PSK4U
Final EXAM Review
What is it?
The anatomical position is:
To be in correct anatomical position, the body must
meet 3 criteria:
“the universal accepted starting point used to
describe or analyze anatomical terms or
movement.”
1. Upright, standing position
2. Face and feet pointing forward
3. Arms at the side, palms facing
forward
But how do we use the anatomical position to describe
movement?
Before looking specifically at movement, we first have to
understand how to describe movement. By the end of
this lesson you will be introduced to 3 concepts:
1. Planes
2. Axes
3. Position
You will be learning and expected to use a new language from here on in!
Anatomical Planes
Frontal(Coronal)
-relate to positions in space and found at right angles to each other
-these planes can be positioned on any specific parts of the body
-vertical; splits the
body into front and
back halves
Frontal section of the human face
Anatomical Planes
Frontal(Coronal)
-relate to positions in space and found at right angles to each other
-these planes can be positioned on any specific parts of the body
-vertical; splits the
body into front and
back halves
Sagittal
-vertical; splits the
body into left and
right halves
Sagittal view of the human face
Anatomical Planes
Frontal(Coronal)
-relate to positions in space and found at right angles to each other
-these planes can be positioned on any specific parts of the body
-vertical; splits the
body into front and
back halves
Sagittal
-vertical; splits the
body into left and
right halves
Transverse
-horizontal; splits
the body into upper
and lower halves
Transverse view of the human thigh
The Frontal Plane
The Sagittal Plane
The Transverse Plane
Anatomical Axes
-a lot of our movement occurs via our joints
-axes are used to describe the direction of movement at joints
Antero-posterior
-horizontal;
extends from
front to back
-rotate side to
side
Horizontal
-horizontal; runs from one side of the body to the other
-rotate top to bottom
Longitudinal
-vertical; extends
superior (head) to
inferior (foot)
-rotate around
Body Position Terminology
• The following terms will become like a second language for you. These terms
are used to describe position of the body and will be used extensively when we
talk about muscles and bones
Medial- towards the midline(centre) of the body
Lateral- away from the midline of the body
Proximal- situated closest to the point of attachment
Distal- situated farthest from the point of attachment
Superior- towards the top of the body (cranial)
Inferior- towards the bottom of the body (caudal)
Anterior- towards the front of the body (ventral)
Posterior- towards the back of the body (dorsal)
Superficial- on or close to the surface of the body
Deep- farther away from the surface of the body
Finding Axes and Planes
Axis of rotation is always perpendicular
to the plane of movement
In the anatomical position: all
flexion/extension occurs in the sagittal
plane, all abduction/adduction occurs in
the frontal plane, and all rotation occurs in
the transverse plane
More involved movements usually occur
as a combination of motions from more
than one planeTransverse Plane
Longitudinal Axis
90o
Relationship Between Axes and Planes
Axis of Rotation Plane of Motion Example
Horizontal (Bilateral) Sagittal Flexion/Extension
Longitudinal (Polar) TransverseRotation of extremities/Axial rotation
Antero-Posterior Frontal Abduction/Adduction
Various Planes of Movement
Stride Jump Antero-Posterior Frontal
Side Bend Antero-Posterior Frontal
Elbow extension Horizontal Sagittal
Nodding head “yes” Horizontal Sagittal
Twirling Longitudinal Transverse
Shaking head “no” Longitudinal Transverse
Let’s apply our knowledge
1. 2.
Using what you have learned today, for each of these movements: 1)cartwheel
and 2) figure skater spin, describe the motion by which plane and axis each
movement occurs
Plane:
Axis:
Plane:
Axis:
Frontal
Anteroposterier
Transverse
Longitudinal
Flexion-Extension
• Usually a sagittal plane movement
• E.g., Biceps curl
– Lifting the weight reduces the angle at the joint = flexion
– Lowering the weight increases the angle at the join = extension
Flexion - reduces the angle
between two bones at a joint
Extension - increases the angle
between two bones at a joint
Flexion
Extension
Dorsiflexion-Plantar flexion
• Modified flexion with
respect to ankle joint
• Dorsiflexion -
bringing the top of the
foot toward the lower
leg or shin
Plantar flexion -
“planting” the foot
Dorsiflexion
Plantar Flexion
Abduction-Adduction
• Frontal plane movement
• E.g., The motions of the
arms and legs during a
jumping jack
• Hint:
– Abduct = “take away” from the
midline
– Adduct = “add” towards the
midline
Abduction
Adduction
Abduction – moving a
segment away from the
midline
Adduction – moving segment
towards the midline of the
body
Circumduction
• A cone of movement that does
not include any rotation
• Occurs when flexion-extension
movements are combined with
abduction-adduction
movements
• E.g. Tracing an imaginary
circle in the air with your index
finger
– The tip of your finger represents
the base of the cone, while your
knuckle forms the apex of this
conical motion
Rotation
• Turning of a bone on its
longitudinal axis
• Medial rotation - rotation
towards the midline
• Lateral rotation - rotation
away from the midline
Pronation-supination
• Movements relative to
the forearm and hand
• Pronation - when the
palm is moved to face
posteriorly
• Supination - when the
palm is moved to face
anteriorly (hint: you can
hold a bowl of soup)
Pronation
Supination
Inversion-Eversion
• Movements relative to the sole of the foot
• Inversion - When the sole is turned inward (as when you "go over" on your ankle)
Eversion
Inversion
Eversion - When the
sole is turned outward or
away from the median
plane of the body
Protraction
Retraction
-moving in an anterior
(forward) direction
-occurs in sagittal plan
-moving in a posterior
(backward) direction
-occurs in sagittal plane
Oppostion
-thumb comes into contact with
another finger
Reposition
-return thumb to anatomical
position
Elevation
-raising up to a more superior position
-occurs in frontal plane
Depression
-pulling down to a more inferior position
-occurs in frontal plane
What is the skeleton?
• made up of bones
-300 at birth 206 by adulthood
-why?
-some fuse over time (ex. Plates in the skull and
lower parts of the vertebral column)
• The main functions of the skeletal system are:
Structural support -support for muscles and
skin
Protection -protects the
sensitive/delicate parts of
body (brain, heart, lungs,etc)
Growth centre for
cells
-red blood cells and platelets
Reservoir for
minerals
-stores calcium and
phosphorus
Movement -contracting muscles pull on
bones for movement
Structure of the Skeleton
• the human skeleton is divided into 2 main sections: the AXIAL and
APPENDICULAR
AXIAL
• from “axis” centreline
• comprised of the vertebral column
(spine), the spinal column and skull
• the “core” of the body
• protects the most important parts of the body:
heart, lungs, spinal cord, brain, etc
• most muscles will originate from parts of the
axial skeleton
APPENDICULAR
• think of appendage
• includes the moveable limbs and the
supporting structures (girdles)
shoulder
pelvis
• plays a key role in allowing movement
There are 5 types of bones you need to be familiar with. . .
Long bone•- greater length than width
•- consist of a shaft and extremities
(ends)
•slightly curved for strength
•consist mostly of compact bone
(dense bone with few spaces) but
also contain considerable amounts
of spongy bone (bone with large
spaces)
Short bones
-commonly found in
wrists
•somewhat cube-shaped
and nearly equal in
length and width
•spongy except at the
surface where there is a
thin layer of compact
bone
Flat bones•generally thin and
composed of two more
or less parallel plates of
compact bone enclosing
a layer of spongy bone
•flat bones afford
considerable protection
and provide extensive
areas for muscle
attachment
Irregular bones•have complex shapes and
cannot be grouped into any
of the other three categories
•they vary in the amount of
spongy and compact bone
Sesamoid bones•are small bones in tendons where
considerable pressure develops, for
instance, the wrist
•their number varies greatly from
person to person
•all people have at least two
sesamoid bones: the patella
(kneecap)
The Anatomy of a Bone
• Bones may look like they are dead, but in fact are very much alive,
growing and changing all the time.
• Before we talk about how bones grow and change, we first need to
understand the various parts of a bone.
• Using figure 2.3 on page 12 in your text, label the picture below, and
using the information on page 12, complete the structure function chart.
Articular cartilage Periosteum
Cancellous bone Medullary cavity Compact bone
Epiphyseal plate
Epiphysis Diaphysis (shaft) Epiphysis
(head)
Structure Function
Articular cartilage
Cancellous bone
Epiphyseal plate
Medullary cavity
Periosteum
Compact bone
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
-covers/protects ends of bones; allows smooth
movement of joints; no blood/nerve endings
-spongy, marrow-filled; will strengthen
with resistance training
-cartilage at each end of bone (growth
plate); allows longitudinal bone growth
-inside shaft; contains red and yellow
marrow; production of red blood cells
-outer connective tissue;covers length of
bone; connects bone to bone or muscle
-most dense bone; structural integrity
happiest
-ends of bone; compact; articulates with
another bone
-thickest part of bone; shaft
a) Calvaria
Frontal BoneParietal Bone
Temporal Bone
Occipital Bone
Calvaria Cont.
• May be fractured in blows to the skull (e.g., in hockey, being checked and hitting the skull on the ice)
• Temporal bone:
– more fragile of the calvaria bones
– overlies one of the major blood vessels
– if fractured and displaced internally = medical emergency (picture)
b) Facial Bones
Lacrimal Bone
Nasal Bone
Maxilla Bone
Mandible Bone
Zygomatic Bone
Vertebral Column
Sacrum (mid-line region of buttocks)
Coccyx (4 or 5 fused vertebrae of the tail bone)
7 Cervical Vertebrae (of the neck)
12 Thoracic Vertebrae (of the chest)
5 Lumbar Vertebrae (of the lower back)
Lumbar vertebra,
lateral view
Lumbar vertebra,
superior view
Vertebral Column
• Vertebrae are arranged in a cylindrical column interspersed with fibrocartilaginous (intervertebral) discs
• Function:
– provides a strong and flexible support for the body and the ability to keep the body erect
– the point of attachment for the muscles of the back.
– protect the spinal cord and nerves
– absorbs shock through the intervertebral discs without causing damage to other vertebrae
Ribs
• Twelve pairs
• Made up of :
– bone
– cartilage which strengthen the chest cage and
permit it to expand.
Curved and slightly twisted making it
ideal to protect the chest area
Ribs Cont’d• All 12 pairs of ribs articulate with the twelve
thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
• Classified into three groups based on anterior attachment: (picture)
– true ribs
• 1-7
• attach to both the vertebrae and the sternum
– false ribs
• 8-10
• attach only to the sternum indirectly, through 7th rib
– floating ribs
• 11 and 12
• only attach to the vertebral column
The Ribs
Manubrium
Sternal Body
Xiphoid Process
Costal Cartilages
True Ribs
(1-7)
False Ribs
(8-10)
Floating Ribs
(11-12)
Sternum
• Mid-line breast bone
• The clavicles and ribs one to seven
articulate with the sternum
Sternum – comprised of
the manubrium, sternal
body and xiphoid process
Consists of:
1. The pectoral gridle (chest)
2. Pelvic girdle (hip)
3. The upper limbs
4. The lower limbs
Appendicular skeleton
1.Pectoral Girdle
Consists of:
– Scapula (shoulder blade)
– Clavicle (collar bone)
Allows the upper limb great mobility
The sternoclavicular joint is the only point of
attachment between the axial skeleton and the
pectoral girdle
Scapula
Clavicle
2. Pelvic Girdle
• Formed by pair of os coxae (hip bones)
• supports the bladder and abdominal contents
• Attachment:
– Posteriorly – join with the sacrum
– Anteriorly - join to each other anteriorly
– Laterally – join to the head of thigh bone through a cup-shaped acetabulum
3. Upper Limb
• Humerus
– The arm bone
– shoulder to elbow
• Radius and Ulna
– The forearm bones
– elbow to wrist
– the radius being located on the thumb side of the hand
– when you pronate the forearm, the radius is actually crossing over the ulna - try it yourself
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Upper Limb Cont.
Carpals
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Proximal
Phalanx
Middle
PhalanxDistal
Phalanx
4. Lower Limb
• Femur
– thigh bone
– from hip to knee
• Patella
– knee cap
– sesamoid bone in the
tendon of the quadriceps
muscles (thigh)
Femur
Patella
Lower Limb Cont’d
• Tibia and Fibula
– leg bones
– From knee to ankle
– Tibia is medial and fibula is lateral
• Medial malleolus and Lateral malleolus
– The distal ends of the tibia and fibula, respectively
– commonly referred to as the "ankle bones"
– can be easily palpated
Fibula
Tibia
Lat. malleolus
Med. malleolus
Lower Limb Cont’d
• Tarsals
– ankle bones
– calcaneus or the heel bone
– talus
• Metatarsals
– 5 bones of the foot
– unite with the toes
• Phalanges
– toe bones
– three per toe except the big toe - proximal, middle and distal
Calcaneus
Talus
Phalanges
Metatarsals
Tarsals
MUSCLE
Major Functions of Muscles
Movement (connected to bone)
Includes: breathing, running, walking, eating,
and the beating of our hearts
Act as cables which pull on bones and make
motion possible
Muscles work in pairs-one to pull and one to
put back
Support-organs and skeletal system
Posture and protection
Heat production-during muscle
contraction
There are over 600 muscles in the human
body.
Three Types of Muscle Tissue
-collection of cells that shorten during contraction creating tension that
results in movement
Skeletal muscles:
Voluntary (brain controls), striated
Attach to bones by tendons (tough
connective tissue) and other tissue
Fast and slow twitch fibers
Cardiac muscles:
Involuntary (ANS control)
Striated
Found in one place – the heart (thick
walls)
Smooth muscles:
Involuntary
Non-striated
Surround the body’s internal organs
Contracts more slowly than skeletal but stays contracted longer
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Properties of Muscle Fibre
Irritability Refers to muscle responding to stimuli
Contractibility Refers to muscle shortening in length
ElasticityRefers to muscle stretching and returning to normal
position
Extensibility Refers to muscle extending in length
Conductivity Refers to muscle transmitting nerve impulses
Neuromuscular System
• Complex linkage between the muscular system and nervous system (system of nervous impulses originating in the brain and spinal cord)
• Constant use and regular practice will improve the quality and efficiency of
these 2 systems
• Nerve transmits impulses in waves to ensure smooth movements
– MUSCLE TWITCH
• Single nerve impulse and the corresponding muscle contraction
• Latent period, contraction and period of relaxtion
• Junction between the muscular system and nervous system
– NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
Neuromuscular Junction
Sarcolemma
Axon
Receptor
Neurotransmitter
acetylcholine (Ach)
Axon Terminal
Synaptic Cleft
•Electrical impulse
travel along the nerve
path until contact
point
•Impulse signals the
release of chemical
“neurotransmitter”
•Receptors on surface
of the muscle detect
the chemical
•This causes the
muscles to contract
•Electrical energy is
converted to chemical
energy which is then
converted to
mechanical work
The Motor Unit
-motor neuron, its axon and the muscle fibres it stimulates
Dendrites
Neuron cell body
Muscle
fibres
Neuromuscular junction
Terminal branches
Axon hillock
Myelin sheath
Neurolemma
Motor neuron
Direction of action
potential
Motor end plate
Motor Units
• Motor Units • Small motor unit-usually slow twitch fibres
– Few muscle fibres that it stimulates
– Responsible for fine motor (muscle) movement
» Motor unit of the eye
• Large motor unit-usually fast twitch fibres
– Many muscle fibres stimulated
– Produce large motor movement
» Single motor unit in quadriceps may stimulate 300-800
muscle fibres
» In order to generate max force in large muscles, all motor
units must be recruited in unison
All or None Principle
• Rule for motor units
– When a motor unit is stimulated to contract it will
do so to its fullest potential
• More specifically if a motor unit is activated all of the
muscle fibres in that given motor unit will contract
maximally (or not at all)
©Thompson Educational Publishing,
Inc. 2003. All material is copyright
protected. It is illegal to copy any of
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy
any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health
The Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Muscle fibre (basic unit of skeletal muscle) from
the outside
Epimysium
Sheath enveloping entire muscle
Extends beyond muscle and becomes one
with tendon
Perimysium
Fibrous connective tissue that binds
muscle fibres together
Perimysium
Muscle fibre
Epimysium
Endomysium
Muscle belly
Tendon
The Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Muscle fibre looking inward:
Endomysium
Sheath of connective tissue surrounding
muscle fibre
Sarcolemma
Beneath endomysium
Contains cytoplasm (sarcoplasm)
Myofibrils
Thread like structure that run the length
Contain thick protein filament (myosin)
and thin proteinilament (actin)
Sarcomeres
Contains myosin and actin
Endomysium
Muscle Fibre
Z lineSarcomere
Sarcoplasmic reticulumSarcolemma
Tendon
Thin filamentThick filament
Muscle belly
Muscle
Fibre
Sarcomere
Epimysium
Perimysium
Z line
Myofibril
Muscle
Fibre
Protein Filaments• Actin and myosin are contained within compartments
(sarcomere)
• Myosin
– Head and a tail
– Looks like golf club
– Head has an attachment site for actin
• Actin
– Two binding sites for other protein that work together to
control myosin binding to action
• Troponin-which binds calcium
• Tropomysoin-covers the binding site on actin
• During contraction these two proteins interact allowing them to
slide past each other (sarcomere shortens)
• Sliding is synchronized across the muscles
How Muscles Are Named
Action/Function Flexion/Extension
Direction of Fibres Rectus/Transversus
Location Anterior/Posterior
Number of Divisions/Heads Number of heads
Shape Deltoid/Trapezius
Points of Attachment Sternum/Clavicle/Mastoid process
Examples
• Adductor
– Squeeze limbs in towards the median line of the
body
• Abductor
– Push out from the median line of the body
• Extensor-
– extend limbs and increase the angle
• Flexor
– Withdraw limbs and decrease angle
How Muscles Attach to Bone
Indirect attachment:
Epimysium extends past muscle as
a tendon
Attaches to periosteum of bone
Direct attachment:
Epimysium adheres to and fuses
with the periosteum
Point of attachment
Antagonistic Pairs
• Skeletal muscles are arranged in opposing
pairs
• Agonist muscle
– Responsible for primary movement
• Antagonist Muscle
– Counteracts the agonist
– Lengths when agonist contracts
Antagonistic Pairs-Opposing Pairs
ExamplesAgonist (Prime Mover) Antagonist
(Counteracts)
Elbow flexion Biceps brachii Triceps brachii
Shoulder abduction Deltoid Latissimus dorsi
Medial shoulder
rotation
Pectoralis major Infraspinatus
Knee extension Quadriceps Hamstrings
Wrist flexion Flexor carpi radialis Extensor carpi radialis
Dorsi flexion Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius
Trunk flexion Rectus abdominis Erector spinae group
Hip flexion Iliopsoas Gluteus maximus
Origin, Insertion, and Function
Origin:
Proximal attachment
Where muscle attaches to the least
moveable area of the bones of the axial
skeleton
Insertion:
Distal attachment
Where muscle attaches to the bone that is
moved most
Function:
Action/motion
What the muscle does when activated
Origin
Insertion
Types of Muscle Contraction
Concentric:
Muscle fibres shorten
Eccentric:
Muscle fibres lengthen
Isometric:
Muscle fibres do not change in
length
Muscle Contraction During Exercise
Isotonic exercise
Controlled shortening
(concentric contraction) and
lengthening (eccentric) of the
muscle
As the weight is lifted
throughout the range of motion,
the muscle shortens.
Isometric exercise
No motion – muscle fibres
maintain a constant length
throughout contraction
Isokinetic exercise
Use machines to control speed
of contractions
Combines best features
of both isotonic and isometric
training
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Sarcomere
Smallest contractile unit of a muscle fibre
Lined up the length of every myofibril
Between 2 Z discs (mid point of I band)
I band
A band
H zone
M line
Events at the Neuromuscular
Junction
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and T-Tubules of the
Myofibril Sarcolemma
Outer vessicle of
sarcoplasmic reticulum
(Terminal cisternae)
Transverse tubule
(T-tubule)
A band
Myofibrils
Longitudinal
tubules of sarcoplasmic reticulum
I band
Triad
Z line
H zone
Terminal cisternaeTransverse tubuleTerminal cisternae
Excitation and Contraction
Coupling
The Sliding Filament Theory
Myosin crossbridges (small “bridges” on the thick filaments that extend to the
thin filaments):
Attach, rotate, detach, and reattach in rapid succession
Results in the sliding or overlap of the actin and myosin filaments
Causes sarcomere to contract (muscle contraction)
Known as the sliding filament theory
The Sliding Filament Theory
Myosin crossbridges (small “bridges” on the thick filaments that extend to the
thin filaments)
The Sliding Filament Theory
Myosin crossbridges
Attach, rotate, detach, and re-attach in rapid succession
The Sliding Filament Theory
Myosin crossbridges
Results in the sliding or overlap of the actin and myosin filaments
Causes sarcomere to contract (muscle contraction)
Cross Bridge Cycle
At the Molecular Level
The sliding filament theory at the molecular level:
Nerve impulse transmitted through the muscle fibre and releases calcium
ions
Calcium (in presence of troponin and tropomyosin) facilitates the
interaction of myosin and actin molecules
Calcium binds to troponin and removes the blocking action of
tropomyosin
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy source behind the release of
calcium
ATP detaches myosin from the actin molecule
ATP must be replaced through food metabolism for process to
continue
Anterior Muscles
Posterior Muscles
Muscles of the Neck
Semispinalis capitis
Splenius
Scalenus medius
Scalenus anterior
Sternocleidomastoid
Muscles of the Vertebral Column
Occipital bone
Mastoid processNuchal line
Spinalis
Longissimus
Iliocostalis
Erector spinae
group
Muscles of Respiration
Internal intercostals
Internal thoracic
artery and vein
Sternum
Transversus thoracis
Diaphragm (thoracic)
Transversus
abdominis
Muscles of the Abdomen
Rectus abdominis
External oblique
Quadratus lumborum (deep)
Clavicular head of
pectoralis major
Sterncostal head of
pectoralis major
Muscles of the Shoulder
Muscles of the Shoulder – cont’d
Latissimus dorsi
InfraspinatusInfraspinatus
Supraspinatus
Muscles of the Rotator Cuff
Supraspinatus
Teres minor
Infraspinatus
Muscles of the Rotator Cuff – cont’d
Subscapularis
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major
Trapezius
Teres major
Muscles that Act on the Scapula
Muscles that Act on the Scapula – cont’d
Teres major
Muscles that Move the Humerus
Deltoid (anterior and lateral
heads)
Coracobrachialis
Muscles that Move the Humerus – cont’d
Pectoralis minor
Coracobrachialis
Serratus anterior
Elbow Flexors / Extensors – Anterior
Biceps brachii
Pronator teres
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Elbow Flexors / Extensors – Posterior
Triceps brachii
(short head)
Triceps brachii
(long head)
Muscles of the Forearm – Anterior
Biceps brachii
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis
Pronator quadratus
(deep)
Muscles of the Forearm – Posterior
Brachioradialis
Triceps brachii
(lateral head)
Anconeus
Muscles of the Forearm – Posterior (deep)
Supinator
Extrinsic Hand Muscles – Anterior
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnarisFlexor digitorum
superficialis
Extrinsic Hand Muscles – Posterior
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor digitorumExtensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digit minimi
Intrinsic Hand Muscles
Thenar eminence
Hypothenar eminence
Muscles of the Hip – Anterior
Psoas minor
Psoas major
Iliacus
Iliopsoas
Tensor fasciae latae
Pectineus
Sartorius
Gracilis
Rectus femoris
Iliotibial tract (band)
Muscles of the Hip – Posterior
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimusGluteus maximus
(cut)
Gracilis
Muscles of the Hip – Anterior (adductors)
Pectineus (cut)
Adductor brevis
Adductor
longus
Adductor
magnus
Adductor
group
Muscles of the Thigh – Anterior
Rectus femoris
Vastus intermedius
(underneath)Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Quadriceps
femoris group
Muscles of the Thigh – Posterior
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Hamstring muscle
group
Extrinsic Foot Muscles – Anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis
longus
Extrinsic Foot Muscles – Posterior
Calcaneal tendon
(Achilles tendon)
Gastrocnemius
(medial and lateral
heads)
Soleus
Extrinsic Foot Muscles – Posterior (deep)
Popliteus
Tibialis posterior
Fibularis
(Peroneus) longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Fibularis (Peroneus)
brevis
Flexor digitorum
longus
Intrinsic Foot Muscles – Superficial
Flexor digitorum
brevis
Intrinsic Foot Muscles – Intermediate
Quadratus plantae
Intrinsic Foot Muscles – Deep
Flexor hallucis brevis