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Chapter-III

WATER AND SANITATION MANAGEMENT – A

CASE STUDY OF GULBARGA CITY

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CHAPTER - III WATER AND SANITATION MANAGEMENT –

A CASE STUDY OF GULBARGA CITY

3.1 Introduction:

Water supply and sanitation are the basic requirements of life. They are the

main input indicators to the health infrastructure which plays an integral role in

maintaining and promoting health status. Quality of life depends on safe and

adequate quantity of drinking water supply and sanitation facility. There is a wide

linkage of water supply and sanitation facilities with health status and thus on

productivity and income of people.

Sanitation facilities are as important as that of adequate quantity and quality

of drinking water in the maintenance of health and hygiene. Sanitation facilities such

as sewerage system, storm water drain, latrines (public and private) and other

community sanitation services form an integral part in maintaining hygiene and

clean environment. Improved sanitation is considered as an essential requirement for

socio-economic development and critical to health and wellbeing which is an index

of human development. Significant attention is given to sanitation as a major

component of health promotion.

3.2 National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP):

The NUSP 2008 envisages “All Indian cities and towns become totally

sanitized, healthy and liveable with a special focus on hygiene and affordable

sanitation facilities for the urban poor and women”. The policy aims to ensure

sustained public health and environmental outcomes for all cities by making them –

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• Free of open defecation.

• Providing adequate and properly maintained community and public

sanitation facilities especially for the poor.

• Ensuring safe and sanitary disposal of waste.

• Altered mindset.

• Collective behaviour change and health and hygiene practices.

• Reoriented institutions that work collaboratively to achieve and sustain

health and environment benefits.

The overall goal of NUSP is to transform urban India into community driven

totally sanitized, healthy and liveable cities and towns which include

a) Awareness generation and behaviour change

b) Open defecation free cities

c) Integrated town-wide sanitation

d) Sanitary and safe disposal and

e) Proper operation and maintenance of all sanitary installations

3.3 Water and Sanitation in Karnataka:

Considering the significance of safe water supply and sanitation in the

maintenance and promotion of health hygiene, both the central and state governments

have taken major steps to create provisions for these basic services in both rural and

urban areas in Karnataka. The rural development and Panchayat Raj Department has

the responsibility of providing water supply and sanitation services. The rural

programmes are being implemented and maintained by the Rural Panchayat Raj

Institutions – Zilla Panchayat, Taluka Panchayat and Gram Panchayat. In urban areas

the responsibility of water supply and sanitation lies with the Karnataka Urban Water

Supply and Drainage Board (KUWSDB) along with the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).

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3.4 Karnataka Urban Drinking Water and Sanitation Policy 2002:

Increasing urbanisation has resulted in greater pressure on the existing urban

water supply and sanitation systems leading to increasing demand on the one hand to

augment the source and improve distribution and on the other to increase the

coverage of Underground Drainage (UGD). At the same time there is an urgent need

to conserve the limited water resources of the state to ensure sufficient availability of

water for various needs as well as for the future. The Government of Karnataka in

partnership with urban local bodies in the state, the Karnataka Urban Water Supply

and Drainage Board (KUWS and DB) and the Bangalore Water Supply and

Sewerage Board (BWSSB) will continue and strengthen its efforts to provide all

residents of urban areas of the state, piped water supply and sanitation services at or

near their dwellings. The efforts of the Government of Karnataka and its partner

agencies will be to

1. Ensure universal coverage of water and sanitation services that people want

and are willing to pay for and

2. To do so in a manner that preserves the sustainability of the precious water

resources of the state, project and enhance the commercial and economical

sustainability of the operations at the same time.

3. Ensure minimum level of service to all citizens.

3.5 Integrated Low Cost Sanitation:

The Integrated Low Cost Sanitation (ILCS) programme envisages

construction of new sanitary latrines in households not having latrines by adopting

the low cost leach pit system, with an objective to eliminate dry latrines and manual

scavenging. The scheme is being implemented with 63 percent HUDCO loan,

32 percent Government of India subsidy and 5 percent of contribution of

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beneficiary. Initially during the year 1992 the ILCS was taken up in

34 municipalities, subsequently extended the program covering all the urban local

bodies in a phased program.

Objectives of ILCS:

The objectives of Integrated Low Cost Sanitation programme are;

• To stop proliferation of dry toilets and open defecation.

• To remove the dehumanizing practice of manual scavenging.

• To provide better sanitation facilities to the people of all municipalities in the

state.

• To motivate people of latrine less areas to come forward and build toilets.

• To increase healthy practice of maintaining sanitation.

3.6 Water Supply and Sanitation in Karnataka – Current Status:

Water supply and sanitation programmes have been successful in covering

over 84 percent of households with safe drinking water supply. However, in the

sanitation front the achievement is still insignificant as just around 38 percent of the

households have latrine facility while many other community based sanitation

services are absent. The discussion in this part of the study is focussed on the current

status of water supply and sanitation services. They are explained in terms of

• Service providers

• Drinking water supply and sanitation

• Government initiatives on water supply and sanitation and

• Expenditure on water supply and sanitation in the state

3.7 Water Supply and Sanitation Service Providers:

In rural areas the Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department has the

responsibility of providing water supply and sanitation services. The rural

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programmes are implemented and maintained by Rural Panchayat Raj Institutions.

The responsibilities to water supply and sanitation for urban areas lies with the

Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board (KUWS and DB) along with

Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).

3.8 Drinking Water Supply:

In Karnataka ground water is the major source of drinking water in both rural

and urban areas. Over 90 percent of rural habitations and 40 percent of urban local

bodies exclusively depend upon ground water.

It is found that about 59 percent of the households have connections to tap

water supply in the state. The other major sources of drinking water are hand pump

and open well respectively at 17 and 12 percent of households. The percentage of

households with tap water connection is high in the state as compared to all India

level. However, there is a big gap across rural and urban areas in the state as

78 percent of urban households have tap water connection it is only 48 percent

among rural households.

Across the districts only in 13 districts more than 58 percent of households

have tap water connections as the major source. It includes districts of Bangalore

Urban, Bellary, Dharwad, Mysore, Gadag, Kolar, Haveri, Bangalore Rural,

Davangere, Mandya, Koppal, Chitradurga and Shimoga. In districts such as

Belgaum, Chamarajnagar, Gulbarga and Bijapur over 50 percent of the households

collect drinking water from sources other than tap.

Access to and adequate quantity of drinking water is a major issue in urban

areas. Karnataka has experiences significant urbanisation (about 34%) as compared

to the all India level (31%) which increases the task of providing water supply

services to urban people. The KUWS and DB has adopted the adequacy norm of

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drinking water supply stipulated by the Central Public Health Engineering and

Environmental Organisation (CPHEEO) ranging from 70 to 135 LPCD depending

upon population. Out of 208 ULBs for which information is available only

23 percent of the ULBs have adequate quantity of drinking water supply. All towns

in Bangalore Urban, Kolar, Tumkur, Udupi, Chitradurga, Dharwad, Gadag, Haveri,

Raichur and Bagalkot districts suffer from inadequate quantity of drinking water

supply.

3.9 Sanitation Services:

Sanitation facilities are as important as that of adequate quantity and quality

of drinking water in the maintenance of health and hygiene. Sanitation facilities such

as sewerage system, storm water drain, latrines (public or private) and other

community sanitation services form an integral part in maintaining hygiene and

clean environment. Realising the significance and necessity of sanitation services the

Karnataka government has taken up various programmes to provide and promote

sanitation services in both rural and urban areas.

It is found that about 38 percent of households have latrine facility at their

residence. However, over 62 percent of the households including rural and urban do

not have latrine facility. Drainage is another important sanitation facility required for

carrying out waste water generated from households and other establishments, rain

water, etc., to keep rural and urban habitation in hygiene condition. But around

50 percent of the households do not have connection to drainage system.

3.10 Urban Sanitation Facilities:

Urban sanitation facilities mainly include provision of Underground

Drainage (UGD) system, waste water treatment plant, garbage collection and

disposal, public sanitation facilities like toilet/latrine, etc. Availability of these

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services is essential in urban areas to maintain and promote health and hygiene due

to high density of population.

3.10.1 Underground Drainage:

The number of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) provided with UGD system are

only 36 out of 226 in the state. None of the 5 municipal corporations in the state

have full coverage of underground drainage system. As a result large number of

urban people still depends upon soak pits, septic tanks and community latrines,

which increases the sanitation related problems.

3.10.2 Waste Water Management:

Most of the ULBs do not have Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) to treat the

waste water. Even in majority of municipal corporations Sewage Treatment Plants

(STPs) are not provided.

3.10.3 Public Sanitation:

Public sanitation facilities such as latrines, toilets, etc., at the common places

like bus stand and markets form another type of sanitation services. But majority of

ULBs do not have these facilities and even wherever these facilities are available the

facilities are inadequate and not maintained properly.

3.10.4 Slums:

Slums are areas being low lying, having ill sanitary conditions, over crowded

population and hence a source of danger to public health. In urban areas in

Karnataka there are 2428 slums indicating the magnitude of the problem. Among the

districts Bangalore Urban has maximum number of slums (366), followed by

Gulbarga (179), Shimoga (153) and Bellary (136). All other districts have an

average more than 50 slums each.

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3.11 Expenditure on Water Supply and Sanitation:

Government spending is an important input in providing water supply and

sanitation services to the population. Financial resources for water supply and

sanitation are provided by the central government, state government and also by

local government organisations (LGOs) in the state, while the state government has

the major responsibility. A study conducted by the Institute for Social and Economic

change has revealed that the share of expenditure on water supply and sanitation by

the state government was about 54 percent of the total expenditure (both rural and

urban together) while the share of central government and the ULBs were about

17 percent and 29 percent respectively.

Although there is an increase in the total amount spent on water supply and

sanitation in the state, there is a huge disparity in the allocation for the provision of

water supply and for creating sanitation facilities. The share of state government in

expenditure on sanitation is less as compared to that of water supply.

3.12 Urbanisation and Sanitation in an Urban Area – A Case Study of

Gulbarga City:

3.12.1 Population Growth:

Gulbarga city has sustained an average growth rate of 40 percent in

population in the last two decades inspite of being an industrially backward area.

The sustained growth rate can be attributed to the importance given to this city as

divisional head quarters and administrative hub and the development of the city as a

regional market and service centre. The following figure illustrates the population

growth trends of Gulbarga city.

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Population Growth Trends of Gulbarga City

050,000

100,000150,000200,000250,000300,000350,000400,000450,000500,000

1961* 1971 1981 1991 2001

Year

Popu

latio

n

3.12.2 Population of Gulbarga City:

The decadal growth of population between 1961 and 2001 has been indicated

in the following table.

Table - 3.1

Population of Gulbarga City

Year Population Decadal Growth (%)

1961* 97,069 25.75

1971 1,45,588 49.98

1981 2,21,325 52.02

1991 3,10,920** 40.48

2001 4,30,265*** 38.38

Source: Census of India 2001 Note: * Changes in jurisdiction due to state reorganization in 1956. ** Gulbarga city includes GMC and outgrowths (Brahmpur, Biddapur, Rajapur and

Badepur) in 1991 census. *** Gulbarga city includes GMC and outgrowths (Kusnoor (part), Rajapur and Kotnoor

Darwesh) in 2001 census.

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It is clear from the details in the above table that during the sixties (1961) the

decadal growth of population was 25.75 percent which rose to 49.98 percent in

1971, 52.01 percent in 1981 but declined to 40.48 percent in 1991 and further

38.38 percent in 2001.

3.12.3 Future Population Projection of Gulbarga:

The future projection of population of Gulbarga city has been indicated in

the following table. The projection is based on the average of the three methods viz.

1. Geometric Increase Method

2. Incremental Increase Method and

3. Arithmetical Increase Method

Table - 3.2

Future Population Projections

Year Average of Three Methods

2010 563,065

2011 580,389

2015 655,880

2020 766,283

2025 898,441

2030 1,057,631

2035 1,250,540

2040 1,485,639

2045 1,773,655

3.12.4 Population Density of Gulbarga City:

Population growth has resulted in high population density in Gulbarga during

the past three decades. While the city’s overall density is quite high the core area

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and bazaar areas in the heart of the city are more densely populated than the fringe

areas. The population density of Gulbarga city is shown in the following table.

Table - 3.3

Population Density of Gulbarga

Year Population (Nos.)

Area (Sq. km.)

Population Density (Persons per Sq. km.)

1971 145,588 25 - 5823.52

1981 221,325 55 30 4024.09

1991 310,920 55 33 5653.09

2001 430,265 65 55 6619.46

Source: DPR

3.12.5 Sex Ratio in the Population of Gulbarga:

The current sex ratio (female population per 1000 male population) in

Gulbarga is 920, which is lower than the state urban average of 940 and higher than

national urban average of 901.

3.12.6 Literacy in Gulbarga:

Gulbarga has one of the lowest literacy rates in the district at 50.65 percent

as per 2001 census. The current literacy rate in the city is 66.7 percent. The male

literacy rate is 73 percent and the female literacy rate is 59.7 percent. The city

literacy rate of 66.7 percent is less than the state urban average of 71.4 percent and

national urban average of 70.1 percent.

3.13 Sanitation Arrangement in Gulbarga City:

The sanitation profile of Gulbarga city for the year 2011 have been provided

in the following table.

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Table - 3.4

Sanitation Profile – 2011

2011 Sanitation Profile

Total Slums Remarks

Population 580,389 60196 Assumption made on total population since the data was unavailable

In % 10.37%

HH size 5.83 4.98

Total number of HH 99610 12085

Pit latrines 6973 1861 Observation made from AKM data and field surveys

In % 7.00% 15.40%

Water closets 73156 3179

In % 73.4% 26.3%

No latrines 16934 5692

In% 17.0% 47.10%

HHs using community / public toilets

2548 1354 It is observed that only 50% of community toilets are functioning

In% 2.6% 11.2%

Total HHs with latrines 82677 6394

Coverage (%) 83.0% 52.9%

Open Defecation 16934 5692 Observation made from AKM data and field surveys

In% 17.0% 47.1%

Source: AKM, Field Surveys, DPR & CCG

The relationship between population and the number of slums is clear from

the data indicated in the above table. For the total population of 580389 the number

of slums dwellers was 60196, which accounts for 10.37 percent. The household size

was 5.83 and the slum household was 4.98. Total number of household was 99610

of which slum household was 12085, pit latrines numbered 6973 of which in slums

were 1861 accounting for 7 percent and 15.40 percent respectively. There were

73156 water closets (WCs) in the city of which 3179 were in slums accounting for

17 percent and 47.10 percent respectively. The numbers of households using

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community/public toilets were 2548 of which 1354 were in slums. Total households

with latrines were 82677 of which 6394 were in slums accounting for 83 percent and

52.9 percent respectively. Open defecation was practised by 16934 persons in

Gulbarga city of which 5692 belonged to slums.

3.14 Slum Sanitation in Gulbarga:

In Gulbarga city corporation there are 61 slum areas with a total population

of 60196 and 12085 households. Underground drainage (UGD) system in the town

does not cover slum areas. Access to safe disposal facilities including public

convenience facility are available only for 32.3 percent of slum households while the

remaining 21.39 percent of households have unsanitary toilet conditions and the rest

46.31 percent in the absence of any sanitation facility practice open defecation.

Majority of slum households practice open defecation (46.31%), 7.45 percent

households have individual pits (leach pits), shared as well as public pits and septic

tanks also exist though in small number. The following graph provides the details.

Slum Sanitation in Gulbarga

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3.15 School Sanitation:

Water and sanitation have an impact in the enrolment and attendance of

children in the schools and their health conditions. It is in the regard the city

sanitation plan has taken school sanitation as one of the major component.

3.16 Schools in Gulbarga City Corporation:

The following table provides the details of schools in the Gulbarga city corporation.

Table - 3.5

Schools in Gulbarga City

Sl. No. School No. of Schools

1 Primary with Upper Primary 200

2 Primary 42

3 Upper Primary with Sec./H. School 5

4 Upper Primary only 1

5 Primary with upper primary & Sec./H. School 32

6 Secondary Only (8-10) 94

7 Secondary with H. Secondary (8-12) 5

Total 379

Source: CCG

Sanitation facilities in schools in Gulbarga city in terms of number of toilets

available are provided in the following graph.

Sanitation Facilities in Schools in Gulbarga City

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It is observed that 25 percent of schools in Gulbarga city do not have toilet

facility for girls and 45 percent of schools do not have toilet facility for boys.

3.17 Septage Management:

The works of the plant are completed recently in year 2002 and are operating

satisfactorily. The quantity of sewage reaching the sewage treatment plant is meagre.

Farmers lift raw sewage from the manholes on the outfall sewer. The samples of

influent and effluent are not tested, due to which the effectiveness of the treatment in

terms of removal of BOD and suspended solids is not known. GCC has three suction

machines and cleaning equipment’s one of it being maintained by GCC and the

other two being operated and maintained by private agency which is used to clean

the septic tank sludge from the households.

3.18 Storm Water Drainage System:

The drainage system in Gulbarga city consists of three primary drains,

namely Kotnoor nallah, Kapanur nallah and another nallah in the eastern part of the

city. Saint Basveshwar Lake is a big lake, which provides another major water body.

Secondary and tertiary drains are built around these water bodies. The following

table provides the details.

Table - 3.6

Drains and Natural Channels

Drain Type Length (Kms) Distribution (%)

Open drains (Pucca) 77.00 77.00

Closed drains (Pucca) 23.00 23.00

Open drains (Kutcha) NA -

Subtotal (Drains) 100.00 100.00

Primary drain channels 10.00

Source: CCG

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3.19 Solid Waste Management in Gulbarga City:

The Solid Waste generated in the City is 158.7 tons per day. A program for

improvement of Solid Waste management will be implemented in Gulbarga City in

line with the State policy as part of Nirmala Nagara Yojana. City Corporation’s health

department is responsible for the solid waste management in the town. Solid waste

includes commercial and residential wastes generated in municipal or notified areas in

either solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including

treated bio-medical wastes. The following table provides the details.

Table - 3.7

Solid Waste Collection Details of Gulbarga City

Sl. No. Particulars Quantity

1 Population 4,30,108

2 Total Projected Population (2011) 5,33,201

3 Amount of Domestic Waste Generated (tons) 98

4 Amount of Commercial Waste Generated (ton) 37

5 Total Waste Generated Per Day (in tons) 158.7

6 Total Waste Collected Per Day (in tons) 142

7 Collection Performance (in %) 89

8 Construction Waste (in tons) 6.7

9 Street Sweeping Waste (tons) 15

10 Per capita Waste generated (in kgs) 0.29

Source: CCG

3.20 Projections for Solid Waste Management:

The projections for the solid waste management from 2010 to 2045 have

been provided in the following table.

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Table - 3.8

Projections for Solid Waste Management in Gulbarga

Year Average per capita (kg)

Population (Average of Three Methods)

Projection of Solid Waste Generated (TDP)

2010 0.29 563,065 163.29

2015 0.29 655,880 190.21

2020 0.29 766,283 222.22

2025 0.29 898,441 260.55

2030 0.29 1,057,631 306.71

2035 0.29 1,250,540 362.66

2040 0.29 1,485,639 430.84

2045 0.29 1,773,655 514.36

Source: ASC

The details in the above table indicate the projections of solid waste

generated from 2010 to 2045. The solid waste generation is likely to grow from

163.29 (TDP) in 2010 to 430.84 (TDP) in 2045. The average per capital solid waste

is likely to remain 25 kg during 2010 to 2045 while population is projected to

increase from 563065 in 2010 to 1773655 in 2045.

3.21 Initiatives by the Government for Solid Waste Management:

Government of Karnataka has enacted the Karnataka Municipalities Act

1964 and Karnataka Municipal Corporation Act 1976 emphasising the need to

collect and dispose “rubbish and filth” in defined manner so as to keep the public

places clean. The state government has also formulated rules that regulate the

management of solid waste viz.,

• Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000

• Karnataka State Policy on Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM)

• Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998

• Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989, 2000, 2003

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• Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001 and

• Recycled Plastics (Manufacture and Usage) Rules, 1999.

• Guidelines for managing E-waste, 2002

3.22 Key Objectives on Solid Waste Management in Gulbarga City:

The solid waste management as part of sanitation program in Gulbarga city

has been found deficient in the following areas viz.,

• DTD collection is being done only in 14 wards leading to only 15 percent of

Household level coverage.

• Crude dumping of solid waste on the roadsides, open drains and vacant lands

was observed which creates unhygienic surroundings.

• Segregation of waste is not practiced in Gulbarga city.

• At present there is no scientific location for dumping the solid waste.

The waste is being indiscriminately being dumped.

• The sanitary workers are not provided with any protective equipment posing

health hazards.

3.23 City Sanitation Plan – Assumptions and Targets for Gulbarga City:

• Generally all Households will be connected to UGD by the year 2041.

• Zero OD status to be achieved by 2013.

• No. of households using community toilets would reduce over time as they

would be provided with individual household type toilets.

• Floating population: 10,000 per day in 2011.

In order to maintain desired sanitation levels and achieve improved health

and environment indicators certain standards have to be maintained. The following

norms have been prescribed for household sanitation.

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Table - 3.9

Norms for Household Sanitation

A Household Sanitation Infrastructure

1 Latrine connected to septic tank 1 per household

2 Grit and grease trap 1 per household

B Public and Community Sanitary Conveniences

Public Toilet

1 Users per latrine seat 60 users/seat

Community Toilet

2 Users per latrine seat One seat toilet can cater for 20 households

C Septage Clearance, Treatment and Disposal

1 No. of septic tanks cleared per vehicle per day

3 tanks per day per vehicle

2 Frequency of septage clearance from septic tank

Once in 2 years

3 Septage volume removed per tank 2 cum

4 No. of operational days per annum 300 days

Sludge Drying Beds

5 Area per drying bed (average) 225 m

6 Dimensions of drying bed 15 m × 15 m

7 Thickness of liquid sludge layer in drying bed

0.20 m

8 Septage sludge drying cycle 10 days

9 Sludge volume per day 45 cum

D Waste Water Conveyance

1 Street collector sewers 1.50 m/household

2 Branch sewers 0.75 m/household

3 Trunk sewers 0.40 m/household

E Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

1 Reuse for irrigation/garden/parks Tertiary

2 Disposal into river

Secondary

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F Solid Waste Management

1 Road length per sweeper 400-600 m

2 Sweepers per 1000 population 3

3 Garbage collection points 1 for 14 HHs. (75 persons)

4 Norms for road sweeping A Type – Daily sweeping - 20% B Type – Sweeping twice in a week - 30% to 40% C Type – Sweeping once in a week - 40% to 50%

5 One tractor trailer For every 25 kms of sweeping road length, 3 loaders/vehicle

6 One tipper truck For every 40 kms of sweeping road length, 4 loaders/vehicle

7 Water supply Posts 1 for 15 HHs. (75 persons) @ 45 Ipcd to 1 for 10 HHs. (50 persons) 1 Tap for 75 persons

8 Markets/slaughter house 1 worker / 400 m2 area, for two time cleaning everyday

Source: Hoshangabad CSP