1 1- Introduction Tourism plays an important role in the economy and in the economic global system. It is one the main factors for successful economic growth along with the rest of the fields of economy. The tourism development can be measured by measuring the ratio of international tourism verses the gross domestic product (GDP). Culture is becoming more important in the modern tourism industry and it is one of the sources of attraction for tourists. Cultural tourism allows the places to have more customers allowing diverted offers and services and make the tourists stay more and reduce seasonality. A lot of efforts are made by governments in order to obtain and develop cultural regions and destinations in their country. For example through UNESCO's World Heritage Sites (WHS) list. Such an aspect seems particularly relevant for a country like Italy, which has a high number of entries in the WHS list and where regions take an active role in promoting tourism. The Egyptian tourism is improving while facing a struggling economy. Tourism receipts in the Egyptian current account increased from $304 million in 1982–83 to $6.429 billion in 2004–05. This is a huge development compared with other sectors of the Egyptian economy. The revenues of tourism in Egypt’s current account receipts reached the 20% mark at the beginning of the 21st century. Tourism became the largest source of foreign exchange earnings for the Egyptian economy. Using the foreign currencies of millions of tourists, the country was able to overcome its recurrent balance of payments problems during the 1980s and 1990s. This finding is surprisingly shocking given previously stated expectations in line with the liberal paradigm that Egypt’s economic liberalization and structural adjustment would lead to a reduction of the economic condition.
Transcript
1
1- Introduction
Tourism plays an important role in the economy and in the economic global
system. It is one the main factors for successful economic growth along with
the rest of the fields of economy. The tourism development can be measured by
measuring the ratio of international tourism verses the gross domestic product
(GDP). Culture is becoming more important in the modern tourism industry and
it is one of the sources of attraction for tourists. Cultural tourism allows the
places to have more customers allowing diverted offers and services and make
the tourists stay more and reduce seasonality. A lot of efforts are made by
governments in order to obtain and develop cultural regions and destinations in
their country. For example through UNESCO's World Heritage Sites (WHS)
list. Such an aspect seems particularly relevant for a country like Italy, which
has a high number of entries in the WHS list and where regions take an active
role in promoting tourism. The Egyptian tourism is improving while facing a
struggling economy. Tourism receipts in the Egyptian current account increased
from $304 million in 1982–83 to $6.429 billion in 2004–05. This is a huge
development compared with other sectors of the Egyptian economy. The
revenues of tourism in Egypt’s current account receipts reached the 20% mark
at the beginning of the 21st century. Tourism became the largest source of
foreign exchange earnings for the Egyptian economy. Using the foreign
currencies of millions of tourists, the country was able to overcome its recurrent
balance of payments problems during the 1980s and 1990s. This finding is
surprisingly shocking given previously stated expectations in line with the
liberal paradigm that Egypt’s economic liberalization and structural adjustment
would lead to a reduction of the economic condition.
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2- Literature Review
2.1 Tourism Industry
Munshi, (2006)1 expressed to characterize a greatly complex wonder in general;
tourism is basically a recreation time activity, including some development, a
journey and a time of stay in a new places or places. There is a pre-modern travel,
and modern tourism. The difference between them is that the pre-modern travel
was a luxury, only available to elites. While in modernity, modern tourism is a
mass consumption. In addition, there is a huge social organization or also known as
“tourism production system.” In addition, Bolaane and Kanduza (2008)2 expressed
the concept tourism as a geographic system which is separated into places which is
referred to as demand, and tourist destination which is referred to as supply and
move direction regions connecting the two and channeling the flows of separating
and returning tourists (Leiper, 2000).3
2.1.1 International tourism
According to Munshi, (2006),4 in 1994, international tourism made around 3.5
trillion dollars in gross output, which is 6.1% of global GDP. Also, almost 130
million people were employed, which is 6.8% of employers globally. At the same
year, 12.3% of consumer expense was considered, 75% of the total capital
investment was absorbed, and approximately 6% of total tax payment was paid, all
by the tourism industry.
1 Munshi, I. Tourism Processes and Gender Relations (2006) Issues for Exploration and Intervention Economic and political weekly, 14( 24), p. 4461-4468 2 Bolaane M, Kanduza(2008) A Criticial factors in Cultural tourism in Botswana. Botswana Notes and Records,39, p.54-61 3 Leiper, N. (2000) "An emerging discipline", Annals of Tourism research, 27 (3), 805-809 4 Munshi (2006) Op.Cit p.4462
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In addition to the evolution in the international tourism market, domestic tourism is
expanding quickly, relatively because the generality of growing leisure time and
affluence, additionally the encouragement of tourism in regions wanting to develop
their economies. Generally, the tourism industry witnessed massive evolvement
due to the increasing affluence, disposal income, and information technology,
development of communications systems, more leisure time, and the culture of
travel in the past century.
The modern tourism industry internationally is increasing so quickly globally.
Hotel chains, airlines, travel companies, travel agencies, tour operators and
international travel organizations are groups of national and transitional corporate
actors and governmental and inter-governmental agencies that the system depends
on. “With touristic consumerism expanding worldwide and tourists travelling further afield, various people,
nations and places are becoming involved in this touristic globalization and being exposed to its positive and
negative consequences. No longer can a culture or a people remain insulated” Wang (2003)1. Munshi
(2006)2 observed that almost every cultural site or object can be transformed into a
touristic attraction while a lot of regions are getting closer to the orbit of tourism,
specifically international tourism.
Through the 1960s, tourism was, and still believed to be “a passport to
development”, for the undeveloped regions and countries. It was considered as
another “soft development” for promoting economic growth. Tourism could
deliver opportunities for people of poor countries to increase their standard of
living and income through foreign exchange and creation of employment. The
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) expressed the
almost limitless increasing potential in tourism. Both the United Nations and the
World Bank encouraged tourist industries in developing countries.
1 Wang, S. (2003). Native American-White Differences in Adult Health. 1-152. 2 Munshi, (2006), Op.Cit. p.4462
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The United Nations announced 1967 to be the international tourism year. All stated
by Munshi (2006)1 which also stated that tourism was presented as an easier option
for development countries due to its dependence on the availability of national
resources, such as sand, and sun, with no requirement of extensive capital
investment. However, many developing countries got into tourism without
attaining to its long term consequences. The eagerness of the developing countries
pursues to be big, even though, at the end of the 1960s; there have been views that
have been expressed about the negative cultural, social, and environmental effects
of tourism.
2.1.2 Domestic Tourism
The world Tourism Organization defines, according to Stintifice2, a local tourism
attraction as “a physical space in which a visitor spends at least one night.” Bassil
(2014)3 believed the tourism business is the most sensitive and fragile area in the
economy. However, Bui, Jolliffe (2011)4 defined domestic tourism as a person’s
home country’s journeys and visits, and that domestic tourist is a person who
exceeds 12 months in traveling a place within the person’s country outside the
usual environment.
Scheyvens (2007)5 stated that Third world countries invest millions of dollars each
year in tourism; they believe that tourists will bring their country many benefits
such as economic benefits, employment opportunities, and the chances of
1 Ibid p.4462 2 Stintifice, L. (n.d.). Marketingful and e-marketingful in european religious tourism. 13(4), 147-143. 3 Bassil, C. (2014). The effect of terrorism on tourism demand in the Middle East. 20(4), p. 669. 4 Bui, H., & Jolliffe, L. (2011). Vietnamese Domestic Tourism: An Investigation of travel motivations. South-East Asian Studies, 4(1), p. 10-29. 4Scheyvens ,R. (2007) Poor cousins no more: valuing the development potential of domestic and diaspora tourism, 7 (4), p. 307-308.
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developing business and foreign exchange earnings. Comparing international
tourism to domestic tourism most countries do not encourage its societies to travel
and explore the natural and culture attractions of their own country and focus more
on expanding the international tourist arrivals from around the world and ignore
the benefits of mass tourism involving domestic and regional tourists.
Scheyvens (2007)1 stated that domestic tourism has been practiced for many
centuries in places , unlike other places which have recently started focusing on
domestic tourism , there is a strong relation between tourism and visiting friends ,
families and religious tasks in countries with a history of domestic tourism , for
many reasons like the governments freeing up the movements regulations and the
uprising of the industrial work force and the rising incomes of the society its
possible for middle earners to travel in the third world countries.
1 Scheyvens (2007) Op.Cit p.307
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2.2 Types of Tourism
2.2.1 Medical Tourism
Crick (2002)1 defined health tourism is generally people travelling from their
residency for health reasons. Moreover, Crooks, Turner, Cohen, et al (2013)2
defined medical tourism as patients’ intentional travel to privately procure medical
care in a different or another country.
Promoting health-care services and facilities is an intentional attempt to attract
tourists. Health tourism is on the rise for a couple of reasons, one of the major
reasons is that according to the UN statistics, is the rapid growth in the senior
market will increase to eleven billion, nearly double the numbers guessed for the
year 2005 stated Crick (2002)3
Health tourism involves a number of qualities, services and medical treatments
such as addiction treatment, cosmetic surgeries, retirement communities, and
others. Crick (2002)4 also believes the typical availability of health care treatments
at hotels or resorts.
However, Crick (2002)5 expressed, one of the major weakness in the studies of
health tourism is the failure to separate among the various types of health tourism
before learning its feasibility. Crooks, Turner, Cohen, et al (2013)6 also predicted
that there are numerous, different forms of risks which are commonly related with
1 Crick, A. (2002) A Competitive analytical approach to health tourism in Jamaica. Social and Economic studies. 51(3). p.131-149 2 Croocks VA, Turner L, Cohen IG, et al. (2013). Ethical and legal implications of the risks of medical tourism for patients: a qualitative study of Canadian health and safety representatives’ perspectives. 3 Crick, Op.Cit (2002) p. 131 4 Ibid p. 132 5 Ibid p.132 6 Croocks (2013) Op.Cit
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medical tourism, which is why Crick (2002)1 confirmed how it is important to
acknowledge those risks and to minimize them as much as one country can. For
that reason, one country must realize that tourism is an activity made up of various
different types and usually involving of a few elements that conduct a specific
place favorable in the eyes of people.
2.2.2 Shopping Tourism
According to Lee (2013)2 shopping tourism means that the shopping is the
traveler’s main purpose to travel. Kim (2000)3 considered shopping tourism also
included eating, looking-around because these actions are following needs at a
touristic destination. Henderson (2011)4 explained that the popularity of shopping
is a main economic significant. Also, another type of related to tourists, but also
managed by residents is that which occurs across borders for reasons of
exchange rates, differences in shopping hours, and excitement of traveling.
2.2.3 Business tourism
Rogerson (2008)5 emphasizes that the tourism industry is surrounded by various
different economic activities under one title. Many choose to travel to open new
businesses in developing countries and create opportunities to be successful
entrepreneurs. That helps the targeted country to travel economically. However,
the negative impacts can be corruption, due to lack of ethics if one came from a
corrupted country. 1 Crick, (2002) Op.Cit. 2 Lee, Y. (2013). Effect on the Tourism Motivation and Tourism Destination Image Affected to Shopping Tourism Destination choice. JDCTA International Journal of Digital Content Technology and Its Applications, 7(11), p. 416-421. 3 H. B. Kim (2000), “study on Japanese Tourist’s Shopping Tourism in Korea. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Studies. 15, p.59-82 4 Henderson, J., Chee, L., Mun, C., & Lee, C. (2011). Shopping, tourism and retailing in Singapore. Managing Leisure, 16, 36-48. 5 Rogerson, C. (2008). Developing Small Tourism Business in Southern Africa. Botswana Notes
& Records, 39, 23-34.
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2.2.4 Religious Tourism
Shinde (2010)1 defined religious tourism as a term commonly used in assumption
to refer to modern travel patterns. Religious tourism is considered to be “a specific
type of tourism whose participants are motivated either in part or exclusively for
religious reasons.” Quoted Rinschede, (2000)2. Henderson (2010)3 explained that
religion and tourism share a close up connection in which “the former motivates
travel and is a source of assorted visitor attraction”. For example, the hajj by
Muslims to the city they presume holy in Saudi Arabia is a typical figure that
involves massive movement of pilgrims every year. A close up connection is
obvious in which religion is somewhat a strong and powerful motivation force to
travel and a source of numerous tourist attractions that capture those with religious
interest and those with a more casual interest. According to Woodward (2004)
4religious traditions and built heritage, maintain an appeal that often excel personal
culture or faith. Continuingly, Henderson (2010)5 stated that religion also can be
the cause of negative impacts by participating in disturbing events that can stain
the destination’s image and reputation.
1 Shinde, K. (2010). Entrepreneurship and indigenous enterpreneurs in religious tourism in India.
International Journal of Tourism Research Int. J. Tourism Res., 12, 523-535. 2 Rinschede G. 2000. Forms of religious tourism. Annals of tourism Research, 19(1). P.51-67 3 Henderson, (2010) op.cit. 4 Woodward S. 2004. Faith and tourism: planning tourism in relation to take places of worship. Tourism and hospitality and development. 1(2). P. 173-186 5 Henderson, (2010) op.cit
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2.2.5 Entertainment Tourism
Barbieri and Mahoney (2009)1 commented on how tourism and arts have become
important industries as their products have been consistent and tailored to the
sufficient. Researchers suggest that relationships between arts and tourism
organizations, in terms of implementing familiar marketing strategies, such as
objectives, priorities, and activities, can reciprocally benefit both industries. Art is
type of entertainment.
2.3 Importance OF Tourism Economically
Provided tourists consider the region as an attractive place to visit, tourism offers a
significant opportunity for economic growth and development (Balaguer and
Cantavella-Jorda (2002)2
Slusariuc, Gabriela (2013)3 stated Tourism has a real part in economy because of
the way that it is a huge consumer of alive work, imagination and knowledge.
Accordingly, by its particular makes new employments participating to attraction
of excess labor force from other sectors, contributing in that approach to decrease
of unemployment. The high number of those who work in tourism field has
is an explanation the truth that the conceivable outcomes of automatization
and automation of touristic operations are restricted.
Slusariuc (2013)4 Mentioned that Tourism leads to the production from other
economic fields, and quickens diversification of economical structure, in view of
1 Barbieri, C., & Mahoney, E. (2009). Cultural tourism behavior and prefrences among live-performing arts audience: An application of the univorous-omnivorous framework. International
Journal of Tourism Research, 12, 481-496. 2 Balaguer, J. and Cantavella-Jorda, M. (2002) Tourism as a long-run economic growth factors:
the Spanish Case, Appliec Economics, 34, p. 877-884 3 Slusariuc,, G., & Nedelea, A. (2013). The Role of Cultural Tourism on Socio-Economic Regeneration Of Communities. 16. 4 Slusariuc (2013). Op.Cit.
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adapting to more various demands of touristic activity, protecting hereby certain
specific activities, like: leisure industry, cable transport, tourism agencies,
handicraft production, and by giving new dimensions to one of the existing
activities: agriculture, food industry, constructions, transport, cultural services, So
the tourism the lever of abatement of inter-regional imbalances, being capable to
ensure that re-launching of tourism in some areas where the industry was cut down
to zero, which confronts the high unemployment and important social and
economic problems. Usually these areas benefit of an extraordinary touristic
potential, which it would be exploited could lead to an economic and social
compensation of that zone, because tourism created workplaces and money
circulation can lead to cascade solve of all the other existing problems. These new
touristic areas can attract new tourists’ interested in new and unknown.
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2.4 Perception
According to Cross (2012)1 Perception sets up the significance around an
item or brand when a buyer reaches. In promoting, this is depicted as
purchaser data handling. At this stage the majority of the faculties are
occupied with getting brand advertising convey messages. In advertising
writing, three unmistakable phases of discernment happen amid customer
data handling: exposure, attention and interpretation.
2.4.1 Exposure
Exposure involves the extent to which we encounter a stimulus. For
example, we are exposed to numerous commercial messages while driving
on the freeway: bill boards, radio advertisements, bumper-stickers on cars,
and signs and banners placed at shopping malls that we pass. Most of this
exposure is random—we don’t plan to seek it out. However, if we are
shopping for a car, we may deliberately seek out advertisements and “tune
in” when dealer advertisements come on the radio, explained Fitzsimons, G.
M., Chartrand, T. L., Fitzsimons, G. J., & (2008)2
2.4.2 Attention
Lantos (2010)3 explained that in customer data preparing, attention happens
when a man waits and gives mental handling ability to the outer jolt from an
item or brand. Specific perception is the point at when a consumer pays
consideration on messages that are steady with her states of mind,
convictions and needs. At the point when an item is conflicting with these
components, the customer will pull back attention.
1 Cross, V. (2012). The Stages of Perception in Marketing. 2 Fitzsimons, G. M., Chartrand, T. L., Fitzsimons, G. J., & (2008). Automatic Effects of Brand Exposure on Motivated Behavior: How Apple Makes You “Think Different”. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(1), 21–35. 3 Lantos, G. (2010). Behavior in Action: Real-Life Applications for Marketing Managers.
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2.4.3 Interpretation
Guido (2001)1 stated that interpretation happens when a person doles out an
intending to the tangible boost from an item or brand promoting. Perception
is supported by desires and commonality. A purchaser outputs his memory
to recover past encounters with the brand or a comparative brand. Store-
brand advertising as often as possible gains by the elucidation stage when
item bundling plan contains logos, hues and different components that are
like national brands that shoppers are by and large more acquainted with.
2.5 Factors affecting consumer’s choice
Stintifice2 said “the geographical space in which there is rather an ensemble (an
accumulation of resources and attractions, of infrastructure, equipment, suppliers
of tourism services and other sectors of support administrative organisms whose
integrated and coordinated activities supply customers with the experience they
away from the destination they have chosen to visit) of tourism resources than a
political border.” For this point of view, destinations are cities and countries that
attract visitors for a limited time and that depend on their internal stability,
historical interests, religious impacts, or beautiful sights.
Huybers (2003)3 mentioned that There is a huge competition between destination
over the world to attract visitors , although international traveling have received a
lot of attention and much more focus than domestic traveling , but traveling within
the country will remain one of the main targets of citizens depending on many
factors externally and internally like economic , political and cultural factors , and
1 Guido, G. (2001). The Salience of Marketing Stimuli.
2 Stintifice, L. (n.d.). Marketingful and e-marketingful in european religious tourism. 13(4), 14- 143. 3 Huybers,T. (2003) Domestic Tourism Destination Choices —a Choice Modelling Analysis .
p.445-446
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sometimes the spreading of diseases ,for example the breakout of the SARS , AIDS
and EBOLA diseases resulted in alternative effects between international and
domestic tourism and have created a substitute and people tend to choose domestic
travel destinations rather than international destinations scared of these diseases .
Bassil (2014) 1Terrorism on the other hand is a great factor that affects tourism
internationally and domestically, places in the Middle East suffer from terrorism,
countries like Lebanon, Egypt, Palestine and Syria have witnessed a major
decrease in their economies because of the deflation of their tourism level resulting
from terrorist attacks and strict religious groups.
2.5.1 Tour Operators
Jain, Tiwari (2009)2 explained that with the growing influence and reach of
internet, hosting a website and initiating web-based promotional campaigns has
now become imperative for the tour and travel operators. Apart from a catalogue of
various offerings, the provision of value added services such as online booking of
tours could prove to a major shot in the segment. In order to flourish the tour
operator industry and to encourage more tourism customized offerings to
consumers with different preferences in terms of tourism to keep comfort and
convenience in mind.
2Bassil, (2014). Op.Cit
2 Jain, S., & Tiwari, A. (2009). A study on indian consumer's prefrences for domestic tourism.
The Icfai University Journal of Consmer Behavior, 4(1).p. 8-20
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2.5.2 Income and Personality
Nicolai and Mas (2005)1 proved that income, education, household size, and the
size of the city origin are determinants that affect the decision to travel. Many other
studies have examined by Moisescu (2013)2 proves the relationship between travel
motivation and various demographic variables such as gender, age, education level
and income. Also Personality can be defined as an individual’s enduring pattern of
thoughts, Emotions, and behavior occurring in different environments.
Furthermore, based on personality trait theory, personality of each person
differentiates each person from another as each person has his own influenced
behavior, attitude, and beliefs).
Tourism and social activity are related meaning that travelling to a certain
destination depends on each person’s social behavior and personality, though these
theories are still under development, different personality traits were compared to
different characteristics of tourism.
Some studies compared the extraversion and introversion type of people and their
influence on tourism; other studies have shown the relationship between concepts
of sensation seeking and tourism believed Lepp, Gibson (2008)3
According to Gosling, Rentfrow, Swann (2003)4 Personality traits are
characterized into 5 basic types and those are: extraversion agreeableness,
consciousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience. McCrae, John (2006)1
3Nicolau, J.L. and Mas, F.J. (2005). Heckit Modelling of tourist Expenditure: Evidence from
Spain. International Journal of service industry management,16(3). P. 271-293 2 Moisescu, O. (2013). All empirical investigation regarding the relationship between demographics and travel prefrences. International Conference "Marketing - from Information to
Decision", 6, 158-168. 3 Lepp A. and Gibson, H., 2008. Sensation seeking and tourism: Tourist role, perception of risk
and destination choice. Tourism Management,29,740-750.
4 Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (2003). A Very Brief Measure of the Big
Five Personality Domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 504-528.
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The extraversion type is the most type used in studies related to tourism
consumption and leisure activities. In Lu, L., Kao, S., & Hsieh, Y. (2009) 2 study it
was shown that extraversion type of people tend to participate in outdoor activities
more than the introversion type, In addition extraversion type of people are risk
takers and prefer adventurous activities while travelling commented Kleiber
(2004).3 Extraversion types of people also are sensation seeking and they tend to
appreciate exciting and risk taking activities to achieve the ultimate travelling
experience.
“Sensation seeking is also predictive of participation in leisure activities that are
more adventurous” quoted Furnham (2003)4.
Lu, L., Kao, S., & Hsieh, Y. (2009)5 stated that all centric type of people prefer
unorganized vacations and unusual travel; However, Psycho centric type of people
prefer safe and familiar environment travelling.
To conclude this part, the extraversion type of people who are sensation seeking,
risk takers, and adventurous tend to choose riskier tourism destinations. As
international tourism is riskier compared to domestic tourism people with extravert
personality tend to travel internationally more than introverts.
1 (Gosling, Rentfrow, & Swann, 2003;McCrae & John, 2006) 2 Lu, L., Kao, S., & Hsieh, Y. (2009). Positive Attitudes Toward Older People and Well-being Among Chinese Community Older Adults. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 622-639. 3 Kleiber, D. A. (2004, August). Negative events in the life cycle: Recreation and leisure as a counteraction. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Baptist University of Press. 1-23
4 Furnham, A. & Petrides, K. V. (2003). Trait emotional intelligence and happiness. Social Behavior and Personality, 31, 815-824 5 Lu, Kao, & Hsieh (2009). Op.Cit.
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2.6 Conclusion
Tourism is a social cultural activity done by many people all over the world for
various reasons; such according to activity is decided upon travelers’ personalities,
financial abilities, geographical locations and many other factors. Choosing to
travel domestically supports the country’s financial ability and increases the rates
of the country’s currency and refreshes the whole economy ,it also helps travelers
to get to know their own country and on the other hand travelling internationally is
choice of the elite people who want to visit other places outside their own country,
maybe for shopping or entertainment, but there are factors affecting people’s
choice of where to travel such as personality and income because these two factors
specifically define why a person would travel and where would he choose to travel
, Egyptians who travel domestically mostly prefer going to the North Coast and
Sharm el Sheikh , while others who prefer internationally prefer going to Europe.
People travel for entertainment, religious, cultural, business and medical reasons
and each one of these factors helps decide the destination of travelling.
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3- Exploratory Study
The researchers conducted an exploratory study to gain more insights about
concepts to be studied.
In depth interviews have been conducted with 6 different individuals. The
questions that have been asked aim to gather information about both domestic and
international tourism, and their preferences. Mainly interview gathered qualitative
since it included open ended questions why and how. With the help of interviews,
it has been analyzed how people perceive domestic and international tourism. Also
a content analysis technique was used because it helps us get across actual
comments of visitors and tourists who traveled. It gave more credibility and
reliability as these people won’t get anything out of telling their real opinion and
perception, which gives more credibility and makes people trust their opinions.
The sample profile overall the ages included different ages and genders.
3.1 Findings (Interviews)
Considering the choice of travelling domestically or internationally, some
respondents said that there are factors that affect their choice Ahmed Ashraf Samer
said “It depends on what I’m travelling to do, how much money I have, where do I
want to stay, all these factors affect my choice of travel.” others said that they
prefer travelling domestically because it’s safer “I have a fear of flying, that’s why
I travel to Sinai because its close and its beautiful” said Salma Ahmed
Through interviews, the researchers found out that there are several reasons why
people travel. So, regarding medical treatment Egyptians always prefer travelling
abroad because medicine is not that developed in Egypt and its far better to be
treated abroad “Football players always travel to Germany, as they do the best
surgeries for football injuries” Ihab Ali Al ahly team’s doctor said.
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Some other people who suffer from heart diseases and skin problems choose to
travel to Siwa oasis and Safaga, Red sea and use sand treatment or visit Magdi
Yaqoub’s Heart Institution in Aswan.
3.1.1 What do you seek in traveling?
It has been answered that religious tourism is one of the factors that allow people
to travel. People love travelling domestically, Specially Sinai.
“Every year I travel to Sinai and visit Saint Catherine Monastery I feel refreshed
and then climb the mountain so I can find peace and feel a connection with God”
That’s what Mina Maged told us when The researchers asked how does he view
the religious tourism in Egypt .
Additionally, shopping tourism. People in Egypt prefer travelling outside of Egypt
to buy their stuff, Sarah Mohammed el Mahdy Told us “I never buy anything from
Egypt anymore, I never find the things that I want here so I buy all the things I
need when I travel outside Egypt, it’s basically the same prices with much more
variety and better quality”.
Furthermore, Business tourism, is newly introduced form of tourism , which is
travelling for business purposes like opening visiting an Exhibit or a doctor
travelling for a medical conference , People also travel to open new businesses in
developing countries and create opportunities to be successful entrepreneurs
Mohammed Shaarawy Explained how he visited Budapest to open up a processed
food factory, he said “Here in Egypt I didn’t find any opportunities or help from
anyone or even the government , but when I visited Budapest I found all the
encouragement I needed because they help outside.
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Moreover, one of the greatest aspects that make people travel is entertainments.
When it comes to entertainment there are many perspectives and motives for
traveling either domestically or internationally, many look for entertainment for the
whole family and prefer travelling abroad for places like Disney Land in France or
the US , others look for self-activities like hiking and climbing mountains and
travel domestically to Sinai’s St Catherine for example and Mousa mountain while
others prefer traveling internationally to mountains like Kilimanjaro in Tanzania
and Alba mountains in Europe and Dubai of course for sky diving and bungee
jumping , this also applies on camping lovers who most of the times prefer going
to Siwa , Ras shitan, and Dahab in Sinai . speaking of Sinai, travelers who loves
diving and snorkeling always take Sinai as a major destination of tourism as it has
many spots like the Blue hole and the three pools in Dahab, and Ras Mohamed
which is a natural reserve close to Sharm el Sheikh which also attracts many
travelers for its beautiful red sea and its great water sports and activities. youth
divides to two perspectives , some travel for the pleasure of clubbing and just
enjoying beautiful whether and travel domestically mostly to sharm el sheikh for
its well-known nightlife and its beautiful weather and others prefer going to
Amsterdam and Ibiza in Europe for example. When the researchers asked about
traveling an interviewer’s priority for traveling was for football entertainment,
supporting his team Al Ahly and going after the team either domestically when it
plays almost in every state in Egypt and also most countries in Africa, or in other
continents depending on the tournament the team is competing in.
3.1.2 What are the factors that affect your choice of
accommodations?
Accommodation varies and depends on many factors like the traveler’s financial
abilities, personalities and objectives of travelling. Some travelers travel
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domestically or to cheaper places for their limited financial ability. Also traveling
depends on one’s personality, for example if someone is considering traveling
domestically and likes quite areas, he might decide to go to Dahab in Sinai;
however, if someone prefers crowded and noisy areas, he might decide to go to the
North Coast.
3.1.3 How does traveling benefit you in any way?
Mostly people answered by how much traveling makes them better people. To go
in depth, respondents precisely believed that traveling makes them gain
experience, and enhances their personality. Benefits their communication skills,
and increases their self-confidence. Also, it has been also conducted that, with a
positive attitude, traveling makes me people meet new people, and that is somehow
makes people content and allows them to gain communication experiences with
different cultures.
3.2 Findings (Content analysis)
The researchers visited TripAdvisor and other touristic pages on facebook to view
people’s recommendations and opinions regarding different activities and places,
whether domestically or internationally.
The content analysis aimed at observing people’s feedbacks domestic tourism
versus international tourism. Those were several purposes of comparing domestic
tourism versus international tourism that would be discussed in more details in our
content analysis
3.2.1 Ease of booking:
“It occurred to me that when I decide to travel internationally, it is easier to book
flights and accommodations. However, when I think of traveling domestically,
booking is hard and not easy going like the international sites and call centers.”
21
“there are some sites which you can book easily if you want travel domestically
(Egypt) and those sites are awesome, they made my life so much easier.”
3.2.2 Entertainment and Activities:
“A lot of entertainment and activities are here in Egypt. You can check in to
Dahab, Hurghada, or Gouna for a lot of water activities and safari camps in the
desert.”
“My brother just came from an Asia trip. He almost went to all the asian countries
and he says they’re amazing and so much fun. He said that if you’re aiming for
activities and beautiful sightseeing, everybody should go there because there are
different kinds of activities like bungee jumping.”
3.2.3 Availability of good hotels:
“If you are looking for 5 stars hotels, do not go to Ras Shitan, Sinai.”
“I didn’t know that Europe had bad hotels like Egypt has. Not so many, but they
exist.”
“Hotels in Egypt are a disaster, if you want to stay in a good hotel; you have to pay
a fortune.”
“The safety of the country is very important in terms of tourism. For example, the
tourism got damaged in Egypt after the 25th of January revolution and it has been
struggling to get back ever since. Same applies to India, and many other
countries.”
22
3.2.4 In terms of shopping:
“If you want to go shopping, go to America or Dubai.”
“Europe has a lot of really good stores to shop in, a bit expensive, but reasonable
prices.”
“Dubai during the shopping festival is the best”
“Shopping in Cairo is the worst; the stores are all the same. You buy a top and
realize that every girl in the entire city is wearing it because the stores are all so
limited, and yet very expensive. You want to do some good shopping, go to
America.”
Many have given negative feedbacks about Egyptian (domestic) tourism. It has
been conducted that Egypt is not a safe place for tourists to go to. Additionally, the
safest and best hotels are highly costly. Moreover, ultimate disappointments in
shopping tourism, almost everyone gave a bad review on how terrible shopping is
in Egypt, and how it is rather better to travel internationally to do good shopping.
However, many believed that Egypt is a fun country which it has a lot of
entertainment, activities, and beautiful sightseeing that can compete with
international countries.
23
3.3 Conclusion
To conclude from people’s interviews, there are significant differences
between domestic and international tourism. Yet, mostly, respondents are
aiming for international tourism. However, considering entertainment and
activities, respondents were content with the domestic tourism regarding this
point.
24
4- The Research Problem and Questions
4.1 The Research Problem
- To measure the perception and preference towards domestic tourism
international tourism.
4.2 The Research Questions
- What are the differences between perceived benefits for those preferring
domestic tourism and those preferring international tourism?
- How does perception of travelling in general affect preferences?
- How do the tour operators’ reputations affect preferences towards domestic
tourism?
- How does the income affect the choice of destination domestically or
internationally?
25
5- Research Objectives, Hypotheses and Questions
Research Objectives Research Hypotheses Research Questions
To analyze the difference between
perceived benefits for those preferring domestic tourism and those preferring
international tourism.
There are significant differences between
perceived benefits of those preferring domestic tourism and those preferring
international tourism
What are the differences between
perceived benefits for those preferring domestic tourism and those preferring
international tourism?
To examine how perception of traveling in general affects preferences.
Perception of travelling in general affects preferences towards tourism.
How does perception of travelling in general affect preferences?
To discover how the tour operators’ reputations affect preference towards
domestic tourism.
Tour operators’ reputations are the main factors that affect preference towards
domestic tourism.
How do the tour operators’ reputations affect preferences towards domestic
tourism?
To measure how income affects choice of destination domestically or internationally.
Income affects choice of destination domestically or internationally
How does the income affect the choice of destination domestically or
internationally?
26
6- The Research Design and Methodology
6.1 Associated variables and data required
Research Hypothesis Variables Data Required Measurements
H1: There are significant difference between perceived
benefits for those preferring domestic tourism and those preferring international tourism.
Perceived Benefits
Types of Tourism
- Variety of accommodation - Availability of restaurants and cafes
- Internal stability of the destination - Safety of transportation - Ability to shop
- Availability of good hotels - Entertainment activities
- Affordability of hotels
- Medical - Shopping
- Business - Religious
- Entertainment
Likert
MCQ
H2: Perception of travelling in
general affects preferences.
Independent: Perception
Dependent: Preferences
- Experience - Meeting new people
- Enhancing personality - Communication skills
- Self-confidence
- International - Domestic
Likert
MCQ
27
H3: Tour operator’s reputations
affect preference towards domestic tourism.
Dependent: Preference
Independent: Tour
operator’s reputation
- International - Domestic
- Ease of booking
- Importance of decision of choice
MCQ
Likert
H4: Income affects choice of
destination domestically or internationally
Dependent: Preference
Independent: Income
- International - Domestic
- Income per month
- Income per personality - Less than 1200 - 1200 to less than 2000
- 2000 to less than 5000 - 5000 to less than 10000
- 10000 and above
MCQ
Nominal
28
6.2 Methods of Data Collection
The researchers have conducted a qualitative phase by using interviews and
content analysis. The researchers interviewed 6 respondents and the researchers
gathered information by content analysis with different sources which were
Facebook, and TripAdvisor. In addition, the researchers also conducted a
quantitative phase by using the questionnaire in order to generalize the findings.
6.3 Pretest questionnaire
Overall, the respondents were content with the questionnaire. Most respondents
agreed on how the questionnaire contained easy vocabulary and clear meaning.
However, everyone pointed out that the questionnaire was a bit long. It took them a
long time, about half an hour, to answer the questionnaire. In addition, a few
respondents commented on how a couple of questions were repeated. The
researchers had a couple of negative feedback one question one, section two,
which was “I choose to travel domestically to benefit the internal tourism” that it
wasn’t very clear. So the researchers changed the question into “I consider my
country’s benefits when selecting where to travel”. In addition, a few respondents
agreed that question 11 section two; “Discounts affect my decision of where to
travel” was a bit unclear, so the researchers removed the entire question,
accordingly the questionnaire was modified to ensure high response rate and
maximum cooperation.
29
6.4 Population and sampling
The population is Egyptians who are willing to travel whether domestically or
internationally. Since the researchers can’t access the whole population, the
researchers used purposive non probability judgmental sampling. The
questionnaire was distributed on 200 respondents which is recognized as a large
sample from statistical standpoint.
6.5 Data Collection Process
The questionnaire was distributed among 200 respondents. The researchers
covered demographic information such as age, gender, and income. The types of
measurements used were MCQ, likert and nominal. The questionnaire that was
distributed had both English and Arabic versions. Moreover, it was distributed in
Cairo and Giza in different universities, such as MSA, BUE, and GUC, cafes and
restaurants, and clubs.
6.6 Data coding and entry
Each member was responsible for 50 questionnaires in which all questionnaires
were combined using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) for coding
questions and entering answers.
6.7 Data Tabulations and analysis
Considering the tabulations, the results were evaluated based on the requirement of
each hypothesis. While the analysis was also based on the requirement of each
hypothesis, and as a result of the interpretations, Hypothesis 1 is rejected,
Hypothesis 2 is rejected, Hypothesis 3 is rejected, and Hypothesis 4 is partially
accepted.
30
7- The Research Results and Hypothesis testing
The researchers distributed the questionnaire on 200 respondents such that 52.5% are males and 47.5% are females. In addition, it involved different age groups that
27.5 % are from to less than 21, 48% are from 21 to less than 25, 9.5% are from 25 to less than 30, 4.5% are from 30 to less than 40, 5% are from 40 to less than 50,
3% are from 50 to less than 60, and 2.5% are 60 years and above. Regarding the income, 53.5% are paid less than 1200 LE till 2000 LE, 21.5% are paid from 2000
LE till 5000 LE, 12.5% from 5000 LE till 10,000 LE, 12.5% from 10,000 LE and above.
Characteristics Frequency Percentage Total
Gender:
Male
Female
105
95
52.5%
47.5%
200
Age:
18 to less than 21
21 to less than 25
25 to less than 30
30 to less than 40
40 to less than 50
50 to less than 60
60 years and above
55
96 19
9 10
6 5
27.5%
48.0% 9.5%
4.5% 5.0%
3.0% 2.5%
200
Income:
less than 1200
1200 to less than
2000
2000 to less than
5000
5000 to less than
10000
10000 and above
30 77
43
25
25
15% 38.5%
21.5%
12.5%
12.5%
200
31
7.1 Testing Hypothesis One: There are significant differences between
perceived benefits of those preferring domestic tourism and those preferring
international tourism.
Table 7.1.1: Reliability test
Reliability Statistics
Statements Cronbach's
Alpha
N of
Items
1. I consider the variety of accommodations when selecting where to travel
2. I consider the availability of restaurants and cafes when selecting
where to travel 3. Internal stability of the destination is important in selecting where
I’m travelling. 4. Safety of transportation is important in selecting where I’m
travelling 5. The ability of shopping is important in selecting where I’m
travelling 6. The availability of good hotels (4 or 5 stars) will encourage you to
travel domestically 7. Entertainment activities (kite surfing, safari, snorkeling, etc) are
important in selecting where to travel 8. The affordability of hotels is important in selecting where to travel
.788 8
The researchers measured the perceived benefits of tourism through the
statements (4-10) (see the questionnaire in appendix.5). The researchers also used
descriptive analysis (see in appendix). By conducting the reliability test, the
researchers found that the Cronbach’s alpha is greater than 0.6, so these statements
are consistent in measuring the perceived benefits. Therefore, the researchers will
merge these statements in one variable (perceived benefits).
32
Table 7.1.2: ANOVA test
ANOVA
Benefits
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square
F Sig.
Between
Groups 1.326 2 .663 1.303 .274
Within
Groups 95.718 188 .509
Total 97.044 190
Testing Hypothesis 1; the researchers conducted ANOVA test and the results
shown in table 7.1.2 verify that at 5% significant level, there is no significant
differences between perceived benefits of those preferring domestic tourism and
those preferring international tourism.
Results of Hypothesis 1; hypothesis one is rejected, that is the benefits perceived
by those who prefer to travel domestically don't significantly differ that that among
those who prefer to travel internationally.
33
7.2 Testing Hypothesis Two: Perception of travelling in general affects
preferences towards tourism.
Table 7.2.1: Reliability test
Reliability Statistics
Statements Cronbach's Alpha
N of Items
1- Traveling makes me gain experience
2- Traveling allows me to meet new people
3- Traveling enhances my personality
4- Traveling benefits my communication skills
(language)
5- Traveling increases my self confidence
.818 5
The researchers measured the perception through the statements (11-16) (see the
questionnaire in appendix.6). The researchers also used descriptive analysis (see in
appendix). By conducting the reliability test, the researchers found that the
Cronbach’s alpha is greater than 0.6, so these statements are consistent in
measuring the perceived benefits. Therefore, the researchers will merge these
statements in one variable.
34
Table 7.2.2: ANOVA test
ANOVA
Perception
Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
Between
Groups .054 2 .027 .062 .940
Within Groups 83.861 191 .439
Total 83.915 193
Testing Hypothesis 2; the table 7.2.2 shows the results of the ANOVA test. The
researchers found that, at 5% significant level, that the perception of travelling in
general does not affect preferences towards tourism.
Results of Hypothesis 2; hypothesis two is rejected, that is the perception towards
tourism among those who prefer to travel domestically doesn't significantly differ
that that among those who prefer to travel internationally.
35
7.3 Testing Hypothesis Three: Tour operators’ reputations are the main factors
that affect preference towards domestic tourism.
Table 7.3.1: Reliability test
Reliability Statistics
Statements Cronbach
's Alpha
N of Items
1- The tour operator is important to my decision of choosing
where to travel
2- I consider ease of booking provided by tour operator when
choosing where to travel
.817 2
The Tour operators’ reputations are measured in our questionnaire through the
using the statements (2-3) (see the questionnaire in appendix 7). The researchers
also used descriptive analysis (see in appendix). The results of the reliability test
shown in the above table gives the value of the cronbach’s alpha is greater than
0.6, which means that these statements are consistent in measuring the perceived
benefits. Therefore, the researchers will merge these statements in one variable.
36
Table 7.3.2: ANOVA test
ANOVA
tour_operato
Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 8.016 2 4.008 2.993 .052
Within Groups 259.770 194 1.339
Total 267.787 196
Testing Hypothesis 3; the researchers’ conducted ANOVA test and the results
presented in table 7.3.2 show that, at 5% significance level, there is a significant
difference between the tour operators’ reputations and the preferences of
destination of domestic tourism.
Results of Hypothesis 3; the results provide enough evidence to reject hypothesis
three. Therefore, the researchers can conclude that Tour operators’ reputations isn't
the main factor that affect preference towards domestic tourism
37
7.4 Testing Hypothesis Four: Income affects choice of destination
domestically and internationally.
Table 7.4.1: Cross tabulation between income and choice of destination
domestically
choice of destination domestically
Total
Oasis Alexandria and North
Coast
Luxor and
Aswan
Red Sea Sinai
Income per month (in
EGP)
less than 1200
Count 5 5 2 12 6 30
% within Income per
month (in EGP)
16.7% 16.7% 6.7% 40.0% 20.0% 100.0%
1200 to
less than 2000
Count 10 11 3 25 24 78
% within Income per month (in
EGP)
12.8% 14.1% 3.8% 32.1% 30.8% 100.0%
2000 to
less than 5000
Count 4 8 6 12 13 43
% within
Income per month (in
EGP)
9.3% 18.6% 14.0% 27.9% 30.2% 100.0%
5000 to less than
10000
Count 5 3 9 6 2 25
% within Income per
month (in EGP)
20.0% 12.0% 36.0% 24.0% 8.0% 100.0%
10000 and
above
Count 4 4 12 3 2 25
% within Income per month (in
EGP)
16.0% 16.0% 48.0% 12.0% 8.0% 100.0%
Total Count 28 31 32 58 47 201
38
choice of destination domestically
Total
Oasis Alexandria and North
Coast
Luxor and
Aswan
Red Sea Sinai
Income per month (in
EGP)
less than 1200
Count 5 5 2 12 6 30
% within Income per
month (in EGP)
16.7% 16.7% 6.7% 40.0% 20.0% 100.0%
1200 to less than 2000
Count 10 11 3 25 24 78
% within Income per
month (in EGP)
12.8% 14.1% 3.8% 32.1% 30.8% 100.0%
2000 to
less than 5000
Count 4 8 6 12 13 43
% within
Income per month (in
EGP)
9.3% 18.6% 14.0% 27.9% 30.2% 100.0%
5000 to less than
10000
Count 5 3 9 6 2 25
% within Income per
month (in EGP)
20.0% 12.0% 36.0% 24.0% 8.0% 100.0%
10000 and
above
Count 4 4 12 3 2 25
% within Income per
month (in EGP)
16.0% 16.0% 48.0% 12.0% 8.0% 100.0%
Total Count 28 31 32 58 47 201
% within
Income per month (in
EGP)
13.9% 15.4% 15.9% 28.9% 23.4% 100.0%
39
Among those who received income less than 1200 LE, 60% of the respondents
prefer to travel to Red Sea and Sinai. This percentage increases to 63% among
those who earn monthly income between 1200 LE to less than 2000 LE of. The
same percentage is also for those who earn monthly income between 2000 LE to
less than 5000 LE. While, those who received high monthly income (prefer to
travel to Luxor and Aswan (36% for those who receive income between 5000 LE
to less than 10000LE, and 48% for those who received income of 10,000 LE and
above). Therefore, the information shown in the crosstable (8.4.1) provides
indication of a relationship between the respondents' income level and their choice
of destination domestically.
Table 7.4.2: Pearson's Correlation Coefficient
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp.
Std. Errora
Approx.
Tb
Approx.
Sig.
Interval by
Interval Pearson's R -.159 .067 -2.236 .027c
N of Valid Cases 195
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
However, the Pearson’s correlation coefficient verifies the relationship between
the monthly income level and choice of destination domestically at 5%significance
level.
40
Table 7.4.3: Cross tabulation between income and choice of destination
internationally
choice of destination
internationally Total
USA Europe Latin America
Asia
Income per
month (in EGP)
less than 1200 Count 7 19 2 2 30
% within Income per
month (in EGP)
23.3% 63.3% 6.7% 6.7% 100.0%
1200 to less
than 2000
Count 9 34 18 15 78
% within
Income per month (in
EGP)
11.5% 43.6% 23.1% 19.2% 100.0%
2000 to less than 5000
Count 6 16 16 5 43
% within Income per
month (in EGP)
14.0% 37.2% 37.2% 11.6% 100.0%
5000 to less
than 10000
Count 5 12 4 4 25
% within Income per month (in
EGP)
20.0% 48.0% 16.0% 16.0% 100.0%
10000 and
above
Count 7 12 1 5 25
% within
Income per month (in
EGP)
28.0% 48.0% 4.0% 20.0% 100.0%
Total Count 34 93 41 31 201
41
choice of destination internationally
Total
USA Europe Latin
America Asia
Income per month (in EGP)
less than 1200 Count 7 19 2 2 30
% within Income per
month (in EGP)
23.3% 63.3% 6.7% 6.7% 100.0%
1200 to less than 2000
Count 9 34 18 15 78
% within Income per
month (in EGP)
11.5% 43.6% 23.1% 19.2% 100.0%
2000 to less
than 5000
Count 6 16 16 5 43
% within
Income per month (in
EGP)
14.0% 37.2% 37.2% 11.6% 100.0%
5000 to less than 10000
Count 5 12 4 4 25
% within Income per
month (in EGP)
20.0% 48.0% 16.0% 16.0% 100.0%
10000 and
above
Count 7 12 1 5 25
% within Income per
month (in EGP)
28.0% 48.0% 4.0% 20.0% 100.0%
Total Count 34 93 41 31 201
% within Income per
month (in EGP)
16.9% 46.3% 20.4% 15.4% 100.0%
42
The data, shown in the cross table (7.4.3), show that the majority of the
respondents prefer to travel to Europe, regardless of their income level. Therefore,
the researchers don’t have enough evidence regarding the occurrence of a possible
relationship between the income level and the choice of where to travel
internationally.
Table 7.4.4: Pearson's Correlation Coefficient
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp.
Std. Errora
Approx.
Tb
Approx.
Sig.
Interval by
Interval Pearson's R .001 .074 .019 .985c
N of Valid Cases 198
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
43
8- Main Conclusion and Recommendations
Hypotheses Conclusion Marketing Implications
There are significant differences
between perceived benefits of those
preferring domestic tourism and those
preferring international tourism.
There are no significant
differences between perceived
benefits for those preferring
domestic tourism and those
preferring international tourism
Hypothesis one is rejected.
Since there’s no significant differences
between perceived benefits for those
preferring domestic tourism and
international tourism, therefore
marketers and hotel owners should
encourage traveling domestically more
than internationally so that it can
benefit the country, and this can be
done by emphasizing the value of
having variety of accommodation, the
availability of restaurants and cafes,
internal stability of the destination,
safety of transportation, availability of
places to shop, entertainment activities;
in addition, hotels should encourage the
traveling decision by providing
decreased budget trips.
44
Perception of travelling in general
affects preferences towards tourism.
The perception of travelling in
general does not affect
preferences.
Hypothesis two is rejected.
Marketers should emphasis the benefits
of traveling domestically and how it
adds value to customers such as gaining
experience, meeting new people,
enhancing personality, communication
skills and self-confidence.
Tour operators’ reputations is the main
factor that affect preference towards
domestic tourism
The tour operators’ reputation
does not affect preference
towards domestic tourism.
Hypothesis three is rejected.
Since tour operators’ reputation does
not affect preference towards domestic
tourism, therefore hotels, airline
companies and companies whom
responsible for any kind of activities in
the destination should try to reach the
customers or potential customers
directly not through tour operators and
this can be done by advertising to
themselves through social media or TV
ads.
45
H4: Income affects choice of
destination domestically.
H4: Income affects choice of
destination internationally.
H4.a. domestically
H4.b. internationally
Income does affect choice of
destination domestically.
Income does not affect choice of
destination internationally.
Hypothesis four (a) is accepted
Hypothesis four (b) is rejected.
Hypothesis four is partially
accepted
Since income affects only the decision
of traveling domestically therefore,
travel agencies should provide different
packages trips for different income
levels. To encourage price sensitive
people to visit domestic places more for
the benefit of the country.
46
9- Suggestions for Further Researches
9.1 Research Limitations
There was a significant amount of people containing 96 who answered the
questionnaire whom age was between 21 and 25 in comparison to the people
whom age was from 60 to above containing only 5 people.
The limitation of cost and time affected the geographical spread of the
sample which might affect the external validity of the research findings.
There was a geographic limitation as the questionnaire was only distributed
in Giza and Cairo.
9.2 Suggestions for Further Research
The researchers suggest that the research would be applied on different age
groups.
The researchers suggest that the research would be distributed in different
geographical areas.
More research should be done on domestic tourism alone classified by
places.
The researchers suggest that that a comparative study to be done to measure
the perception of tourism in Egypt among the international and Egyptian
tourists.
The researchers suggest a study to measure the perception towards different
domestic touristic places in Egypt.
Future study could be directed to descriptive study on tourists’
demographics if preferred tourism areas in Egypt.
47
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Wang, S. (2003). Native American-White Differences in Adult Health. 1-152. Woodward S. 2004. Faith and tourism: planning tourism in relation to take places of worship. Tourism and hospitality and development. 1(2). P. 173-186.
Yeşil, M. (2013). The Social Media Factor In The Development And Promotion Of Religious Tourism. Jtst Journal of Turkish Studies, 8(7), 733-733.
50
11- Appendix
11.1 Appendix One
(Questionnaire in English Language before pretest)
51
Section (I)
1. If you think of tourism travel you would choose to travel to :
Domestically
Internationally
Both
2. If you think about international or domestic travelling what is the main purpose?(Select one per type of tourism)
Types of Tourism International Domestic
Treatment
Shopping
Business
Religious
Entertainment
3. When traveling tourism domestically I usually prefer going to?
Siwa Oasis
Alexandria and North Coast
Luxor and Aswan
Red Sea
Sinai
4. When traveling tourism internationally I usually prefer going to?
USA Europe
Latin America
Asia
52
Section (II): State you level of agreement to each of the following statements:
Statement
Strongly
agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly
disagree
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1. It’s preferable to discover
new things about your
country rather than
discovering abroad
2. I consider the benefits of
my country when
selecting where to go
3. I choose to travel
domestically to benefit the
internal tourism
4. The tour operator is
important to my decision
of choosing where to go
5. Ease of booking provided
by tour operator’s affects
my traveling decision
6. Variety of
Accommodation and how
it affects my decision of
where to travel
53
7. Availability of restaurants
and Cafes affect my
decision of where to travel
8. Internal stability of the
destination is important in
selecting where I’m
travelling.
9. Safety of transportation is
important in selecting
where I’m travelling
10. The ability of
shopping is important in
selecting where I’m
travelling
11. The Availability of
good hotels in Siwa will
encourage you to visit it
12. The availability of
good places to shop in
Siwa is considered when
traveling
13. Entertainment
Activities could encourage
the visit to Siwa
54
14. Group discounts affect
my decision of where to
travel
15. First time Discounts
affect my decision of
where to travel
16. Frequent visiting
reward point affect my
decision of where to travel
55
Section (III): State you level of agreement to each of the following statements:
Statement
Strongly
agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly
disagree
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1. I consider ease of
booking when I select
where to travel
2. I consider variety of
accommodation when I
select where to travel
3. I consider availability
restaurants when I select
here to travel
4. I consider safety risk
before I select where to
travel
5. The opportunity to do
shopping is important in
selecting where to travel
6. The affordability of
hotels is important in
selecting where to travel
56
Section (IV): Personal Information
Age:
18 to less than 21
21 to less than 25
25 to less than 30
30 to less than 40
40 to less than 50
50 and above
Gender:
Male
Female
Income per month
1200 to less than 2000
2000 to less than 5000
5000 to less than 10000
10000 and above
57
11.2 Appendix Two
(Questionnaire in Arabic Language before pretest)
58
الجزء األول
عندما تريد السفر, اي من االختيرين تختار الشباع رغبة السفر لديك؟ .1
داخيا
خارجيا
كالهما
ما هو هدف سفرك عندما تفكر في السفر داخليا او خارجيا؟ .2
انواع السياحة خارجية داخلية
سياحة عالجية
تسوق
عمل
دينيةسياحة
سياحة ترفيهية
عندما اسافر داخليا عادة, افضل ادهب الى: .3
الواحات و سيوة
االسكندرية و الساحل الشمالي
االقصر و اسوان
البحر االحمر
سيناء
عندما اسافر خارجيا عادة, افضل ادهب الى: .4
الوليات المتحدة
أوروبا
امريكا االتينية
اسيا
59
الجزء الثاني
بشدهاعارض
(5)
اعارض
(4)
محايد
(3)
اوافق
(2)
اوافق بشدة
(1)
بيان
اضع في اعتباري الفائدة -1
على بلدي حينما اختار مكان السفر
المرشد السياحي يؤثرعلى -2
اختياري لمكان السفر
سهولة الحجز عن طريق المرشد -3 مكان السياحي تؤثر على قرار اختيار
سفري
ؤثر تنوع اختيارات المبيت ت -4 على قرار اختيار مكان سفري
ر اتاحة المطاعم و الكافتريات تؤث -5
على قرار سفري
االستقرار الداخلي يؤثرعلى -6
اختياري في الذهاب الى المكان المقصود
امان وسأل الموصاالت يؤثرعلى -7 الى المكان اختياري في الذهاب
المقصود
القدرة على التسوق يؤثرعلى -8 قرار اختياري المكان المقصود
60
بع اتاحة الفنادق العالية الجودة )ار -9 او خمس نجوم( في سيوا يؤثرعلى
اختياري للسفر
جع االنشطة الترتفيهية قد تش -11
اختيار مكان السفر
على خصومات االعداد تؤثر -11
قراري فيما يتعلق بمكان السفر
اخد في اعتباري المخاطر حين -12 اختار وجهة السفر
قدرتي على التحمل تكافة -13 ي الفنادق بالنسبة لي في اختيار
لوجهة السفر
السفر يزيد من خبرتي -14
ى السفر يمكني من التعرف عل -15
اخرىاشخاص
السفر ينمي الشخصية -16
السفر يحسن من مهارات -17 التوصل
فسيالسفر يزيد من ثقتي في ن -18
61
الجزء الثالث
السن:
سنة 21القل من 18
سنة 25القل من 21
سنة 31القل من 25
سنة 41القل من 31
سنة 51القل من 41
سنة فيما فوق 51
النوع:
دكر
انثى
الدخل الشهري:
2111القل من 1211
5111القل من 2111
11111القل من 5111
فيما فوق 11111
62
11.3 Appendix Three
(Questionnaire in English Language)
63
Section (I)
1. If you think of tourism travel you would choose to travel to :
1- Domestically
2- Internationally
3- Both
2. If you think about international or domestic travelling what is the main purpose? (Select one per type of tourism)
Types of Tourism International Domestic
1- Treatment
2- Shopping
3- Business
4- Religious
5- Entertainment
3. When traveling domestically I usually prefer going to?
1- Oasis
2- Alexandria and North Coast
3- Luxor and Aswan
4- Red Sea
5- Sinai
4. When traveling internationally I usually prefer going to?
1- USA
2- Europe
3- Latin America
4- Asia
64
Section (II): State your level of agreement to each of the following statements:
(strongly disagree= 1 to strongly agree= 5)
Statements
Strongly
disagree
(1)
Disagree
(2)
Neutral
(3)
Agree
(4)
Strongly
agree
(5)
3- I consider my country’s benefits when selecting
where to travel
4- The tour operator is important to my decision of
choosing where to travel
5- I consider ease of booking provided by tour operator
when choosing where to travel
6- I consider the variety of
accommodations when selecting where to travel
7- I consider the availability of restaurants and cafes when selecting where to travel
8- Internal stability of the destination is important in
selecting where I’m travelling.
9- Safety of transportation is
important in selecting where I’m travelling
10- The ability of shopping is
important in selecting where I’m travelling
11- The availability of good
hotels (4 or 5 stars) will encourage you to travel
domestically
65
12- Entertainment activities (kite surfing, safari,
snorkeling, etc) are important in selecting where
to travel
13- The affordability of hotels is important in selecting
where to travel
14- Traveling makes me gain experience
15- Traveling allows me to meet new people
16- Traveling enhances my personality
17- Traveling benefits my communication skills (language)
18- Traveling increases my self confidence
66
Section (III): Personal Information
1. Age:
1- 18 to less than 21 years
2- 21 to less than 25 years
3- 25 to less than 30 years
4- 30 to less than 40 years
5- 40 to less than 50 years
6- 50 to less than 60 years
7- 60 years and above
2. Gender:
1- Male
2- Female
3. Income per month (in Egyptian pounds)
1- Less than 1200
2- 1200 to less than 2000
3- 2000 to less than 5000
4- 5000 to less than 10000
5- 10000 and above
67
11.4 Appendix four
(Questionnaire in Arabic Language)
68
الجزء األول
عندما تريد السفر, اي من االختيرين تختار الشباع رغبة السفر لديك؟ .1
سياحة داخلية -1
سياحة خارجية -2
كالهما -3
ما هو هدف سفرك عندما تفكر في السفر داخليا او خارجيا؟ .2
انواع السياحة خارجية داخلية
سياحة عالجية -1
تسوق -2
عمل -3
سياحة دينية -4
سياحة ترفيهية -5
عندما اسافر داخليا عادة, افضل ادهب الى: .3
الواحات و سيوة -1
االسكندرية و الساحل الشمالي -2
االقصر و اسوان -3
البحر االحمر -4
سيناء -5
عندما اسافر خارجيا عادة, افضل ادهب الى: .4
المتحدةالوليات -1
أوروبا -2
امريكا االتينية -3
اسيا -4
69
= غير راض علي األطالق(1= راض جدآ، 5عبر عن درجه رضائك عن العبارات التاليه ) الجزء الثاني:
راض جدآ
(5)
راض
(4)
محايد
(3)
غير راض
(2)
غير راض
علي األطالق
(1)
العبارات
اضع في اعتباري الفائدة -1
ختار حينما االتي تعود على بلدي
مكان السفر
المرشد السياحي من عوامل -2
اختياري لمكان السفر
سهولة الحجز عن طريق المرشد -3
السياحي من عوامل اختياري لمكان
السفر
ن تنوع اختيارات الفنادق م -4
عوامل اختياري لمكان السفر
اتاحة المطاعم و الكافتريات من -5
عوامل اختياري لمكان السفر
أضع في اعتباري االستقرار -6
الداخلي للوجهة التي اذهب اليها
وسائل أضع في اعتباري امان -7
الموصاالت في اختياري الوجهة التي
اذهب اليها
70
القدرة على التسوق من عوامل -8
اختياري لمكان السفر
بع العالية الجودة )اراتاحة الفنادق -9
او خمس نجوم( من عوامل اختياري
لمكان السفر
ل االنشطة الترتفيهية من عوام -11
اختيار مكان السفر
قدرتي على التحمل تكلفة -11
الفنادق من عوامل اختياري لمكان
السفر
السفر يزيد من خبرتي -12
ى يمكني من التعرف علالسفر -13
اشخاص اخرى
السفر ينمي الشخصية -14
السفر يحسن من مهارات -15
التواصل
فسيالسفر يزيد من ثقتي في ن -16
71
الجزء الثالث: البيانات الشخصية
السن: .1
عام 21القل من 18 -1
عام 25القل من 21 -2
عام 31القل من 25 -3
عام 41القل من 31 -4
عام 51القل من 41 -5
عام 51اكثر من -6
النوع: .2
ذكر -1
انثى -2
الدخل الشهري )بالجنيه المصري(: .3
1211اقل من -1
2111القل من 1211 -2
5111القل من 2111 -3
11111القل من 5111 -4
11111اكثر من -5
72
11.5 Appendix Five
(Descriptive analysis for hypothesis one)
73
H1: There are significant differences between perceived benefits for those
preferring domestic tourism and those preferring international tourism.
Statistics
Benefits
.00
N Valid 3
Missing
0
Mean 2.9048
Median 3.1429
Mode 1.00a
Domestically
N
Valid 10
Missing
0
Mean 3.8286
Median 3.7857
Mode 3.14a
Internation
ally
N
Valid 51
Missing
1
Mean 3.5098
Median 3.7143
Mode 3.43a
Both
N
Valid 130
Missin
g 5
Mean 3.6692
Median 3.7143
Mode 3.29a
a. Multiple modes exist. The
smallest value is shown
Since the average of agreement level on the perceived benefits among those who
prefer domestic tourism and those who prefer international tourism. So hypothesis
one is rejected.
74
11.6 Appendix Six
(Descriptive analysis for hypothesis two)
75
H2: Perception of traveling in general affects preferences.
Statistics
Perception
.00
N Valid 3
Missing 0
Mean 4.2000
Median 4.8000
Mode 2.80a
Domestically
N Valid 10
Missing 0
Mean 4.1600
Median 4.3000
Mode 4.60
Internationally
N Valid 50
Missing 2
Mean 4.0880
Median 4.1000
Mode 5.00
Both
N Valid 134
Missing 1
Mean 4.1164
Median 4.2000
Mode 4.40a
a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is
shown
Since the averages of agreement level on the perception among those who prefer
domestic tourism and those who prefer international tourism are close to each
other, So hypothesis two is also rejected.
76
11.7 Appendix Seven
(Descriptive analysis for hypothesis three)
77
H3: Tour operator’s reputations affect preference towards domestic tourism.
Since there’s not big difference between the averages of agreement level on the
tour operators’ reputation, so hypothesis three is rejected.
