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PPG 520Group Presentation
onEmpirical Investigation on Adoption of E-governance Services in Developing
Countries and Ethical Issues
2
Content• Basics of the Article• Overview of the Article• Introduction: E - governance• E – governance in Developing
Countries: Nepal & Others• The Case of Sri Lanka• The Case of Bangladesh• Discussion (Shortcomings &
Critics)10/27/2015
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Basics of the Article
• Article :
Empirical Investigation on Adoption of E-governance Services in Developing Countries and Ethical Issues• Authors: Gajendra Sharma, Xi Bao and Wang Qian in 2012• Source : International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, 2 (12), p. 19 – 27.10/27/2015
410/27/2015
What They have covered?Key Words
E – governancepublic
participation Citizen’
Adoptionpublic service
deliveryEthics
Areas
Implementation
Developing Count.
South AsiaNepal
Findings
Capacity Challenges
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Introduction: E – governance
Using information and communication
technologies (ICTs) at various levels of the government and the
public sector and beyond, for the
purpose of enhancing governance
(Bedi, Singh and Srivastava, 2001;
Holmes, 2001; Okot-Uma, 2000).
E - government
The use of ICT and its application by the
government for the provision of
information and public services to the
people (Global E-
Government Readiness Report
2004).10/27/2015
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E - governmentAs a tool to: • provide faster and better communication, • increase competition, • minimize unrestricted power by efficient
services, and• allowing public to conduct transactions
among themselves.Perspectives• e-service, e-management, e-democracy and
e-commerceDomains• governance, ICTs, business process re-
engineering and e-citizens10/27/2015
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Four Types of E – government Interactions
G2G• Interaction among government officials (Inter &
Intra)• e – mail, software applications
G2C
• Interaction of individual citizens with government.• e – payment, Downloading govt. forms • Singapore : e - Citizen Portal (
https://www.ecitizen.gov.sg/Pages/default.aspx)
G2B• Interaction of Business entities with government.• Tax filing, govt. procurement by internet• Malaysia : e - Perolehan website (
home.eperolehan.gov.my)
G2E• interaction between the government and government
employees• salary, pension, and vacation leave• Bangladesh: Personnel Management Information
System (PMIS) (http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd) 10/27/2015
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E – governance in Developing Countries
1. Background – - Promote complicated
ways to active public participation,
- Offer more effective access to e – government services,
- Rapid growth of ICT, - Traditional to
electronic,- Aims to improve
public service delivery, improve access to information and services, and increase government transparency and accountability.
10/27/2015
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Cont.2. Citizen’s adaptation• Public desire is crucial• Low – level adoption (needs and
requirements of citizens are ignored) • Back to traditional methods (Only system not
trustworthiness)• Public should have a higher level of trust in
government and the Internet.• Trust e-government
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“adoption can only take place, when people have a high level of trust both in government as well
as in the Internet”
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Cont.3. Researches on
E – government :
a) Supply side (Govt. infrastructures & Policies), not the Demand side (Citizen’s perspective)
b) Ignored the Human factor
c) On issues in e – govt. development & delivery
d) Categorized nations in terms of technology / policy development
e) National & Local E – government services along with development progress
10/27/2015
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Cont.4. Implementation issues• The successful implementation is crucial.• Challenges for citizens and governments:
a) lack of awareness of e-government services ,
b) Resources (Human, Physical, and Financial)c) Access,d) trust, e) security concerns, f) digital divide,g) Citizen’s desire on traditional methods.
10/27/2015
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Factors Impeding an Enabling E - governance Environment in Developing Countries
Core Factors Symptoms Consequences1. Institutional
Weakness• Insufficient Planning • Unclear Objectives
• Inadequate Designed Systems
• Cost Over - Runs2. Human Resources • Shortage of qualified
Personal • Lack of Professional
Training
• Insufficient Support• Isolation from
sources of technology
3. Funding Arrangements
• Underestimated Project Costs
• Lack of recurring expenditure
• Unfinished Projects• Higher Maintenance
Costs
4. Local Environment • Lack of Vendor representation
• Lack of Back–up systems
• Lack of qualified technical support
• Implementation Problems
5. Technology & Information changes
• Limited Hardware/ Software
• Inappropriate Software
• System Incompatibility
• Over-reliance on` Customer Applications
10/27/2015
Source: Benchmarking E-government : A Global Perspective Assessing the UN Member States, United Nations – DPEPA, 2002, P. 10.
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E - Governance: NepalUnited Nations E – government Survey, 2014• The government of
Nepal has been working towards a holistic e-government transformation to provide better services to citizens, improve transparency and to work towards the knowledge based society (United Nations, 2014: 41).
10/27/2015
1. government portal, 2. national ID,3. e-Education, 4. infrastructure, 5. enterprise
architecture, 6. Public Key
Infrastructure,7. Integrated Data 8. Training Center and
groupware.
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Cont.1. Goal : To increase efficiency, effectiveness,
transparency, and accountability in enhancing delivery of public services to its people.
2. Obstacles : Lack of IT infrastructure and Cultural issues.
3. Achievements & Weaknesses : a) The growth of telecom facilities is
satisfactory but still the rate of use of internet is low (13.3% in 2013).
b) More than 35 internet service providers.c) e – Government Master plan (EGMP) in2006d) Government Integrated Data Center (GIDC)
has completed.10/27/2015
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The major e-governance projects and implementing organizations in Nepal
Project components Responsible organization
1. Rural e-connectivity • Wireless broadband network • Village network • Tele centers
Ministry of Information and Communication
2. Government network • Government information and data center • Government groupware
Ministry of Science and Technology
3. E-government application • Enterprise Architecture • NID/Citizen • E-Gov. in Public Service Commission • Land Records Management • Vehicle Registration Driving License • Online registration, online tender • Personal record system and data center • Digital citizenship • Website and e-mail management
High Level Commission for IT Ministry of Home Affairs Public Service Commission Ministry of Land Reform Management Ministry of Land Reform Management
4. Human resource development Ministry of General Administration
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Source: Sharma, Bao and Peng, 2014. Public Participation and Ethical Issues on E-governance: A Study Perspective in Nepal, p. 89.
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Status of South AsiaE – government Ranking in South Asia
10/27/2015
Country World E – government Ranking
SA Rank
EGDI 2012
EGDI 2014
2008
2010
2012 2014 2014
Maldives 95 92 95 94 02 0.4994 0.4813
Sri Lanka 101 111 115 74 01 0.4357
0.5418
India 113 119 124 118 03 0.3829 0.3834
Pakistan 131 146 156 158 06 0.2823 0.2580
Bhutan 134 152 152 143 04 0.2942 0.2829
Bangladesh
142 134 150 148 05 0.2991
0.2757
Nepal 150 153 164 165 07 0,2664
0.2344
Afghanistan
167 168 184 173 08 0.1701 0.1900
Source: United Nations E-government Survey Reports, 2012 and 2014
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Cont.4. The human capital • An important part of e-government adoption
in the countries. • Human Capital index is a fundamental base
of e-government development and adoption. • Nepal human capital is not well improved for
the development and implementation of e-government system (Index 106 out of 124 countries, Sri Lanka – 60, Bangladesh – 99, World Economic Forum, 2015: 10).
• E – participation Index (2014) in Nepal is 0.2941, Rank 110 (UNPACS,2015).
10/27/2015
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Cont.• E-Participation Index, 2014
10/27/2015
Country Rank 2010
Rank 2012
Rank 2014
(out of 192)
EPART 2014
Rank Change
Sri Lanka 82 109 33 0.6471 +76India 58 75 40 0.6275 +35Bangladesh
102 109 84 0.3922 +25
Bhutan 117 134 92 0.3529 +42Pakistan 68 89 97 0.3333 -8Nepal 127 134 110 0.2941 +24Maldives 117 134 117 0.2745 +17Afghanistan
127 89 152 0.1373 -63Source: United Nations, UNPACS, 2015, http://unpan3.un.org/egovkb/en-us/Data-Center.
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E - readiness Index of SAARC Countries
Country 2008World Rank
2010World Rank
Maldives 95 92Sri Lanka 101 111India 113 119Pakistan 131 134Bhutan 134 146Bangladesh 142 152Nepal 150 153Afghanistan 167 168
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Source: United Nations E – Government Survey, 2008, 2010
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Cont.5. Literacy• An important and necessary step of
development and implementation of e-government.
• Literacy Rate Nepal – 76.4 (M), 53.1 (F) (The World FactBook Data, 2015)
6. Per Capita Income• Per Capita Income is a most powerful index
for development.• Nepal – 7 out of 8 (US$ 730) in 2014 (World
Bank, 2015)• A big challenge for the implementation of e-
government system
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Cont.7. Future• In Five years: - Govt. agencies interconnected via network - Provide Public – Centric & Transparent
Services- Establish the knowledge-based society - At the end, Nepal will maximize the use of
ICT to create values for individuals, organizations and all other parts of society, and create synergy effect through networking.
10/27/2015
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E – governance: The Case of Sri Lanka
Year Event1983
National Computer Policy (COMPOL)
2002
e - Sri Lanka project (the ICT development roadmap to achieve e-governance by the year 2007)
2003
ICT Act No. 27 of 2003
2003
Establishment of the Information and Communication Technology Agency of Sri Lanka (ICTA)
2009
e – governance policy (by ICT experts from the public sector, private sector and academia conducted meetings, workshops and conferences since 2004)10/27/2015
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e – Sri Lanka programVision
Take the dividends of ICT• to every village,• to every citizen,• to every business
and also• transform the way
government think and works
Major components
• Bridging of the digital divide,
• Dissemination of ICT to regions,
• Provinces away from Colombo, and to the rural areas.
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Objectives
10/27/2015
1. Provide more convenient and better services to citizense - Motor Revenue License Project collaborated with SLIDA (3 – 5 minute Service)
2. Participation of clientsInforming the shortcomings of the services provided by local government authorities and submission of grievances, (www.gic.gov.lk)
3. Use of Social Media for providing better servicesFacebook, Viber, YouTube and etc.
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Cont.
4. Better relationships with clientsThe Government Information Center -1919 (Information about193 Organizations, 1450 Services)
5. Good governance: (A) Efficiency and EffectivenessBirth, Marriage and Death Certificate Digitization (BMD) Project E - Human Resource Management (e HRM) Project(B) Transparency(C) Responsiveness(D) Inclusion and participation
10/27/2015
2610/27/201510/27/2015 2710/27/2015 26
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Cont.
GIC | Sri Lanka – 6, 37 (online service delivery)
A – Z Gov. web index, 108 e-services for citizens, 51 e-services for businesses, 10 non-residence related e-services
extensive mobile and SMS servicesan e-participation portal
government forms a whole-of-government strategy 10/27/2015
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Impact on Marginalized Groups The Nenasala Project• ICT knowledge centers, e – Library, Distance & e –
Learning centers, Tsunami camp Nanasala for rural and semi – urban population.
• Aims infrastructure requirements in ICT• Poverty reduction, socio – eco. Development, peace
building e – society fund• Promoting social applications of ICT in support of
poverty reduction, vulnerable groups, and rural development.
• Provides small grants to catalyze innovation in ICT• Rural poor, women, displaced persons, disables,
minorities Re-engineering Government Program (Re - Gov)• focused on sustainable improvements in the GOSL
efficiency, transparency, effectiveness, and quality of services.
• Databases on Public, Land, and Company register• Information centers, e – Monitoring, e – Foreign
employment, e – Divisional Secretariat. 10/27/2015
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E – governance ethics
Ethical issues:• e – communication
legislation• e – commerce legislation• e – procurement
legislation• e – database legislationE – governance implication needs to : • Make the trust of people,• Make sure the data &
transactions of information are secure,
• Make public information safe and private
• Ensure information systems & Individual rights
• Legislation on Intellectual Property Rights (Intellectual Property Act No. 36 of 2003, enhanced Copyright Protection for Software)
• Computer Crime (Computer Crimes Act No. 24 of 2007)
• Evidence (Special Provisions) Act No. 14 of 1995
• Electronic transactions (Electronic Transactions Act No. 19 of 2006)
• Data Protection (European Union Directive 95/46/EC, 1995)
ICT Legal Refor
ms: Sri Lanka
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The way forward
ChallengesIdentification of “champions” within the relevant Government agenciesChanging political environment
Unrest on the part of the stakeholderPoor managed civil service, weak leadership and lack of coordination among higher authorities
Lessons Learned
Need an effective communication strategy.Need proper concern on local ownership.Building national implementation capacity
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E-Governance: The Case of Bangladesh
• service at doorsteps through ICTs is vital to – establish a democratic and transparent
government– fight against poverty – ensure
• government accountability• decentralization • providing effective and efficient service delivery
to citizens.• the present Government of Bangladesh
has took the vision of creating a digital Bangladesh by 202110/27/2015
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Some Important Achievements
• IT policy 2009• a2i under PMO• BCC Data Center• Union Digital Center• Video Conferencing• E-filing at government offices• National Portal Framework
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Some Important Achievements
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Some Successes
• Examination conduct /Result publishing– Department of primary and mass education, – Public University admission test
• providing the prescribe form, collect the form, taking exam and publishing result.
– provide result through mobile massaging system.
• Finance Division– has one central datacenter and one disaster
recovery site at CGA– one central application IBAS is now working
maintaining and controlling total accounts and budget.
– one central own mail system
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Some Successes• MOPA
– web base a PMIS database • Roads and Highway
– Website: Contractor database, Tender database, S
• National Board of Revenue (NBR)– software applications
• ASYCUDA++ (Automated System for Customs Data), • CIMS (Customer Information Management System). • TAN System, TCAN (Tax Collection Account No), • CCS (Challan Collection System). • VIS (VAT Information System) • VMIS (VAT Management Information System).
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Some Successes
• Election Commission – process of automation of the Voter list– ID card using for various purposes like
Passport, driving license, identity, crime detection and other facilities
• E-Tendar– CPTU to start e-procurement system – initially in some government organization – it will be implemented to total government – will reduce corruption, monopoly, partiality,
misuse 10/27/2015
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Some Successes• Bangladesh Railway
– ticket selling automation system – E-ticketing– Rail tracking
• Passport Office – providing Machine Readable Passport
(MRP)• Bangladesh Police
– have own mail system, criminal database– have different office connectivity and may
share data– have a very rich website10/27/2015
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Some Successes
• Digitized Land Management– customized application software for
Imaging, Archiving, Retrieving and Printing of Khatian and Mouza Maps
• Bangladesh Bank – fully computerized public institutions– automated:
• export receipts; import payments; • scheduled bank advances, deposits, bills, debits• central accounts of Bangladesh; • exchange rates; • monetary survey; broad money survey; • wage earners’ remittance10/27/2015
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Some Successes• Board of Investment
– one of the most sophisticated e-Government software applications having service tracking system
• BANBEIS under Ministry of Primary and Mass Education – a GIS map-based software that provides
information on • density of academic institutions in particular
regions, • individual institution-level data, and • other useful educational statistics
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Some Successes
• Bangladesh Supreme Court– a database system that contains all cases
history– citizens can easily get access to cause lists
and daily important orders from the court
• Bangladesh Post Office– mobile money order and postal cash card
service have made remittances to the rural area even easier10/27/2015
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PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTING E-GOVERNANCE IN BANGLADESH
• Internet connectivity – Many of the government offices are
• out of Internet connection or • using very slow Internet connection
• Internal network – All Government offices of different
ministries of Bangladesh • are not within the same network• cannot share their data with another
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PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTING E-GOVERNANCE IN BANGLADESH
• Security issues – the source of attacks can be
• internal or • external to the government.
• Central database problem– not any central database for citizen’s
access using through internet• Problems at financial sectors
– lack of national transaction gateway– no proper agreement with the international online
payment gateway and the Central bank of Bangladesh
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PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTING E-GOVERNANCE IN BANGLADESH
• Automation of government agencies – many websites, but public can not getting
the full benefits due to no-automation system• can not deposit annual income tax
• Use of computer– resistant to any kind of change in familiar working
environment– fear that computerization may make some people
redundant– think that computers are meant for low-level typist
kind of work– fear of getting important data lost
• Financial problems – government has to depend on foreign investors,
developed countries
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PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTING E-GOVERNANCE IN BANGLADESH
• Public awareness about government portal – government officials and public are
unaware about the e-Citizens Service application portal
• Lack of Training– do not have enough training
• ICT penetration – PC penetration (4.5 per 1000) is one of lowest – mobile penetration is quiet satisfactory
10/27/2015
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PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTING E-GOVERNANCE IN BANGLADESH
• Lack of incentive for government officials– no system of discriminatory valuation of
personnel– use of IT is mostly
• self-motivated and • a matter of individual free choice
• Lack of reliable maintenance– no in-house maintenance personnel– external fund dries up, system dies
• Frequent, unpredictable transfer of government officials10/27/2015
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PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTING E-GOVERNANCE IN BANGLADESH
• Lack of necessary regulatory/legal framework– an e-mail has no official value – laws for electronic authentication
• Supply of electricity across the nation
• High-cost, low-reliability of Internet access
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Steps Should Be Taken
• Identify functional areas in all Ministry/ Division/ Department most necessary to be taken up and which are easily assessable to EG
• Make an inventory of existing applications/packages in use by different offices
• Create awareness and assist in database building activities in all Government/semi Government organization
• prescribe knowledge of computers as an essential qualification for recruitment/promotion of various levels
• Develop and integrate suitable models in areas of EG
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Steps Should Be Taken
• wide participation of existing staff in computer literacy programs
• Develop system for seamless transfer of information between offices dealing with public administration
• Establish links worldwide with institutions engaged in similar activities for interchange of ideas and experiences
• Initiate amendments in Government Acts, Rules and Regulations under various Departments to put in place IT and web enabled citizen services
• Develop special pilot projects on Paperless Government-On-Line through use of web and IT
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Steps Should Be Taken
• Develop systems for issuing and managing digital signatures/electronic signatures, smart cards
• Identify measures for suitable protection of data during filling up, transmission and against alterations
• Coordinate activities by the National Task Force on Information Technology and Software Development
• Infrastructure– Extend connectivity outside cities– Invest in reliable supply of electricity– Encourage local software companies to prepare
themselves– Invest in public IT literacy– Create and retain adequate IT human resource
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Some ethical and policy issues in e-Government
• Trust – In conventional analogue transactions the
rules of the game are well established – domains in the context of electronic
environments where the question of trust is relevant• Can we trust the information we obtain from the
Internet? • Are the computing systems upon which we rely
trustworthy? • Can we trust the people with whom we form
relationships?– factors may contribute
• limitation of interactions to textual exchanges • lack of physical presence• the lack of familiar frameworks of social
relationships
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Some ethical and policy issues in e-Government
• Social justice and 'the digital divide' – access to electronic services is in some sense
discriminatory – citizens are not able to have equal access to online
services because some do not have • either the technical means• or the necessary knowledge and expertise
10/27/2015
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Some ethical and policy issues in e-Government
• authentic issues which should be considered while implementing e-governance – concerned authorities need to be accountable– value is required to connect with the community on
these issues– leadership is required to set proper and realistic
goals and policies.
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Some ethical and policy issues in e-Government
• Legality of decisions• Service continuity• Neutrality of the agents of the administration• Proximity and accessibility to the services• Participation in the process of decision
making• Quality and efficiency in the provision of
services• Transparency in management and information• Rapidity of responses• Confidentiality and respect of the private life
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Shortcomings and Observations• E – governance or E –
government?• Literature Review type• Authors tried to cover a vast area
(developing countries, related works, Nepal context, ethical issues)
• Many technological terms and data
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Thank You!Q & A
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