Final Report Internship

Industrial Internship Final Report Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Jabatan Kerja Raya JKR

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE HOST COMPANY

Public Works Department also known as Jabatan

Kerja Raya (JKR) as a main implementing agency to

government. JKR objective is to deliver projects with

quality, on time and within cost.

JKR Vision is to become a world-class service provider

and centre of excellence in asset management, project

management and engineering services for the

development of nation's infrastructure through creative

and innovative human capital and state-of-the-art

technology.

JKR Mission is to contribute to the nation-building

through:

Helping clients deliver policy outcomes and services

through working with them as strategic partners.

Standardizing processes and systems to deliver

consistent outcomes.

Providing effective and innovative asset and project

management.

Strengthening existing engineering competencies.

Developing human capital and new competencies.

Upholding integrity in delivering services.

Building harmonies relationships with the

community.

Taking good care of the environment in delivering

services.

4


JKR administration is supported by three main sectors,

Business Sector, Corporate Sector and Specialist Sector. All

of the above sectors covered for fourteen departments

including JKR Federal Territory, JKR Kesedar and JKR

State. The details are as below:

Business Sector

Cawangan Jalan

Cawangan Kerja Bangunan Am (CKBA)

Cawangan Kerja Keselamatan

Cawangan Kerja Kesihatan

Cawangan Kerja Pendidikan & Pengajian Tinggi

Cawangan Pengkalan Udara & Maritim (CEPUM)

Corporate Sector

Cawangan Kejuruteraan Senggara

Cawangan Pengurusan Korporat

Cawangan Pengurusan Projek Kompleks

JKR Wilayah Persekutuan

JKR Kesedar

JKR Negeri

Specialist Sector

Cawangan Arkitek

Cawangan Kontrak & Ukur Bahan (CKUB)

Cawangan Jalan & Geoteknik

5


Cawangan Kejuruteraan Awam, Struktur &

Jambatan (CKASJ)

Cawangan Kejuruteraan Elektrik (CKE)

Cawangan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal

Cawangan Alam Sekitar & Kecekapan Tenaga

Figure 1 : JKR Organization Chart

6


1.1.1 History of JKR

For more than 100 years, Public Works Department

(PWD) Malaysia touched many aspects of the nation's life.

We had provided infrastructure and conducive environment

for living, working, playing, and praying. We built roads as a

means of communications, and they have been the main

catalyst in the socio-economic development of the country.

We supplied safe water and had contributed in building a

healthy and progressive nation. Architecture has been playing

a major role in our nation building. some buildings have been

accepted as important landmarks in our country and has

enriched the Malaysian architectural heritage. We are proud

to have contribute significantly in these development. Public

Works Department (PWD) was born in 1872 with Major

J.F.A McNair as the first head of the organization. The events

that lead to the formation of PWD began earlier than 1872

when the British East India Company - trading between

England, India, and China - needed a safe station for refitting

their ships. They found it in Penang. Penang was well

positioned for their purpose. In 1786, they persuaded the

Sultan of Kedah to give up the rights of the island to the

company. They managed to get Penang in 1791 through a

treaty. In 1825, through the Anglo-Dutch Treaty, Malacca

reverted to the British in exchange for Bencoolen. Raffles, in

1819, entered into a treaty with Sultan Hussein and

Temenggong Abdul Rahman giving the Bristish the rights to

establish settlements in Singapore. These three territories

(Penang, Malacca, and Singapore) formed the Straits

Settlement in 1826.

Another reason that brought the British to settle in the region

was because of the tin-rich and fertile cultivation land in

many of the Malay States. The so-called Pangkor

Engagement (1874) paved the way for the British influence

7


in Malay States. During this year, they managed to make

inroad into Perak, Selangor, and Negeri Sembilan. They

posted their Residents and Subordiante Officers to advice the

Malay rulers. Later, Pahang also accepted this residential

system of government. By 1896, the system was

administered centrally with Kuala Lumpur as the seat of

authority. The four states together with Kuala Lumpur was

known as the Federated Malay States.

1.1.2 Corporate Logo

Figure 2 : JKR Corporate Logo

Description

1. Generally, the logo reflects the various fields of work

under the responsibility of the Public Works

Department.

2. Starting from the bottom, the curved black lines

symbolize waterworks and also portray the Public

Works Department as a dynamic organization.

3. The bold black arch-shaped lines symbolize bridge

works and also reflect Public Works Department as an

organization that basically carries out engineering

works.

4. The straight black line above the arch-shaped lines

symbolized road works.

8


5. Fourteen (14) black lines above the straight line

symbolize building works and also reflect the 14

states of Malaysia including the Federal Territories.

Colour

1. Yellow symbolize adulthood to portray PWD as one

of the oldest organization created and also reflects the

image of maturity in achieving its objective.

2. Black symbolizes strength / unity as a quality among

the branches of the organization in the

implementation of projects.

3. Grey symbolizes humility in service.

1.2 EXPERIENCES OF JKR

JKR is able to provide expertise and experience in

the design of structural steel and concrete structures, bridges

and so on. Over the years, the company has acquired a track

record in the design of housing and community projects,

high-rise structures and infrastructures. The company

experiences projects include offices and retail development,

bridges, foundation and earthworks.

This company comprises a strong team of professional

personnel with various experiences in design as well as

project management skills. Computer facilities provided by

the company are used extensively for Computer-Aided

design (CAD) and drafting, and those computers are

regularly maintained and consistently upgraded-adopting the

latest methods in structural analyses and design.

This company believes that it can provide innovative

structure solutions that match the demands of a growing

Malaysian trend towards more sophisticated and creative

9


designs of buildings. Striving for simplicity of structural

form, which is to be achieved at minimum cost and within

project time limitation is it main goal to be accomplished.

1.2.1 Director General Instructions (Arahan KPKR )

These are the instructions issued by current and

previous JKR Director Generals starting from 1980 until

now. These instructions are meant for the contractors and

consultants that handle JKR projects

The instructions touch on the JKR's policies on project

management and constructions. The instructions are

categorized into five broad topics:

Project planning

Pre-contract conditions

Contract administration

Maintenance and small scale works

1.2.2 Consultation Services

As a government consultancy, JKR involved :

Planning and Design Project

Deliver Professional Input

There are various projects have been done by JKR.

Commonly the types of projects covered for Roadwork,

Government Buildings such as school, offices, quarters,

mosque and hospital, Jetty, Port and Airport. The clients are

Kementerian Kerja Raya and other government agencies.

Planning and Design

In planning and designing projects, we started from

collects all the supporting data that could help in analysis

10


of the projects. Then we continue to the merekabentuk

process and produce a plan. We use design software such

and CADD state-of-the-art computer-aided design and

drafting in order to help us designing architectural,

structural design, road as well as in draw a plan.

Professional Input

Commonly, Deliver Professional Input such as technical

advices and research. For instant, JKR deliver

suggestions and recommendation to the clients about

measures need to be taken to overcome structural failure

or building failure.

In spite of that, JKR business also covered for :

Project Management

Maintenance Management

1.2.3 Project Management

In project management, JKR involved in planning, designing,

implementation and project maintenance. Upon

implementation of projects, JKR take consideration of time,

resources and quality to complete the projects with regarding

to the objective and clients needs. There are two methods in

implementing our projects :

Convensional

Design and build

Convensional

11


All planning and design procedure is implement in house.

The construction phase is constructed by the contractor

by tendering process. For monitoring and maintenance,

JKR has choices whether by doing it ourselves or

conferred consulting engineer to work on it.

Design and Build

For design and build projects, JKR infinite the needs

statement. The process started from planning, design,

construct and maintenance by contractor. In preliminary

construction JKR play a role as quality controller and

maintain the project at certain stages.

1.3 INDUSTRIAL INTERNSHIP OBJECTIVE

The industrial internship program is established by

Universiti Teknologi Petronas (UTP) for a purpose that its

students not only learn about theoretical knowledge from

lecture in university but must also being exposed in the real

industries work. The eight months industrial internship is part

of four years undergraduate in engineering program or three

and half years for business and information technology

studies which every students must complete the program or

else their studies in UTP can be considered as incomplete.

One of its primary goals is to expose the students to an actual

working environment so that the students are able to relate

the theoretical knowledge gained by lectures and adopt in

real working environment. In addition to that, students also

can develop their work ethics and communication skills

which can only be gained through actual working experience.

At the end of the internship, students will be able to:-

12


Apply theoretical knowledge in industrial application

- to apply the theoretical knowledge learned in the

university during the actual work in real industries

world.

Acquire skills in communication, management and

team-work

- students will develop and polish their soft-skills while

working in everyday tasks and projects.

Practice ethical and professional work culture

- students will be exposed to implement professional work

ethics in daily life.

Implement Health Safety and Environment (HSE)

practices at workplace

- at work place there many probabilities that an accidents

can be occur especially at plant, construction site and even

in the office, so students will be aware of the rules and

regulations regarding HSE at the workplace and take a full

responsibility if anything happens If they are not abide the

rules.

1.4 SCOPE OF WORK, TASKS AND PROJECTS

UNDERTAKEN

13


Throughout the internship period, I have been

assigned with several projects and those projects are related

covered in the range of civil and structures. Moreover, I also

had been exposed to the flow of projects and exposed to the

document of contract and condition of contract that was

currently undertaken by the company. There are many types

of contract that currently are being practiced throughout the

nation, and each of that has its own advantages and

disadvantages and will be discussed later in the next chapter.

During handling the projects, I was being assisted by the

company’s engineers for their guidance and advices. Those

projects have given a lot of opportunities for me to apply the

knowledge gained during studying at UTP in real work

situation, and in addition to that there are certain skills and

knowledge that can only be acquired during real work

environment under guidance of experienced senior engineers.

Below are some of the activities and projects that I involved

in and the next chapter will explain at each in detail.

Unit Jambatan, Cawangan Kejuruteraan Awam, Struktur

& Jambatan (CKASJ)

Review Design Bridge for Jalan Semantan to

Istana Pintu 2

Middle Ring Road Seremban (MRRS), Phase 3

Review and Check Walking Bearing Program

Menggantikan Jambatan Di Jalan Persekutuan,

Sungai Mambau, Daerah Seremban FT053/023/40,

Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus.

Design Calculation for Bank Seat Abutment.

Unit Kejuruteraan Awam, Cawangan Kejuruteraan Awam,

Struktur & Jambatan (CKASJ)

14


Design Roadside Drain 450 mm PC Block Drain

Project Pusat Kegiatan Kemas, Pekan, Pahang.

Design Pipe and Sump Invert Level Project Pusat

Kegiatan Kemas, Pekan, Pahang.

Site Visit On Site Detention Cadangan Membina

dan Menyiapkan Projek Tapak Sekolah Rendah

Damansara Damai.

Design On Site Detention (OSD) - Above and

Below-Ground Storage (Pipe Package) System for

Cadangan Membina dan Menyiapkan Bangunan

Gunasama Persekutuan Klang yang Mengandungi

Sebuah Blok Pentadbiran, Sebuah Pondok

Pengawal, Sebuah Rumah Sampah dan Sebuah

Pencawang Elektrik di atas Lot HS(D) 59398,

Mukim Kapar, Daerah Klang, Selangor Darul

Ehsan.

Earthworks Cross Section and Longitudinal

Section of Soil (Keratan Tanah) Cadangan

Membina Pusat Aktiviti Perpaduan, Seberang

Perai Selatan, Pulau Pinang.

Acceleration and Deceleration Lane (ACDC) for

Pusat Aktiviti Perpaduan, Seberang Perai, Pulau

Pinang.

Prepared Water Reticulation report for Project

Cadangan Mahkamah Piawai Dua Bilik Bicara di

Alor Gajah, Melaka.

Design Loop Water Reticulation System for

Cadangan Mahkamah Piawai Dua Bilik Bicara,

Alor Gajah, Melaka.

PE calculation and Sewer Design for Pusat

Aktiviti Perpaduan, Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang.

Unit Bangunan Am 2, Struktur, Cawangan Kejuruteraan

Awam, Struktur & Jambatan (CKASJ)

15


Design Beam Floor Plan and Roof Plan Pusat

Aktiviti Perpaduan Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang

Beam Design using STAAD PRO Kompleks

Sukan Komuniti Sandakan, Sabah

Beam Design using STAAD PRO Pusat Aktiviti

Perpaduan Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang

Design Beam for Floor Plan Guard House Pusat

Aktiviti Perpaduan Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang

Design Staircase Beam for Water Tank R&R

Perasing, Kemaman

Design Staircase Surau R&R Perasing, Kemaman

Design Column Pusat Aktiviti Perpaduan

Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang

CHAPTER II

INDUSTRIAL INTERNSHIP PROJECTS AND MAIN

ACTIVITIES

16


2.1 Unit Jambatan, Cawangan Kejuruteraan Awam,

Struktur & Jambatan (CKASJ)

2.1.1 Review design on Bridge for Jalan Semantan to

Istana Pintu 2.

The design covered stiffness at piers, abutment,

supports, temperature, shrinkag and creep (TSC),

shrinkage and creep (SC), skidding and design strain. I

also been introduced to the BS5400 Steel, Concrete and

Composite Bridges and the second reference is Design

Manual for Roads and Bridges. The vertical load on

bearing including dead and live load. The rotation

included in bridge due to pre-stressed force and self-

weight of beam.

2.1.2 Site visit to Project Middle Ring Road Seremban

(MRRS), Phase 3

On 08th December 2009, me with a team of engineers

and technical assistant from Cawangan Kejuruteraan

Awam, Struktur & Jambatan (CKASJ) and Cawangan

Kejuruteraan Ukur Bahan (CKUB) consist of 8 were

together conduct a site visit to Projek Lingkaran Tengah

Seremban Fasa 3, Negeri Sembilan. The purpose of this

site visit is for site visiting in spite to get an idea about

the current progress of the project. The project is

tendered by Konsortium Temokin Villa-Jelas JV Sdn.

Bhd and VE Consult as the consultant. The purpose of

this project is to provide a comfortable roadways for

Seremban people in spite to cope with many cars using

the existing roads especially in the morning and at the

end of office hour everyday. Middle Ring Roadways

Seremban (MRRS) consist of 3 phases. The project

17


consist of roads, ramps, flyovers and interchanges along

the allignment.

The phase 3 of project allignment is 10.6 kilometers

dual carriageway roads starting from Jalan Sungai

Ujong Interchange to Temiang Jaya 1 Interchange.

Under this phase 3, construction of 15 bridges/viaducts

and 1 underpass are required at interchanges, rivers and

deep ravine crossing. From this site visit, I get to know

and see the structure of bridge such as pier, abutment,

beam, diapragm and parapet in a real situation and I got

a lot of knowledge about the difficulties and the

problems encountered for each project.

Figure 3 : VE Consultant, Temokin Villa Jelas JV

Construction and engineers from JKR

18


Figure 4 : Bridge and Ramp

Figure 5 : 40 beam span for bridge

19


Figure 6 : Bridge Components

20


Abutment - An abutment is an end support of a bridge

superstructure. Abutments are used for the following

purposes such as to transmit the loads of from the

superstructure to the foundations, support the bearing

devices, support the backwalls and others. There are

different types of abutments including Footing - Type

Abutments where each has a footing, sill and end dam,

25-30 foot spans. Then, Pile Abutments that consist of

steel or timber and can support spans of any length while

Concrete Abutments is the most permanent type, and can

span any length with a max height of 20 ft.

Wing Wall - A wing wall is a smaller wall attached or

next to a larger wall or structure. In a bridge, the wing

walls are adjacent to the abutments and act as retaining

walls. The wing walls can either be attached to the

abutment or be independent of it. The soil and fill

supporting the roadway and approach embankment are

retained by the wing walls, which can be at a right angle

to the abutment or splayed at different angles. The wing

walls are generally constructed at the same time and of

the same materials as the abutments. Scour can be a

problem for wing walls and abutments both, as the water

in the stream erodes the supporting soil. Design wing

wall is a part of abutment analysis approach slab included

surcharge and bulk density and covered for main

reinforcement, secondary reinforcement and others.

21

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scour

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retaining_wall

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retaining_wall

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abutment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(architecture)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstructure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge


Curtain Wall - defined as thin, usually aluminum-

framed wall, containing in-fills of glass, metal panels, or

thin stone. Curtain walling is a vertical building enclosure

which supports no load other than its own weight and the

environmental forces act on it.

Corbel Wall - a piece of stone jutting out of a wall to

carry any superincumbent weight.

Figure 7 : Bridge Cross Section

22


Figure 8 : Parapet Cross Section

2.1.3 Review and Check Walking Bearing Program

Menggantikan Jambatan Di Jalan Persekutuan,

Sungai Mambau, Daerah Seremban FT053/023/40,

Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus.

Bearing is a must bridge component calculation in

each design bridge calculation. There are many types

of bearing that been used in bridge design such as

elastomeric bearing, laminated bearing, strip bearing,

pot bearing, leaf bearing, knuckle bearing and others.

The functions of bearing is to provide a connection to

23


control the interaction of loadings and movements

between parts of structure usually between

superstructure and substructure.

2.1.4 Design Calculation for Bank Seat Abutment.

This design calculation used rectangular hollow span

(RHS) so it did not require slab. The design covered

calculation of dead load means the loads due to the

mass of the structure. The dead load usually covered

for deck slab, beam and diaphragm while the

superimposed dead load including parapet and

asphaltic concrete. The diaphragm categorized into

two, end and intermediate diaphragm. End diaphragm

influence the midspan moment in a loaded girders in

two ways. While the intermediate diaphragm

increased the live load distribution factor at low skew

angle.

Live load as used in structural engineering means the

portion of the load that result from the function of the

structure for example the live load on a bridge is the

result of traffic and weather conditions. The live load

include HA Load, HB Load, HA+HB Load. Selection

of the design vehicle live loading for the structure

being rated should consider both the basic design

vehicle and all special permit vehicles or applicable

fatigue vehicle so that the maximum legal loads are

applied. Additional effect such as wind, centrifugal

thermal or other forces should be considered where

applicable. Apart from dead and live load calculation

on bridges, the longitudinal load, accidental load due

to skidding, earth pressure, surcharge also been

considered.

24


2.2 Unit Kejuruteraan Awam, Cawangan Kejuruteraan

Awam, Struktur & Jambatan (CKASJ)

2.2.1 Design Roadside Drain 450 mm PC Block Drain

Project Pusat Kegiatan Kemas, Pekan, Pahang.

The design calculation based on Manual Saliran

Mesra Alam (MSMA) Chapter 13 covered Design

Rainfall and Chapter 14 for Flow Estimating &

Routing. MSMA is the Department of Irrigation and

Drainage Design Manual introduced in January 2001.

It replace the previous 30 years old Planning and

Design Procedure No. 1: Urban Drainage Design

Standard for Peninsular Malaysia 1975. The main

focus of MSMA is to manage the stormwater instead

of draining it away as fast as possible to a more

enviromentally approach known as control/source

approach. This approach utilize retention/detention,

infiltration and purification process. It’s a technical

guide design to assist stakeholders towards achieving

sustainable stormwater management in Malaysia.

The roadside drain is designed as the perimeter drain

at site to cater whole area of site as the catchment.

Roadside drain have variables in sizes such as 450

mm in diameter and 300 mm in diameter. The design

procedures are as stated below :

1. Design for time of concentration, tc

- the design criteria such as Ld is the length of

longest drain, Lo is length of overland flow, n is

Manning roughness (MSMA Chapter 14 Table

25


14.2) and S is slope at the overland surface. Then

the value of tc by equation 14.1 :

tc = 107nLo + td

S1/2

td = nLd …..equation 14.

60R2/3S1/2

2. Design rainfall intensities I. The values of a, b, c, d

of the ARI based on the location of the site

(Appendix 13A1).

3. Calculate Qactual = CIA, C design chart 14.3, I

from the intensities above and A is the area of the

catchment in ha.

4. Calculate the Q allow from 450 mm diameter

roadside drain by formula Q = 1/n [AR 2/3 S ½]

R is wetted perimeter

5. The Q actual at site will be compare with the Q

allow for the drain. The Qactual must be lesser than

the Q allow so in the other words the drain that been

calculated be able to cater the discharge at site.

2.2.2 Calculation invert level for pipe and sump Pusat

Kegiatan Kemas, Pekan Pahang

The invert level is the level of the sump that need to be

design as an analysis of the peak flow and capacity of

the drain as well as in the sump to avoid congestion of

the flow and provide smooth flow in the sum. The

invert level in each sum categorized for upstream and

downstream. The data in the design calculation such as

ground level, length of the drain, gradient and others.

The invert level is the level at each drain categorized

by upstream and downstream for the drain. The water

will flow from pipe to pipe and from pipe to sump.

The principle is water cannot flow from sump to pipe.

26


1. Locate pipe and sump in drawing

2. Connect and draw the connection of pipe to pipe and

pipe to sump in drawing.

TYPE U/S D/S G.L LENGTH GRADIENTPERIMETER DRAIN

P11-S28 P11 S28 4.5 45.569 0.1806

3. For example if the pipe 11 to the sump 28 :

P11 – pipe 11

S28 – sump 28

U/S – upstream

D/S – downstream

G.L – ground level

Length – the length between pipe 11 and sump 28

Minimum depth is depend on the type of drain

Upstream Invert Level = Ground Level – Minimum Depth

Downstream Invert Level = Upstream Invert Level –

Gradient

2.2.3 Site Visit On Site Detention Cadangan Membina dan

Menyiapkan Projek Tapak Sekolah Rendah

Damansara Damai.

There are generally two types of OSD. Above ground

and Below ground. The below ground is generally

more costly to construct, and the above ground is

generally "land hungry". An engineer advice is

recommended to assess what are the best and possibly

only alternatives available. Every site is different, and

the most economical, aesthetic, and environmentally

friendly solution is our aim. The application approach

for this project is below ground storage OSD. The

material used for OSD pipe for this project is HDPE

(High Density Polyethylen) type. For the project, there

are seven numbers of HDPE pipes have been used in

27


the orientation of five pipes are oriented in vertical and

two pipes in horizontal as the inlet and outlet of the

OSD. The stormwater flows from the football field

nearby will flow into the sump inlet of the OSD. At the

sump inlet, there are a screen to capture the trash from

flowing to the OSD. The OSD is about 1.8 m in

diameter. When the water flows in OSD, it will

discharge through the smaller diameter of outlet pipe

at about 750 mm to be discharged into the nearby drain

slowly. The overfow pipe also is provided in the case

of emergency. The OSD pipe only will in full capacity

when it is raining. The spaces around OSD pipes will

be filled with compacted sand layer by layer until it

will be cover by soil until the top strata. The upper site

of OSD can be use to construct parking bay,

playground or in this project, the netball court will be

construct. Typical photos of some system are below.

Figure 9 : Below ground OSD (HDPE material)

Below ground system are generally constructed from HDPE

material, high density polyethylene. HDPE is the high

density version of PE plastic. It is harder, stronger and a little

heavier than LDPE, but less ductile. Dishwasher safe.

28


HDPE is lighter than water, and can be moulded, machined,

and joined together using welding (difficult to glue).

The appearance is wax-like, lustreless and opaque. The use of

UV-stabilizators (carbon black) improves its weather

resistance but turns it black.

Figure 10 : Inlet of OSD

Figure 11: Complete system of OSD

29


Above ground

storage

Below ground

Storage

Figure 12 : In this system, water is stored on the grassed area

and in a tank underground.

2.2.4 Design On Site Detention (OSD) - Above and Below-

Ground Storage (Pipe Package) System for

Cadangan Membina dan Menyiapkan Bangunan

Gunasama Persekutuan Klang yang Mengandungi

Sebuah Blok Pentadbiran, Sebuah Pondok

Pengawal, Sebuah Rumah Sampah dan Sebuah

Pencawang Elektrik di atas Lot HS(D) 59398,

Mukim Kapar, Daerah Klang, Selangor Darul

Ehsan.

On-site Stormwater Detention (OSD) is a way of

ensuring that changes in land use do not cause more

downstream flooding: both in the local drainage

system immediately downstream and along the creeks

and rivers further downstream. The topic covered in

MSMA Chapter 19 for On Site Detention.

The Components of an OSD System covered

Discharge control pit, Storage and Collection network.

The discharge control pit is located at the lowest point

on the site and all flows leaves the site through this pit.

The pit contains an orifice (circular hole) in a stainless

30


steel plate fixed to the side wall. The orifice is sized to

limit discharge from the site to the maximum

permissible rate. The Storage can be located on the

surface, underground or on a roof. It detains the excess

runoff that cannot immediately pass through the

orifice. The storage fills by overflow from the

discharge control pit and empties quickly though the

pit once the rain eases. The collection network consists

of gutters, pits, pipes and surface grading. It delivers

all site runoff to the discharge pit. The collection

network must carry all run-off: even in the event of a

100-year storm. Run-off from upstream properties

must be diverted around the OSD storage.

As overall the procedure of OSD design as below :

1. Select the storage type i.e above ground, below

ground or combine above and below ground

2. Determine the area of site

3. Determine the amount of impervious and pervious

area

4. Determine tc and tcs

5. Calculate pre development flow Qp and post

development flow Qa

6. Determine PSD permissible site discharge

7. Determine SSR site storage requirement

8. PSD < SSR ok!

31


2.2.4 Earthworks Cross Section and Longitudinal Section

of Soil (Keratan Tanah) Cadangan Membina Pusat

Aktiviti Perpaduan, Seberang Perai Selatan, Pulau

Pinang.

Define the cross section of the soil strata is the

fundamental and necessary step need to be taken

before starting any project on the soil. Firstly, the

project engineer need to do Site Investigation (SI) to

find out the information about soil, site and the strata.

The engineer will find the benchmark to obtain the

level of soil strata in particular point at project site.

The cross section drawing as a function for the

engineers to know the level of soil strata and the

needed amount need to be cut or fill into the strata to

level up the soil at the same level. The cross section

drawing as an important method in Earthworks

especially Invert Level for Drainage System Network.

The soil strata cross section is only done for the new

building that will be build in each site. It does not

necessary to do so for the exsting building in term of

renovation.

There are certain guide and notes to be taken in the

earthworks. All the earthworks for cut and fill soil at

project site and building site must be done at the early

stage of construction. The thickness of layer that need

to be filled cannot exceed 300mm. The fill soil need to

be compacted until it acquire 95% Maximum Dry

Density. For the cut soil, the height of the soil cannot

exceed more than 5 metres and the slope must not be

32


less than linear ratio 1:1.5. Whether for the fill soil the

height cannot exceed 4 metres and the ratio must be

higher than 1:2. All the slope top soil strata need to be

covered quickly by short grass during the

construction.The sand layer strata must at least be

covered by 150mm height thickness of laterite as well

as 50 mm top soil before grow grass.

For project that need more soil to be fill, it acquire

more cost while the cut soil need to follow the guide

from the Ministry of Environment. The lack in cutting

and filling soil will result the building to collapse or

else.

The procedure as stated below :

1. Architest provide Site Plan that covered all the

buidings in the particular project with the provided

level from benchmark.

2. Draw a line in horizontal and vertical as the

reference line. 3. Observe all buidings and the level

that come cross with the line.

4. The nearest level is then be plotted.

5. The suggested platform level in this project is 1.6

metres, therefore which level is less than 1.6 metres

must be filled while the level more than 1.6 m, the soil

need to be cut.

6. When the reference line come across the building,

the platform level will rise until 1.75 m.

2.2.5 Acceleration and Deceleration Lane (ACDC) for

Pusat Aktiviti Perpaduan, Seberang Perai, Pulau

Pinang.

The design is using the Arahan Teknik Jalan 11/87

(ATJ) Guide to The Design At-Grade Intersections

33


issued by Cawangan Jalan JKR. This topic is under

Roadworks that covered by Unit Bangunan Am.

Prior research revealed the safety importance of

acceleration and deceleration (ACDC) lane lengths.

The methodology presented herein allows a highway

planner or designer to assess the benefits of

improving the safety of interchanges considered for

reconstruction, or when experiencing higher than

average accident frequencies, without requiring

existing accident records.

Acceleration lane - lane typically in the left side of a

roadway that lets a vehicle increase its speed to where

it can safely merge with traffic.

Deceleration lane - lane typically in the left side of a

roadway that lets a vehicle decrease its speed to

where it can safely stop or turn. A deceleration lane is

a paved or semi-paved lane adjacent to the primary

road or street. It is used to improve traffic safety by

allowing drivers to pull off the main road and

decelerate safely so that the traffic behind the turning

vehicle is not slowed or halted. Deceleration lanes

primarily found in suburban settings. Merging is

designed to permit vehicles to enter and exit a

highway without causing disruption in the flow of

traffic. Highways are equipped with on-ramps and

off-ramps, which generally connect to acceleration

and deceleration lanes. Then use the acceleration lane

to match the speed flow, and ease the vehicle into an

appropriate gap before the acceleration lane ends. A

successful merge entails the drivers entering the

highway almost at or at the speed limit, while causing

no disturbance in the speeds of the vehicles behind.

34

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburban


Figure 13 : Example of Acceleration Lane

2.2.6 Prepared Water Reticulation report for Project

Cadangan Mahkamah Piawai Dua Bilik Bicara di

Alor Gajah, Melaka.

The objective of the report is to give information about

the design concept and the design calculation of water

suppy for the particular project. Size of the pipe and

tank depends on water supply needed for the project.

The design calculation depends on type of construction

and daily average water supply.

The parameter covered in the design calculation such

as design of flow, flow during fire (300 gallon per

minute), head loss from Hazen-Williams formula and

storage tank. The coefficient for the parameter is taken

from Malaysia Water Association (MWA).

The criteria that need to be calculate is the diameter of

pipe that will flow the water from the main pipe into

the site project. The diameter of main pipes is fixed

depends on the existing main pipe at the site. The

second criteria is to check the main water pressure.

The calculation need data about water pressure test

that has been done by water authorities in a particular

35


state. The water pressure will result to the safe water

level pressure that been endorsed by water authorities.

2.2.7 Design Loop Water Reticulation System for

Cadangan Mahkamah Piawai Dua Bilik Bicara,

Alor Gajah, Melaka.

The Loop methodology has been used for the past

few years and now the method is not commonly used

in Reticulation System anymore. Now the method

has been replaced with calculation as my previous

task assignment. The Loop Software is under Water

Supply scope covered by Unit Bangunan Am.

LOOP 4.0 is a program that is developed by the

World Bank for simulation, design and optimization

of looped water distribution networks. The program

is free and is in the public domain. The code for

LOOP was developed by Dr Prasad Modak and Juzer

Dhoodia in 1990. LOOP 4.0 can handle up to 1000

pipes or 750 nodes and allows inclusion of

pumps/reservoirs, existing as well as parallel pipes,

check valves, pressure reducing valves. The program

runs in MS DOS. But its user friendly data entry

editor, on-line help and a report generation routine

provides a MS Windows like experience.

Loop simulates the hydraulics of a pressurized,

looped (close circuit) water distribution network.

The network is characterized by pipes and nodes.

Data required are the description of the elements, of

the networks such as pipe lengths, diameter, Hazen

William Coefficient (HWC), nodal demands and

ground elevation. Water networks have the nodes

and pipes numbered and coordinated. This allows for

easy re-arrangement of the network layout without

having to manually re-number nodes and pipes. After

36


the input required have been keyed-in, the Loop

Software will run for the output such as the flow,

velocity and pressure at each pipe and node.

2.2.8 Design Population Equivalent and Sewerage for

Project Pusat Aktiviti Perpaduan (PAP), Seberang

Perai, Pulau Pinang.

A manhole is the top opening to an underground

utility vault used to house an access point for

performing maintenance on underground and buried

public utility and other services including sewers. It is

protected by a manhole cover that is a removable

plate forming the lid over the opening of a manhole,

to prevent anyone from falling in and to keep

unauthorized persons out. Manholes are usually

outfitted with metal or polypropylene steps installed

in the inner side of the wall to allow easy descent into

the manhole. Manholes are generally found in urban

areas, in streets and occasionally under sidewalks.

They are usually in circular shape to prevent

accidental fall of the cover in the hole. In rural and

undeveloped areas, services such as telephone and

electricity may be carried on pylons rather than

underground.

An inspection chamber for use in sanitary sewer

systems has an integral back-flow prevention valve. I

design for PE calculation for the project.

37

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_pylon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidewalk

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylene

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhole

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhole_cover

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_utility

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_vault


Figure 14 : The inspector is collecting data

about the IC as the maintenance purpose.

Figure 15 : Example of manhole

Figure 16 : Manhole with manhole cover

38


2.3 Unit Struktur (Bangunan Am 3), Cawangan

Kejuruteraan Awam, Struktur & Jambatan (CKASJ)

Beam

Design Floor Beam Hall for Project Kompleks

Sukan Komuniti Sandakan (KSK), Sabah.

Design Floor Beam for Hall Project Pusat Aktiviti

Perpaduan (PAP), Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang/

Design Roof Beam for Hall Project Pusat Aktiviti

Perpaduan (PAP), Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang.

Design Water Tank Beam for Project Lebuhraya

Pantai Timur, Hentian Rehat dan Rawat Perasing.

Design Floor Beam for Guard House Project Pusat

Aktiviti Perpaduan (PAP), Seberang Perai, Pulau

Pinang

The procedure to design beam manually are as stated

below :

1. Architect Drawing from Architectural Department

2. Place beam on Architect Drawing and categorized it

as secondary beam or main beam

3. The load will be transferred from slab to beam then

to column then finally foundation

4. Draw Structural key plan for beam

5. Determine the Qk imposed load from BS 5699

6. Propose suitable size of beam (the size of main

beam must be bigger than secondary beam)

7. Define the slab as 1 way or 2 way slab

[Ly/Lx] < 2; 2 way slab

[Ly/Lx] > 2; 1 way slab

Ly – longest span

Lx – shortest span

8. If the slab is 1 way, the load will be transfer only to

the longest span of beam

39


9. If the slab is 2 way, the load will be transfer by ratio

in Table 3.15 Bs 8110 to the longest and shortest span

10. The dead load, Gk from the selfweight of

beam+selfweight of slab+finishes

11. The total design load by 1.4 Gk + 1.6 Qk

12. Draw Shear Force Diagram (SFD) and Bending

Moment Diagram (BMD)

13. deff = h–cover–2link-(dia bar/2)

* cover for ground beam, c = 40 mm

First floor and above, c = 25 mm

14. Stiffness, K = (M/bd2fcu);

* if K<K`=0.156 (singly reinforced)

K>K`=0.156 (doubly reinforced)

15. z = d{0.5+[sqrt 0.25-(K/0.9)] > 0.95d

16. Shear link, vc Table 3.8 BS8110

17. Asreq = M/0.87fyz

18. Asprov from Table 1 BS8110

19. Deflection check

Calculation of Shear Force and Bending Moment

Simply Supported Beam(point load only)

Shear Force, V = P/2

Maximum Bending Moment (at the midspan)

M = V x L

Simply Supported (Uniformly Distributed Load)

Shear Force, V = (w x L)/2

Maximum Bending Moment at midspan,

M = (w x L2)/8

40


Figure 17 : Cantilever Beam Detailing

A = Shear Reinforcement

B = Secondary Reinforcement

C = Column Reinforcement

D = Main Reinforcement

Figure 18 : Beam Cross Section (250 x 400)

- size of beam

- main reinforcement (tension) 3T20

- secondary reinforcement (compression) 3T16

- shear link R10-200

41


Apart from design beam as manually, I also been introduced

to STAAD PRO SOFTWARE (see appendix) to analysis

beam for projects. ATAAD PRO is Structural Analysis and

Design Software. The software observes for Bending

Moment, Shear Force and Reaction at each support. The

software also will produce the data of Area of reinforcement

required and provided for beam.

Figure 19 : Input data in STAAD PRO

42


Figure 20 : Distribution of Load

43


Figure 21 : Shear Force Diagram (SFD) and Bending

Moment Diagram (BMD)

44


Figure 22 : Reactions at support of beam

Beam Slab

Figure 23 : Beam and Slab Reinforcement

45


Slab

Design Slab for Project Kompleks Sukan Komuniti

Sandakan (KSK), Sabah.

Design Slab for Project Pusat Aktiviti Perpaduan

(PAP), Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang

Design criteria for Slab as follow :

thickness, hf = 150 mm to 200 mm

Cover for slab, c = 25 mm

Main bar arrangement in Lx direction; short

span

Secondary bar arrangement on top of the main

bar in Ly direction; long span

Diameter bar : R10 to R12 commonly used

The procedure of slab design are as follow :

1. Refer Table 3.16 BS 8110 to find the condition of slab

i.e : two adjacent edges discontinuous

2. Find moments for slab in x and y direction

i.e : -msx, +msx, -msy, +msy

3. Find K values

4. Find z values

5. Find As required and As provided

6. Deflection check

46


Column

Design Column for Project Pusat Aktiviti

Perpaduan (PAP), Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang

The columns in a structure carry the loads from the

beams and slabs down to the foundations. Therefore

they are primarily compression members although

they may also have to resist bending forces due to the

continuity of the structure. Column has been divided

into two categorized :

A braced column – where the lateral loads are

resisted by wall or some other form of bracing

An unbraced column – where the lateral loads

are resisted by the bending action of the

columns

With a braced column, the axial forces and moments

are caused by the dead and imposed load only

whereas an unbraced column the loading

arrangements which include the effects of lateral

loads must also be considered.

A column is classified as short if both lex/h and ley/b

are :

Less than 15 for a braced column

Less than 10 for unbraced column

47


The procedure of colund design as stated below :

1. Find stiffness K

* stiffness at beam, ½ K = ½[bh3/12L]

Stiffness at column, K = bh3/12L

2. Analysis column by floor to floor in x-x direction

and y-y direction each

3. Find moment in column along x-x direction and

along y-y direction

4. The detail design calculation of column see

appendix

Figure 24 : Casting of column floor by floor

Staircase

Design Staircase for Water Tank Project Lebuhraya

Pantai Timur, Hentian Rehat dan Rawat Perasing.

Design Staircase for Surau Project Lebuhraya

Pantai Timur, Hentian Rehat dan Rawat Perasing

The staircase is a structural element that consist of

threads/steps, riser, going and beam at both end as

supports.

48


Riser – vertical portion between each thread on the

stair. The riser may be missing for an open stair effect

Going – part of the staircase that is stepped on

Commonly, the value of riser and going been given

by architect.

The staircase is divided into two categories :

Staircase without landing -

Staircase with landing

The number of step obtained by the height of the

staircase divide by the distance of going. Only

uniform distributed load been considered in analysis

of staircase. The main reinforcement will act at along

the long direction while the secondary reinforcement

lies along short direction.

Figure 25 : Staircase without landing

49


CHAPTER III

LESSON LEARNED AND EXPERIENCES GAINED

3.1 Leadership, team work and individual activities

I have been able to develop my soft skills such as

leadership, teamwork and individual activities by various

activities and projects undertaken during my internship

period. I been able to sharpen my leadership skill by

projects that I have done. My supervisor also asked me to

monitor the progress of the project. Teamworking values

also can be found which built between me and my

colleague and other practical students from other

university for brainstorming ideas and creative solution

when analysis projects. My individual activities such as

hardworking, strive to success and others also can be

develop when I have been assigned various kind of

projects.

3.2 Business values, ethics and management skills

I also been exposed to the business values on how the

time and cost ratio effects the company. For example, if

the project encounter some problems and the project

delay from the time boundary, the company will

50


experiences some losses in term of expenditure. When

handling projects also, I learnt and adapt on the best

management skill and practice in project management.

The Critical Path Method (CPM) is as guide when

dealing with the project.

3.3 Problems or challenges faced and solutions to

overcome them

The problems that I faced such as the change in

architectural drawing. For example while working on

Keratan Tanah for Earthworks, I have been working on

it almost a month since there are lots of changes made

by the architect for the client needs. When there are

changes in architect drawing it will effects all procedure

for Civilworks and Structural Analysis. Then I need to

redesign and redraw it for the client`s needs and cost

more time to modify it. Solution that I have made to

overcome the problem is made some preparation earlier

in conjunction with any changes in the projects.

3.4 Application of Civil Engineering Concept

During handling all the projects I have been involved to

design and to produce all the structures drawing, all the

knowledge that has been gained during lectures and

studies in UTP have been fully applied. All the courses

and subjects learned in UTP are very useful to be used by

the designer such as Reinforced concrete design concept,

Structural Analysis, Foundation and Earth Structure

Design and last but not least Steel structure design.

Regarding with draught and drawing detail, it is an

application based on ACAD autodesk that has been

51


taught in the first year of the civil engineering courses. It

is very useful and has helped the author a lot to

familiarize with the software that also is used by JKR.

3.5 Insight of Design Experience

During internship period, I have been exposed to real

working job. The tasks or jobs given by the supervisor

need to be completed within a period of time. I also been

able to use STAAD PRO SOFTWARE as the main

software used in real job working by designers. Apart

from that, while working for Kompleks Sukan Sandakan, I

have been given a real task when all the data need to be

find by myself as the designer. I also need to seek the data

from the designer in charge and from the draughtperson. It

is quite hard for me for the first time handling the real

projects. But after finished it all, I gained a lot of

knowledge that I did know if I did not do it by myself as

the designer point of view.

3.6 Problems Solving

I also attended meeting at site projects regarding the

problems that contractor encounter. By attending the

meeting, I have been able to grab some knowledge about

the problems and the best solution been suggested by the

experienced senior engineers on the right way to solve it.

52


CHAPTER IV

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 HOST COMPANY JKR

5.1.1 Wide scope of works

Based on my experience in JKR, I have been put

under three different departments. Then the scope of

works also different at each department with different

role and task. So, I really need to adapt the differences

fast to make sure I can catch up with all the projects

handle by the different departments that I involved in.

So in my opinion the practical students need to be

more aware about all the departments that they will be

put in during their internship period in JKR.

5.1.2 Construction Site Exposure

During internship period, the author I have been

involved mostly in analysis design rather than the real

situation at site. Most of the projects which are

handled and designed by me have been done in the

design office in JKR. During my internship, I just

been able to go for site visit for just one or two

projects in spite of many projects that I just done it in

the office. So, the experience gained tare not

53


sufficient for me so that what has been designed in the

office can be sufficiently understand for how the

construction will be done at site. The idea on the

method of constructions are commonly done at site is

important so that the designed structure can be done

easily, feasible, and most importantly to reduce error

and problems.

5.2 STUDENT INDUSTRIAL INTERNSHIP UNIT

(SIIU) / UTP

5.2.2 Appropriate Placement

Even though this is not the case of me, but there are

several cases where the student is placed at a host

company which has no relevance whatsoever to the

student’s field of study. For the students, they are

hoping to gain an opportunity to apply all theoretical

knowledge that have been collected during studies in

UTP, but if the hosts companies do not have the

criteria in which to allow the students to apply their

knowledge, it is such a big lost and waste of time for

the students after have gone through hardship for

gaining knowledge. It is hoped that the SIIU would be

more considerate and sensitive towards the needs of

the students in the future.

54


CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

The eight months period of industrial internship

program has finally come to an end. During internship

period, I have been given the opportunity to exercise

theoretical knowledge gained in the university in real

application in industry. I have been assigned to several

projects which require full application and basic

understanding in structure design in order for me to complete

the project successfully. This exposure has improved my

management skills and also at the same time sharpen the

technical skill which has been gained through out handling

the projects or task assigned.

The experiences gained from the projects also have

enabled me to develop the communication skills and also be a

fast learning person. During the progress of the project, I

need to be alert and to be competent to handle certain

problems regarding with certain projects handled. While most

of the task are done in a group of team of engineers, the

team-work and fluent in communication skills are needed to

understand people what are the thing that need to be

presented and delivered.

55


Some of the tasks require me to make critical decision

and to assume certain critical matter regarding with technical

skills and other aspects in project handling. I also been

required to schedule the time wisely since many tasks need to

be delivered and must commit before the dead line is

reached. These aspect are the most important lesson learned

by the author, which require physically and mentally strong

to face the real challenge and to learn a lot of new things and

knowledge that are not available in university.

In conclusion, the host company JKR has offered me

a full exposure to the trainees to undergo their industrial

internship. With its conducive environment, friendly staff and

proper facilities, it allows and further motivates students to

gain as much knowledge and experiences as possible. This

has allowed the students to achieved the objective of the

industrial internship program successfully.

56


CHAPTER VI

REFERENCES

1. Jabatan Kerja Raya, JKR

2. Design Structural Elements. WMC McKenzie

3. BS8110 : 1997/1985

4. BS 5400

5. BS5950

6. MSMA, Manual Saliran Mesra Alam / Stormwater

Management System

7. Arahan Teknik Jalan, ATJ

57


CHAPTER VII

APPENDICES

DESIGN CALCULATIONS

DRAWINGS

REFERENCES

58

Date post:	23-Nov-2014
Category:	Documents
Upload:	dihadiha
View:	1,730 times
Download:	125 times

Final Report Internship

Documents