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DNA CHIP TECHNOLOGY
By
Navnath L . Shete
BCA II nd Year
MIT Pune
Guidence :-Prof :- Om Karad Sir
DNA CHIPS (DNA MICROARRAYS)
What is DNA?
•Deoxyribonucleic Acid
•It is nucleic acid that contain genetic instruction used in Development of allKnown living organism& viruses
What is a DNA Chip?
“DNA chip” is slang for DNA microarray.
Containing all the gene(40,000)
in the entire Human Genome into
hundreds to thousand pixels.
Each gene or “probe” occupies a
particular “spot” on the chip.
various glowing activity show different level of
gene activity In genetic material.
DNA chips Probes are DNA fragments, usually bigger than
PCR.
Probes are deposited on a solid support,
either positively charged nylon or glass slide
At least two samples are hybridized to chip
Samples are labeled using fluorescent dyes
Fluorescence at different wavelengths
measured by a scanner
Gens: Piece of genome
•Genome is all of leaving thing’s genetic material, work for assembling cell.
•Genes are responsible for control and hereditary transfer of a single characteristic.
•Genes were linked to DNA.
Few concepts:
What is probe?A single standard DNA molecules used to
detect the presence of a complementary sequence among a mixture of other single-stranded DNA.
PCR: (Polymer Chain Reaction)Is a technique to amplify a single Or few
copies of a piece of DNA.
•Micro-Arrays quickly show the relationships between specific genes and specific character and similarity.
•Thus, we efficiently gain valuable coming into how our genetics specifically affect us.
The Power of Micro-Arrays
Hybridization perspective
DNA hybridization (1960s)
Detection of hybridsa) radioactive labeling (chemical process to replace stable
chemical element with radioactive tracer)
b) enzyme-linked detection (Detection reagents in a varity of sensitive immunoassys)
c) fluorescent labeling (covalently attaching a flurophor to another molecule )
Fixing sample on solid supporta) Southern blots (1970s):Study of specific DNA sequence
b) Northern blots: Study of detection of RNA
c) Dot blots : used to detect Bimolecule.
DNA chip design Probe selection
Non-redundant set of probesIncludes genes of interest to projectCorresponds to physically available clones
Chip layoutGrouping of probes by functionCorrespondence between wells in microtitre
plates and spots on the chip
How DNA Chips Are Made Step 1: Make gene probes.
Step 2: Manufacture substrate wafer.
Step 3: Deposit genetic sequences.
Step 4: Customer use.
How Genetic Sequencing Works
Step 1: Determine chemical structure of fragment.
Step 2: Separate strands.
Step 3: Introduce sample.
Step 4: Identify result.
Advantages
They are amazinglypowerful.
They allow scientists to quickly and
inexpensively do
experiments
They give a huge amount
of information, fast, at low
cost..
They are becoming big
business.
Present
& feature
Use by DARPA(Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency )
•DARPA funds projects of DNA chip’s for "dual use“.
•Must have both civilian and military applications.
•Advanced detection of battlefield biological and chemical weapons.
Universal Hybridization Chips
•Universal hybridization chip technology that can be used for a multitude of genetic analysis applications.
future diagnostic applications
Analysts have high hopes for future diagnostic applications of DNA chips, such as this standard 100-site microarray .
DNA-chip developers have commercialized by forming partnerships with drug manufacturers
Using this tech. they will come know that which proper medicine should be preferred for controlling daises.
Microfabrication Rapid advances are also being made in
microfabrication.
It is a technology essential for the manufacture of DNA chips.
Researchers are beginning to develop microchip-called nanoscale devices, the name implying a 1000-fold improvement over micrometer-scale achievements.
Conclusion
DNA chips will bring about a sea change in the way that some of humankind's most difficult diseases are diagnosed and treated.
Development of DNA chips is accelerating.
By 2015—or sooner— absolutely believe that we will see instrumentation using DNA chips in point-of-care applications.
Questions?
Thank You For Your Time
Thank You For Your Time
Respected,
All The Faculty Member
By
Navnath L. Shete
MIT Pune