Final Exam Review

In its earliest days, psychology was defined as the:

A. science of mental life.

B. study of consciousness and unconscious activity.

C. scientific study of observable behavior.

D. scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

A: Science of mental life

Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, “Psychology should investigate only behaviors that can be observed”?

A. Wilhelm Wundt

B. Sigmund Freud

C. John B. Watson

D. William James

C John Watson

Today, psychology is defined as the:

A. scientific study of mental phenomena.

B. scientific study of conscious and unconscious activity.

C. scientific study of behavior.

D. scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

D Scientific study of behaviors and mental processes

Which of the following exemplifies the issue of the relative importance of nature and nurture on our behavior?

A. the issue of the relative influence of biology and experience on behavior

B. the issue of the relative influence of rewards and punishments on behavior

C. the debate as to the relative importance of heredity and instinct in determining behavior

D. the debate as to whether mental processes are a legitimate area of scientific study

A: The issue of the relative influence of biology and experience on behavior

Theories are defined as:

A. testable propositions.

B. factors that may change in response to manipulation.

C. statistical indexes.

D. principles that help to organize, predict, and explain facts.

D Principles that help to organize, predict, and explain facts

What is the mean of the following distribution of scores: 2, 3, 7, 6, 1, 4, 9, 5, 8, 2?

A. 5

B. 4

C. 4.7

D. 3.7

C 4.7

Collectivist cultures:

A. give priority to the goals of their groups.

B. value the maintenance of social harmony.

C. foster social interdependence.

D. are characterized by all of the above.

D Are characterized by all of the above

Unlike _____ twins, who develop from a single fertilized egg, _____ twins develop from separate fertilized eggs.

A. fraternal; identical

B. identical; fraternal

C. placental; nonplacental

D. nonplacental; placental

B identical; fraternal

10. Heartbeat, digestion, and other self-regulating bodily functions are governed by the: A. voluntary nervous system. B. autonomic nervous system. C. sympathetic division nervous system of the autonomic nervous system. D. somatic nervous system.

B Autonomic Nervous System

The axons of certain neurons are covered by a layer of fatty tissue that helps speed neural transmission. This tissue is:

A. the glia.

B. myelin sheath.

C. acetylcholine.

D. an endorphin.

B myelin sheath.

Damage to _____ will usually cause a person to lose the ability to comprehend language.

A. the angular gyrus

B. Broca’s area

C. Wernicke’s area

D. frontal lobe association areas

C Wernicke’s area

A decrease in sensory responsiveness accompanying an unchanging stimulus is called: A. sensory fatigue. B. accommodation. C. sensory adaptation. D. sensory interaction.

C Sensory Adaptation

The size of the pupil is controlled by the:

A. lens.

B. retina.

C. cornea.

D. iris.

D Iris

During which stage of sleep does the body experience increased heart rate, rapid breathing, and genital arousal?

A. Stage 2

B. Stage 3

C. Stage 4

D. REM sleep

D REM Sleep

Which of the following is not a theory of dreaming mentioned in the text?

A. Dreams facilitate information processing.

B. Dreaming stimulates the developing brain.

C. Dreams result from random neural activity originating in the brainstem.

D. Dreaming is an attempt to escape from social stimulation.

D Dreaming is an attempt to escape from social stimulation.

In Pavlov’s original experiment with dogs, the tone was initially a(n) _______ stimulus; after it was paired with meat, it became a(n) _______ stimulus.

A. conditioned; neutral

B. neutral; conditioned

C. conditioned; unconditioned

D. unconditioned; conditioned

B neutral; conditioned

The type of learning associated with Skinner is:

A. classical conditioning.

B. operant conditioning.

C. respondent conditioning.

D. observational learning.

B operant conditioning.

Which of the following is not a requirement of a good test?

A. reliability

B. standardization

C. reification

D. Validity

C reification

Our short-term memory span is approximately _______ items.

A. 2

B. 5

C. 7

D. 10

C 7

One way to increase the amount of information in memory is to group it into larger, familiar units. This process is referred to as:

A. consolidating.

B. organization.

C. encoding.

D. chunking.

D chunking.

Before about age of _______, intelligence tests generally do not predict future scores.

A. 1

B. 3

C. 5

D. 10

C 5

In Piaget’s stage of concrete operational intelligence, the child acquires an understanding of the principle of:

A. conservation.

B. deduction.

C. attachment.

D. object permanence.

D object permanence.

24. Which of the following is the correct order of psychosexual stages proposed by Freud? A. oral; anal; phallic; latency; genital B. anal; oral; phallic; latency; genital C. oral; anal; genital; latency; phallic D. anal; oral; genital; latency; phallic

A

Which of the following places the greatest emphasis on the unconscious mind?

A. the humanistic perspective

B. the social-cognitive perspective

C. the trait perspective

D. the psychoanalytic perspective

D the psychoanalytic perspective

Which of the following is a difference between a drive and a need?

A. Needs are learned; drives are inherited.

B. Needs are physiological states; drives are psychological states.

C. Drives are generally stronger than needs.

D. Needs are generally stronger than drives.

B Needs are physiological states; drives are psychological states

Increases in insulin will:

A. lower blood sugar and trigger hunger.

B. raise blood sugar and trigger hunger.

C. lower blood sugar and trigger satiety.

D. raise blood sugar and trigger satiety.

A lower blood sugar and trigger hunger.

Of the following categories of psychotherapy, which is known for its nondirective nature?

A. psychoanalysis

B. humanistic therapy

C. behavior therapy

D. cognitive therapy

B humanistic therapy

The leading cause of death in North America is:

A. lung cancer.

B. AIDS.

C. coronary heart disease.

D. alcohol-related accidents.

C coronary heart disease.

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion states that:

A. emotions have two ingredients: physical arousal and a cognitive label.

B. the conscious experience of an emotion occurs at the same time as the body’s physical reaction.

C. emotional experiences are based on an awareness of the body’s responses to an emotion arousing stimulus.

D. emotional ups and downs tend to balance in the long run.

C emotional experiences are based on an awareness of the body’s responses to an emotion arousing stimulus.

Emotions consist of which of the following components?

A. physiological reactions

B. behavioral expressions

C. conscious feelings

D. all the above

D all the above

Researchers Friedman and Rosenman refer to individuals who are very time-conscious, super-motivated, verbally aggressive, and easily angered as:

A. ulcer-prone personalities.

B. cancer-prone personalities.

C. Type A.

D. Type B.

C Type A.

Behavioral and medical knowledge about factors influencing health form the basis of the field of:

A. health psychology.

B. holistic medicine.

C. behavioral medicine.

D. osteopathic medicine.

B holistic medicine.

Which of the following is the most pervasive of the psychological disorders?

A. depression

B. schizophrenia

C. bipolar disorder

D. generalized anxiety disorder

D generalized anxiety disorder

Which of the following is not true regarding schizophrenia?

A. It occurs more frequently in people born in winter and spring months.

B. It occurs less frequently as infectious disease rates have declined.

C. It occurs more frequently in lightly populated areas.

D. It usually appears during adolescence or early adulthood.

C It occurs more frequently in lightly populated areas.

Which biomedical therapy is most likely to be practiced today?

A. psychosurgery

B. electroconvulsive therapy

C. drug therapy

D. Counterconditioning

C drug therapy

Most people prefer mirror-image photographs of their faces. This is best explained by:

A. the principle of equity.

B. the principle of self-disclosure.

C. the mere exposure effect.

D. mirror-image perceptions.

C the mere exposure effect

Research studies indicate that in an emergency situation, the presence of others often

A. prevents people from even noticing the situation.

B. prevents people from interpreting an unusual event as an emergency.

C. prevents people from assuming responsibility for assisting.

D. leads to all the above.

D leads to all the above.