1st African-Amer woman to receive Ph.D. in psych.

Carlos Miranda: One of the first Latinos to earn Ph.D. in psych.

Martha Bernal: 1st Latina to earn Ph.D. in psych.


Charles Darwin: Law of natural selection. “Survival of the fittest” Only dominant genes are passed on to next generation.Seven Basic Approaches to Psych: 1. Neuroscience 4. Cognitive 2. Evolutionary 5. Behavioral 3. Social-Cultural 6. Psychodynamic

7. Behavior Genetics


Neuroscience: (Biological) Examines how biological processes within nervous and endocrine system are related to behavior.

Evolutionary: Based on Darwin’s natural selection. Survival of the fittest.

Behavior Genetics: How genetics and environment determine who we are. Dominant genes are passed on to future generations.


Social-Cultural: Effects of social and cultural issues on behavior.Cognitive: Examine how thoughts in terms of how we interpret, process, and store memories effect behavior.Behavioral: Examine observable behaviors and how conditioning changes behavior.Psychodynamic: unconscious internal conflicts explain behavior.


Other significant approaches:

Humanistic: We choose our behaviors and these choices are guided by our needs. Humans are free to make choices.

Eclectic: a combination of approaches.


Types of psychologists:

Counseling: help people make lifestyle changes.

Clinical: evaluate and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.

Psychiatrist: a MEDICAL DOCTOR that specializes in diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. Can prescribe drugs, others can’t.

UNIT 2RESEARCH AND STATISTICS

UNIT 2: RESEARCH & STATISTICS

Ethical principles:1. Get permission of participants.

2. Protect them from harm and discomfort.

3. Keep information confidential.

4. Explain the research afterwards.

Animal testing: treat them humanely, dispose of properly, and minimize their discomfort.


Little Albert Experiment: conditioned a baby to be afraid of any furry animal.

Milgram Experiment: tested to see how to what extent people would obey an authority figure, even if it went against their personal beliefs.

Genie: Feral Child: girl locked in a room for first 13 years of her life. Never acquired a language.


Hindsight Bias – the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

Overconfidence – thinking we know more than we really do.

Skepticism – questioning things that are believed to be fact.


Scientific method – make observations, form theories, and then refine theories.

Scientific theory – an explanation using a set of principles that organizes and predicts behaviors or events.

Hypothesis – testable prediction


Operational definition – a statement of the procedures used to define research variables.

Culture – shared ideas, attitudes, and traditions amongst a group of people which are passed on from one generation to the next.


1954 – Brown vs. Board of Education ruled that “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal”.

First case that a social psychologist participated.

Mamie and Kenneth Clark found that under segregation, Black children were internalizing anti-black prejudice.


Case Study – studying one individual in detail, thinking it will lead to information about all people.

Surveys – Ask people to report on their behavior/opinions.

Naturalistic Observations – watching and recording behavior in their natural environment.


Population – everyone you want to study and describe.Random sample – a sample that fairly represents the population.Correlation – When two things have a relationship and are dependent of each other. It allows one to predict the other.


Positive Correlation – Two things rise and fall together.

Negative Correlation – Inverse relationship. When one rises, the other falls.

Illusory Correlation – When we think two things are correlated, we look for things that confirm our belief even if they aren’t really correlated.


Placebo – a drug that has no medical value given to deceive a participant into thinking they are receiving an actual treatment. Used for control groups.

Double-blind procedure – when both the participant and the research staff are unaware of who received a placebo.

Placebo Effect – improvement of medical condition when given a placebo.


Experimental Condition – A group of people who receive an actual treatment.

Control Condition – A group of people who do not receive the treatment.

Independent Variable (IV) – The experimental factor that is being manipulated.

Dependent Variable (DV) – the variable that may change depending on the independent variable.


Measures of central tendency – mean (average), median (middle value), and mode (appears most).

Range – The difference between the lowest and highest scores.

Skew – When unusually high or low scores distort the mean.

UNIT 3BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR

UNIT 3: BIOLOGICAL BASES…

Neuron: a nerve cell.

Three major functions: receive information, process it, and transmit it to the rest of your body.

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE NEURON

Dendrites

Axon

Myelin Sheath

Axon Terminal

Schwann’s Cells

Cell Body

Nucleus

Node of Ranvier


Neurotransmitters: chemical messengers that travel synaptic gap between neurons.

Endorphins: natural opiate, body’s painkiller.

Agonists: may mimic a neurotransmitter

Antagonists: block a receptor site inhibiting the effect of the neurotransmitter or agonist.


The two major subdivisions are the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Central Nervous System (CNS): made up of the brain and spinal cord.

3 types of neurons: sensory (sends info TO brain), motor (send info FROM brain), interneurons (communicate between sensory and motor neurons).


Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): made up the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

Somatic Nervous System: Controls the body’s skeletal muscles.

Autonomic Nervous System: Controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. (All automatic functions)


The Autonomic Nervous System is divided into two parts: Sympathetic Nervous System (helps deal with stressful events) and Parasympathetic Nervous System (calms your body)

Reflex: automatic response to stimuli.


Endocrine system: consists of glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones in your blood.

Hormones are chemical messages that travel to target organs.


Ways to measure brain function:

EEG – Wave cap; studies brain waves

PET – Inject glucose, track where it goes. Shows brain activity.

MRI – Uses magnetic fields to produce an image of soft tissue.

fMRI – Track blood flow through brain.

CAT – 2D x-ray of slice of brain.


Brainstem: connect brain & spine.

Medulla: regulate heart, blood, etc.

Reticular formation: arousal (wake)

Thalamus: receives signals and relays to brain.

Cerebellum: maintains balance.

Hippocampus: memories

Amygdala: anger and fear


4 Lobes of the brain

Frontal: speaking and muscles

Temporal: hearing

Occipital: vision

Parietal: thinking and info processing


Chromosomes – Structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes.

-We have 46 chromosomes, 23 from your mother and 23 from your father.

-Males are XY, Females are XX!

If the male contributes a Y chromosome, the baby is male.

Turner Syndrome - girls with only one X chromosome (XO).

Klinefelter’s syndrome - males with an XXY sex chromosomes. Has 47 chromosomes, an extra female X.

Down syndrome - individuals with three copies of chromosome #21.


UNIT 3: BIOLOGICAL BASES…DNA – a molecule that contains genetic information.

Genes – a segment of DNA that contains units of heredity.

Heredity – passing of traits to offspring from parents or ancestors.

Genome – The complete instructions for making an organism.

UNIT 3: BIOLOGICAL BASES…Identical twins (monozygotic twins) – developed from a single fertilized egg that splits in two.

Fraternal twins (dizygotic twins) – developed from separate fertilized eggs.

Adopted children are more similar to their biological parents than their adoptive parents.

VARIATION ACROSS CULTURENorms - rules for accepted and expected behavior. They dictate what “proper” behavior looks like.

Individualist – Cultures that nurture a person’s identity.

Collectivist – Cultures that nurture a group identity.

GENDER ROLESGender roles – expectations of how men and women are supposed to behave.

Gender identity – how a person views himself or herself in terms of gender.

Occam’s Razor –The simplest answer is usually the correct one. (also called Ockham’s razor)

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FINAL EXAM REVIEW!!!. FINAL EXAM FACTS Unit 1: History and Approaches Unit 2: Research and...

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