FINAL - Green skills in the paint...

Green skills in the South African Surface Coatings sector:

A focus on paint

29May2016

PreparedbyNicolaJenkin,PalesaMolebatsi,PreshaRamsarupandDrEuretaRosenberg

onbehalfoftheRhodesUniversityEnvironmentalLearningResearchCentre(ELRC)fortheChemicalIndustriesEducation&TrainingAuthority(CHIETA)

GreenskillsintheSouthAfricansurfacecoatingssector:Afocusonpaint|29May2016 Page2

Contents Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................3 Abbreviations..........................................................................................................................................4 Executivesummary.................................................................................................................................5 1. Introduction....................................................................................................................................8

1.1 Projectrationale...................................................................................................................8 1.2 Projectaims,scopeandobjectives......................................................................................9 1.3 Afocusonpaint.................................................................................................................10

2. Researchmethodology.................................................................................................................14 2.1 Researchapproach.............................................................................................................14 2.2 Datasources.......................................................................................................................16

3. Contextualdriversofgreenskillsdemandanalysis......................................................................18 3.1 Politicalandlegalfactors...................................................................................................18 3.2 Socio-economicfactors......................................................................................................22 3.3 Environmentalandhealthfactors......................................................................................27 3.4 Technologicalfactors.........................................................................................................33 3.5 Summaryofdriversandimplicationsforfurtheranalysis.................................................35

4. Paintindustryvaluechainanalysis:Emerginginsightsandfindings.............................................36 4.1 Thepaintvaluechain.........................................................................................................36 4.2 Environmentalandhealthhotspotsinthepaintvaluechain............................................37 4.3 Themainactorsandserviceprovidersinthepaintvaluechain........................................38 4.4 Anexpandedversionofthepaintindustryvaluechain.....................................................42 4.5 Conclusionsandimplications.............................................................................................42

5. Greeningworkinthepaintindustry:Emerginginsightsandfindings..........................................44 5.1 Occupationalanalysisprocessandoverview.....................................................................44 5.2 Broadoverviewofgreeningworkandthepaintvaluechain.............................................45 5.3 Reviewofoccupationswithinoccupationalnetworks.......................................................48

6. Conclusions...................................................................................................................................72 6.1 Purposeandfocusoftheproject.......................................................................................72 6.2 Conclusionsregardingthemethodologyfollowed............................................................72 6.3 Conclusionsregardingprioritygreenskillsandskillsplanning..........................................74 6.4 TheneedforInter-SETACollaboration..............................................................................77

Bibliography..........................................................................................................................................78


Acknowledgements ThisstudywasundertakenbytheRhodesUniversityEnvironmentalLearningResearchCentre(ELRC).TheleadresearcherwasNicolaJenkin,ofPinpointSustainability.Nicolawouldliketoacknowledgeandthankthefollowingparties:Membersoftheresearchteam,comprising:

• Prof.HeilaLotz-Sisitka,SARChIChair:GlobalChange&SocialLearningSystems:TransformativeSocialLearningandGreenSkillsLearningPathwaysandDirector,GreenSkillsResearchProgramme

• DrEuretaRosenberg,RhodesUniversityresearchassociate• NicolaJenkin,independentsustainabilityresearcher• PalesaMolebatsi,UniversityofWitwatersrandPhDcandidate• PreshaRamsarup,WitsCentreforResearchingEducationandLabour(REAL)-GreenSkills

ResearchProgramme.ColleaguesatCHIETA,forfacilitatingthestudy:

• AyeshaItzkin,ActingChiefExecutiveOfficer• KediboneMoroane,ResearchandSkillsPlanningExecutive• GiftThutse,Administrator.

Paintsectorspecialist:• DeryckSpence,ExecutiveDirector,SouthAfricanPaintManufacturingAssociation.

ThestaffatAxaltaPlascon,PortElizabethandKansaiPlascon,Krugersdorpfortheirtimeandadministrationofsitevisits,andrespondentsfromvariousrole-playersinthepaintandbuildingsectorsforgenerouslyprovidingtheirtime,insightsanddatafortheresearch,andcommentsonthereport.Coverphotocredit:SouthAfricanPaintManufacturersAssociation(SAPMA)www.sapma.org.za/training-education/applicator-skills-programme/

Abbreviations APDP-AutomotiveProductionandDevelopmentProgrammeASCCI-AutomotiveSupplyChainCompetitivenessInitiativeBPR-BiocidalProductsRegulationCAIA-Chemical&AlliedIndustries’AssociationCedefop-EuropeanCentrefortheDevelopmentofVocationalTrainingCHIETA-ChemicalIndustriesEducation&TrainingAuthorityDEA–DepartmentofEnvironmentalAffairsDHET-DepartmentofHigherEducationandTrainingDPSA–DepartmentofWaterandSanitationDTI–DepartmentofTradeandIndustryEHO-EnvironmentalHealthOfficerELRC-EnvironmentalLearningResearchCentreEMS-EnvironmentalManagementSystemsGAELP-GlobalAlliancetoEliminateLeadPaintHR–HumanResourcesILO-InternationalLabourOrganizationIPPIC-InternationalPaintsandPrintingInksCouncilNDP-NationalDevelopmentPlanOCCA-Oil&ColourChemists'AssociationOEM-OriginalEquipmentManufactureOFO-OrganisingFrameworkforOccupationsO*net–OccupationalInformationNetworkR&D–ResearchandDevelopmentREAL-CentreforResearchingEducationandLabourSAPITI–SouthAfricanPaintIndustryTrainingInstituteSAPMA–SouthAfricanPaintManufacturersAssociationSCIEA-SurfaceCoatingsIndustryEmployers'AssociationSHEQ-Safety,Health,Environment&QualitySIPS-StrategicIntegratedProjectsSSP–SkillsSectorPlanWBCSD–WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopmentWHO-WorldHealthOrganizationWSP–WorkSkillsPlans


Executive summary Climatechange,scarcewaterresourcesandpoorwaterqualityaresomeoftheissuesthataffectSouthAfrica’sdevelopmentpotentialandthewell-beingofitspeople.TheNationalDevelopmentPlan(NDP)callsforaninclusivegreenereconomicdevelopmentpathforSouthAfrica(SA).Inorderforustorealiseagreenereconomy,theNDPrecognisestheneedforskillsdevelopmenttostrengthenthenation’seconomicandsocialresilience.Inordertogrowagreenereconomyandtofacilitatesustainabledevelopmentopportunitiesatsectorandnationallevels,anunderstandingofgreenskillsdemandandutilisationisnecessary.

ThisGreenSkillsintheSASurfaceCoatingsSector:Afocusonpaintstudyrespondstotheglobalandnationalgreenagenda,thedrivetowardssustainability,andtotheneedtostrengthenSA’sgreenskillsplanningsystems.Greenskillsrequirementsincludesoccupationsfocusedonenvironmentaltasksandassociatedcompetenciesaswellastop-uporintegratedskillsthatformpartofother,moregeneral,occupations(thegreeningofoccupations).

ProceduresandinstrumentsfordetermininggreenskillsdemandarestillunderdevelopedinSA.Inresponsetotheneedforbetterskillsintelligence,theChemicalIndustriesSectorEducationandTrainingAuthority(CHIETA)commissionedagreeneconomystudyin2014.Thisemployersurveymadesomeusefulobservations:

• Employersandorganisationsinthechemicalsectorstillneedtodevelopanunderstandingandawarenessofgreeneconomytrendsandopportunities.

• Employeesneedtohaveabetterunderstandingofthekindofskillsrequiredandmanyneedre-skilling.• Identifyinggreenskillsdemandneedstostartatgrass-rootslevelinafirm,buttherealsoneedstobe

multi-disciplinaryengagementacrossthesector.• A‘GreenEconomySkillsDevelopmentForum’isrecommendedtoensurecoordinatedskills

development.Inresponsetotheneedsoutlinedabove,thisstudyaimstosupportCHIETA,employersandthebroaderskillsplanningcommunitybyprovidingamethodologytodeterminegreenskillsprioritiesanddemand,atthefirmandsectorlevelinthepaintindustry,morespecificallywithintheSurfaceCoatingssub-sector.Thestudyprovidesacomprehensivesetofgreenskilloccupationalprofilesrelatedtothepaintindustry.Therearesignificantenvironmentalimpactsatvariousstagesinthepaintvaluechain.Theseincludeimpactsduringtheextractionandprocessingofinputmaterials,impactsduringthemanufacturingprocess(withwastewaterandsludgeproduction)andhighandinefficientenergyusebytheautomotivepaintsindustryparticularly.Therearealsosignificanthealthimpactsassociatedwithpaintapplicationandhazardouscomponentsofpaintsuchaslead.Biocidesandcopperusedinmarinepaintscanaffecttheenvironmentnegativelyduringandafterapplication.Unusedorleftoverpaintisclassifiedashazardouswasteandpresentsadisposalchallengeandthreattotheenvironment.Thekeyareasofenvironmentalconcernarelinkedtoproductinnovationaroundmoreenvironmentallyfriendlyproducts,educationandpublicawarenessaroundrisksassociatedwithlead-basedpaintsandregulationinvolvingbothinternalandexternalcompliance(waterqualitymonitoring;wastemanagement;environmentalhealthsurveillanceofpremises;environmentalpollutioncontrol).


Thestudy’sobjectiveswereto:

• Refineamethodologyforemployer-leddemandarticulationforgreenskills.• Provideadetailedoverviewofgreenoccupations/greeningofexistingoccupationsinthechosen

industries.• ProvidedataandorientationtoCHIETAfortherevisionoftheSASAGreenOFO.• Contributetoguidelinesforthegreeningofjobsalongthevaluechainofanorganisation/sector.• Engageactivelywithemployerstogatherdemanddataandstrengthenworkplaceskillsplanning

processesforgreenskills.• Identifystrategicinterventionstosupportbettersectorskillsplanningforgreenskillsintheselected

sector.

Thestudyconsideredthecontextualdriversofgreenskillsdemandanalysis:thepoliticalandlegalfactors,socio-economicfactors,environmentalandhealthfactorsandtechnologicalfactors.Centraltotheresearchmethodologyforthisprojectisvaluechainanalysis(Herr&Muzira,2009),asameanstoidentifyandmapoutgreenskillsrequiredinthepaintsub-sector-fromminingormanufacturingofrawmaterialsthroughtoapplicationandend-of-life.Furthertothis,anoccupationalnetworkmappingexercisewasundertakentoidentifythecoreoccupationsthatrequiregreenorthegreeningofskillsinthepaintindustryvaluechain.

Thegreenskillsneedsacrossoccupationsstudiesreflectthat:

• Themajorityofgreenskillsinterventionsrequiregreeningofcurrentoccupationsandthesupportofskillsdevelopmentthatcanfostermoresustainablepractices(whatpeopledoinjobsandtheknowledge,skillsandattributes).

• Therearethreefocalareasthatprovideopportunitiestoenrichandincreaseworkforcecapabilitytosupportamoresustainablepaintindustry:Risk,RegulationandInnovation.

Basedonthestudy’sdataandanalyses,thefollowingoccupationsstandoutasparticularlyrelevanttothegreeningofthepaintindustryfromdecorativepaintapplication,automotivepaintapplicationtotheregulationofleadtothemanufacturingofpaint:

• EnvironmentalHealthOfficers• Safety,Health,EnvironmentandQualitymanagersand/orSustainabilitymanagers• Technicalmanagersandlaboratorytechnicians• Researchanddevelopmentmanagersandresearchers;engineeringmanagers• Paintersandcontractors.

Thestudyidentifiedsignificantopportunitiesfortheindustrytocontributetothegreeneconomybyreducingenergyusage,bettermanagingitswasteandintroducinginnovationsthatmayoccuratend-of-pipelineoratthestageofdesigningtheproduct,processesand/ortheplant.Thestudyalsoidentifiedopportunitiesinthesettingupofrecyclingandreusedepotsforthecollectionofpaint,whichwouldinvolvemanagersinvolvedinRetailandCorporateSocialInvestment.ThereareanumberofadditionalresearchprocessesthatwouldcomplementthisstudyandgivetheCHIETAafullerunderstandingofgreenskillsdemand.Theseare:


• Acomprehensiveemployersurveyusingaquestionnairederivedfromtheframeworkofthisstudy,toassessthescaleofgreenskillsneeds.

• Employerworkshopsthatworkwiththevaluechainsandhotspottingresults.• Sitevisitsandinterviewswithpersonsinvolvedintheregulationofleadinpaintproduction,and

sludgeandwastewaterdisposal.• Sitevisitsandoccupationalmappinginsmallerfirms.• Transitioningandcareerpathingstudiesinthepaintindustry.• Inter-SETAinvestigationsintogreenskillsneeds,particularlyintherealmofinnovativesolutionsto

sustainabilityproblems,andintoregulatoryskills,acrossgovernmentdepartmentsandindustriesandincludingtheinputofenvironmentalagencies.

• Supplysidestudiesintothesupplyoftherequiredgreenskillsandassociatedchallenges.


1. Introduction 1.1 Project rationale TheNationalDevelopmentPlan(NDP)callsforaninclusivegreenereconomicdevelopmentpathforSouthAfrica(SA).Thisconsensusdrivendocumentrecognisesclimatechange,limitedwateravailabilityandwaterqualityamongtheissuesthataffectSA’sdevelopmentpotentialandthewell-beingofitspeople.Inrelationtothetransitiontoagreenandresilienteconomy,theNDPalsonotestheneedforacapablestatetoleadthetransition,thepresenceofskillsshortages,andtheneedforskillsdevelopmenttostrengthenthenation’seconomicandsocialresilience,highlightingtheimportanceof“thecountry’sabilitytoimproveskillsintheworkforce”(NationalPlanningCommission,2011,p.181).

TheInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO,2010)notesthatinordertogrowagreenereconomyandtofacilitatesustainabledevelopmentopportunitiesatsectorandnationallevels,asubstantiveunderstandingofgreenskillsdemandandutilisationisnecessary.Sung(2011)arguesthatmulti-dimensionalskillprofilesareneededtoenablesectorstomoreaccuratelyforecastandunderstandskillsdemand.DespitetheNDPrecognisingtheimportanceofgreenskillstotheeconomyandsociety,proceduresandinstrumentsfordetermininggreenskillsdemandarestillcomparativelyunderdevelopedinSA.TheDepartmentofHigherEducationandTraining(DHET,2015b)hasemphasisedtheneedforfirmlevelassessmentsinarticulatingskillsdemand,highlightingthat“occupationsaretheacceptedunitofmeasurementofnationaleducationandtrainingsystemsworldwideformeasuringskillssupplyanddemand.Thereisnobetterunitofmeasurementotherthanoccupations,despiteitslimitations”(p.3).DHET(ibid)furthernotesthat“unlessinformationonoccupationsisobtainedatDigitlevel4to6oftheOrganisingFrameworkforOccupations(OFO),itisofverylittlevalueforskillsplanning”.TheDepartmentalsonotesthatskillsplannersinSAarefacedwithseverelimitationstoobtainingintelligenceonoccupationalskillsdemandatOFOdigitlevels4to6(p.2).Inresponsetotheneedforbetterskillsintelligence,aswellasthedrivetowardssustainability,theChemicalIndustriesSectorEducationandTrainingAuthority(CHIETA)previouslycommissionedagreeneconomystudy.ThisemployersurveyinKwazulu-Natal(Padalkar,2014)madesomeusefulobservations,including:

• Employersandorganisationsinthechemicalsectorstillneedtodevelopanunderstandingofgreeneconomytrendsandopportunities.

• Thereisaneedtodevelopemployerawarenessaboutthegreeneconomy.• The”contentofexistingjobsbeingorientatedtowardsthegreeneconomyisadriverleadingtoarisein

theneedforchangeinjobcontentandtheneedforre-skillingofpresentstaff“(p.83)butthereremainsaneedtobetterunderstandwhattheseskillsare.

• Theprocessofidentifyinggreenskillsdemandneedstostartatgrass-rootslevelinafirm,buttherealsoneedstobemulti-disciplinaryengagementacrossthesector.Padalkar’sreportrecommendssupportfora‘GreenEconomySkillsDevelopmentForum’toensurecoordinatedskillsdevelopment.

TheCHIETASectorSkillsPlan(CHIETA,2015b)estimatedthatasofMarch2014,thereweresome17,500employeesworkingingreenoccupationsinthechemicalsector.Thelargestoccupationalgroupwas


chemicalplantcontroller(5,802employees),alongwith3,736chemistrytechnicians.Giventhesenumbers,itisclearlyimportantthattheCHIETAshouldhaveacredible,comprehensiveskillsplanningmechanismforgreenskills.

1.2 Project aims, scope and objectives Inresponsetotheneedsoutlinedabove,thisprojectaimstosupportCHIETA,employersandthebroaderskillsplanningcommunityintwoways.Thefirstisbyprovidingamethodologytodeterminegreenskillspriorities,atafirmandsectorlevel.Thesecondisbyassessinggreenskillsdemandatemployerandsectorlevelinasegmentoftheoverallchemicalssector;andbyindicatinghowgreenoccupations,andthegreeningofexistingoccupations,canbemorecomprehensivelyrepresentedinframeworkssuchastheOFOandtheCHIETA’sOccupationalHandbook.

Withinthelimitedscopeandtimeframeofthisproject,thestudyisnotcomprehensiveofallgreenoccupationsforthechemicalssector.Itprovidesresearchinoneindustry(Paint)withinonesub-sector(SurfaceCoatings),withaviewtoestablishingaprocessforfurtherworkinthisareabytheSETAandotherresearchers.Inadditiontheprojectprovidesasetofgreenskilloccupationalprofilesrelatedtothepaintindustry,thatareindicativeanddetailed,ifnotcomprehensive.AkeyobjectiveofthestudywastoprovideamethodologicalapproachandinstrumentsforoccupationallydirectedgreenskillsanalysisthattheCHIETAandpossiblyotherSectorEducationandTrainingAuthoritiescanuseforidentifyinggreenskillsdemandacrossthesectorsofsocio-economicactivity.Theprojectobjectiveswereto:

• Refineamethodologyforemployer-leddemandarticulationforgreenskills.• Provideadetailedoverviewofgreenoccupations/greeningofexistingoccupationsinthechosen

industries.• ProvidedataandorientationtoCHIETAfortherevisionoftheSASAGreenOFO.• Contributetoguidelinesforthegreeningofjobsalongthevaluechainofanorganisation/sector.• Engageactivelywithemployerstogatherdemanddataandstrengthenworkplaceskillsplanning

processesforgreenskills,andhenceenabletheidentificationofstrategicinterventionstosupportbettersectorskillsplanningforgreenskillsintheselectedsector.

TheseprojectobjectiveswereinformedbythestrategicdirectionoftheCHIETAandbythesystembuildingaimsoftheGreenSkillsResearchProgramme.GreenSkillsisaninitiativeoftheNationalEnvironmentalSkillsPlanningForum,ledbyRhodesUniversity’sEnvironmentalLearningResearchCentre(ELRC)inpartnershipwiththeCentreforResearchingWorkandLearning(REAL)atWitsUniversity,amongothers.GreenSkillsaimstostrengthenthecapacityofallroleplayersinSA’sskillsecosystem,tomoreproactivelyandcoherentlyplanfortheskillsneededforagreenerandmoreinclusiveeconomyandsociety.Thisstudy,todetermineGreenSkillsintheSASurfaceCoatingsSectorisoneofaseriesofoccupationallydirectedprojects,othersfocusinginteraliaonMining,Agriculture,andStateProcurement.


1.2.1 Some definitions

Inthisprojectandreport,thetermgreenshouldnotbeinterpretedliterally,butasasignifierforarangeofpracticestowardsanenvironmentallysustainablefuture,aninclusiveeconomyandhealthy,thrivingcommunities.Greenpracticesaddresscleanerproductionandthereductionofpollutionincludinggreenhousegases;moreefficientuseofnaturalresourcessuchaswaterandenergy;theprotectionofbiodiversityandthehealthofhumansandecosystems.Intheeducationliteraturethetermskillisoftenusedtorefertotheabilitytoperformatask,asasub-setofcompetence(consistingofknowledge,skillsandvalues).However,innationalandinternationalparlanceandintheGreenSkillsProgramme,skillisalsousedtorefertoacapableworkforce,whohasthepracticalknow-howaswellastheknowledgeandvaluestoundertakeeffectiveandmeaningfulwork,asemployeesorascontributorstoeconomyandsocietyoutsideofformalemployment.Bothusesofthetermskillwillbeusedinthisreport.Thedeterminationofgreenskillsrequirementsincludesbothoccupationsfocusedonenvironmentaltasksandassociatedcompetencies(heretermed‘greenoccupations’),andtop-uporintegratedskillsthatformpartofother,moregeneral,occupations(‘greening’ofoccupations).ThisisfurtherelaboratedinSection5.

1.3 A focus on paint

TheCHIETAservesninesub-sectorsinthechemicalindustriessector,throughfiveChambers,consistingofrepresentativesofemployers,tradeunions,governmentdepartmentsandcriticalinterestgroups.Theninesub-sectors(CHIETA,2015a)are:

• Petroleum• BaseChemicals• FastMovingConsumerGoods• Pharmaceuticals• Explosives• Fertilisers• SpecialityChemicals• SurfaceCoatings,and• Glass.

ThisprojectfocusesonpaintasanindustrywithintheSurfaceCoatingssub-sector.PaintwasselectedasitisoneofthemoreprominentmanufacturingindustrieswithinSurfaceCoatings,theothersbeingvarnishes,enamels,oils,greases,waxes,concrete,lacquers,powdercoatings,metalcoatingsandfire-retardantformulations.

DefinitionofpaintPaintisamaterialthatisappliedasaliquidanddriesbyavarietyofchemicalprocessestoasolid,andtypicallyconsistsofpigment,resin,solventandadditives.SeeTable7fordescriptionsoftheseingredients(Resene,n.d.).Characteristicsofthethreeselectedsub-industriesarelistedinTable1.


Withinthepaintindustrythereareanumberofsub-industries.Followinganassessmentofthepaintindustry,itwasagreedtofocuson:

• Decorativepaints(thelargestpaintmarketcategory)(Frost&Sullivan,2014),and• Automotiveandmarineindustrial(performance)coatings.

ThelattertwoindustriesareparticularlyrelevanttotheSAeconomy.Theautomotiveindustryisanestablishedcontributortothecountry’sindustrialoutput,whilstmarinecoatingsareapotentialeconomicgrowthareaandacreatorofnewjobs,throughgovernmentinitiativessuchasOperationPhakisa(Coega,2015;DepartmentofEnvironmentalAffairs,2015).Table1:Characteristicsofthethreeselectedsub-industries

(Sources:AkzoNobel,2014;Detiveaux,2013;ExportKZN,n.d.;Jotun,2012)Forthepurposesofthisresearch,analysesofcontextualdriverswerecarriedoutforallthreesub-industries.However,thein-depthanalysisoftheassociatedoccupationswasonlycarriedoutfordecorativeandautomotivepaints.Thiswasduetothedifficultyinsecuringinterviewsorasitevisitwithasuitablemarinepaintmanufacturerwithinthetimeframeofthisproject.Respondentsinthissub-industrywerecontactedwithrequeststocontributetothestudy,buteitherdidnotrespond,orindicatedthattheywereunabletocontributeduetotimeconstraints.

1Industrialcoatingsareoftenalsoreferredtoas‘performance’coatings(AkzoNobel,2014;KansaiPlascon,2014).

DecorativepaintsIndustrialcoatings:1Automotive

Industrialcoatings:Marine

• Professionalpainters(e.g.usedbyarchitectsandinteriordesigners)

• Do-it-yourself(DIY)• Renovations• Interiorandexteriorpaints• Solventandwater-based

paints

• Coatingsusedforcars,buses,trucks,motorcyclesandotherautomobiles

• Automotiverefinishing• Repair• OriginalEquipment

Manufacture(OEM),partsandassembly

• Yachts,ballasttanks,crudeoiltankercargoholdsandvoidspaces

• Usedbyshipownersandshipyards

• Anti-fouling–painttopreventcrustacean,algaeorplantgrowth


1.3.1 Brief overview of the paint industry

Therearebetween280-300paintmanufacturersinSA.Ofthese,the10largestandmostprominentproduceupto70%ofthecountry’spaint.Fiveofthese10areinternationally-ownedandcontrol80%ofthemarketshare(Frost&Sullivan,2014;Slater,2015).AreviewofthelistofmembersoftheSAPaintManufacturers’Association’s(SAPMA)showsthattherearemanysmallerSA-ownedmanufacturers,witheitheraspecialistorregionalfocus.

Fourofthemostprominentmanufacturersare:

• BeckerIndustrialCoatings–Aglobalindustrialcoatingscompanyfocusingoncoilcoatings,industrialcoatings,andconsumerdesignfinishes,whichemploys1,800peopleinternationally(Beckers,2015).

• ICIDulux–AsubsidiaryofAkzoNobelheadquarteredinAmsterdam,itistheworld’slargestmanufacturerofdecorativepaints,performancecoatingsandspecialitychemicals,with47,000employeesglobally.WithinSAtheyoperateunderthebrandDuluxTradeandemploy500people(AkzoNobel,2014;CoatingsSA,2014b;Detiveaux,2013).

• JotunPaintsSA–Producesandsellsdecorativepaintsandperformancecoatings(marine,protectiveandpowdercoatings).Thecompanyhas36productionfacilitiesin19countries,andoneinSA.Thisisofimportance,astheyaretheworld’sleadingproviderofmarinecoatingstoshipownersandmanagers,andactiveinnewbuildanddry-dock(maintenance)markets(Jotun,2012).

• KansaiPlasconAfrica–AsubsidiaryofKansaiPaint-employs2,211people,andoperatesinSA,Botswana,Malawi,Namibia,Swaziland,ZambiaandZimbabwe.FromSAitexportsintotenothercountries,withthestatedintentionofbecomingAfrica’sfastestgrowingcoatingscompany.KansaiPlasconistheonlylocalmanufacturerofautomotivecoatingssuppliedtotheOEMsinSASA(ExportKZN,n.d.;KansaiPlascon,2014).

1.3.1.1 Key trade bodies and initiatives

Thereareanumberofprofessionalbodiesthatarerelevanttothepaintindustryasawholeinternationally,and/ortocompaniesinSA.Theirroleistosupportandrepresenttheindustryanditsassociatedactivities.Examplesare:

• Chemical&AlliedIndustries’Association(CAIA)–RepresentstheSAchemicalindustry,andhas164membersincludingchemicalmanufacturers,tradersandindustryserviceproviders.OneofitsprimaryrolesistopromoteResponsibleCare©.Inaddition,italsoprovideslinkagestosustainabilityinthechemicalindustries’valuechainthroughadvocacy,training,supportofeducationaldrivesinMathsandScienceandtheadvancementoftheseconceptsintosub-SaharanAfrica(CAIA,2015;Frances,2015).AreviewoftheCAIA’smembershiplistsuggeststhatnoneofthemajorpaintmanufacturersinSAaremembers(CAIA,2016),butSAPMAisamember,anddistributesCAIAinformationtoitsmembers.

• InternationalPaintsandPrintingInksCouncil(IPPIC)–Workstoimprovecommunicationandcoordinatepolicyonmattersofinternationalconcerntothepaintandprintinginksindustry.SAPMAisamember(IPPC,2015b).

• Oil&ColourChemists'Association(OCCA)–Aninternationaltechnicalprofessionalorganisationformembersfromcoatings,ink,adhesivesandanarrayofalliedandassociatedindustries.ItisheadquarteredintheUnitedKingdomandactiveacrosstheworldthroughdivisionsandsectionsinGreatBritain,Europe,Canada,SA,IndiaandSingaporeamongothers(OCCA,2015).


• SAPMA–TheobjectiveofSAPMAistopromotetheindustryasaresponsiblesupplierofqualityproductsandservices.90%ofitsmanufacturingmembersrepresent90%ofthevolumeofpaintsandcoatingsproducedinSA.ItisanIPPICmember,andistheleadbodyinSAfortheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP)andtheWorldHealthOrganization’s(WHO)GlobalAlliancetoEliminateLeadPaint(GAELP)campaign.PartoftheroleofSAPMAistoprovideeducationandtraining,whichitdoesthroughtheSAPaintIndustryTrainingInstitute(SAPITI)(Jooste,2014;SAPMA,2012b).

• SurfaceCoatingsIndustryEmployers'Association(SCIEA)-TheobjectivesofSCIEAaretopromoteandprotectthecollectiveinterestsofmembersoftheindustry,andtofacilitate,onrequest,relationsbetweenmembersandtheiremployeesandbetweenSCIEAandorganisedlabourintheindustry(SCIEA,2008).

Thesecompaniesandindustrybodiesoperateinawidercontextualenvironment,inwhichvariousfactorsactasdriversforagreener,moresustainablegrowthpath–orhavethepotentialtodoso.Thefollowingsectionprovidesananalysisofthepolitical,socio-economicandenvironmentalfactors,technicalinnovations,andpolicyandlegalinfluencersinthecontextwithinwhichthedecorative,automotiveandmarinepaintsub-sectorsoperateinSA.Theanalysisofactualorpotentialcontextualdriverspointstowherethegreeningofskillsismostlylikelytobefound,orrequired,andtheassociatedopportunitiesandpossiblechallengesforfulfillingthisdemand(SeeSection5).


2. Research methodology Centraltotheresearchmethodologyforthisprojectisvaluechainanalysis(Herr&Muzira,2009),asameanstoidentifyandmapoutgreenskillsrequiredinthepaintsub-sector.MultipledatamethodsanddatasourceswereusedtogetascomprehensiveandnuancedapictureoftheSApaintindustryaspossible.Table2illustratesthemainsourcesofdatageneratedinthisstudy.

2.1 Research approach Theprojectwasundertakenoveranumberofphases(seeFigure1),witheachphaseinformingthenext.

Figure1:Projectapproach

2.1.1 Sub-industry focus assessment

SurfaceCoatingswasselectedbyCHIETAasthesectoroffocusforthisproject.Itcoversavarietyofproductcategories,includingpaints,varnishes,enamels,oils,greases,waxes,concrete,lacquers,powderandmetalcoatingsandfireretardantformulations.Forthepurposesofthisstudy,paintswereselected.Inordertodevelopfindings,whichresonatewiththepaintindustry,andarenottoobroad,theidentificationofspecificsub-sectors(orindustries)withinthepaintindustrywereidentifiedusinga‘sub-sectorfocusassessment’.Criteriaforsub-industryselectionincluded:economic,environmentalandsocialimpacts,opportunitiestoenableskills,politicalorotherstrategicfocusandviabilityofgreeningskills.Fromthisexercise,threesub-industrieswereidentifiedforinvestigation:

• Decorative:selectedforbeingthelargestsegmentofthepaintindustry,• Automotive:apoliticallyimportantindustryfortheSAeconomy,and• Marine:identifiedasapotentialindustryofgrowth,shouldOperationPhakisameetitstargets.


2.1.2 Contextual drivers of demand analysis

Theaimofthisactivitywastobetterunderstandthepolitical,socio-economic,environmentalandtechnologicallandscapeandcontextwithinwhichtheSApaintindustryoperatesandthedriversthatcouldinfluencethedemandforgreenskills,whetherthisbenewgreenoccupationsrequired,orthegreeningofcurrentskills.

2.1.3 Paint industry value chain analysis

ThisprocessmappedouttheSApaintindustryvaluechain,fromminingormanufacturingofrawmaterialsthroughtoapplicationandend-of-life.Theapproachadopted,builtonthevaluechainanalysisundertakenbyRosenbergetal.’sGreenSkillsintheMiningSector(2015)study.Followingtheanalysis,identifiedcontextualdriversandenvironmentalandsocialhotspotsweremappedagainstthevaluechaincomponents.Thishotspottingexerciseisbasedonanapproachthatiscommonlyadoptedinthecommercialsectorwhenidentifyingareasofenvironmentalandsocialimpactacrossaproduct,businessorsystemssupplychain(forexample,workundertakenbyAnthesisGroup(2015)forTescotoidentifythefoodwastehotspotsoftheirTop25foodproducts).Thishotspotting,approachwasselectedasitisausefulmethodologicaltoolforCHIETAtoreplicateinotherindustries.UsingtheILO’sValueChainDevelopmentforGreenJobsinAsia:OperationalGuidecoreplayers(actors),supportandserviceprovidersweremappedagainstthedecorative,automotiveandmarinesub-industriesvaluechains.Thepurposeofthisexercisewastoidentifythevariousrole-playersinthevaluechain,andhighlightwherekeyoccupationsforgreeningarelikelytolie.

2.1.4 Occupational network mapping and individual occupations

Anoccupationalnetworkmappingexercisewasundertakentoidentifythecoreoccupationsthatrequiregreenorthegreeningofskillsinthepaintindustryvaluechain.Thiswasaphasedexercise,outlinedinFigure3.


Figure3:Mappingoccupationnetworks

Occupationalnetworksareinformalgroupingsofindividualsthatworkwithorconsulteachothertoenableenvironmentalandsocialchangeintheworkplace.Thesenetworks,andjobtitlesassociatedwiththem,wereidentifiedthroughinterviewsandsitevisitsandthenmappedtotheFrameworkforOccupations(OFO)(DHET,2015a).Threecorenetworkswereidentified:

• Safety,Health,Environment&Quality,• Laboratory(Research&Development(R&D)&Technical),and• Painters&Contractors.

Greentasks,identifiedthroughinterviews,sitevisits,literatureandtheonlineoccupationalinformationnetwork(O*Net)werealignedwithkeyindividualoccupationswithinthenetworkandreportedonindetail.

2.1.5 Recommendations

Thefinalstageofthestudydrawstogetherthestudyfindingsandmakesrecommendationsonthemethodologyframework,greeningofskillsandrelevancetodifferentaudiences–CHIETA,thepaintindustry(inparticularHumanResources(HR))andNationalgovernment/DHET.Inadditionrecommendationsforfutureworkarealsoidentified.

2.2 Data sources Thedatasources(Table2)providedinsightacrossmulti-levelsinthevaluechainfromamacro-levelanalysisofbroadsocial,policyandeconomictrends,andameso-levelfocusondriversinthepaintindustry,


toamicro-levelperspectiveonhowenvironment-relatedworkandassociatedtrainingplaysoutintheon-the-groundcontextoftwopaintmanufacturingplants.CHIETAsupportedthestudywithfundingandguidelines,andfacilitatedaccesstoinformation.DeryckSpence,oftheSAPMAprovidedpaintspecialistinsight,accesstomembershipcontactsandguidanceduringthestudy.Variousstakeholderswithinthepaintindustry–government,paintmanufacturersandusersprovidedinsightsanddata.Interviewswithunionswerenotfeasiblewithinthetimeframeofthestudy,duetoaccessandavailabilitydespiteseveralattemptstocontactthem(evenwithCHEITAassistance).Theinterviewsandsitevisitsprovedparticularlyvaluablefortheoccupationalmappingexercise.Withoutthemthefindingswouldnotcorrelatewithbusinesspractice,orcapturethenuancesoftheindustry.Table2:Illustrationofmaindatasources

Activity SourcesSitevisitsandinterviews Twositevisitswereundertaken,includinginterviewswithSafety,

Health,Environment&Quality(SHEQ)managersandofficers(x5),HR(x4),TechnicalandR&Dpersonnel(x3):

• AxaltaPlascon,PortElizabeth:Anautomotivepaintmanufacturer

• KansaiPlascon,Krugersdorp:Apredominantlydecorativepaintmanufacturer,withaR&DLaboratory

Sevenadditionalinterviewswereundertakenwiththeaimofcoveringabroadspectrumofpaintmanufacturers(specialistproductsandsizeofoperation)andkeytradeassociations.Thesewere:

• Dulux(paintmanufacturer)• DuramPaints(paintmanufacturer)• Excelsior(paintmanufacturer)• MottMacDonaldAfrica(constructionanduserofdecorative

painters)• SAPMA• SAPaintIndustryTrainingAssociation(SAPTI)• GBSCA

Documentanalysis Avarietyofdatasourceswereused.Thelistbelowisillustrativeofthetypesofdataaccessed.

• Conferencepresentations:5• CorporateSustainabilityReportsanddocuments:23• Tradeassociationsandauthoritiesdocuments:27• Traininginstitutionsandauthorities:13• Researchpapersanddocuments:21• Marketresearchandindustrystatistics:9• Magazineandnewsarticles:20• NGOsandothergeneralsources:9

Themethodologicaldiscussioninthissectionillustratestheconceptualthinkingbehindtheframingoftheresearchdesignandtheresearchprocess.


3. Contextual drivers of green skills demand analysis

Thepurposeofthecontextualanalysisistobetterunderstandthepolitical,socio-economic,environmental,technologicalandeconomiclandscapewithinwhichtheSApaintindustryoperatesandthedriversinfluencingthedemandforgreenskills,whetherthisbenewgreenoccupationsrequired,orthegreeningofcurrentskills.Figure4providesanoverviewofthekeycontextualelementsandfactorsconsideredintheanalysis. Figure4:KeycontextualdriversfortheSApaintindustry

3.1 Political and legal factors TheSAgovernmenthasintervenedinanumberofareasthatcouldsupportincreasedjobopportunitiesandeconomicgrowthinthepaintindustry,anditsbeneficiaries.Someofthemorestrategicandrelevantinitiativesareoutlinedbelowinrelationtothedifferentpaintsub-industries.

3.1.1 Decorative paint

StrategicIntegratedProjects(SIPs)AspartoftheSAGovernment’sNationalInfrastructurePlan,launchedin2012,anumberofSIPswereidentifiedtostimulateeconomicgrowthandemployment.Partofthisplanincludesthedevelopmentofskillsandcapacitytoimplement,operateandmaintainthecountry’sinfrastructurethroughtheSIPs(SAGovernment,2012).Ofthe18SIPs,3areofrelevancetothedecorativesub-industry:

• SIP12:Revitalisationofpublichospitalsandotherhealthfacilities–whichincludesbuildingandrefurbishingexistingandnewhospitals,nursingcollegesandotherpublichealthfacilities.

• SIP13:Nationalschoolbuildprogramme–whichincludesthebuildingofschools.• SIP14:Highereducationinfrastructure–infrastructuredevelopmentforhighereducation.

NEWNESSOFTHESECTOR


3.1.2 Industrial coatings: Automotive Twokeygovernmentinitiativescouldinfluenceandsupportincreasedeconomicgrowthandjobcreationinthemarinepaintsub-industry:

• AutomotiveProductionandDevelopmentProgramme(APDP)–Thiswaslaunchedin2013bytheDepartmentofTradeandIndustry(DTI),toincreasethevolumeofcarsmanufacturedinthecountryfromapproximately485,000(NAAMSA,2016)to1.2mayearby2020,andtodiversifythecomponentchain.Ithasbeensuggestedthatthistargetisunrealistic(SAGovernment,2015),andassuchthisplanhasbeenreviewed,withrevisedguidelinestobepublishedbytheDTIinAprilthisyear(BusinessPartners,2014;CBN,2015a).

• AutomotiveSupplyChainCompetitivenessInitiative(ASCCI)–Thisinitiativewaslaunchedin2013toenhancelocalisation,productionandsuppliercapabilities.Itmakestargetedgrantstosupportthegrowthanddevelopmentoftheautomotivesector(BusinessPartners,2014;InvestmentIncentives,2015).

Providedtheseinitiativessucceed,theimplicationsarethatwiththegrowthinthenumberofvehiclesmanufactured,morepaintwillberequiredandthereforemorejobswillbegeneratedintheindustry.

3.1.3 Industrial coatings: Marine Twosignificantgovernmentinitiativescouldresultinanincreaseinthedemandformarinepaints,andthereforealikelyincreaseinjobsandskills:

• OperationPhakisa–LaunchedinJuly2014aspartoftheGovernment’sNDP,itaimstounlocktheeconomicpotentialofSA’soceansinfourprioritysectors,ofwhichthefollowingaremostrelevanttothemarinepaintsub-industry:

o Marinetransportandmanufacturingactivities,suchascoastalshipping,trans-shipment,boatbuilding,repairandrefurbishment(thisincludesmaintenanceandrepairofexistinginfrastructure),and

o Offshoreoilandgasexploration(Nichols,2015;SAGovernment,2013,2014).• SIPs–Ofthe18SIPs,thefollowingareofinteresttothemarinepaintsub-sectorasaresultofthe

plannedexpansionordevelopmentofports:o SIP2:Durban-FreeState-Gautenglogisticsandindustrialcorridor–whichincludesthe

constructionofanewportinDurban(marinepaints).o SIP5:Saldanha-NorthernCapedevelopmentcorridor–whichincludesintegratedrailand

portexpansionandstrengtheningmaritimesupportcapacityforoilandgasalongtheWestCoast(marinepaints).

CHIETArecognisestheSIPs,andnotes‘theSIPsofmostdirectrelevancetothechemicalsectorrelatetotheenergySIPS’,withlittlereferencetotheSIPslistedabove(CHIETA,2014b).ThereisthereforemoreofaroleCHIETAcouldplayinsupportingotherpaintindustryopportunitiesprovidedbytheSIPsoncetheybecomeoperational.Asthesearelarge-scaleSAprojects,itislikelythatmostoftheprocurementwouldbefromSApaintmanufacturersand/orpaintcontractors.Alloftheinitiativesoutlinedearlierarepotentiallysignificant–theyhaveministerialbackingandleverage.Inorderfortheseinitiativestohavethedesiredeffecttocreatevalue,economicgrowthandjobs,and


TitaniumdioxideTitaniumdioxideisacorerawmaterialusedintheproductionofwhitepaint.Therefore,aninitiativebytheSAgovernmenttobolstertheproductionoffivekeyminerals,ofwhichtitaniumdioxideisone(DepartmentofMineralResources,2011)isofinteresttotheindustry.Mosttitaniumdioxidepigmentsareoverseas,whichwouldsuggestadesirebythegovernmentforthepaintindustrytotransferitsprocurementtolocally-sourcedtitaniumdioxide.Itwillbeworthwhilekeepingawatchfulbriefonthisinitiative,and/oridentifyopportunitiesforcollaborationandskillsdevelopmentwithinSA’spaintindustrytobeawareofbeingabletosourceSAproducedtitaniumdioxide.Titaniumdioxideisexpensive,andsomematerialscanpartiallyreplaceitsuse,butthiscannot‘justbechanged’(Greaves,2016)asittakestimetotransitionandtestoutthealternativesinproducts.

deliveragainsttheirinitialobjectives,CHIETAshouldhavesomeformofinputintotherelevanttrainingprogrammes,orbeinformedbytheskillsrequiredtoinitiatetheseprogrammestoensurepeopleareadequatelytrainedandthedemandfromthepaintindustrycanbemetbyacompetentSAsupply.

3.1.4 Legal factors

Paintisconsideredahazardousmaterial.Itcontainshazardousrawmaterialsandthroughitsdryingprocessitgivesoffharmfulemissions.Assuch,itisundermuchscrutiny.Manufacturers,suppliersandretailersarerequiredtoadheretomanyformalandvoluntaryagreements,andshouldhaveaworkforcethatisabletounderstand,implementandmonitortheseregulations.Manyofthelargerpaintmanufacturers,andSAPMA,referenceandbasetheirhealth,safetyandenvironmentalstandardsonEuropeanlegislation.Thisisparticularlythecaseifnationallegislationislessstringent(AkzoNobel,2014;AxaltaPlascon,2016;Jotun,2012;SAPMA,2010).Hoddinott,ofSAPITIconcurs,notingthat‘locallybasedcompanieswithinternationalparentageareobligedtocomplybecauseofinternationalregulatoryrequirementswhichareenforcedviaregularmonitoringandaudits’.HenotedthatinAustraliaforexample,Health,SafetyandEnvironmentcomplianceformanintegralpartofthebarrierstoentryandprospectivepaintcompanieshavetodemonstratethattheycancomplybeforetheycanoperate(Hoddinott,2016).

InternationallegislationandinitiativesofrelevancetotheSApaintindustry,andadoptedbysomeSApaintmanufacturers,are:

• REACH–AEuropeanUnioninitiativewhichaimstoimprovetheprotectionofhumanhealthandtheenvironmentthroughtheidentificationoftheintrinsicpropertiesofchemicalsubstances.Theregulationplacesresponsibilityonindustrytomanagetherisksfromchemicalsandtoprovidesafetyinformationonsubstances.Theinitiativealsoaimstoenhanceinnovation(EC,2015).

• ISO140012015–Acommonlyadoptedsetofcriteriaandaframeworkfororganisationstoimplementanenvironmentalmanagementsystemforcertification(ISO,2015).

• EUBiocidalProductsRegulation(BPR)No.528/2012andBiocidalProductDirective–Biocides,whicharecommonlyusedinmarinepaints,arestrictlyregulated,andfrom2012allbiocidesknowntohaveanimpactonrotdecayneedtobeapproved(Jotun,2012;PCI,2015b).

TheSApaintindustryisgovernedbyvariousnationalenvironmentalandhealthregulationsincluding,forexample:


• OccupationalHealthandSafetyAct1993(ACTNo.85of1993).o LeadRegulationsfallundersection43oftheOccupationalHealthandSafetyAct,1993(Act

No.85of1993).Leadcontentindecorativepaintshouldbelessthan0.06%.Leadisacriticalissueinthepaintindustry,assuchitisdiscussedfurtherbelow.

• EnvironmentalRegulationsforworkplacesGNR2281of16October1987amendedtoG.N.R489of18March1994.

• HazardousChemicalSubstancesRegulations(R.1179of1995).• HazardousSubstancesActof1973-aimedatallpaintsoldintheretailmarket,ofwhichleaded

paintisdeclaredagroup1categoryAhazardoussubstance.• SAnNationalStandardNo.10265(SANS10265)-warehousingofdangerousgoods.• SAPMACodeofConduct–setsoutqualitystandardsintheSApaintindustry,withafocusonthe

safetyandwell-beingofconsumerswhopurchasepaintthroughretailersforuseine.g.thehome(SAPMA,2012a).

LeadregulationsTheregulationofLead-basedpaint,aswellasthemanagementanddisposalofwastewaterwithintheLead-basedpaintindustryareinter-departmentallyaddressed.Inthecontextofthisstudy,thefirstkeystakeholderintheSANationalGovernmentistheDepartmentofHealth.(DoH)AccordingtotheSAMedicalResearchCouncil(2010),theexposureofhumanbeingstoLead,aswellasthereleaseofLeadintotheenvironmentposessignificantriskstohumanandenvironmentalhealth.IndustrialwastewaterfromLead-basedpaintmanufacturingisalargesourceofsludgewaterrelease;wherethewastewaterisgeneratedwhenthevesselusedforproducingpaintiswashedwithwater(Jewelletal.,2007).Thisleadstothegenerationofapaintwashwatereffluent,whichcannoteasilybedisposedof,intothepublicseweragesystembecauseofexistinggovernmentlegislation(DepartmentofWaterAffairs,2014).Theleaded-paintsectorandthewastewaterby-productfallundertheworkoftheDepartmentofEnvironmentalAffairs(DEA),andtheDepartmentofWaterAffairs(DWA)inadditiontotheDoH.OverarchingEnvironmentalHealthnormsandstandardsthatregulatetheEnvironmentalHealthPolicyspacearedevelopedwithinthefollowingpolicyandlegislativeframework(DoH,2013):

TheConstitutionofSA,1996(Act108of1996);NationalHealthAct2003,(Actno61of2003);ScopeofProfessionforEnvironmentalHealth,R698of2009;WaterServicesAct,1997(Act108of1997);MunicipalSystemsAct2000,(Actno32of2000);MunicipalStructuresAct,1998(Act117of1998);StrategicFrameworkforWaterServices,2003;HazardousSubstancesAct,1973(Act5of1973)andRegulations;NationalEnvironmentalManagement,WasteAct2008(Act59of2008);NationalWaterAct,1998(Act36of1998);EnvironmentalConservationAct,(Act73of1989);OccupationalHealthandSafetyAct,1993(Act85of1993);NationalEnvironmentalManagementAct1998,(Act108of1998)asamendedandRegulations;NationalEnvironmentalManagement:AirQualityAct39of2004;andlastlytheChildCareAct1983,(Act74of1983).


3.2 Socio-economic factors Thissectionreviewstheeconomic,employmentandlabourfactorsassociatedwithandinfluencingtheSApaintindustry.In2012,theglobalvolumeofsurfacecoatingsusedwas34billionlitres,ofwhichdecorativepaintscontributed56%,OEMsandrefinishers(7%),andmarine(3%)(Figure5).Intermsofvalue,decorativepaintsmadeup44%ofthetotalsurfacecoatingsused,OEMandrefinishersandmarine,contributed15%and3%respectively(Detiveaux,2013).Figure5:Volumeofpaintusedbyglobalendusesub-sector(2012)

Almost120paintmanufacturersarelevy-payingcompanieswithCHIETA(2013),andalmost90%ofthesearemediumtomicro-sized,employing50-149and1-19peoplerespectively(CHIETA,2014a)(Figure6).ThesenumbersshowthatalargepercentageofthepaintindustryworkforceisnotemployedbythelargercompaniesLargercompaniesaremuchmorelikelytooffertrainingonenvironmentalandsocialissuesandeventuallyhavespecialistgreenroles.Sincetherearesomanypeopleemployedinthemediumtomicro-sizedenterprises,itwouldbeworthwhiletoinvestigategreenskillstraininginthissector.Figure6:Paintmanufacturersize,byemployeenumber


BoththeinternationalandSAeconomiesarefragile.Assuchpaintmanufacturersfinditdifficulttopredictcustomerdemandandcostsforrawmaterialandenergy(AkzoNobel,2014;Lowry,2007).Rawmaterialsinparticulararehighcostitemsforthepaintindustry.Notonlycanthepricesbevolatile,butsometimesthereisalsodifficultyinobtainingsufficientquantitiesduetobusinessinterruptionorproductdiscontinuation(AkzoNobel,2014;Frost&Sullivan,2014;Greaves,2016).Althoughsomerawmaterialsaresourcedlocally,suchasresins,additives,oilsandmagnesium,theSApaintindustrymainlyusesimportedrawmaterials,witharecentinfluxofmaterialsfromChinaandIndia(ExportKZN,n.d.;Frost&Sullivan,2014;Greaves,2016).Evenwiththeeconomicdownturn,thefutureofthepaintindustryinSAisconsideredtobepromising,duetoforecastedlong-termdemographicgrowthandrisingurbanisation(Jooste,2014;Oirere,2013).However,thisisstillwithinacontextofcontinuedincreasesinrawmaterialcosts,adepreciatingcurrencyandglobalfluctuationoffuelprices(EuropeanCoatings,2015;Oirere,2013).Someofthekeycostdriversforthedecorative,automotiveandmarinepaintsub-sectorsare:

• Oil:Oil-derivedingredientsaccountfor15-34%oftotalpurchasesforapaintmanufacturer(Moitra,2015;TheIndianExpress,2014).Ifoilpricesincreasethecostorrawmaterialsincrease,applyingpressureformanufacturerstooptimisetheuseofthesematerials.

• Metalsandbasechemicals:Theserawmaterialsmakeupasignificantpercentageofautomotiveandmarinepaintsub-industrycostbase(AkzoNobel,2014;Frost&Sullivan,2014).Thisissignificant,asSAtendstoimportthemajorityofthesematerials.

• Energy:Soaringenergycostsneedtobeaccommodatedbypaintmanufacturers.Ifcostscannotbeaccommodatedbythemanufacturers,theyarepassedontotheend-user,whichcouldresultincheaperpaintsbeingimportedfromChinaandIndia(Oliveira,2014).Energycostsaresignificantwithintheautomotiveindustry,as10-20%ofenergyusedisinassemblyplantpainting(Durr,2015;Sutherland,2008).Anyincreaseinenergycostswillthereforehaveamajorimpactonthecostofproducingamotorvehicle.

3.2.1 Decorative paint

Decorativepaintsmakeupjustunder45%oftheglobalpaintsandcoatingsmarket(AkzoNobel,2014).Itisaffectedbythegrowthofthebuildingindustry(CHIETA,2014c)andtheincreasingtrendinhomerenovationandmaintenance.In2015,thesaleofdecorativepaintsgrewby4.6%year-on-year,outstrippingoverallpaintsalesgrowthof3%(BizCommunity,2015).Withintheconstructionsector,paintingisanintegralactivitybut,itisnotthemostprofitable(StatsSA,2015).Thetotalincomecontributedby‘paintinganddecorating’totheconstructionsectorislessthan1%ofthetotalconstructionincome).Duetothesharpdownturninconstructionactivitysince2011,therearenowonly9,000(11%)paintersanddecoratorsemployedinthesector(Allix,2015),ofwhich91%aremale.

3.2.2 Industrial coatings: Automotive

TheautomotiveindustryisoneofSA’smostimportantsectors,withmanymulti-nationalssourcingcomponentsandassemblingvehiclesinthecountryforboththelocalandinternationalmarkets.TheindustryismainlylocatedintheEasternCapeandGauteng,withBMW,Ford,Mercedes-Benz,Volkswagen,


GeneralMotors,NissanandToyotaallhavingproductionplantsinthecountry(BusinessPartners,2014;Furlonger,2015).Thelocationofthesebusinessesisimportantstrategically,astheEasternCapeisoneofthemostimpoverishedprovincesandthereforeapriorityforeconomicgrowthandjobcreation(Rogan&Reynolds,2014).

Theeconomicperformanceofthesectorhasimprovedfromproducing470,000vehiclesin2010to600,000in2015.WiththeinitiationoftheAutomobileProductionandDevelopmentProgramme,theoutputofcommercialandpassengervehiclesshouldincreasesignificantly(CBN,2015a;CHIETA,2014c;Oirere,2013).However,somecriticssuggestthisinitiativeshouldbehalted,asthevalueofcarsimportedintothecountryhasexceededexportssince1995.Assuch,thesectorisseenassignificant,yetadrainontheeconomyandshouldthereforefollowtheAustralianexample,wheresupportiswithdrawnandtheindustry‘diesanaturaldeath.’Alongwithlabourinstabilityinthesector,whichcoulddriveawayinvestmentinthesector(Cokayne,2015),thiswouldhaveadevastatingeffectonSA’seconomyandthepaintindustry,giventhatitsuppliesjustover5%ofpaintstotheautomotivesector(Furlonger,2015).ThiswouldbeparticularlythecaseintheEasternCape,wherethesectorsupportsmorethan40,000jobs(Cokayne,2015).

MostpaintsusedintheautomotivesectorareimportedfromGermany,Italy,UnitedStatesandEgypt.TherearesomesmallermanufacturersandsuppliersinSA,suchasLuxorPaints,withthemostprominentbeingAxalta,inPortElizabeth.Theyholdcloseto45%ofthecountry’smarketsharewithitsdominantMasterMix,ametallicfinishrangeofpaints(ExportKZN,n.d.;Oirere,2013).Oneofthemostimportanttrendstohaveaneffectonthefutureofpaintapplicationintheautomotivesectoristheshiftfromlabour-intensivepracticestoroboticautomationtoreducelabourcostsandhumanerror.Robotsarebeing‘employed’todothejobsthatdon’ttakemuchdelicacy:heavylifting,welding,applyingglueandpainting(Hagerty,2015).Thisisatrendthatnotonlyhasglobalimplications,butcouldhavesignificantconsequencesonemploymentinSA’sautomotiveindustry.Individualswilleitherlosetheirjobsorrequireupskillingtooperatethemachinery.Atarecentconference,facilitatedbytheEuropeanCentrefortheDevelopmentofVocationalTraining(Cedefop),thetopicof‘maximisingskillsforjobsandjobsforskills’intheeraoftherobots,wascovered,anditwasacknowledgedthat‘robotisation’cannotbestoppedandthattheeffectonpeople’sincomedependsonwhoownstherobots,andachangeintrainingfocus–withtrainingbecomingmorecomputerbased(Cedefop,2015).

3.2.3 Industrial coatings: Marine

MarinepaintmanufactureinSAisfocusedonproductionfortwomainapplicationcustomers-newbuilds,andrefurbishmentsandrepair:

• Newbuilds–Thisisasmallindustry,withshipandboatbuildinghavingdeclinedpre-2011.However,withOperationPhakisa(DepartmentofTransport,2011)andinvestmentfromprivatemaritimecraftbuilders–suchasNautic’sconstructionofanewshipyardinCapeTown(Nautic,2015)–thissegmentofthesectorisontheincrease.Thismeansmorejobsarelikelyinthisspecialisedspace,and


• Refurbishments/repair-InSAports,manyoftheshipsrepairedcompriselocalandforeignfishingtrawlersandharbour,researchandpatrolvesselsaswellasrigsandcraftemployedinoffshoreoilandgasexploration,apartfromcommercialships(mainlyatDurban).Thedemandforshiprepair2stemslargelyfromthepre-plannedorscheduledmaintenancerequiredbyshipownerstoensuretheseaworthinessoftheirshipsinaccordancewithInternationalMaritimeOrganisationregulations,andtomaintaintheiroperatingefficiencyandearningcapacities.Repairandrehabilitationofthedrillingplatformsusedinthepetroleumandgasexplorationindustryisusuallyundertakenatrepairquaysandatmoorings.MostoftherepairworkondrillingrigsinSAisundertakeninCapeTown(DepartmentofTransport,2011).

ShouldOperationPhakisareapitsbenefits,itcancreate26,000jobsby2016,65,000by2019andmorethanamillionbycompletionin2033.ItisprojectedtocomewithaGDPcontributionofR7.5bnnextyear,R26bnin2019anduptoR177bnin2033(AkzoNobel,2014;Mbabela,2015).Someofthemajorhubsofactivity,suchCapeTown,havebeenearmarkedtodeliverandsupportthegrowthofthelocalshiprepair,shipbuildingandoilandgassectors.CapeTownPortManager,SiphoNzuza,notesthat‘wehavealreadyseenincreasedshiprepairactivityandaregearingupformore[activity]’(CBN,2015b).

3.2.4 Employment Totalrecognisedemploymentinthesurfacecoatingssector(includingmanufacturingandapplication)wasestimatedat7,571in2013–approximately5%oftheemployeesinthetotalChemicalsector,ofwhich92%werepermanent,7%weretemporaryand2%werecontractors.ThemajorityareemployedinGautengasindicatedinTable3.Table3:Employmentinthesurfacecoatingssector

Province Number %EasternCape 685 9.1FreeState 18 0.2Gauteng 3,647 48.2Kwa-ZuluNatal 1,847 24.4Limpopo 6 0.1Mpumalanga 65 0.9North-West 65 0.9NorthernCape WesternCape 1,236 16.3Total 7,571 100

(CHIETA,2014c)Mostemployeesare35-54yearsold(33%),followedbythe55-59yearagebracket(34%),with27%ofemployeesunder35years.BlackAfricansmakeup54%oftheworkforce.Intermsofeducation,employeesarerelativelywelleducatedwithc.40%holdingNQFLevel4qualificationsand35%post-schoolqualifications.Thelargestoccupationcategoryinthesub-sectoris‘plantandmachineoperators’and

2Repairinthiscontextincludedescaling,paintingandothermaintenancenecessitatingdrywork(DepartmentofTransport,2011).


‘assemblers’,followedbyworkersin‘elementaryoccupations’(seeTable4).ThesefigureswerereportedbyCHIETAintheirSectorSkillsPlan(SSP)(CHIETA,2014c)forthesurfacecoatingssector.Amoredetaileddiscussiononoccupationsinthepaintindustry,andthegreeningoftheseskillsarecoveredinSection7.Table4:Occupationgroupswithinthepaintindustry

Occupationalgroup Number %Managers 1,074 14.2Professionals 702 9.3Techniciansandassociateprofessionals 1,304 17.2Clericalsupportworkers 752 9.9Serviceandsalesworkers 261 3.4Skilledandrelatedtradesworkers 222 2.9Plantandmachineoperatorsandassemblers 1,569 20.7Elementaryoccupations 1,575 20.8Learners 37 0.5Unidentified 73 1.0Total 7,571 100

Table5:Theraceandgenderdistributionwithinthepaintindustry

Female Male Total Number %* Number %* Number %*blackAfrican 658 8.7 3,456 45.7 4,114 54.3coloured 308 4.1 685 9.1 994 13.1Indian 188 2.5 502 6.6 690 9.1white 670 8.8 1,103 14.6 1,773 23.4Total 1,824 24.1 5,747 75.9 7,571 100.0

*Percentageoftotalemploymentinsub-sector.Theraceandgenderdistributionofemployeesacrossthesebroadoccupationallevelsisasfollows,withadisproportionatenumberofblackAfricansinentryleveltotechnicalpositions(CHIETA,2014c).Thisisanareathatneedstobeaddressedandanareawhereraceandgenderequityatseniorandprofessionallevelsprovidestheopportunitytoinvestingreenerskillsathigherlevels,orupskill(seeTables5and6).Withinthedecorativepaintindustry,about90%ofthepaintersemployedaremale.Ofthissub-sectorinthepaintindustry,constructionemploysalmost9,000paintersanddecorators(StatsSA,2015).Table6:DistributionofwomenandblackAfricansbyoccupationalgroup

OccupationalgroupWomen BlackAfrican

Number % Number %Managers 279 26.0 411 38.3Professionals 244 34.7 347 49.4Techniciansandassociateprofessionals 329 25.2 970 74.4Clericalsupportworkers 416 55.3 544 72.3Serviceandsalesworkers 105 40.3 154 59.0


Skilledandrelatedtradesworkers 11 4.9 182 81.7Plantandmachineoperatorsandassemblers 71 4.5 1538 98.0Elementaryoccupations 349 22.2 1,556 98.8Learners 16 42.0 35 93.4Total 1,819 24.3 5,738 76.5

3.2.4.1 Trade union and employment support

EmployeesinthepaintindustryaresupportedbytheSCIEAandCAIA.TheobjectivesofSCIEAaretopromoteandprotectthecollectiveinterestsofmembersoftheindustry,andtofacilitaterelationsbetweenmembersandtheiremployeesandbetweentheassociationandorganisedlabourintheindustry(SCIEA,2008).TheCAIArepresentstheSAchemicalindustry,itprovideslinkagestosustainabilityinthechemicalindustries’valuechainthroughadvocacy,training,supportofeducationaldrivesinMathsandScience(CAIA,2015;Frances,2015).Inadditiontothesetwoassociations,fiveunionssupportandrepresentemployeesinthepaintindustry,namelythe:

• Chemical,Energy,Paper,Printing,WoodandAlliedWorkersUnion(CEPPWAWU)• GeneralIndustriesWorkersUnionofSA(GIWUSA)• Solidarity• SAChemicalWorkersUnion(SACWU)• UnitedAssociationofSA(UASA).

ThesetradeunionsareallactiveintheCHIETAstructures(CHIETA,2014c;ExportKZN,n.d.).Occupationalhealthisafocusareaformanyoftheunionse.g.chemicalhygienestressfrommistsduringspray-painting,asemployeescanbeexposedtohighlyvolatileandtoxicmaterialsduringspray-painting(DepartmentofLabour,undated).

3.3 Environmental and health factors

Itisgenerallyacceptedthat10%oftheenvironmentalfootprintofcoatingsiscreatedduringmanufacture,with50%ofthatgeneratedduringtheminingofrawmaterials,and40%createddownstreaminuseanddisposal(Mash,2015).Inresponsetotheseenvironmentalimpacts,andadesiretoreducetheimpact,sustainabilityhasbecomeacoreprincipleformostofthelargerplayers.SustainabilityprogrammesandinitiativessuchasAkzoNobel’sPlanetPossibleSustainability(AkzoNobel,2014;KansaiPlascon,2014)havebeendevelopedandareoftenputinplacetomeetlegislativecomplianceandconsumerdemands(Mash,2015).Anumberofinternationalandnationalinitiativestoreducetheenvironmentalimpactassociatedwiththeproductionanduseofchemicalsand/paintinthepaintindustryhavebeeninitiated.Twoofimportanceare:

• WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)ChemicalsSectorWorkingGroup–UndertheirinitiativeReachingFullPotential,theworkinggroup,withtheindustry,focusesondevelopinglifecyclemetricstoharmonisemethodsforsustainabilitymeasurementandreporting,andvaluechainco-operationtoidentifykeydisruptorsfacedbytheindustryandtodevelopsustainablesolutions(WBCSD,2015).

• GloballyHarmonisedSystemofclassificationandlabellingofchemicals-Thisclassifieschemicalsbytypesofhazardandproposesharmonisedhazardcommunicationelements,includinglabelsand


safetydatasheets.Itaimstoensureinformationonphysicalhazardsandtoxicityismadeavailabletoprotecthumanhealthandtheenvironmentduringthehandling,transportanduseofchemicals(UNECE,2011).

WithinSA,andnumberofinitiativesapply,suchas:

• TheGreenEconomyAccordwhichsetsatargetofcreatingfivemilliongreenjobsby2020.CommitmentFivefocusesonwasterecycling,reuseandrecovery,andanotheronensuringthecountryhasthecapacitytodeliveragainstitsgreeneconomicobjectives.SETAsareseenassignificantrole-playersinidentifyingandfosteringthedevelopmentofthiscapacityandassociatedskills(Kaggwa,2013;SAGovernment,2011).

• GreenBuildingCouncilofSA(GBSA)GreenStarSARatingCertificationwhichfacilitatesandrecognisestheefficientuseandmanagementofbuildingandfitoutmaterials(includingpaint)andstipulatestheuseofpaintswithlowVOCs(GBCSA,2015).

• CAIA’sResponsibleCareProgrammewhichisdesignedtoreducesafety,healthandenvironmentalimpactsthroughasystemthatincludes:signingavoluntarycommitment,implementingrigorousmanagementpractices,auditing,thirdpartyverificationandmeasuringandmonitoring(CAIA,2015).

• SAIndustrialContainerRe-conditioners’Association(SAICRA)signedaMemorandumofUnderstandingwithSAPMAtoensurebettersafetyandenvironmentalprotectioninthecollection,transportandreconditioningofindustrialcontainers(HousingSA,2014;RoseFoundation,2015).

Theseinitiativesseldomaddressissuesspecificallyassociatedwiththemanufactureorapplicationofpaint,butforthepurposesofthisprojecttheyareimportanttorecogniseaschannelsforgreenskillsdevelopment,andthereforecollaborationwithCHIETAisencouraged.

3.3.1 Hazardous materials

Approximately50%oftheenvironmentalimpactandcostassociatedwithpaintmanufactureisembodiedinrawmaterials(AkzoNobel,2014;Mash,2015;Naidu,2016)andpackaging(Naidu,2016).Asthecostandsupplyofrawmaterialscanbevolatile,itisthereforeimportantforpaintmanufacturerstogainsomekindofstabilitythroughinformedandsustainableusageoftheserawmaterials.Thiscanbedonethroughidentifyingordevelopingalternativestohazardousmaterialsandreducingtherangeofrawmaterialingredients.Themainingredientsusedbydecorative,automotiveandmarinepaintmanufacturersarelistedinTable7below.

Table7:Themainingredientsindecorativepaintsandautomotiveandmarineindustrialcoatings

DecorativepaintPerformancecoatings:Automotive

Performancecoatings:Marine

• Binders/resins• Titaniumdioxide• Packagingmaterialse.g.

pallets,tubsandtins,plasticfilm

• Epoxyresinsandorganicsolvents

• Copper/zinc• Curingagents

• Pigments• Acrylicresins• Acrylicdispersions• Biocides

(AkzoNobel,2014;Barlow,2015;Greenspec,2015)


Itisnotpossibletoexploreallthesematerialsin-depth.Duringthisstudy,however,twoinparticularcametothefore,asbeingofparticularconcernforthepaintindustry.Thesearelead,titaniumdioxideandsolvents.

3.3.1.1 Lead

Leadisofcriticalconcerntopaintmanufacturers.Leadexposurehappensovertimedueofexposureofthepainttosunlight,airandmoisture.Ithasbeenassociatedwithreducedintelligencescores(PhilipineInformationAgency,2015),hearingloss,hyperactivity,shortenedconcentrationspansandpoorschoolperformanceinchildren,aswellasloweredlifetimeearnings(Tong&vonSchirnding,2000).TheSADepartmentofLabour(DoL)(Ramutloa,2013)furtherexplainsthatleadexposurehasbeenassociatedwithkidneydamage,highbloodpressure,heartdiseaseandlowerratesoffertilityinadults.Recentstudiesarealsopointingtoalinkbetweenleadandaggressiveorviolentbehaviour(Ramutloa,2013).

Inwell-resourcedcountries,majorleadexposurereductioninterventionshaveresultedinsignificantimprovementsinchildhoodbloodleaddistributions(Jewelletal.,2007).Indevelopingcountriesontheotherhand,whileleadexposureandpoisoningremainseriouspublichealthconcerns,arangeofprevailingfactorsandcircumstances,suchaspoverty,alargeinformalsector,competingpublichealthchallenges,lowlevelsofawarenessofleadhazardsandweakcapacitytoenforcelegislation,contributetoanincreaseinthescaleandintensityofthechallenge,andlimittheprospectsofcomparablesuccessintheforeseeablefuture.MontgomeryandMathee(2005)recentlyfoundthat20%ofhomessampledinJohannesburghadatleastonelead-basedpaintsample(leadcontent≥5,000ppm).MajorreasonsforthecontinuedhighleadcontentofpaintincludethenonexistenceofstandardsforleadinpaintinmostAfricancountries.InSA,wheretheenvironmentalhealthagendaisrelativelyadvanced,legislationtorestricttheuseofleadinpaintwasstillinprogressasof2007(Mathee,Röllin,Levin,&Naik,2007).

Leadrestrictionsareaccomplishedthroughspecificlegislationoragreementstoensurewidespreadandverifiablecompliance.Internationally,WHOandUNEPhaveestablishedGAELPtodevelopandimplementabusinessplantogainglobalrestrictionsonleaduseindecorativepaints(IPPC,2015a).SAPMAleadthecampaigninSA(Spence,2015),butthishasbeenastruggle(Greaves,2016).SAPMAfeelstronglythatperpetratorswillcontinueoffending,becauseofthepriceadvantageofusingleadratherthanalternatives,unlesstheyareprosecuted-whichtheSAGovernmenthassofarfailedtodo(Jooste,2014).SAPMAareindiscussionswiththeDepartmentofHealth(DoH)toexploreeliminatingleadentirelyorwhetherrestrictionsshouldbeimposedonuseinmanufacture.Thishasbeenachallengingprocess.Assuch,SAPMAhastakenthisissuetohand,withmemberssigningacodeofconducttonotuselead(Spence,2015).Ithasbeensuggested,thatthelargemanufacturershave‘allbutceased’touseleadinthemanufactureofpaints–suchasChemspec,KansaiPlasconandAkzoNobel(AkzoNobel,2014;CoatingsSA,2014a;Jotun,2012).Mostpaintmanufacturersthatstilluseleadaresmall-scaleoperationsthatsupplytospecialistmarkets,andthisislikelytobethecaseinSA(PhilippineInformationAgency,2015;Slater,2015).

3.3.1.2 Titanium dioxide

Manymetalpigmentsusedinpaints(e.g.cadmium)arehighlytoxicandrelativelyrareresources.Insomepaints,upto20%ofatinbyvolumecanbethepigmenttitaniumdioxide.Titaniumdioxidehaslargelyreplacedpreviouslywell-knownwhitepigments,suchasleadandisusedtoprovidethecolour,theopacityandtheprotectivebarrierinthepaint.Itsmajorenvironmentalimpactisinitsmanufacture.Ithashighenergyimpact,isalimitedresourceanditsproductionresultsinbothairandwateremissionsthatcarryan


environmentalimpact(GoodEnvironmentalChoiceAustralia,2013;Greenpainters,2007;Greenspec,2015;Porwal,2015).Thehealthimpactsassociatedwithtitaniumdioxidearestillpoorlyresearched,butindicationsarethatitcanreachthecentralnervoussystemdirectlythroughinhalationandcreatesandinflammatoryresponsethatcouldcarryotherhealthimplications,suchaslungcancer.Forthesereasons,scientistsarecallingforgreaterattentiontotheprotectionoftheworkforceagainstnano-formsoftitaniumdioxide(Iavicoli,Leso,&Bergamaschi,2012).Thesenano-particlesalsohavethepotentialtoaffectaquaticenvironments,withsolutions,suchas‘greennon-particles’suggestedasatitaniumdioxidereplacement(XiaojiaHe&Hwang,n.d.).Titaniumdioxideisacrystallinepowderwithahighrefractiveindex,makingitthewhitepigmentandopacifierofchoiceforcoatingsformulators.TitaniumdioxideaccountsforatleasthalfofallpigmentsalesintheworldaccordingtoBadenAnilineandSodaFactory(BASF).Chinesepigmentexportshavespreadrapidlyacrosstheworld,displacingconventionalsupplyinestablishedmarketsandwinningthelion’sshareinnewmarkets(Barlow,2015).ThisisofconcerntotheSApaintindustry.However,initiativessuchastheGovernment’sfocusonfivekeymineralsupplychains,whichincludestitanium,shouldhelpinsourcinggoodqualitytitaniumfromSA(DepartmentofMineralResources,2011).However,thisinitiativeislikelytohaveanimpactontheenvironment,asalludedtoabove.InSA,titaniummininghasbeencontentious,withproposedtitaniumstripminingineco-sensitivewetlandsnearMtunziniontheKwaZulu-Natalnorthcoasthavingbeenstronglycontested.Anoptiontoreducethisimpactistofindanalternative.IthasbeensuggestedthatpaintmanufacturerscancuttheirdependencyonTitaniumdioxidesubstantiallybyusingdiatomaceousearth,ofwhichthereareabundantsourcesaroundtheworld.Acombinationofdiatomaceousearthandtalccouldreplace40%ofpaintproducers’titaniumrequirements(Specifier,2011).

3.3.1.3 Solvents and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

VOCsareaseriousareaofconcernforpaintmanufacturersandusers,andareseenasoneofthemaincontributorstoindoorairpollution–oftenreferredtoas‘sick-buildingsyndrome’(Bernstein,2012).Conventionalpaintscanmakeindoorairachemicalcocktail,evenlongaftertheyhavedried,astheycontinuetoreleasepetroleumbasedsolventsastheydry.VOCsfromsolventandpaintemissionscontributetoharmfulozoneformationandperoxyacetylnitrate,andaccordingtotheAmericanLungAssociationVOCscanproduceanumberofphysicalproblemssuchas:eyeandskinirritation,lungandbreathingproblems,headaches,nausea,muscleweaknessandliverandkidneydamage (Greenpainters,2007;Greenspec,2015;HERCentre,2015).SAdoesnotyethavelegislationgoverningVOCs,butleadingpaintmanufacturershaverespondedtorisingconsumerdemandforgreenpaintproductsandintroducedlow-VOC,eco-friendlypaintsthatconformtointernationalstandards(Atkinson,2016;ESGSA,2016)andhavebeeninvestingin:

• ThedevelopmentofpaintswithalowerVOCs,• EducationofconsumersaboutthebenefitsoflowerVOCpaint,and• Useofplant-derivedsolventsandbindersinsteadofsyntheticones.

(AkzoNobel,2014;Greenpainters,2007;Jotun,2012).VOCsarenotonlyanissuefordecorativeuse(DIYorprofessional),butalsofortheautomotivesector,inparticularinpaintshopoperationsatOEMswhichhaveexperiencedsignificantregulatorychangesinthepast30yearstoreduceVOCemissionsandassociatedairqualityissues(Seeley&Pierce,2014).


3.3.2 Energy

Energyuseisoneofthemostsignificantcontributorstotheenvironmentalimpactofboththemanufactureandapplicationofpaint.AkzoNobel(2014)reportson-siteenergyusecontributesapproximately15%totheirtotalcarbonfootprint,andJotun(2012)thatthepurchaseofenergyformanufacturingpaintscontributes75%totheirtotalcarbonfootprint.Inaddition,theusageofcertainrawmaterialscanexacerbateenergyimpact,forexampleTitaniumdioxide,whichconsumeslargeamountsofenergyduringminingandextraction(Jotun,2012;LeRoux,2014).Therefore,thereductionofenergyusethroughmoreefficientpracticesandtechnologies,andthesourcingofrenewableenergyisimportantfortheindustry(AkzoNobel,2014;Jotun,2012).3.3.2.1 Industrial coatings: Automotive

Energyuseduringthepaintingofacarcontributessignificantlytotheoverallenergyimpactassociatedwithmanufacturingacare.g.GeneralMotorsSAsuggestthattheirpaintshopaccountsfor90%ofenergyconsumptionintheplant(ArgonneNationalLaboratory,n.d.).Mostenergyisusedtoheatandcoolthecarbodyduringthepaintapplicationprocess.Assuch,GeneralMotorsSA,notes‘ourgoalistoreduceoverallenergyconsumption,reducingdemandfirstbyintroducingprocessimprovement,ratherthaninvestingin‘greenenergy’(delMaestro,Geyer,&Fristad,2009;Durr,2015;Papasavva,Kia,Claya,&Gunther,2002;Seeley&Pierce,2014;Tancott,2013).Asthepaintingprocessissuchasignificantcontributortotheenvironmentalimpactassociatedwithcarmanufacture,itisrecommendedthatafuturestudyexploreinmoredepththetypesofinnovations,andassociatedskillrequired,toachieveareductioninenergyuseduringthepaintapplicationprocess.

3.3.3 Waste

Wastewithinthepaintindustrytendstobehighlightedintwoareasofthevaluechain:• Resourceefficientuseofmaterialswithinthemanufacturingprocess,and• End-userwasteandsafedisposal.

Resourceefficiencyinthesupplychainhelpstoreduceingredientsandoperationalcosts.Initiativestobetterutiliseleftoverpaint–oftenaresultofproductionerrorsorreturnedgoods-arebeingimplemented(AkzoNobel,2014;Jotun,2012).Otheropportunitiesincludecapturingpaintdustgeneratedduringthemixingandmillingprocess,orpaintsludgefromthewashingprocessforreuseindarkerpaints(Greaves,2016).TherecyclingofpaintdrumsisalsoencouragethroughcollaborationswithSAICRA(HousingSA,2014).

3.3.3.1 Decorative paints

Paintwasteduringtheapplicationphaseisaconcernashouseholdpaintwasteisclassifiedas‘hazardous’(Frankson,2015).Itisalsorecognisedthatconsumerstendtopurchasemorepaintthantheyneedandassuch,significantquantitiesofpaintsitunused.Thesafepaintdisposalofpaintiscritical.Paintwashedorpoureddowndrainscanpollutedrinkingwaterorsoil(AkzoNobel,2014;Dulux,2015a,2015b,2015c;LeRoux,2014;Plascon,2015b).Initiativestocollectwastepaint,andreconstituteandblenditreadyforresaleanduse(Mash,2015)areusefulsolutionsthathavebeenlaunchedinCanada,theUnitedStates,France,UnitedKingdomandHolland.WithinSA,EnviroServeassistswiththeremovaloflarger


quantitiesofleftoverpaint–usuallyfromcontractors(Plascon,2015b),butthereisnomajorprogrammetocollectpaintfromSAhouseholds.Therearesomesmallerinitiatives,suchasDuluxprovidingskipsatMakro,butonlyDuluxpaintscanbeacceptedasitistooriskytotake‘anypaint’asitisnotpossibletoknowwhathazardousmaterialsarecontainedinpaintthatisnottheirs(Naidu,2016).

Byintroducingamoreformalisedreuseinitiative,jobscouldbecreated,asthereisthereisrealscopeforcollectingleftoverpaint–notonlyforapplicationbutalsoreworkingintonewpaint(Lawson,2016).

3.3.4 Water

Thepaintindustryreliesonwaterforrawmaterialsproduction,productformulationandmanufacturing,powergeneration,coolingandcleaningequipment,withmostusedforthelatter.Processwaterfromtheproductionofbindersandsolvent-basedwastesfromwashingproductionequipmentareseenasthelargestcontributorsofwaterloss.Ithasbeenestimatedthatwater-solubleglosspaintsrequireadilutionof40to1torendertheirentrytotheseweragesystemharmless(AkzoNobel,2014;Greenpainters,2007;Jotun,2012).Thereleaseofwaterfromapaintmanufacturingplantwillgeneratepollutedwater(orsludge)thatmustbeadequatelydisposedof(SAGovernment,2016).TheSAWastewaterSludgeClassificationSystemisappliedtoclassifythesludgeintendedforonsite,andoffsitedisposal.Traditionalpracticesrelatedtowastewatersludgemanagementgenerallyincludededicatedlanddisposal,wastepiling,landfilldisposalandtoalesserdegreeuseinagriculturalpractices(Herselman&Snyman,2009).However,duetovaryingreasons,onsitelanddisposalandwastepilinghavebecomethestandardmanagementoptionformanywastewatertreatmentplantsinSAtoday(DepartmentofWaterandSanitation,2014).Withsludgeproductionincreasingonadailybasis,ithashoweverbecomeapparentthatcurrentpracticesareunsustainablewithsludgemanagementbecomingaproblemformanymunicipalitiesinSA.Innovativesolutionsneedtobesoughttocreateopportunitiesthatprovideawidespectrumofoptionsforthemanagementofwastewatersludge.Whilesludgeisnormallyregardedasawaste,itcanbeusedbeneficially,suchthatitbecomesausefulresource.Wastewatergeneratedfromthewashingofvesselsduringbatchproductionresultsindilutedpaintwashwater,whichiscommonlytreatedinaflocculationprocessusingferricchlorideasacoagulant.Thiswashwaterrepresentsapproximately65%oftotaleffluentfromtheplant,andisconsideredhazardous–especiallyiftherehasbeenanoverdoseofferricchloride(Jewelletal.,2007).Itcanbereused.Thisinvolvesstabilisingthewashwaterinholdingtanksandreusingthewaterindarkerpaints(Greaves,2016;Jewelletal.,2007;Jiménez&Asano,2008;Naidu,2016).3.3.4.1 Decorative paints

Thewashingofpaintbrushesafterapplicationisconsideredanissue,withsomemanufacturersprovidinginstructionsforusersonhowtocleanbrushesanddisposethewater(AkzoNobel,2014;Dulux,2015a,2015b,2015c).Atkinson,oftheGBCSAstates‘…[painters]needtounderstandhowtodisposepaint,andhaveadeepunderstanding’oftheimplicationsifthepaintisnotdisposedcorrectly(Atkinson,2016).


3.3.4.2 Protective coatings: Marine

Waterpollutionisamajorareaofconcernforthemarinepaintindustry,duetotheuseofbiocidesandcopperasananti-foulingmechanismintheirpaints.Biocides,inparticularTributyltin(TBT),havebeendescribedassomeofthemostharmfulsubstancesknowinglyintroducedontothemarineenvironment.Itisknowntocreatedeformitiesinshellfishandmolluscs,reducethegrowthofalgaeandhastoxiceffectsonyoungfish.Asaresult,aworld-widebanoncertainshipswasintroducedin2003(UKMarineSpecialAreasofConservation,2015).IftheuseofbiocidesinmarinepaintsusedinSAisunmonitored,especiallywiththepotentialgrowthofmarineactivitiesthroughOperationPhakisa,thiscouldbeanunintendedenvironmentalimpactthatneedsbeconsidered.

Inadditiontobiocides,theuseofcopperinmarinepaintscanresultinmarinabasinsandportsexceedingtheirwaterqualitystandards.Copperisusedtorepelmarineorganismsthatattachthemselvestoboatbottomsandcancausestructuraldamageresultinginreducedfuelefficiency.Assuch,effortsarebeingmadetofindalternativestocopper(EPA,2015).Asopportunitiesexisttoreducetheenvironmentalimpactassociatedwiththeuseanddisposalofpaintwastewater,thiswillbeakeyknowledgeareaandskillforworkersinapaintmanufacturerandapplicatorstoacquire.

3.3.5 Paint application

Paintfailures,orinadequacies,usuallyoccurintheapplicationofoutdoorpaints,with86%ofallfailuresduetopoorsubstratepreparation(Spence,2016).Theimplicationsare:

• Paintofpoordurability,includingfading,pooradhesion,chalking,yellowing,colourfading–allrequiringearlyre-coating.

• Lowlevelsofcoverage,necessitatingseveralcoats-increasingtheoverallenvironmentalimpact(Greenspec,2015).

Poorpreparationandapplicationresultsinanunnecessaryincreaseinpaintwaste,andthereforewaste–notonlyofpaint,butanyrepairsordemolitionofsurfacesandstructuresthatmightberequiredtosolveapoorpaintjob.Thislackofskillisofconcerntothepaintindustry,particularlyinlightofpaintersnothavingbeentrainedinSAsincetheclosureoftheBIFSACentresinthe1990’s.Paintcontractorsarereluctanttotrainapplicatorsbecauseofpotentialcostincreasesduetowagedemandsandpoachingfromcompetitors.SAPTIofferapplicationtrainingforcontractors,whichisaccreditedbyCHIETA(Spence,2016).Improvedskillstoapplypaintproperlycanbeseen,andshouldbeconsidered,asagreenskillasthiswillreducepaintwasteandpotentialpropertydamage.Theresponsibilityforimprovedpaintapplication,lieswiththepaintcontractors–onabuildingsite.However,contractorsrarelyhavetheirownteams,oftenrecruitingpaintersoffthestreet,whichexacerbatesthesituation(Aldous,2016).

3.4 Technological factors

Duetothenumerousenvironmentalchallengesfacingthepaintindustry,andconsumerdemandforgreenerproducts(DuluxTrade,2015;PwC,2010),theindustryconstantlyseekstoinnovatetoimprovenotonlytheirownpractices,butalsothatoftheapplicator(Greaves,2016).Theinnovationscaninclude:


• Newdevelopmentstoreduceenergyuseduringapplication(AkzoNobel,2014).• Useofnano-technologytoimprovepaintspreadrateandcoverage(GeoPaint,2015).• Changingformulationsfromoil-basedingredientstowaterbornetechnologytoreduceVOCs

(AkzoNobel,2014;CoatingsSA,2014a;Greenpainters,2007;Jotun,2012;KansaiPlascon,2014;LeRoux,2014;Mash,2015;Plascon,2013;Ruckle,2015).

• ReductioninpaintscontainingTitaniumdioxide(Jotun,2012)orlead.However,astheSApaintindustryispricesensitive,andlead-freepaintsaremoreexpensive(Greaves,2016),thiscouldaffectthewideruseoflead-freepaints.

Withinthedifferentsub-sectorsofthepaintindustry,innovationsarebeingdevelopedfortheirspecificprocessesandend-users,asillustratedbelow.

3.4.1 Decorative paints

Innovationstoreducepaintwaste,suchas‘decidebeforeyoubuy’initiativese.g.AkzoNobel’sVisualizerapp,whichallowsuserstoexperimentwithroomcolourpriortopurchasingpaintaimtotacklethisissue(AkzoNobel,2014).KansaiPlasconoffersasimilarservicethroughits‘SpacesShowroom’(KansaiPlascon,2016b).TheGBCSAhashadaninfluenceonwhatsomedecorativepaintmanufacturers’produce(Lawson,2016),asthespecificationsforpaintforGreenStarbuildingsrequire,forexample,paintswithlowVOCs.However,furtherknowledgeontheserequirementsisrequired,especiallyasbuildingcontractorsarefeelingmorepressuredtobecometransparentabouttheingredientsinthepainttheyuse(Atkinson,2016).Forthisreason,productdatasheetsfrommanufacturersareimportant.

3.4.2 Industrial coatings: Automotive

Withintheautomotivesector,manufacturersarefocusedonimprovingthepaintapplicationprocesstoreduceenergyuseandlabourinefficiencies,suchasintroducingmore:

• Compactpaintprocessestostreamlinethetraditionalautomotivepaintingprocess,whichrequiresfivelayersofpaint,takesthreehourstocompleteandusesalargeamountofpaintandenergy(PPGIndustries,2013)toonewhichreducesthenumberoflayersandtimeandsignificantlyreducesenergyconsumptionandcosts(Seeley&Pierce,2014).

• Automationtoreducelabourcosts.Anincreasingtrendintheautomotivesector(Hagerty,2015)whichcouldhaveasignificantimpactonpaint-applicationjobsinSA’sautomotiveindustry.

3.4.3 Industrial coatings: Marine

Technologicaladvancementsinthemarinepaintsub-sectorarefocusedonthedevelopmentofpaintstomaximisetransportefficienciesandreducefuelusageandcosts(AkzoNobel,2014;Jotun,2012)ortoreducebiocides(anti-fouling)byintroducingbiodegradablerepellentsinpaints(PCI,2015a;Ruckle,2015).


3.5 Summary of drivers and implications for further analysis

ThepaintmanufacturingindustryinSA,inparticulardecorative,automotiveandmarineisinarelativelystablepositioneconomically,withrealpotentialforgrowth.Thisgrowthdependsonincreasedurbanisationandconstructionactivities(decorative)andsuccessfulimplementationofgovernmentinitiatives,suchasSIPsandOperationPhakisa(marine)toboostandsupporttheautomotiveandmarinesub-sectors.Duetothecomplexityofthepaintindustry,inparticularthewiderangeofstakeholderswithinthesupplychain,andsignificantareasofenvironmentalconcern–suchasthehazardousnatureofpaint–therearemanypiecesoflegislationandcollaborativeinitiativesinplacetohelpdriveandsupporttheindustrytobecomemoresustainable.Whatisclearfromtheresearchistheinnovationtoreduceenvironmentalimpactisoftenbeingledbylegislationortoreducecost,andisoftenbeingundertakenbythelargerplayersinallthreesub-sectorsobserved.Onequestionforthisresearchishowtheskillsthathavebeendevelopedintheselargerorganisationscanbetransferredtothemedium-tosmaller-enterprisestodriveareductioninenvironmentalimpactacrossdifferentlysizedbusinesses.Manyoftheinitiativesadoptedbytheindustrythatrequireacertainlevelofknowledgeorskilltoplan,implement,monitorandrefineoccurinboththemanufactureandapplicationofpaint.Fortheformer,thisislikelytofocusonthefollowingoccupations:

• Environmentalmanagers(compliance,solutions,implementationofmanagementsystems,stakeholderengagement),and

• Technicalresearchanddevelopment(developmentanduseofresourceefficientandlesshazardousmaterials).

Whatisalsoveryclear,andsupportedbyinterviewsandsitevisits,isthatSAhasgoodlegislation.Itisjustnotornotwellenforced,andassuchmanufacturerscanlackthemotivationtocomply(Lawson,2016).


4. Paint industry value chain analysis: Emerging insights and findings

Avaluechaincanbedefinedasaphysicalrepresentationofthevariousprocessesinvolvedinproducinggoods(andservices),startingwithrawmaterialsandendingwiththedeliveredproduct(CHIETA,2015a).Whenworkingtowardsasustainablefuture,‘standard’industryvaluechainscanbeextended,shortened,lengthened,strengthenedormadecircularinsomeinstances,toreduceinefficiencies,wasteandpollution,andoptimisevalue,growthandemployment(seeforexampleEllenMacArthurFoundation,TowardstheCircularEconomy(2013)).Avaluechainanalysiswasundertakeninthisstudytoidentifywherethereareparticularenvironmentalandhealthrisks,andwherethereareparticularopportunitiesforgreeningthepaintsector,withaviewtoprioritisingtheassociatedgreenskillsandoccupations.

4.1 The paint value chain Thepaintvaluechain(AkzoNobel,2014;Jooste,2014;seeFigure7)startswithresearchand(strategicbusiness)development,whichinformthechoiceofinputmaterials.Rawmaterialsareextracted,typicallythroughmining,andotherinputmaterialslikesolventsaremanufactured.Themanufacturingprocessfordecorative,marineandautomotivepaintsalltypicallyinvolvemilling,mixing,blending,andwashing(ofmanufacturingcontainers)aswellasfillingandpackagingwhichalsohappensatthefactory.Bothinputmaterialsandmanufacturingresultinwaste,whicharepartlyreclaimedandreused,butalsoresultinhazardouswastedischargedfromthefactorysite.Figure7:Atypicalpaintvaluechain

Sources:AkzoNobel,2012;Tikkurila,2015Themainelementsofthepaintmanufacturingprocessare(CMP,2012):

• Inputmaterials–Resin,pigmentandadditiveagentsaregenerallymajorcomponentsofpaint.Theinputmaterialsmakeupasignificantpercentageoftheindustrialorperformancecoatingscostbase(AkzoNobel,2014;Frost&Sullivan,2014).Oil-derivedingredients,suchasvinylacetatemonomer,andTitaniumdioxide,accountfor15-34%ofthetotalpurchasesforapaintmanufacturer(Moitra,2015;TheIndianExpress,2014).

• Mixingandmilling–Resin,pigmentandsolventaremixedtoproduceanevenmillbase.Millbaseissenttothedispersertofinelydispersethepigmentparticles.


• Blendingandfiltering–Resinandadditiveagentsareaddedtothemillbase.Thecolourisadjustedwithcolourmaterials.Blendedandtonedpaintisfiltered.

• Washing–Containersusedforthepreparationoftheproductarewashedinordertobeusedagain.

• Fillingandpacking–Filtratedpaintispackedintoacontainer,labelledandpalletised.• Transportation–Containersarewarehousedand,whenrequired,aretransportedtoretailersand

merchantsforsaletoendusers.

Manufacturingisfollowedbytheretailphase,andthenextstage,applicationofpaintbytheconsumerorenduser,isoftenan‘endoflife’stageforpaint.Wasteandleftoverpaintatthisstagealsobecomeshazardouswasteandtogetherwithwastewaterandsludgefrommanufacturing,theby-productsoftheindustryarerequiringinnovativesolutionstoreduceenvironmentalandhealthrisks.

4.2 Environmental and health hotspots in the value chain ThedocumentanalysisinSection4indicatesthattherearesignificantenvironmentalimpactsatvariousstagesinthepaintvaluechain.Thisincludesimpactsduringtheextractionandprocessingofinputmaterials,andduringmanufacturing,whichproduceswastewaterandsludgeasnoted;featureshighenergyusebytheautomotivepaintsindustry;andhealthimpactsonworkers.Duringtheend-usephase,therearealsohealthimpactsassociatedwithapplyingpaint,andsomecomponentsofpainte.g.leadremainshazardouslongafterapplication.Biocidesandcopperusedinmarinepaintscanaffecttheenvironmentnegativelyduringandafterapplication.Unusedorleftoverpaintthathastobedisposedof,isclassifiedashazardouswaste.

Itisgenerallyacceptedthat10%oftheenvironmentalfootprintofcoatingsiscreatedduringmanufacture,withsome50%occurringupstreamduringtheextractionandmanufacturingofinputmaterials,and40%createddownstreaminapplicationanddisposal(Mash,2015).

Themainenvironmentalandhealthimpactsassociatedwiththedecorative,automotiveandmarineindustriesareindicatedinFigure8,whichalsoshowsthelevelofimpact(high[red],medium[orange]andlow[yellow]).


Figure8:Mainenvironmentalandhealthimpactsinthepaintvaluechain,bysub-industrytype

4.3 The main actors and service providers in the paint value chain

Thenextstepofthevaluechainanalysiswasactormapping.Thisstepidentifiestheprincipalactorsdirectlyandindirectlyinvolvedinthevaluechain,andtheirpositionwithinthevariousstages.Itisaimedatmovingtowardsidentifyingoccupations,tasksandskills(needs)associatedwiththeenvironmentalandhealthhotspots(Section5).AmethoddevelopedbytheILOforidentifyingandpresentingthecoreactorsfromwhichtoidentifygreenjobsintheAsianteavaluechain,wasusedasaguideforundertakingthisactivity(ILO,2014).Belowthecoreactorsintheindustryandsupportbodiesareoverlaidontothevaluechainsforthedecorative(Figure9),automotive(Figure10)andmarine(Figure11)sub-sectors.Colourcodingisusedtodistinguishbetweencoreactors(mainplayers),operationalandsupportserviceproviders.Someactorsarerelevanttoallsub-sectors,butspecialistorspecifictradeactorsarerelevantonlytospecificsub-sectors.Whiletrainingprovidersareveryrelevantrole-players,theyarenotcoveredinthisdemandstudy.Ofallthesub-sectors,themarinesub-sectorhasthelargestnumberofactors.Thisisduetothediverserangeofactivities,andscaleofoperations.Distinctfeaturesforbothautomotiveandmarineare:

• Theuseofrawmaterialandpaintimporters–thisreflectsthatmostofthematerialsandpaintsusedinthissub-sectorareextracted,processedormanufacturedoverseas.

• Specialistdistributorsandsuppliers–thisisparticularlyapparentfortheautomotiverefurbishmentandrepairsbusinesses.


Therawmaterialandchemicalknowledgeflowofthecoatingindustryiscomplicated,especiallywiththemanydifferentendusesthatexist(Lowry,2007).Productdesignamongtheusers(i.e.thedesignersofproductsthatwillbepainted)aresignificantactorsbecausetheyhaveamajorinfluenceonwhichcoatingstechnologiesanddesignsaretobeusedinthefutureandthereforemanufactured(Lowry,2007).Theimplicationsforgreenskillsarethatdesignersneedtobeawareandengagewithpaintmanufacturerstoensurepaintsfortheirproductshavereducedenvironmentalandhealthimpacts,andviceversaforpaintmanufacturers.

Figure9:Mainactorsinthepaintvaluechain:Decorative

Figure10:Mainactorsinthepaintvaluechain:Automotive

Figure11:Mainactorsinthepaintvaluechain:Marine


4.4 An expanded version of the industry value chain Thetypicalindustryvaluechain(Figure7)cannowbeextended(Figure12)totakeintoaccountthemanysupportprocessesthatrunparalleltoandinsupportofthecorebusinessofresearchanddesign;input;manufacturing;retail;andenduse;suchas:transportation(fromrawmaterialstofinishedproduct);communicationsandreporting(includingsustainabilityreporting);training;humanresourcedevelopment;andenvironmentalmanagement,healthandsafetymanagementandregulationincludingenforcement.Thismeansthattherole-playersinthepaintvaluechainincludenotonlyindividualsintheindustry,butalsoindividualsinconsultingfirms,utilityproviders(waterandenergyaswellaswasteservices)and(other)governmentdepartments:Health,WaterandSanitation,andEnvironment.

4.5 Conclusions and implications Thevaluechainanalysis(usingtheanalysisofdrivers)identifiedenvironmentalandhealthimpactsalongvariousstagesinthevaluechain,andalsotheassociatedactors.Theseincludethepaintmanufacturersandretailers,consumerslikeautomotivemanufacturers,andregulatorybodiesliketheDoH,theDepartmentofWaterAffairsandSanitation(DWAS),theDEA,andlocalanddistrictmunicipalities.Eachoftheseactorshasaroletoplay,whichtheydothroughstaffandattimesconsultingfirms.Itistotheseindividuals,theiroccupationalrolesandassociatedskillsthatwenowturn.


Figure12:Extendedpaintvaluechain


5. Greening work in the paint industry: Emerging insights and findings

Buildingontheinformationfromthevaluechainanalysisandenvironmentalhotspottingwork,thissectionaimstooutlinetheoccupationalimplicationsofgreeningworkinthepaintindustry.Withafocusonthedecorativeandautomotivesub-industrieswithinpaint,thesectionfirstpresentsabroadoverviewofsuggestedoccupationslinkedtogreeningacrossthepaintvaluechainandthereafterprovidesamoredetailedaccountofoccupationalprofilesofkeyoccupationsidentifiedacrossthestudy.

5.1 Occupational analysis process and overview

5.1.1 Greenandgreeningofoccupations

Greenjobsarenothomogenoushencetheyhavedifferentskillsneeds.Understandingtheseskillsneedsinrelationtothegreeningworkisdifficultwithoutconsistent,coherentandcomprehensiveoccupationalinformation.Toenablethestudytodevelopamorenuancedideaofthedimensionsofskillsthatneedtobeaddressedwhenwelookatgreeningoccupations,twoframeworkswereutilised,

• Amorenuancedtypologyto‘lookat’greenworkwasused;thetypologywasadaptedfromILO(2011)toenableittoalignwithoccupationalworkwithintheOFO.

Figure13:Broadtypologyofgreenworkusedinstudy

• Toinformtheoccupationalprofiles,Greenwood’s(2008)articulation,offourareasthatneedto

reviewedwhenwelookatskillsspecialisationinanoccupation(1)thefieldofknowledgerequired;(2)thetoolsandmachineryused;(3)thematerialsworkedonorwith;and(4)thekindofgoodsandservicesproduced.

Drawingontheseframeworks,thestudywasabletodevelopamorenuancedviewofthedimensionsofoccupationalchangethatneededtobeconsideredwithrespecttogreeningoccupationswithinthepaintsector(illustratedasshadesofgreeninFigure13).

• Purpose, product and processes are green

Core green jobs

• Significant changes to the tasks and skills required that enable specialist job roles

Emerging speciaisation in

existing occupaitons • Possibilities for greening

aspects of a job, greening occupational tasks that ultimately support greater sustainability and sustainable value

Traditional jobs not regarded as green


5.1.2 Occupational mapping in the paint sector

InthecurrentskillslandscapeinSA,acorecomponentofgoodskillsplanningistheeffectiveuseoftheOFO.TheOFOisacodedoccupationalsystemandistheDHET'skeytoolforidentifying,reportingandmonitoringskillsdemandandsupplyintheSAlabourmarket(CHIETA,2015a).Theoccupationalmappinginthisstudywasconductedintwophases:

• Phaseone–involvedaninitialassessmentofliteratureandoccupationalinformationderivedOFOandO*NET(internationalbenchmarking)wasmappedtotheemerginggreeningissuesonthepaintvaluechain;informationforthissectioniscapturedinTable8.

• Phasetwo–thekeyoccupationaltasksandrelatedjobstitleslinkedtogreening(emergingformworkplaces)weremappedtotheOFO.Fortheseidentifiedoccupationsadetailedoccupationalprofileisdevelopedillustratingthepotentialgreeningoptions.

Theseoccupationalprofiletablesarepresentedinthenexttwopages.Theyeachprovideadetailedaccountofgreenskillneedsrelatedtoeachoccupation

5.2 Broad overview greening work and the paint value chain Although many green skill needs across occupational groups could be seen as cross-cutting roles andfunctions,Table8highlightskeyareasofenvironmentalconcernlinkedtoproductinnovationaroundmoreenvironmentally friendly products, broad understanding, education and public awareness around risksassociatedwith lead-basedpaints and regulation involvingboth internal andexternal compliance (waterquality monitoring; waste management; environmental health surveillance of premises; environmentalpollutioncontrol).Thesecriticalenvironmental issuesunderpingreenskillsandtheneedforthese inthepaintsectoracrossthevaluechain.Table8 links thesegreenskills tothevaluecreationprocesses inthebusinessofpaintmanufactureandapplication,andtheassociatedoccupations.

Table8:Mappingofoccupationsagainstthepaintvaluechain

Valuechainprocessstage

Process&businessactivities

Mainenvironmentalissues(greatestareaofimpact)

Suggestedoccupationsforgreening(code)

Paintmanufacture

Technologydevelopment

R&D• Hazardousmaterials(env.&health)alternatives

• Water-basedalternativestorawmaterials

R&DManager122301

ChemicalEngineeringTechnician311601/ChemicalEngineeringTechnologist314502/ChemicalEngineer214501

AnalyticalChemist211301

Manufacturing&production

Procurement&SupplyChain

• GreenProcurement• Hazardousmaterials(ingredients)

ProcurementManager132401

SupplyChainManager132401


Quality • Reducedwaste

QualitySystemsManager121908

ManufacturingQualityManager132106

Operations(incl.machinery&equipment)

• Reducedenergy,waterandwaste• Workingwithhazardousmaterials• Disposalofwaste

EngineeringManager132104/IndustrialEngineer214101/IndustrialEngineeringTechnologist214102/ProductionEngineer214103/ProductionEngineeringTechnologist214104/EnvironmentalEngineer214301

ChemicalProductionMachineOperator713101

Productionplanning&control

• Useofhazardousmaterials(env.&health)• Operationalefficiencies:energy,water&waste

Production/OperationsManager(Manufacturing)132102/Production/OperationSupervisor(Manufacturing)312201/MaintenancePlanner312202/ManufacturingProductionTechnicians313916/ProductionCoordinator432201

FillingandPackaging

• Hazardousmaterials• Wasteandpackaging

PackingMachineOperator718302

Waste&recycling • HazardouswastedisposalIndustrialEngineer214101/EnvironmentalEngineer214301

Businessinfrastructure/services

Strategy&policy • Riskmanagement• Sustainabilityreporting

PolicyandPlanningManager121301

Professionalservices–misc.

• Hazardoussubstances-methanol,lead,solvents

• Energy,waterandwaste• Localprocurement

EnvironmentalManager134901/EnvironmentalHealthOfficer(EHO)226301/Health,EnvironmentandQuality(SHEQ)Practitioner226302

EnvironmentalScientist213302

Marketing,distribution&sales

Marketing,PR,Sales&Retail

• Paintapplication&disposal• Productchoice(reductioninhazardousmaterials)

Sales&MarketingManager122101

SalesManager122102/SalesAssistant(General)522301

SalesRepresentative/Salesman(Indus.Products)243301

DirectorofMarketing122103

AdvertisingandPRManager122201

MarketingPractitioner2413103

MarketingResearchAnalyst243103

HumanResourceManagement

HR&Training


OccupationalHealth&Safety

HealthandSafetyManager121206

Logistics&warehousing

Supply&Distribution(incl.transportation)

• Hazardousmaterialslegislation• Reducewaste

Supply&DistributionManager132403

• Hazardousmaterialslegislation

DispatchingandReceivingClerk/Officer432102

RoadTransportManager132403

Warehouse,stores&stockcontrol • Hazardousmaterials

BulkMaterialsHandlingPlantOperator718906

Transport Delivery • Transportofhazardousmaterials TruckDriver(General)733201

Retail&distributors(suppliers)

Procurement • Providinggreenoptions SeeProcurementabove

Marketing&sales• PromotingoptimisedpaintusePromotinggreenoptionsinsteadoflead/highVOC/methanol

RetailManager(General)142103/SalesAssistant(General)522301

Delivery• Transportofhazardousmaterials• Labeling,packaging,transportationandstorageofleadproducts

Seedeliveryabove

Consumer(application):Decorative

R&D SeeR&Dabove

Procurement• Selecting/sellinggreenoptions• Paintwaste,poorapplication,productlongevity

SeeProcurementabove

Marketing&salesSalesRepresentative/Salesman(Building&PlumbingSupplies)243301

Application • lead&VOCs(health)• Optimisedapplication(training)

Painters

Wastemanagement

• Disposalofhazardousmaterials• Labeling,packaging,transportationandstorageofleadproducts

Seewaste&disposalabove

Consumer(application):Automotive

R&D • Resourceefficientpaintshops SeeR&Dabove

Procurement • Selectinggreenoptions• Choosingtherightvolumeofpaint

SeeProcurementabove

Application

• Metals&VOCs(health)• Energyuse• Optimisedapplication(training)• Wateruseforcleaning• Wastepollution

Vehiclepainter643202

SprayPainter643201

Paintshopassistantandcolourmixing/matching

Engineers(seeEngineersabove)

Wastemanagement • Disposalofhazardousmaterials Seewaste&disposalabove

Consumer(application):Marine

R&D

• Workingwithpaintmanufacturerstodeveloppaintstoreduceenvironmentalimpacte.g.biocides

• Workwithpaintmanufacturerstodeveloppainttoreducevesselfueluse

Toxicologist213309

Procurement • Selectinggreenoptions SeeProcurementabove

Application• Biocides,copper&VOCs(health)• Optimisedapplication(training)• Waste&waterpollution

SprayPainter643201


5.3 Review of occupations within occupational networks ThereviewofoccupationsinthemanufactureandapplicationofpaintdrawsheavilyoninterviewsandsitevisitsundertakenwithindustrystakeholderscombinedwithanalyticalreviewofbothONETandtheOFO,inrelationtoworkdoneonvaluechainanalysis.Theinterviewsandsitevisitsprovidedanexcellentopportunitytounderstandandreflecton‘realitycongruent’occupationalpracticeswithinorganisations.

Thediscussionbelowhighlightswhichoccupationsarecoretoenvironmentalandsocialsustainabilitywithinpaintorganisations,andwhichdifferentjobsconsultandworktogethertoenablesocialandenvironmentalchangeintheimplementationoftheirrolesandfunctions.Italsoprovidesadetailedinsightintothedifferentgreenskillsthatarerequiredforanoccupationalnetwork.Theanalyticalworklinkedtooccupations,raisedevidenceofthefollowing:

• Thegreeningofspecialistenvironmentalroleswasdifficulttodeterminecurrently,andwouldprobablyneedamorein-depthstudy.

• Environmentalroleswerecharacterisedbyinstitutionalcollaborationbetweendifferentjobroles.• Evidenceofunderpinningskillsandknowledgeofgreeningrequiringlinkedrolesacrossrelated

occupations.• Elementsofmulti-disciplinarypracticedrivingimprovedutilisationofskills.

Inthissection,findingsarepresentedwithinoccupationalnetworks,whichreflectagroupofoccupationswithrelatedroles.JobtitlesfromworkplaceswerecollatedandthenmappedtorelevantoccupationsontheOFO.Greenskillsneedswerethenanalysedandpresentedtoreflectneedsacrossoccupationalrolesinthenetwork.Itwasnotourintentiontobluroccupationalboundariesbuttoreflectthemaselementsofmulti-disciplinarypracticethatdriveinstitutionalcollaboration.Itshouldbeacknowledgedthatnumerousoccupationscouldhavebeenidentified,howeverforthepurposesofthisresearch,thosethat‘filteredtothetop’duringinterviewsasbeingofimportance,orhadanotableareaofinfluenceintermsofsustainabilityhavebeenidentifiedandreportedwithinthissection.Threeoccupationalnetworksarepresentedinthisreport,theoccupationsidentifiedascentraltothisnetworkarehighlightedandskill-relatedneedsareillustrated:

• Safety,Health,EnvironmentandQuality• TechnicalandLaboratory(R&DandTechnicians)

Vehiclepainter643202

Wastemanagement

• Disposalofandhandlingofhazardousmaterials

• Appropriatedisposalintowatersystems• Identifyandimplementrecyclingandreuseofpaint/packagingsystems

Seewaste&disposalabove

Regulationacrossvaluechain

• Managementoflead-basedpaintmanufacturers,andthedisposalofwastewaterby-product

EnvironmentalandOccupationalHealthInspector325701/EHO226301/Health,EnvironmentandQuality(SHEQ)Practitioner226302


• Paintersandcontractors.

Eachoccupationalnetworkisdiscussedinmoredetailbelow.

5.3.1 Safety, Health, Environment & Quality network

5.3.1.1 Reason for selection

Healthandsafety,inparticular,iscriticaltoapaintmanufacturer’soperations.Thisnetwork,inadditionhasawidenetwork,andworkwithseniormanagementtodevelopoverarchingcorporatestrategy,rightthroughtoworkingwithoperationsmanagementandteamleadersonsitetoensurehealthandsafetyprinciplesareadopted.Thisnetworkcanbevaried,withavarietyofcombinationsofjobtitlescontainingdifferentelementsofthefunction.Inlargerorganisations,suchasDulux,theindividualmanagingalltheseelementsisreferredtoasaSustainabilityManager,inKansaiPlascon,suchanindividualisreferredtoasSHERQExecutiveandcovershealth,safety,qualityandenvironment.Insmallercompanies,itismorelikelythattheseelementswillbecoveredby,forexample,anOperationsManagerwhoalsocoversmultipleothertasks/functions/elements/areasofoperation.

5.3.1.2 Occupational network description and purpose

Todevelop,implementandmonitoranorganisation’senvironmental,health,safetyandqualitystrategies,audits,reportsandenvironmentaltraining.Thiswillcoverissuessuchaswaste,water,energy,workforceandsurroundingcommunityhealth.

5.3.1.3 Key occupations and core h tasks identified for this network of occuptions

Table9:KeyoccupationsandcoregreentasksfortheSafety,Health,Environment&Qualitynetwork

Keyoccupationsinthisnetwork

Coregreentasksforthisnetwork

• SHEQPractitioner• Sustainability

Manager• Environmental

Officer• EHO• Health&Safety

ManagerorOfficer

• Developorexecutestrategiestoaddressissuessuchasenergyuse,resourceconservation,recycling,pollutionreduction,wasteelimination,transportation,education,andbuildingdesign.

• Driveleanmanagementthroughoutthebusiness,andraiseawarenessaccordingly.

• Applicationof,andcompliancewith,environmental,healthandsafetylegislationandregulatione.g.ensuringworkforcewearprotectiveclothingandmasks.

• Undertakeauditsofkey(Tier1)suppliersintermsoftheir‘green’practicese.g.packagingsuppliers.

• Contributetoand/orco-ordinatereportingofsustainability-relatedactivities(environmentalandsocial)ine.g.annualcorporatesocialresponsibilityreports)tointernalandexternalorganisationalstakeholdersandinvestors.

• Researchenvironmentalsustainabilityissues,concerns,orstakeholderinterests.


Thetablesbelowpresentdetailedinformationperoccupation.

5.3.1.4 Key occupations in this network

Thisinformationisbasedoninsightsfrominterviews,sitevisits,OFOandONET.

Table10:SustainabilityManageroccupationandassociatedgreenskills

Occupationname:SustainabilityManager

OFOmajorgroup OFOsub-majorgroup(code) OFOunitgroup(code) OFOoccupationcode

ManagersAdministrativeandCommercialManagers(121)

HumanResourceManager(1219)

121909

Segmentofthevaluechain

Skillsband(high/intermediate/low)3

Shadeofgreen(dark/light/tint)

Manufacture High Dark

Occupationdescriptionandpurpose

Plans,organises,directs,controlsandcoordinatessustainabilityorenvironment-relatedriskassessments,developsmethodologiestoassesstheviabilityorsuccessofsustainabilityinitiativesandthemonitoringandevaluationthereof.

Greeningtheoccupationrecommendations

Fieldofknowledge

- Needstoknow,andkeepuptodatewith,allnecessarySAenvironmental,health,safetyandqualityassurancelegislationandregulations.Foracompanywithaparentcompanylocatedinternationally,thiswilloftenincludeaknowledgeofinternationallegislationandhowtoapplyit.

- Needstofollowandapplyenvironmentalmanagementsystems(EMS),inlinewithISO14001:2004EnvironmentalManagementSystemsprogramme.

- Abilitytorepresenttheorganisationinnegotiations,andatconventions,seminars,publichearingsandforums.

- Haveabilityandknowledgetocollateinformationandprogressfromteamforreportingpurposes,andtodevelopprogrammesforimprovemente.g.leanmanagement.

- Contributes,develops,understandsandimplementscorporateenvironmental/sustainabilitystrategy(forglobal,tointerpretatalocal,SA-level).

- Needstohaveknowledgetosuperviseemployees,volunteersorchampionsworkingonsustainabilityprojects.

- Needstounderstandallaspectsofsustainability–

3Highlevelskillsareequivalenttoahighereducationdegreeandpostgraduatecourses.Intermediatelevelskillsarethoselocatedinthemiddleeducationandtrainingband.Theyincludeallpost-juniorschoolsecondarycertificatesandtheirequivalents,butexcludedegreelevelqualificationsinhighereducation.Lowlevelskills-arepre-matric(Kraak,2003).


environmentalimpacts(e.g.water,wasteandenergy),andsocial(e.g.workerhealthandcommunityimpact)andrelatetofinancials.

- Workswithmarketingtodevelopsupplychainandconsumermessagingone.g.howtoreducepaintwaste,orcalculatingtheamountofpaintrequiredforajob.

- WorkswithprocurementandR&Dfunctionstoraiseawarenessoftoxicitytohumanhealthandtheenvironmentandseekalternatives.

- Understandssuppliersandtheirmaterials(rawmaterialsandpackaging).

- Needstoworkwithandprocure(contract)externalspecialiststoprovideguidanceoncomplianceandlegalmattersfore.g.waterandwaste,orwaterandhazardouswastemonitors.

Tools&technology

- Developsmethodologiestoassesstheviabilityorsuccessofsustainabilityinitiatives.

- Monitorsandevaluateseffectivenessofsustainabilityprogrammes.

- Develops,adoptsandimplementstoolsforimprovement–leanmanufacture,Health,Safety&Environmental(HSE)auditsetc.

- Drivesleanmanagementprogrammesaccordingtoleanmanagementprinciples(AxaltaPlascon,2016).

Goods&servicesproduced

- Co-ordinates,contributestoorproducescompanyenvironmentalorsustainabilityreports.

- Ensurescompliancye.g.ISO14001environmentalmanagementstandard.

- Identifies,preparesanddeliverstraining.- Setstargetsandstandards,e.g.forthereductionofcarbonemissionsandconsumptionofkeyenvironmentalresourcessuchaselectricity,waterandlandfilledwaste.

Specialismsoralternativetitles

- SHEQDirector(KansaiPlascon,2016)- ChiefSustainabilityOfficer- Safety,Health&EnvironmentOfficer(121206)- Health,Safety&Environment(HSE)Manager(Naidu,2016)

NOTE:forthelargercompanies,suchasDuluxandKansaiPlascon,thereareoftendifferentlevelsofsustainabilitymanagerswithinonecompany,forexample:

1. Amanagerwhooverseesanumberofplantswithinaregion,suchasSAorsub-SaharanAfrica.TheyareresponsibleforoverseeingSHEQandsustainabilitymanagersatindividualplantswithintheirregions.Oftenthisregionalmanagerwillreportintoaglobalmanager.

2. IndividualplantSHEQorsustainabilitymanagers,wholeadateamofenvironmental,health,safetyand/orqualityofficers.Thesemanagersreporttotheregionalmanager(1above).


Table11:Safety,Health,EnvironmentandQuality(SHEQ)Practitioneroccupationandassociatedgreenskills

Occupationname:Safety,Health,EnvironmentandQuality(SHEQ)Practitioner

OFOmajorgroup(code) OFOsub-majorgroup(code) OFOunitgroup(code) OFOoccupationcode

Professionals2

HealthProfessionals22

EnvironmentalandOccupationalHealthandHygiene2263

226302






Coordinatetheworkerinhisherdepartmentthattheyadheredtolegalrequirements(OSHAct)andmaintainthefactoryandSiteSHEmanagementprogrammesandsystems.(needtointegrateLeadRegulations,2001fromHealthAct)


Fieldofknowledge

-SAenvironmental,health,safetyandqualityassurancelegislationandregulations(emphasiseleadregulationse.g.exposuretoairbornelead;Assessmentofpotentialexposure;Airmonitoring;Controlofexposuretolead;monitoringdisposalandtransportoflead)

- Needstounderstandallaspectsofsustainabilityanditsrelationshiptohealthandsafety–environmentalimpacts(e.g.water,wasteandenergy),andsocial(e.g.workerhealthandcommunityimpact)andrelatetofinancials.

- WorkswithprocurementandR&D,marketingfunctionstoraiseawarenessoftoxicitytohumanhealthandtheenvironmentandseekalternatives.

Tools&technology- Develops,adoptsandimplementstoolsforimprovement–leanmanufacture,Health,Safety&Environmental(HSE)auditsetc.


- Coordinates,contributestoorproducescompanyenvironmentalorsustainabilityreports.


- Safety,Health&EnvironmentOfficer(121206)- Health,Safety&Environment(HSE)Manager

NOTE:forthelargercompanies,suchasDuluxandKansaiPlascon,thereareoftendifferentlevelsofsustainabilitymanagerswithinonecompany,forexample:Amanagerwhooverseesanumberofplantswithinaregion,suchasSAorsub-SaharanAfrica.TheyareresponsibleforoverseeingSHEQandsustainabilitymanagersatindividualplantswithintheirregions.Oftenthisregionalmanagerwillreportintoaglobalmanager.


IndividualplantSHEQorsustainabilitymanagers,wholeadateamofenvironmental,health,safetyand/orqualityofficers.Thesemanagersreporttotheregionalmanager(1above).

Table12:EnvironmentalHealthOfficeroccupationandassociatedgreenskills

Occupationname:EnvironmentalHealthOfficer

OFOmajorgroup(code) OFOsub-majorgroup(code) OFOunitgroup(code) OFOoccupationcode

Professionals2

HealthProfessionals22

EnvironmentalandOccupationalHealthandHygieneProfessionals

226301




High Dark


Develops,enforcesandevaluatesenvironmentalhealthpolicies,programmesandstrategiestoimprovehealthoutcomesandoverseestheimplementationandmonitoringofenvironmentalhealthlegislation.(needstointegrateLeadRegulations,2001fromHealthAct)


Fieldofknowledge

-Monitors,evaluatesandthenregulatestheeffectsoflead-basedpaintsproductionanduse,andthewastewaterby-productonpeopleandtheenvironment.

- Drawsupthelegislativeframeworkforlead-basedpaints,andthenforthedisposalofpaintbasedwastewater.

- Monitorsregulationsforlead-basedpaintwhichareseparatedtomanagingpeople’sexposuretoleadoncepainthasbeenapplied,andmanagestheexposureofthoseworkingwithleadinfactoryproductionprocesses.

- Monitorsallpremises(privateandpublic)toensurecompliancewithapplicablehealthrequirements,andminimisationofanydetrimentalenvironmentalhealthriskstogiveeffecttotheprinciplesofAgenda21andthe"HealthyCities"approach(externaltofactoryfunction).

Tools&technology:-Monitoringtoolsandprocedures-Exposuretoairbornelead;Assessmentofpotentialexposure;Airmonitoring;ControlofexposuretoLead.


Noneidentified.


TheevidencecollectedsuggeststhatthereiscriticalneedforbothanexternalandinternalrolefunctionofEHOs(withinfactoryandoutof).TheroleofsupportingEHOsthroughtheDoH,tobuildcapacityinEnvironmentalHealthPractitionersforconductinginspectionsand,orenvironmentalhealthinvestigations,toensurereductionconditionsthatconstituteahealthhazard(e.g.lead)

Table13:Environment(al)Officeroccupationandassociatedgreenskills

Occupationname:Environment(al)Officer

OFOmajorgroup(code)OFOsub-majorgroup(code)

OFOunitgroup(code)

OFOoccupationcode

Professionals(2)

Physical,MathematicalandEngineeringScienceProfessionals(21)

Nounitgroup2133 213302


Skillsband(high/intermediate/low)


Manufacture HighorIntermediate Dark


Studiesanddevelopspoliciesandplansforthecontroloffactorswhichmayproducepollution,imbalanceordegradationoftheenvironment.


Fieldofknowledge

- Understandsenvironmentallegislationandstandardse.g.SABS,andapplicationthereof.

- Understandstheimplicationsofnotbeingcompliant.Getsinputfromlegaldepartmentregardingupdatesoncompliance(includesnationalandlocalby-laws.

- Needstofollowandapplyenvironmentalmanagementsystems(EMS),inlinewithISO14001:2004.EnvironmentalManagementSystemsprogramme.

- Hasabilityandunderstandingtointerpretenvironmentalinitiativesandimplementtheseinthebusiness.

- Wastemanagement–mapwastearisingsandreasons,identifysolutionsforreductionalongthesupplychain.

- Energymanagementandidentificationofsolutions–whereisenergybeingused,measureandidentifysolutions–leanmanufacture,installationofrenewableenergysolutionse.g.solarpanels,CHP.

- Hasknowledgeandunderstandingofmainenvironmentalissuese.g.water,wasteandenergyinordertoprovideinternalenvironmentalawareness.

- ProvidessupporttoSHEQ/SustainabilityManagerandHRforcourses.

- Contributestointernalshortenvironmentalcourses.

Tools&technology- Monitorsandtrackseffectivenessofenvironmentalprogrammesandcompliancetoimprovetheplant.

- Internalaudittechniques.



- Overseesonsitemonitoringforgroundwater,airandnoisepollutionandhealthrisks.

- Isresponsibleforpermanentcontractorse.g.wasteandrecycling.

- Auditse.g.SABS.


Noneidentified.

Table14:Health&SafetyManageroccupationandassociatedgreenskills

Occupationname:Health&SafetyManager(HealthSafety&EnvironmentalManager)


OFOunitgroup(code) OFOoccupationcode

Managers(1)

AdministrativeandCommercialManagers(12)

HumanResourceManager(1212)

121206






- Manages,reviewsandevaluatesworkenvironmentsandoverseesthedesignofprogrammesandprocedurestocontrol,eliminate,andpreventdiseaseorinjurycausedbychemical,physical,andbiologicalagentsorergonomicfactors.


Fieldofknowledge

- Understandshealthandsafetylegislationandapplicationthereof.

- Hasabilityandunderstandingtointerprethealthandsafetyinitiativesandimplementtheseinthebusiness.

Tools&technology- Monitorsandtrackseffectivenessofenvironmentalprogrammesandcompliancetoimprovetheplan.


- Health&SafetyOfficerorOccupationalSafetyandHealth(OSH)Advisor/Coordinator/Officer/Professional(226302)

- Sometimesthesepositionsarespliti.e.HealthOfficerorSafetyOfficer(AxaltaPlascon,2016).OFOrecognisesanEHO(226301),buthasnotclassificationforaSafetyOfficer.

5.3.1.5 Wider occupation network

Thefollowingoccupationshaveeitheradirectimpactorroleinthegreenelementofanoccupation,demandacertainlevelofgreenknowledgeorskill,orareinareportingorteamrolethatisofimportancefortheapplicationofthegreenskillswithinthisnetwork.


Table15:WideroccupationalnetworksupportingtheSHEQnetworkofoccupations

Occupation OFOcodeRelationshiptotheSafety,Health,Environment&Quality

ManagingDirector

112101- Providesinstructiontoadoptresourceefficientandsustainablepracticese.g.purchasingofrawmaterials,useofalternativestoreduceimpact.

Production/OperationsManager(TeamLeader)OperationsDirector

132102NoOFOcode(notrecognised)

- Implementslaboratoryformulationsontheground,andensureseverythingworksinthemanufacturingprocess(Greaves,2016).

- Insmallerfirms,someoneinOperationsislikelytooverseeenvironmentalissues,suchaswater,wasteandenvironmentalmanagement(Lawson,2016).

- ThesustainabilityorSHEQmanagersworkwithoperationsmanagerstoimplementenvironmentalprogrammesandcampaignsontheground,andensuretheyalignwithcorporatevalues/strategy.

- Monitorbatchlosses.- Maintenancemanagement.

EngineeringManager

- WorkswiththeSHEQ/SustainabilityManagertodriveleanmanufacturingandreduceenergyuse.

- Understandshowtomaximiseefficiencyfrommachinerytoreducewaste,waterandenergy,especiallywiththegrowingtrendtouserobotstoautomatepaintingjobs–particularlyintheautomotiveindustry(Hagerty,2015).

- Identifiesresourceefficiencysolutionsintheplantandimplementsthem.Identifiesopportunitiesforreducingwaste,waterandenergyusagee.g.throughintroducingleanmanagementprinciples.

MaintenanceManager

NoOFOcode.CodeforaMaintenancePlanner(312202)

- WorkswiththeSHEQ/SustainabilityManagertodriveleanmanufacturingandreduceenergyuse.

MarketingPractitioner/BrandManagerSalesandMarketingManager

243103122101

- Marketingplaysahugeroleinpromotingtheenvironmentalcredentialsofaproduct(Greaves,2016)orthecompany’ssustainabilityinitiativesandachievements(Naidu,2016).

- Developsinsightsintothe‘green’productmarket.- Undertakesconsumerresearche.g.consumersnotwantinglead(Naidu,2016).Itisimportanttorespondtocustomers’‘green’demands(AxaltaPlascon,2016;Greaves,2016).

- Encouragesconsumerstorecycleleftoverpaint(LeRoux,2014).

- Understandsandisabletoexplainthewiderimpactsofthedecoratingprocessontheenvironment(CoatingsSA,2014b).


HumanResourceManager

121201

- TheSHEQandHRteamsarecloselyknit(Naidu,2016).- InconsultationwiththeSHEQ/SustainabilityManager,plans,organises,directs,controlsandcoordinatestheemploymentofstaffwithintheSHEQteam(KansaiPlascon,2016a).

- WorkswithSHEQtoidentifywhatskillsarerequiredforoccupationsanddeveloptrainingplansandschedules(AxaltaPlascon,2016;Naidu,2016).

- Needstodocument‘green’knowledgeandskillstotrainingthosemovingintopositionsbeingvacated.Thiswillaidwithknowledgetransfer(KansaiPlascon,2016a).

- WorkswithSHEQtodevelopmentoringprogrammesforhighperformers(KansaiPlascon,2016).

- SHEQandHRteamsworktogethertoorganiseanddelivercoursesandtraining(AxaltaPlascon,2016;KansaiPlascon,2016a).

TechnicalManager Nocode- ProvidesguidancetoR&D/LaboratoryManagersonenvironmentalimpactandawareness(includingglobaldevelopments)(AxaltaPlascon,2016).

OccupationalHealthNurse

222104(OFOspecialism)

- Monitorstheimpact(environmentalandhealth)ofproductsduringthemanufacturingprocessonworkforcehealth(AxaltaPlascon,2016).

- Conductshealthauditsandcampaignsonsite(KansaiPlascon,2016a).

- SupportsSafetyandQualitystandardsandinitiatives(KansaiPlascon,2016a).

- Identifieshealthrisksonsite(KansaiPlascon,2016a).- Supportsenvironmentalsystemsandinitiativesthroughthereportingofspillagesandincidents(KansaiPlascon,2016a).

TruckDriver 733201- NeedstocomplywiththeDangerousGoodsRegulations.HRtoensurecompanydriversareadequatelytrained(AxaltaPlascon,2016).

ComplianceOfficerorComplianceAdministrator

242207

- Externaltothecompanye.g.MunicipalorNationalGovernmentenforcer.

- Internallyresponsibleforensuringcompanyiscompliantwithlegislationandregulations,andensuringnoincidentsarereported.

- Identifiesandreportonnon-compliance.- ProvidesSHEQtraining(whereapplicable).- LearnsandunderstandstheISO/TS16949andISO14001standards,andtheOHSAct.

5.3.1.6 Emerging Insights on green skills needs in this network

• Lackofregulatoryandlegislativeenforcement.SAhasgoodlegislatione.g.lead,itisjustpoorlyenforced(Spence,2016)andthereforecompaniesarenotmotivatedtocomply–itmayalsobecostly


(Hoddinott,2016;Lawson,2016).Naidu,ofDulux,notesthatGovernmentmusthavetheabilitytoregulate(Naidu,2016).

• Internal(withinthecompany)andexternal(outsideofcompany)regulatoryrolesandfunctionsneedsupport.ThiswillinvolvecollaborationwithDoHandDWAandinter-SETAcollaboratione.g.LGSETAtosupportmunicipalitiestodevelopcapacityofmunicipalEHOswhomonitorfactoriesanddisposalofwastefromfactories.

• Timeandcostpressures:Timetoincorporatee.g.environmentaltrainingwithineverydayactivitiesistight,butitisimportant,asitisimportantfortheplantworkforcetounderstandsustainabilityissues(AxaltaPlascon,2016).

• Recognitionofgreenskillsthroughoutthevaluechain:Greenskillsinalloccupationsneedtoberecognisedandproperlydocumented.Alongsidethis,supervisorsandmanagersneedtoensurepeoplehaveadequateSHEQtraining(AxaltaPlascon,2016)topossessthesegreencompetencies.

• Needforinnovation:Thereisaneedforfurtherinnovationbypaintmanufacturerstoidentifysolutionsandvaluetowasteproductsemanatingfromasitee.g.paintsolventsandwastewater.Currentlythereisnovalue-addtothiswaste.Needtonavigatethepossibleregulationsthatwouldaffecttheimplementationofinnovations–thisistheroleoftheSHEQteam.

• LeadershiproleforSHEQinabsenceofmainstreamdedicatedenvironmentalstaffe.g.asustainabilitymanager.

• Knowledgev.practicalexperience:Thereisademandforgraduatestofulfilcoreenvironmentaljobs(thoselistedabove),howeveritwasnotedthatthereisagapintryingtofillthesepositions,asmanycomestraightfromuniversityandlackworkingknowledge.Inthecaseofexperiencedenvironmentalstaff,manygettheirexperience,andwiththisincreasedexperiencetheywanttomoveontobetterpaidopportunities.Thereisthusacycleofneedingtofillpositionsthatbecomevacant.

• LackofskilledEHOs(226301):AtKansaiPlascon,itwasnotedthatthisoccupationwasparticularlydifficulttofill.Thereiseitheralackofskill,orpeoplearenotfollowingthisasacareerpath(KansaiPlascon,2016a).

5.3.2 Technical and Laboratory (R&D)

5.3.2.1 Reason for selecting this occupational network

Whilstundertakingtheresearch,itbecameevidentthatoneofthemajorenvironmentalandhealthimpactsassociatedwiththepaintvaluechain,istheimpactassociatedwiththeformulationandmanufactureofthepaint,particularlywithregardstorawmaterialsandtheirtoxicity.Theorganisationalnetwork,incorporatingtechnicalmanagersandspecialists,andtheR&Dlaboratoryandqualityteamsallhavearoletoplayintheidentification,developmentandreplacementofthesetoxicmaterials.Theyplayasignificantroleinidentifyingalternativeandinnovativematerialsandformulationsthatalsoneedtobecosteffectivetothebusiness.Theyarealsoattheforefrontoftestingproductspriortothementeringthemarket.Thisnetworkofoccupationsalsoengageswithawidevarietyofpersonnelwithinandexternaltothecompany,includingcustomers.


Tosetandmanageproductquality,technicalandprocesstechnologystandardsforthemanufacturingsite.Transferformulationstoproduction,andareinvolvedinplanning,organisingandimplementingactivities


andresearchorproductionlaboratory.Theteamdevelopsinnovativenewsolutionstoenvironmentalandhealthimpactsassociatedwithpaint–includedwater-basedalternativestosolvents,lead-freepaintsor‘greener’productsthatcanreducethetemperatureofbuildings.

5.3.2.3 Key occupations and core green tasks identified for this network of occupations

Table15:KeyoccupationsandcoregreentasksfortheTechnicalandLaboratory(R&D)networkKeyoccupationsinthisnetwork Coregreentaskslinkedtothisnetwork• TechnicalManager(featured

asveryimportant)andhencepresented

• LaboratoryManager• R&DManager• R&DLaboratoryTechnician• PaintChemist

• FocusonreducingVOCsandthecarbon(CO2)impactofpaintsbydevelopinggreenproductsthatalsogeneraterevenue.

• IncorporateenvironmentalconsiderationsatR&Dstage–suchastherecyclabilityofaproduct,toxicityorrawmaterials.

• Researchandapplyrawmaterialinformation(e.g.identificationofsolventandleadalternatives).

• Developformulations(e.g.developmentofwater-basedpaintstoreduceVOCs)whichgenerateanincome,asisthecaseforallpaints.

• Applydangerousgoodsregulationsandundertakeannualchemicalrisktraining(AxaltaPlascon,2016).

• UnderstandandapplytheNationalAssociationofCorrosionEngineer’s(NACE)CorrosionAuthorityregulations(AxaltaPlascon,2016).

• ApplyQuality(ISOTS16949),HealthandSafety(OHSAS18001)andEnvironmental(ISO14001)legislation,andHAZCodeidentification(AxaltaPlascon,2016).

• UndertakeSafety,HealthandEnvironment(SHE)audits(AxaltaPlascon,2016).

• Toappropriatelyapproveproductse.g.viarawmaterialinformationorlegislativerequirements(AxaltaPlascon,2016).

Theoccupationsinthisnetworkarediscussedingreaterdetailbelow.



Table16:TechnicalManageroccupationandassociatedgreenskills

Occupationname:TechnicalManagermappedtoManufacturingandProductionManager

OFOmajorgroup(code)

OFOsub-majorgroup(code)


Managers(1)

13ManufacturingManagers1321

132102




Manufacture High Light


Setsandmanagesproductquality,technicalandprocesstechnologystandardsforthemanufacturingsite.Providestechnicalassistanceintransferofformulationstoproduction,andmeetingcostorqualitystandardssetforthemanufactureofpaintproductsforthesite.Transferstechnologyfromthedevelopmentlaboratoryintothefactoryandmaintainsallexistingformulations.


Fieldofknowledge

- Overseeslaboratoryactivitiesandkeepsabreastwithwhatishappeninge.g.intermsofsustainabilitydevelopments,newmaterialsetc.

- Needstounderstandrawmaterials,anduseoftheminproduction,asworkswithteamleadersinProductionandQuality.

- Hasabilitytointerpretandimplementmanagementorcustomergreenrequestsintoproducts.Customersrequirequalityassurance,andthereforealsoresponsiblefordealingwithcustomercomplaints.

- Knowstooverseequalitycontrolanduseofhazardouschemicalswithinthelaboratory,andputmeasuresinplacetocontrole.g.healthimpacts.

- HasabilitytoworkwiththeLaboratoryManagerandDevelopmentChemisttooptimiseprocesses

- Identifiesand‘triggers’opportunitiestoreducetheenvironmentalimpactassociatedwiththeapplicationofpainte.g.energyuseforcarmanufacturersorotherpropertiese.g.VOCs,watertreatmentandwaste.

- Understandsdownstreamrequirementsofpaints,theirmodesofapplication,theanticipatedrolestobeplayedbythecoatingsandthewaysinwhichcoatedproductsaredisposedof,oncenolongerrequired.

- Responsibleforthemaintenanceofhealth,safetyandhousekeepingstandardstocomplywithcompanystandardandlegalrequirements.

- EngageswithSHEQorSustainabilityManagerforguidanceonenvironmentalimpactandawareness(includingglobaldevelopments).


Materialsworked

- R&Dlinkedtocreatingmoreenvironmentallyfriendlyproducts.

- Automotive:- WorkswithOEMstodeveloppaintstoreduceenergyuseduringapplication.

- Workswithequipmentsuppliersforpaintsprayerstoensureproductsmeetapplicationspecifications.


- WorkswiththeLaboratoryManagerandOccupationalHealthDoctortodevelopChemicalDatasheetstounderstandwhatchemicalsareinaproduct,andhowthesecanbeneutralised.


-TechnicalManager-Acoreoccupationrecognisedbytheindustry,withreferencestothisajobtitle(AxaltaPlascon,2016;Greaves,2016;KansaiPlascon,2016a;Lawson,2016).

- ItiswithinthelaboratorythatR&Disundertaken,paintformulationsdevelopedandrawmaterialsidentifiedandtested.They,orworkingwithaProcurementManager,areinapositiontointroductionanewand‘replace’anoldproduct(Lawson,2016).

- TheTechnicalManagerengageswithcustomersandmachinemanufacturerstoensureproductsareappropriate(e.g.havegreencharacteristics)orcanbeadequatelyappliedbytheuser(e.g.paintersorspraypainters(automaticormanual)).

NoequivalentorsimilaroccupationexistsinthecurrentOFOclassifications.ONETprovidesa‘TechnicalDirectors/Managers’occupationclassification.

Table17:LaboratoryManageroccupationandassociatedgreenskills

Occupationname:LaboratoryManager


OFOunitgroup(code)OFOoccupationcode

Managers(1)

ProductionandSpecialisedServicesManagers(13)

ProfessionalServicesManagersnotelsewhereclassified(1349)

134902

SegmentofthevaluechainSkillsband(high/intermediate/low)


Manufacture High Light


Plans,organises,directs,controlsandcoordinatestheoperationsofaresearchorproductionlaboratory.


Fieldofknowledge

- Greenproductdevelopmenttowidercompanye.g.SHEQorSustainabilityManager.

- KnowledgetoworkwiththeTechnicalManagerandDevelopment(Paint)Chemisttooptimiseprocesses.


- OverseestechniciansandchemiststoprepareproductsthatreduceVOCs,environmentalimpactandalsogeneraterevenue.

- WorkswiththeTechnicalManagerandOccupational


HealthDoctortodevelopChemicalDatasheetstounderstandwhatchemicalsareinaproduct,andhowthesecanbeneutralised.


Noneidentified.

Table18:R&DManagerandLaboratoryTechnicianoccupationandassociatedgreenskills

Occupationnames:R&DManagerandLaboratoryTechnician



Managers(1)

AdministrativeandCommercialManagers(12)

R&DManagers(1223)

R&DManager(122301)




Manufacture HighandIntermediate Light


Managesproductdevelopmentprojects,andmeetsmarketingrequirements,costandinnovationtargets.Managesprojectssuchasnewproductdevelopment,productevaluations,alternativerawmaterialevaluation,costreduction,innovationprojects,customercolourcomplaintsandrequests.Deliversnewinnovativeproducts.


Fieldofknowledge

- Identifiesinnovativeproductsthatreduceenvironmentalimpact.

- Changesformulationstowaterbornetechnologyanddevelopmentofmorewaterbornepaints.

- EnsuresadherencetoISOQualityandEnvironmentalCodesofPractice.

- Developsnewprocessesandmethodstoimproveproductefficiencyandproductivity.

- Identifiesglobalcoatingsmarkets,andlatesttrendsandnewtechnologyopportunities.


- IdentifiesproductsthatreduceVOCs,environmentalimpactandalsogeneraterevenue.


Noneidentified.

Table19:PaintChemistoccupationandassociatedgreenskills

Occupationname:PaintChemist

OFOmajorgroup(code)

OFOsub-majorgroup(code)


TechniciansandAssociate

ScienceandEngineering

ChemicalandPhysicalScienceTechnicians

Painttechnologist/chemistisnotrecognisedinOFObutusedbythe


Professionals(3)

AssociateProfessionals(31)

(3111) industry.




Manufacture HighandIntermediate Light


Developsdifferentkindsofpaintsandcoatings(ChemistryCareers,2015).


Fieldofknowledge

- Understandsenvironmental,hazardousmaterialsandhealthstandardsandspecificationstomonitorproductquality,toensurecompliance.

- Preparesalternativeand/greenchemicalsolutionsforproductsorprocesses,followingstandardisedformulas,orcreateexperimentalformulas.

- Changesformulationstowaterbornetechnologyanddevelopmentofmorewaterbornepaints.

- Producespaintsthatenhancepaintlifeandperformanceofarchitecturalanddecorativepaintsorscratchresistanceforautomotivepaints.

- Hasknowledgeofthechemicalcomposition,structure,andpropertiesofalternativesandgreensubstancesandofthechemicalprocessesandtransformationsthattheyundergo.Thisincludesusesofchemicalsandtheirinteractions,dangersigns,productiontechniques,anddisposalmethods.

- WorkswiththeTechnicalandLaboratoryManagerstooptimiseprocesses.

Materialsworked - Responsibleforsourcingrawmaterials.


- PreparesproductsthatreduceVOCs,environmentalimpactandalsogeneraterevenue(AxaltaPlascon,2016;Naidu,2016).Forlargercompanies,thismayrequirereportingonformulationstotheparentcompany’sR&Dfacilityforapproval.


- Paintformulationchemist- Developmentchemist

PaintChemist-Recognisedoccupationintheindustry- Importantroletoplayinthedevelopmentofnewandoralternativeformulase.g.

leadreplacements(Greaves,2016).- Requiresanunderstandingofenvironmental,hazardousmaterialandhealth

legislationtodevelopspecifications.- TheOFOhasaclassificationofa‘Paintmaker’(311101).Thisisrecognisedasa

specialism,andisclassifiedasaChemistoccupation.However,fromtheevidencethroughsitevisitsandinterviews,theindustrydoesnotrefertothisoccupationas‘paintmaker’.



Thefollowingoccupationshaveeitheradirectimpactorroleinthegreenelementofanoccupation,demandacertainlevelofgreenknowledgeorskill,orareinareportingorteamrolethatisofimportancefortheapplicationofthegreenskillswithintheoccupationalnetwork.Table20:WideroccupationalnetworksupportingtheTechnicalandLaboratory(R&D)networkof

occupations

Occupation OFOcodeRelationshiptotheLaboratory(R&DandTechnicians)

Production/OperationsManagerOperationsDirector

132102NoOFOcode(notrecognised)

- Implementslaboratoryformulationsontheground,andensureseverythingworksinthemanufacturingprocess(Greaves,2016).

- Identifiesresourceefficiencysolutionsintheplantandimplementsthem.

MarketingPractitionerSalesandMarketingManager

243103122101

- Marketingplaysahugeroleinpromotingtheenvironmentalcredentialsofaproduct(Greaves,2016).

- Involvedatthebeginningofthenewproductdevelopment(NPD)processtounderstandthenewproductandtodeveloptheappropriatemarketingmessagingandmaterial.

SalesRepresentative/Salesman(IndustrialProducts)

243301

- Needstounderstandanewproduct’sgreencredentialsforproductlaunch.

- WorkswiththeMarketingandTechnicalManagerswhenspecifyingnewproducts.

- Undertakesacompetitoranalysistopositionthenewproduct.

- Preparesproductdatasheets,whichincludesapplicationnotesforretailersandusers.

- Needstoencouragetheretailerstobeproactivewiththeircustomerse.g.marketingofthegreenerproducts.

- Encouragesconsumerstorecycleleftoverpaint.

- Understandsandisabletoexplainthewiderimpactsofthedecoratingprocessontheenvironment.

Rawmaterialssupplier

NoOFOcode.ClosestclassificationMaterialsScientist(211403),butdoesn’trecognisetheSales/Supplierelementoftheoccupation.

- Playsanimportantroleinadvisingthee.g.theTechnicalManagerofalternativegreenmaterialsorsolutionstorawmaterialswithahighenvironmentalorhealthimpact.

- Providesmanufacturingguidelinesforrawmaterials.

- TherearesuppliersinSAthatareproactive


increatingandsourcingalternativegreenerrawmaterials

- Thisoccupationisexternaltoapaintmanufacturer.

OccupationalHealthDoctor

NoOFOcode

- TechnicalandLaboratoryManagersworkwiththeOccupationalHealthDoctortodevelopChemicalDatasheetsforproducts.Identificationofchemicalcharacteristicse.g.toxicsolvents.

EmergingInsightsongreenskillsinthisnetwork:

• Knowledgeofalternativerawmaterialsandsuppliers.R&Dandsourcingfunctionsneedtoknowwhichsuppliersareabletosupplymaterialswithreducedenvironmentalimpact,andmakeinformeddecisionsaboutuseandpurchase(Greaves,2016).

• Abilitytodevelopnewgreenproducts.Atkinson,oftheGBCSAsuggestedthatthematerials-sideofpaintmanufacturewasleadingtheedgeingreenbuildingbyproducingpaintsandusingmaterialsthatcanreducetheimpactone.g.health(Atkinson,2016).However,changesinspecificationse.g.duetocustomerdemand,doeshavecostimplications(AxaltaPlascon,2016).

• Transferraloftechnicalknowledge.Onanumberofoccasionsitwasnotedthatretireesareoftenusedontrainingprogrammesastutors(Hoddinott,2016),orreturnasconsultantspost-retirementtoprovideguidanceandadvicetocolleagues(AxaltaPlascon,2016).Thisisareflectionthatknowledgetransfer,priortoretirementisnotadequate.Solutionssuchasmentorshipweresuggested(KansaiPlascon,2014).

• Trainingandregularcommunication.Furtherinvestmentintrainingisrequiredonthedifferentcomponentsinpaintandtheirassociatedenvironmentalandhealthimpacts.Thisisalsothecaseforsafety,whichshouldbediscussedregularlyduringworkteamforumsandmeetings(AxaltaPlascon,2016).

• Thereisashortageofskilled,wellqualifiedPhDchemists.TheycanbehighlypaidinR&Dpositionsinthepaintindustry.ApossiblereasonforthelackoftheseskilledoccupationsisduetocostandmanufacturersreducingexpenditureonR&Dfunctions(Lawson,2016).

• Shortageofexperiencetechnicalpersonnel.Seecommentaboveregardingtransferralofknowledgeanduseofretirees.

5.3.3 Painters

5.3.3.1 Reason for selecting this occupational network

“Coatingscomeupeverywhere,buttheyaretakenforgranted.Thereisahugeopportunitytoeducateapplicators,”Aldous,M.

Whilstundertakingtheresearchitbecameevidentthatoneofthemajorenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwiththepaintvaluechain,wasduringthepaintapplicationprocess–forbothdecorative(wasteandwaterdisposal)andautomotive(energy).Interviewswithvariousrespondentsintheindustryclearlyhighlightedthisasanissue,andthattherewasarealscarcityofqualifiedpaintersandspraypainters.Thisskillneedincludesaparticularlackofunderstandingonhowtopreparesurfacespriortopainting.Thisisakey


elementofthepaintingprocessasitwilldeterminetheeffectivenessoftheapplication,ensuringthepaintprovidesitsparticularpurposee.g.waterproofing,andextendsthelongevityofthepaint.


Themainpurposeofthisoccupationalnetworkistoprepareasurfaceforpainting,andtoapplythepaintinaknowledgeableandskilledmannerandtocleanequipmentused.Contractorsoverseeateamofpaintersinoronlargeroperations,suchasabuildingsite.

5.3.3.3 Key occupations and core green tasks identified for this network of occupations

Table21:KeyoccupationsandcoregreentasksforthePaintersnetwork

Occupationsinthisnetwork Coregreentasksinthisnetwork

• Painter• Spraypainter• VehicleSpraypainter• Paintcontractor

• Goodsurfacepreparation,includingappropriatewashinganddryingtechniquesforwalls.

• Understandinghowtoselectandapplydifferentpaintstomaximisetheirenvironmentalandlongevitycharacteristics.

• Howandwheretocorrectlydisposeofpaint(wastewater;wasteproductsandcleaning),particularlysolvent-basedpaint,andunderstandwhyitisimportanttodoso.

• Awarenessofenvironmentalproducts(safeandunsafe)andrelatedrequirements.


Table22:Painteroccupationandassociatedgreenskills

Occupationname:Painter



SkilledAgricultural,Forestry,Fishery,CraftandRelatedWorkers(6)

BuildingandRelatedTradesWorkers(64)

PaintersandRelatedWorkers(6431)

643101



Application Low Light


Appliespaint,varnish,wallpaperandotherfinishestoprotect,maintainanddecoratethesurfacesofbuildingsandstructures(DHET,2015).

Greeningtheoccupationrecommendations:

Fieldofknowledge:

- Toolsandequipment-environmentalimpactlinkedtoapplication(Aldous,2016)

- Knowshowtoproperlyapplyaproductandpreparethesubstrate–consideringlongevityandwastefulness


(Aldous,2016;Greaves,2016).- Knowshowandwheretocorrectlydisposeofpaint,

particularlysolvent-basedpaint,andunderstandwhyitisimportanttodoso(Atkinson,2016).

- Buildsawarenessofpaintproducts,safeandunsafeandhowtouseit.

Specialismsoralternativetitles:

Noneidentified

Table23:SprayPainteroccupationandassociatedgreenskills

Occupationname:SprayPainter

OFOmajorgroup(code)

OFOsub-majorgroup(code) OFOunitgroup(code) OFOoccupationcode

SkilledAgricultural,Forestry,Fishery,CraftandRelatedWorkers(6)

BuildingandRelatedTradesWorkers(64)

PaintersandRelatedWorkers(6431)

643202



Application Low Light


Preparessurfacesofvehicles,matchesandmixescoloursandappliespaint(DHET,2015a).Thisisparticularlythecaseforspraypaintersoperatingfor‘refurbishers’e.g.panelbeatershops.

Greeningtheoccupationrecommendations Fieldofknowledge

- Toolsandequipment,environmentalimpact.

- Knowshowandwheretocorrectlydisposeofpaint,particularlysolvent-basedpaint,andunderstandwhyitisimportanttodoso(wastewater;productwaste).

Specialismsoralternativetitles- IndustrialSprayPainter(643201)- VehicleSprayPainter


Thefollowingoccupationshaveeitheradirectimpactorroleinthegreenelementofanoccupation,demandacertainlevelofgreenknowledgeorskill,orareinareportingorteamrolethatisofimportancefortheapplicationofthegreenskillswithinthisoccupationalnetwork:


Table24:WideroccupationalnetworksupportingthePainternetworkofoccupations

Occupation OFOcode RelationshiptothePainters

Architect 216101

- Providespaintspecificationstosupplygreenpaint(datasheets)

- TheGBCSAprimarilyfocusesonupskillingandtoolsforarchitectsandspecifiersthanapplicators.Paintingcriteriaandspecificationsaresuppliedbythearchitecttothepaintcontractors(Atkinson,2016).

- ForabuildingtobeGreenStarcompliant,thearchitectalignsspecificationswithaGBCSAratingtool,andspecifiesthisinthecontract.

QuantitySurveyor 214904- Pricespaintitemsforaconstructionproject.Invariablytheytryanduseacheaperpaint.

ComplianceOfficerorRegulatoryAffairsOfficer

242207242213

- RegulatestheNationalEnvironmentalManagementAct(NEMA).ItwasnotedthatthisActisnotwellpolicedbytheDEA.

CustomerManagerOFOCustomerCareManager/Representative(122105)

- Acorevaluetominimiseallformsofwasteduetopoorquality.

SalesRepresentative/Salesman(IndustrialProducts)

243301

- Retailsalespersons(e.g.hardwarestores)needstounderstandanewproduct’sgreencredentials.

- Providesdatasheets,informationandguidanceonapplicationtocontractorsandpainters.

- Paintmanufacturerstosupplytheabovetoretailers.

5.3.3.6 Characterising the change for the network

Newemergingoccupationsorspecialisms:

Table25:Paintcontractorasaspecialism

Occupation Reasonforrecommendation

Paintcontractor

- Paintcontractorsreceivepaintingjobcriteriaandspecificationsfromarchitects.Theyareresponsibleformeetingthesespecifications(Atkinson,2016).

- Decorativeandconstructionpaintersoftenworkforacontractorwhosuppliespaintersforlargerscalejobs.Forexample,thepaintingofalargeofficeblock.Buildingcontractorsarereliantoncontractorswhoknowwhattheyaredoing.

- Paintcontractorsareresponsibleforprovidingpainterswhohavethenecessaryskills,knowledgeandexperiencetoperformpaintingtasks.Thiswouldincludesurfacepreparation,correctdisposalofwastewaterandpaint.

Proposedgreenskills:- Implementtrainingprogrammesonenvironmentallyresponsiblebuildingtopicstoupdateemployeeskillsandknowledge.

- Inspectorreviewprojectstomonitorcompliancewithenvironmentalregulationse.g.useof


paintscontaininglead,paintdisposal.- Anunderstandingoforabilitytosourcegreenpaints.

- ComplywithNEMAregulations(SAGovernment,1998);

- Understandandbeabletoexplainthewiderimpactsofthedecoratingprocessontheenvironment(CoatingsSA,2014b).

NoequivalentorsimilaroccupationexistsinthecurrentOFOclassificationsONETprovidesa‘ConstructionManager’occupation,underwhichaspecialistpaintcontractorwouldbegrouped(ONET,2014).

EmergingInsightsintogreenskillsinthisnetwork:

• Lackofunderstandingonhowtoprepareaworksurface.Goodsurfacepreparationiscriticalforthepaintsystemtofunctioneffectively.Astheperformanceofthepaintsystemdependslargelyonitsadhesionwiththesubstrate,andwillensurethepainthaslongevity(Building&ConstructionAuthority,n.d.).Ifpaintispoorlyapplied,thebuildingcontractorcanbecalledbacktodealwithissuessuchasfungusormouldgrowth(Aldous,2016)resultinginwastefulness.

• Understandingof‘new’greenerproducts.Awarenessofproduct–productsimpactsandsafety.Asapainter,aknowledgeofapplicationisimportant.Asanarchitectandcontractor,itisimportanttoknowhowtoidentifyandunderstandtheircharacteristics.ItwasnotedthatithastakenaboutfiveyearsforarchitectsandengineerstodevelopanawarenessandunderstandingofwhatVOCsare,forexample,andnowmostknow(Atkinson,2016).DuluxTradehasfoundthatthemarketisenthusiastic.However,itoftenlacksawarenessonwhichproductswillmaximisetheenvironmentalbenefitsforgreenaccreditation(CoatingsSA,2014b).Specifyingpaintforlowenvironmentalimpactandtoxicityisnotstraightforward(Greenspec,2015).

• Understandingoftheimpactofpoorpaintapplicationandpaintdisposalandresultantwastefulness.Itwasnotedthatthereisalargegapintheunderstandingofprofessionalservicesandcontractorsinthebuildingindustry.Contractorsfollowinstructions,but‘don’tknowwhy’andthismanifestsitselfinpaintersknowingverylittleabouttheproduct,safetyandimpactofdisposal(Atkinson,2016).Naidu,ofDuluxnotedthatitisimportantforapaintertoknowhowtoapplypaint,asfromabrand’sperspective,poorapplicationisariskforthebrand(Naidu,2016).Brandsareoftenrequiredtoprovidereplacementpaintifthereisanissuewithabuilding(Aldous,2016).

• Lackofhealthandsafety.Thiscanespeciallybethecaseforsmallcontractingenterprises• Wasteandwastewaterdisposal.Largerconstructionsiteshaveonsiteself-containedwashingstations.

Forsmalleroperations,thereisoftennopolicingorcontrol.Itisimportantforbothcontractorsandpainterstounderstandtheimplicationsofdisposingwastepaint,wastewaterfrompaintsandsludgeincorrectly.

• Literacy.Literacyisachallenge,andinsomeinstancesinstructionsareprovidedtopaintersbutthereisamisinterpretationorlackofunderstandingofataskorinformationshared.Thiscouldbeduetolanguagebarriersandatransientnon-permanentworkforce(Aldous,2016).

• Training.Thereneedstobeanemphasisonimprovedtraining(Greaves,2016).Paintingusedtobeaskill.Manynotedthattherearenolongeranycourses,oraninvestmentincourses(Atkinson,2016),tobecomeaqualifiedpainter(Lawson,2016).However,theSAPITIhasveryrecentlystartedofferinganApplicatorSkillsProgramme,whichispractical,coversin-depthpreparationandapplication(SAPITI,2016).Itwasnotapparentastotheleveloftrainingprovidedonenvironmentalissues,suchaswaste


andwaterdisposal.Spence,ofSAPMA,notesthatmillionsofRandsarespentannuallyontrainingtechnicalstafftodevelopproducts,andtheyspendmillionstofixupdamagingperformancethroughpoorapplicationbyunskilledapplicatorsandretailers.Itiswellknownwithintheindustrythattheformaltrainingofpaintcontractorsendedalmost20yearsagowhentheBuildingIndustryFederationofSAtrainingstopped.Hesuggeststhatover85%ofpaintfailuresareduetopoorpreparationonbadsurfaces(Spence,2015).

• Contractorresponsibility.Paintcontractorsareresponsibleforensuringpaintersaretrained.Paintmanufacturersarenotresponsibleforhowtheirproductsareapplied(Greaves,2016).Contractorsareresponsiblefordirectingarchitectpaintspecificationsandcriteriae.g.useofgreen/greenerpaints.Thismightnotdirectlyreachpainters(Atkinson,2016).

• Demandsexistforwell-traineddecorativepainters.Itwasnotedthatpaintcontractors,especiallysmallerempowermentcompanies‘pickpeopleofftheroad’astheycannolongeraffordtoownapermanentteam(Anonymous,2016),therebyexacerbatingthesituationofusingpoorlyskilledpainters.

• Qualifiedspraypainters.TheHRdepartmentatAxaltaPlasconnotedthatthey‘struggletofind’qualifiedspraypaintersfortherefinishingtrade.Thiswaspartlyduetotherenolongerbeinganyapprenticeships.Bynothavingqualifiedspraypainters,thiswasconsideredtobearisktoallonsite(AxaltaPlascon,2016).

• AutomisationandthereducedneedforspraypaintersinOEMplants.Someskillsandoccupationsmaybedyingout,forexamplespraypaintersintheautomotiveindustryaremoreandmorelikelytobecomecompletelycomputerised(MerSETA,2012).

5.4 Summary conclusions Thissectionhasprovidedinsightsintosomeofthekeyoccupationsthatthatarecriticalforgreeninginthepaintindustry.Thefurtherassociatedgreenskillsinsightslinkedtoeachoccupationalnetwork,providedpossibilitiesforskillsplanninginterventions,whichcanbesupportedbyCHIETAandthepaintindustrybroadly.Insummarythegreenskillsneedsacrossoccupationsstudiesreflectthat:

• Themajorityofgreenskillsinterventions,requiregreeningofcurrentoccupationsandthesupportofskillsdevelopmentthatcanfostermoresustainablepractices(whatpeopledoinjobsandtheknowledge,skillsandattributes).

• Therearethreefocalareasthatprovideopportunitiestoenrichandincreaseworkforcecapabilitytosupportamoresustainablepaintindustry:Risk,RegulationandInnovation.


Figure14:Focalareasthatprovideopportunitiestoenrichandincreaseworkforcecapabilitytosupportamoresustainablepaintindustry

Innovaion

Regulaion

SHEQ, EHO, EO, Painter,

Sustainability manager, Technical manager

Risk


6. Conclusions 6.1 Purpose and focus of the project Thisstudyrespondstotheglobalandnationalgreenagendaandthedrivetowardssustainability,andtotheneedtostrengthenSA’sgreenskillsplanningsystems.Inthisfinalchapterconclusionswillbedrawninrelationtotheprojectobjectives,whichwereto:

• Refineamethodologyforemployer-leddemandarticulationforgreenskills.• Provideadetailedoverviewofgreenoccupations/greeningofexistingoccupationsinthepaint

industry.• ProvidedataandorientationfortherevisionoftheSAGreenOFO.• Contributetoguidelinesfororganisationaldevelopmentthathelpstounlock,planandbudgetfor

greenjobsandthegreeningofjobsalongthevaluechainofanorganisationorsector.• Engageactivelywithemployerstogatherdemanddataandstrengthenworkplaceskillsplanning

processesforgreenskills,andhenceenableidentificationofstrategicinterventionstosupportbetterplanningforgreenskillsintheselectedsector.

AreviewofthevastscopeandcomplexityoftheChemicalsIndustrymadeitclearthatthissmall-scalestudyneededtofocusonadiscretesegmentandsub-segmentsofthesector.WithinthechoiceofSurfaceCoatings,thedecisionwastofocusonpaint.Usingasetofsocial,ecological,economicandpoliticalcriteria,aselectionofsub-industrieswasdone.DecorativepaintswaschosenasisthelargestsegmentoftheSApaintindustry;theautomotiveindustryispoliticallyimportantfortheSAeconomyandemploymentparticularlyintheEasternCape;andthemarinepaintindustryhaspotentialforgrowthgivengovernment’s‘bluegreeneconomy’initiative(OperationPhakisa).Althoughareviewofgreenskillsdriversweredoneforallthreeoftheseindustries,thestudydidnotgoontoexploreoccupationsformarinecoatingsbecauseitwasnotpossibletoarrangeasitevisittoamarinepaintcompany.Thestudynotedthatwithinthepaintvaluechain,50%oftheenvironmentalfootprintofthepaintindustryisintheextractionandprocessingofinputmaterials;40%attheenduseorapplicationoftheproduct;andonly10%duringthemanufacturingofpaint(Mash,2015).Since,theCHIETA’slevypayingmembersareinthechemicalmanufacturingindustry,themanufacturingsegmentofthevariouspaintvaluechainswereincludedinthisstudy.Itwasalsoevidentthatthereareinfactsignificantimpactsonworkerhealthandontheenvironmentduringmanufacturing.Thisincludestheproductionofwastewaterandsludgewhichcanhaveasignificantlocalisedimpact,particularlywherelandfillsarerunningoutofspaceandwastewaterworksaremalfunctioning.Furthermore,theindustryhasalsoalreadytakentheopportunitytobuildin‘giveback’loopsinthevaluechainintheformofreclaimingwastematerialindustandwashwaterandreusingitinsomepaints.Inaddition,theapplicationorenduseofpaintwasincludedinthestudy,thuscovering50%oftheimpacts.

6.2 Conclusions regarding the methodology followed Thisstudybuiltonarecentstudyongreenskillsfortheminingindustry(Rosenberg,Ramsarup,TogoandMpinyane,2015).Itusedthesamemulti-levelmethodologyandapproachesforcontextualdriveranalysis,hotspotprioritisationandvaluechainanalysis.Tothevaluechainanalysis,afurtherstepofmappingout


thecoreandsupportactorsinvolvedinthevaluechain,wasadded,basedonanILOwork.Thisstudyalsoincludedanexpandedprocessofmappingoutandexaminingoccupations,usingthenotionofoccupationalnetworkstoindicatetherelationshipsbetweenoccupationsthatneedtoworktogethertocompletetasks,includingtasksrelatedtoenvironmentalsustainability.Thesitevisitscombinedobservationsandinterviewswithoperationalstaff;SHEQstaffandHRstaff.Combinedwithadditionalinterviewswithindustryrepresentatives,andareviewofrelevantdocumentsfromindustry,governmentandenvironmentalagencies,theprocessprovidedvaluableinformationonandinsightsintothetypeofgreenskillsthatarerequiredwithinvariousoccupationsrelevanttotheindustry.Itprovidedbothanoverviewofvariousfacetsoftheindustry,andasignificantlevelofdepthandon-the-groundinsightswithregardstooccupationlevelactivitiesinfirms.Assuch,thismethodologycanbeveryusefulinguidingthedevelopmentofacrediblegreenskillsprogrammeforthepaintindustryinSA.ThereareanumberofadditionalresearchprocessesthatwouldcomplementthisstudyandgivetheCHIETAafullerunderstandingofgreenskillsdemand.Theseare:

• Acomprehensiveemployersurveyusingaquestionnairederivedfromtheframeworkofthisstudy,toassessthescaleofgreenskillsneeds(quantification).

• Employerworkshopsthatworkwiththevaluechainsandhotspottingresults.Thesecouldbeinformationsharingaswellcapacitydevelopmentopportunitiesforemployers.

• Sitevisitsandinterviewswithpersonsinvolvedintheregulationofleadinpaintproduction,andsludgeandwastewaterdisposal,todevelopanempiricalunderstandingofthegapsandblockagesinregulatoryactivitiesandassociatedskillsissuesacrossgovernmententitiessuchastheDoH,theDPSA,theDEAandlocalgovernment.

• SitevisitsandoccupationalmappinginMarinePaintandotherindustries.• Sitevisitsandoccupationalmappinginsmallerfirms(seebelow).• Transitioningandcareerpathingstudiesinthepaintindustry.• Inter-SETAinvestigationsintogreenskillsneeds,particularlyintherealmofinnovativesolutionsto

sustainabilityproblems,andintoregulatoryskills,acrossgovernmentdepartmentsandindustriesandincludingtheinputofenvironmentalagencies.

• Supplysidestudiesintothesupplyoftherequiredgreenskillsandassociatedchallenges.Themajorityofthesitevisitsandinterviewswereundertakenwithlarge-andmedium-sizedmanufacturers.Itisrecommendedthatfutureresearchcoversthemedium-sizedmanufacturersinmoredepth,andincludesomesmallcompanies,astheyarelikelytohaveuniquecharacteristics,whichwilldeterminetheupdateanddevelopmentofgreenskills,suchas:

• Theneedforgreeningskillsinoccupationsthatmightalreadybemulti-functional(insmallfirms,somestaffmembermayberesponsibleforsafety,health,internalandexternalenvironmentalcontrolandqualitycontrol,aswellasothertasks),

• Absenceofinternationalownershipandthereforeexposuretointernationalregulatoryframeworksandincentives,whichmeansthatsmallfirmsmaybelessmotivatedtopursueenvironmentalcontrols,particularlyifthesearecostly;ontheotherhand,somesmallerfirstmayberunwithowner-managers’personalvisionandethicalcommitmentsplayingagreaterroleincompanydecisions;and

• Financialabilitytopayforandaccesstraininginskillsforsustainability.


Anumberofresearchtoolswhichcanbeutilisedforskillsanalysisandplanningwererefinedinthisstudy,andaccompany(asseparatedocuments)thisreport.Theseare:

• Guidelinesfortheselectionofasub-sectoronwhichtofocus(whicharealsousedtodetermineenvironmentalhotspotsi.e.pointsinthesystemthatseemparticularlyimportantforaddressingsocial-environmentalopportunitiesorrisks).

• Frameworkforananalysisofcontextualdriversofthedemandforgreenskills.• Guidelinesforconductingvaluechainmapping(includingfindingthehotspotsofenvironmental

andsocialimpactsandopportunities;actors(roleplayers);andassociatedrolerelatedtasksandoccupations).

• Guidelinesforplanningandconductingsitevisits.

Theresearchmethodologyofthisprojecthasenabledengagementwiththewiderpaintindustryontheissuesofgreenskills,inwhichtherewasfoundtobemuchinterestamongcompaniesandindustryassociations.Itisrecommendedthatthisreportisdisseminatedviavariousindustrychannelstoreachaswideanaudienceasispossiblewithinthepaintmanufactureanduseindustry.

6.3 Conclusions regarding priority green skills and skills planning

Thestudymappedoccupationsacrossthecorevaluechainofthepaintindustry,focussingonmanufacturingandapplication,aswellasregulation.Wefoundthattheactivitiesintheselinksinthevaluechainalreadyinvolveasizeablenumberofoccupations,eachwithanumberofassociatedtasksintheoccupationaldescriptionsintheOFO.Givenitslimitedscope,moreoccupationscouldnotbeexploredinanydepth.Basedonourdataandanalysesalargenumberofoccupationsarerelevanttogreeningthepaintindustry.Decorativepaintapplication:ExistingskillsandoccupationsareimportantIntheapplication(enduse)ofpaint,therearealargenumberofoccupationsthatrequirecompetenciesthatwouldmakethispartoftheindustryvaluechaingreener.Forexampleif:

• Paintersareskilledinpreparingdiversesurfacesandapplyingpaintcorrectly• Constructionsitemanagersandcontractorsareskilledinpurchasingthecorrectpaintinthecorrect

volumes,andinguidingandsupervisingpainterscorrectly• Architectsareskilledatprescribingappropriatepaint;and• Quantitysurveyorscancalculatethecorrectvolumestopurchase,thenappliedpaintwilllast

longerandtherewillbelesswastepaintgoingintothehazardouswastestream.

Anumberofemployeesrecognisedthevalueofthisappliedresearch,notingthat:

• Itwillhelpthemtoidentifycoregreenskillsassociatedwithexistingoccupations,whichcanbeusedtodevelopandexpandonexistingjobdescriptions.

• ToaidinthedevelopmentofWorkSkillsPlansbybuildingoncurrenttrainingrequirementsandrequestsfortraining.


Decorativepaintapplication:NewknowledgeareaforexistingoccupationsAlltheaboveprofessionals,techniciansandartisansinvolvedinthepurchasingandapplicationofpaint,aswellasmarketingandretailstaff,alsoneedtoknowaboutandunderstandthattherearemoreandlesssafepaints(e.g.lead-freepaintandleadcontainingpaint)andmoreandlesseco-friendlypaint(e.g.water-basedandVOC-basedpaint)andhowtocorrectlyworkwiththesaferoptions.Innovationssuchas‘visualiserapps’alsohelpconsumerstowastelesspaintbyreducinginappropriatepurchases.Automotivepaintapplication:ExistingskillsareimportantTheapplicationofspraypaintholdssignificantrisksforworkers,whoneedthenecessaryknowledgeandskillstoprotecttheirhealthbycorrectlyusingthecorrectequipmentincludingprotectivegear.SHEQstaffatalllevelsneedtobehighlyskilledatcontrollingenvironmentalconditionslikeventilationintheworkplace,andhealthstaffneedtobeskilledatpickinguphealthissuesearly.Automotivepaintapplication:NewknowledgeareaforexistingoccupationsPaintingmotorvehiclesiscurrentlyahighenergyusageactivity.Giventherisksofclimatechangeandtherisingcostofelectricity,theautomotivemanufacturingindustryislookingforwaystoreduceelectricityuse.Thisinvolvesbothusingexistingequipmentmoreefficientlyandintroducingnewproductionprocesses.Skilledengineeringmanagerswithaparticularspecialisationsinenergyarerequired,andemployersreporttheseindividualsarescarce.Newknowledgeandcompetenciesneedtobeaddedtoexistingengineeringoccupationsandplantoperators.Regulationoflead:ScarceskillsinlocalgovernmentaffectingthepaintindustrySAPMAreports,confirmedbytheliterature(Matheeetal.,2007;Montgomery&Mathee,2005),indicatethattheuseofleadinpaintispoorlyregulatedinSA.Whilecompanieswithinternationallinksareinfluencedbyinternationallegislationtoeliminateleadfrompaint,othercompanies,inparticularsmallerones,arelessinclinedtomakethischange,partlyduetothehighercostofproducinglead-freepaint,andpartlybecausetheexistingregulations(prohibitingtheuseofleadedpaintsinschoolsandplayground,forexample)arenotbeingenforced.Paintcontainingleadissoldatalowerpricethanthesaferalternatives,whichmeansunfaircompetitionintheindustryandahighriskofleadedpaintsbeingutilisedintheprojectswherecostisaparticularlyimportantconsideration,forexamplelow-costhousing.Thisproblemwouldbeexacerbatedbypoorknowledgeoftheneedtouselead-freepaintamongcontractorsandotheroccupationsamongtheend-usersofpaint.ThekeyscarceskillidentifiedherehoweveristheEHOinlocalgovernment.Thisofficerneedstoinspectandreportonthepresenceofleadinpaintinareaswhereitisdeemedunsafe(alongwitheightotherhealth-relatedtasks).ThePSETAinitsrecentSectorSkillsPlanreported246EHOvacancies(PSETA,2016).ThereisalsoaknownchallengeforexistingEHOstoeffectivelyexecutealltheirtasks.RegulationsdefiningtheScopeoftheProfessionofEnvironmentalHealth(DoH,2013)outlinesfunctionsofEnvironmentalHealthPractitionersastheNineMunicipalHealthfunctionstoincludethefollowingenvironmentalhealthfunctions,whichareprovidedbyDistrictandMetropolitanMunicipalities:

• Waterqualitymonitoring• Foodcontrol• Wastemanagement• Healthsurveillanceofpremises• Surveillanceandpreventionofcommunicablediseases,excludingimmunisations• Vectorcontrol• Environmentalpollutioncontrol


• Disposalofthedead;and• Chemicalsafety.

Thisbroadscopeoftasks,combinedwithvacancies,caneasilyexplainwhytheapplicationoflead-freepaintisnotwellenforced.Itwouldbeimportanttoinvestigatethe‘activitysystem’withinwhichtheseofficersconducttheirwork,toqualitativelydeterminetheexactskillsgapsandneeds,andatwhatlevel(s)theyoccur,aswellasthesupplyofEHOs,andthereasonsforthevacancies.Thisoccupationhasanimpactontheindustryanditsabilitytooperatefairlyandwithinnationalandinternationalsafetyregulations.Manufacturingofpaint:ExistingskillsareimportantInadditiontolookingafterhumanandecosystemhealth,greeningtheeconomyisinteraliaaboutmakingproductionprocessescleaner,reducingpollution,andleanerormoreefficientandreducingtheinputofresources.Boththeseaimsareaddressedbyexistingindustrypracticessuchasreclaimingpaintelementsfromdustorwashwater,tobereusedinmakingmorepaint.Theskillsofcleanerandleanerproduction,intheoccupationsofpainttechnicianandplantmanager,areimportanttoretainandextend.Reducingenergyandwateruseissimilarlyrelevanthere,as‘green’skillstobeintegratedwithinexistingoccupations.Manufacturingofpaint:Newknowledgearea(relatedtoinnovation)forexistingoccupationsThewastefrompaintmanufacturing(washingofcontainers,discardofleftoversludge)presentasignificantenvironmentalchallengetocompanies,totheDPSAthatissueswateruselicensesandmonitorscompliancewithwaterqualitystandards,andtolocalgovernmentswhoselandfillsitesreceivesludgeandsolidwaste.TheskillsrequiredinDPSAandtheoccupationsinvolvedwerenotinvestigatedinthisstudy.Theoccupationofchemicalengineer,withaspecialisationinwastemanagement,remediation,anddesignofnewproduct,seemvitallyimportantfortheindustrytobeabletoinnovate,thusmakingitsproductsaferforpeopleandenvironment.

6.4 Summary Thestudyidentifiedsignificantopportunitiesfortheindustrytocontributetothegreeneconomy,byreducingenergyusage,bettermanagingitswasteandintroducinginnovationsthatmayoccuratend-of-pipelineoratthestageofdesigningtheproduct,processesand/ortheplant.TheassociatedoccupationsareR&Drelatedoccupations.Thestudyalsoidentifiedopportunitiesthroughthesettingupofrecyclingandreusedepotsforthecollectionofpaint,whichwouldinvolvemanagersinvolvedinRetailandCorporateSocialInvestment.

Thefollowingoccupationsstandoutasparticularlyrelevanttothegreeningofthepaintindustry:

• EHOs

Thisstudyfoundnonewoccupationsthatarerequiredtogreenthemanufacturingandapplicationofpaint,butnewknowledgeandskillsarerequiredforalmostallexistingoccupations.Inthecaseofregulatorystaff,energyinnovationandchemicalproductioninnovation,therequiredskillsarescarceornon-existent.


• SHEQmanagersand/orSustainabilitymanagers• Technicalmanagersandlaboratorytechnicians• Researchanddevelopmentmanagersandresearchers;engineeringmanagers• Paintersandcontractors.

Whatwasalsoevidentisthatnooccupationoperatesinisolation.Alloccupationsrequiretheknowledge,skillsandexperienceofcolleaguestocarryouttheirjobrequirements.Thisseemsparticularlythecaseforsustainability,wherethelevelofknowledgeandinsightisstilldevelopingandbeingtransferredwithinabusiness.Theimportanceofmaintainingandsupportingoccupationalnetworkswillenablethefurthergreeningofskillsovertime.Withinsmall-andmedium-businessthismighttakelonger,asconstraintssuchasbusinessfocus,time,costandemployeenumbersmightlimittheuptakeofgreenskills.

6.5 The need for inter-SETA collaboration Padalkar(2014)notedthatwhiletheprocessofidentifyinggreenskillsdemandneedstostartatgrass-rootslevelinafirm,therealsoneedstobemulti-disciplinaryengagementacrossthesector.Thisreportthusrecommendssupportfora‘GreenEconomySkillsDevelopmentForum’toensurecoordinatedskillsdevelopment.Thisstudyconfirmedthatskillsrelevanttothegreeningofthepaintindustryarerelevanttoothersectorstoo,andmayinfactfallintheambitofotherSETAs:Health,WaterandEnergy,LocalGovernment,orPublicSector,aswellasManufacturingandEngineering.Thereisthereforeaneedforinter-SETAcollaborationtoensurethatskillsthatsignificantlyaffectonesector,butareproducedelsewhere,areindeedadequatelyaddressed.TheexampleinthiscaseistheEnvironmentalHealthOffice.IntheGreenSkillsforMiningstudy,regulatoryoccupations(employedintheDPSAandtheDepartmentofMineralResources)weresimilarlyrelevanttothegreeningofpracticesintheminingsector.


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